Pengembangan Proses :

Peningkatan skala
Dr. Erliza Noor

Cakupan dalam Peningkatan Skala

Meliputi rancang bangun
Konstruksi
Proses operasi peralatan skala
besar dari data percobaan

Kriteria dalam peningkatan skala

Kesamaan tenaga per unit volume

Nilai tenaga per unit volume untuk skala
besar harus berada diatas nilai batas yang
ditentukan

Koefisien Transfer Oksigen : Korelasi

empiris yang menghubungkan koefisien
transfer oksigen keseluruhan dengan
variabel-variabel peralatan dan operasi.

Persyaratan Penggandaan skala

Geometri sistem sama

Bahan yang digunakan sama

Proporsi bahan sama

Pendekatan Penggandaan skala

Analisa tak berdimensi

Contoh untuk pencampuran

Pm/Pl = (Dl/Dm)3
m : model
l : prototipe skala besar

Pl/Dl3 = Pm/Dm3

Analisis Dimensional

Merupakan salah satu teknik untuk

peningkatan skala selain dengan cara trial
and error, metode dasar (perpindahan
massa, panas dan momentum), metode
semi dasar (neraca yang disederhanakan)

Teknik menggunakan gugus nirmatra ( tak

berdimensi) sebagai parameter dalam
rancang bangun

Analisis Dimensional

Neraca mikro dapat merampatkan

(generalisasi) gugus nirmatra suatu
parameter

Gugus parameter al
- Parameter geometri : D, H, dp
- Sifat (padatan, gas) :,
- Peubah proses : N, P, V
- tetapan bermatra : g, R

Besaran yang sering digunakan adalah :

massa, panjang, waktu dan suhu.

Design of membrane processes

Prediction of Mass Transfer
Coefficients
The equation used, depend on the flow regime-calculated using
Reynolds number
Turbulent Flow (RE >
10.000)
The equation used, depend on the flow regime-calculated using
Reynolds number
Where :

Schimid no.
Dh = Equivalent Hydraulic Diameter
D = Diffusitivity

Laminar Flow (RE < 1000)

L = Channel Length

Problem 1
Liquid is flowing at a volumetric flowrate of Q per unit width down a vertical
surface obtain from dimensional analysis the form of the relationship between
flowrate and film thickness. If the flow is streamline, show that the volumetric
flow rate is directly proportional to the density of the liquid.

Solution
The flowrate, Q, will be a function of the fluid density, , and viscosity, , the
film thickness, d, and the acceleration due to gravity, g,
Or
Q = f(,g,,d), or : Q = agbcdd where K is constant.
The dimensions of each variable are :Q=L2/T, =M/L3,g = L/T2, = M/LT and
d = L.
Equating dimensions:
M :0 = a+c
L : 2 = -3a + b c + d
T : -1 = -2b-c
From which, c =1 - 2b ,a = -c = 2b - 1, and d = 2 + 3a b c
= 2 + 6b 3 b + 1 - 2b = 3b

For streamline flow , Q

and :
And:

Q = K(2b-1gb1-2bd3b)
Q/ =K(2gd3/ 2)b and Q 1-2b
1-2b
-1=1 - 2b and b=1
Q/=K(2gd3/2), Q=K(gd3/)
Q is directly proportional to the density,

Problem 2
The power required by an agitator in a tank is a function of the following for
variables:
a.Diameter of impeller
b.Number of rotation of the impeller per unit time,
c.Viscosity of liquid,
d.Density of liquid.
From a dimensional analysis, obtain a relation between the power and the four
variables.
The power consumption is found, experimentally, to be proportional to the
square of the speed of rotation. By what factor would the power be expected to
increase if the impeller diameter were doubled?

Solution 2
If the power P=(DN), then a typical form of the function is P=kD aNbcd,
where k is a constant. The dimension of each parameter in terms of M,L, and T
are:power, P=ML2/T3, density, =M/L3, diameter, D=L, viscosity, = M/LT,
and speed off rotation, N=T-1
Equating dimensions:
M :1 = c+d
L : 2 = a - 3c - d
T : -3 = - b d
Solving in terms of d : a = (5 - 2d) ,b = (3 - d), c = (1 - d)

Or :
That is :

Thus the power number is a function of the Reynolds number to the power m.
In fact Np is also a function of the Froude number, DN2/g. The previous may
be written as :
P/D5N3=K(D2N/)m
Experimentally :
PN2
From equation, PNmN3, that is m + 3 = 2 and m = -1
Thus for the same fluid, that is the same viscosity and density :
(P2/P1)(D51N31/D52N32)=(D21N1/ D22N2)-1 or : (P2/P1) = (N22D32)/(N21D31)
In this case, N1=N2 and D2=2D1.
D(P2/P1)=8D31/D31=8
A similar solution may be obtained using the Recurring Set method as
follows:
P=(D, N, , ),f(P, D, N, , )=0
Using M, L and T as funtamentals, there are five variables and theree
fundamentals and therefore by Buckinghams theoren, there will be two
dimensionaless groups.
Choosing D, N, and as the recurring set, dimensionally:
DL
L D
N T-1
Thus :
T N-1
ML-3
M L3=D3

First group,

, is P(ML2T-3) P(D3D2N3)-1 P/D5N3

Second Group
Thus :

, is (ML-1T -1) (D3D-1N)-1 /d2N

Although there is little to be gained by using this method for simple problem,
there is considerable advantage when a large number of groups is involved.

Problem 3
Obtain by dimensional analysis a function relationship for the wall heat transfer
coefficient for a fluid flowing through a straight pipe of circular cross-section.
Assume that the effect of natural convection may be neglected in comparison
with those of forced convection.
if is found by experiment that, when the flow is turbulent, increasing the
flowrate by a factor of 2 always results in a 50% increase in the coefficient.
How would a 50% increase in density of the fluid be expected to affect the
coefficient, all other variables remaining constant?

Problem 4
Liquid flows under steady-state conditions along an open channel of fixed
inclination to the horizontal. On what factor will the depth of liquid in the
channel depend? obtain a relationship between the variables using dimensional
analysis.

Problem 5
Upon what variables would the rate of filtration of suspension of fine solid
particles be expected to depend? consider the flow through unit area of filter
medium and express the variables in the form of dimensionless groups.
if id found that the filtration rate is doubled if the pressure difference is
doubled. What would be the effect of raising the temperature of filtration from
293 to 331 K?