PHIL S081 Professor Shiela Spring 2000 TRIzI0-145 Aristotle's De Anima Office und Contact Information: Hellems 197 ‘TR 10:00-11:00 and by appointment Phone: 492-8618 ‘e-mail: Shields@stripe.colorado.edu ‘Home page: http:/ /stripe.colorado edu /~shields Content: Aristotle's De Anima is a maturé work, freely employing the technical terms and developed elsewhere by Aristotle, most notably in the Physics; the Metaphysics, and throughout the Organon. Itis for this reason also a challenging work. In it Aristotle articulates and defends an original account of soul-body relations, hylomorphism, and investigates a host of psychic phenomena in minute detail. In advancing a form of hylomorphism, Aristotle seeks to apply the notion f form and matter to soul and body. He hopes: to ‘undermine Plato's kind of dualism; (i to articulate an alternative w! overcomes the: ‘of Presocratic materialism; and (ii) to provide an adequate account of what itis to be a living being. This last topic takeson a particular significance insofar as living beings turn out to be paradigmatic ‘Aristotelian substances. In this, as in other ways, the doctrine of De Anima both informs and is informed by Aristotle's metaphysical investigations. ‘Our aimin this class will be to work through the entire text of De Anima with care and precision. To this end, we will spend the first month leaming the fundamentals of Aristotle's metaphysical system. Thereafter, we will turn to the text of De Anima itself, using a new translation and commentary which! am currently preparing for Oxford University Press. ‘aroughout, we wll endeavor to determine the precte portions which Aristotle advances; we will then assess the to which these positions remain defensible today. In particular, we will want to focus on the question of ‘whether hylomorphism remains an attractive philosophical option. Required Text: ‘Irwin, T. and Fine, G, trans,, Aristotle: Selections (Hackett: 1995) Shields, C,, Aristotie: De Anima, Translation with Commentary and NotesRequired Work: ‘Two papers, one of about 3,000 words, and ane of 5,000-7;500 words. Each of thes papers i fo be written in ight ofthe est secondary source mata available. 33 are therefore required to familiarize themselves with the ‘relevant portions of the large literature dedicated to De Anima, Every registered graduate students will be required to make a seminar presentation of about foventy minutes, Its expected, but by no means requited that the presentation will be tied to the material of one of the papers. “There willbe required readings from primary and secondary sources for ‘each class meeting. ‘Nob: Iwill greatly appreciate feedback concerning my work, whether positive or negative. Reading Schedule: Week One: Categories 1-5 Week Two: Physics ii, excerpts i omih ‘Week Three: Metaphysics vii. we re a i ut Week Four: De Gemeratione et Corruptione i 18) Week Five: De Anima i1-2 Week Six De Anima i3-5 Week Seven: De Anima ii1-2 Week Bight: De Anima i 3-4 : Week Nine: De Ania iS ‘Week Ten: De Anima it 612 Week Eleven: Spring Break ‘Week Twelve: De Anima ii 1-3 Week Thirteen: De Anima i -5 Week Fourteen: De Anima it 6-10 Week Fifteen: De Anina i 11-13 Week Sixteen: OpenPHIL 5081 Spring 2000 First Paper: Suggested Topics First papers are dut Trecommend that you develop a topic of interest to you. Below are a few sliggestions. Please see me if you prefer to write on a topic not on this list. 1. Characterize and assess Aristotle's theory of substance, as it is presented in the Categories, 2. What is Aristotle's argument for the introduction of form and matter? Is _ it sound? G 3. What are the ramifications of Aristotle's introduction of hylomorphism for the account of substance adumbrated in the Categories? ‘4. What is Aristotle's argument for the claim that "ifthe primary substances did not exist, neither could any of the other things exist” (Cat. 255-7)? Is. this argument sound? . Physics i 1 (cop, 199810 ff) contains an argument that matter cannot be the , nature and substance of a natural thing. Is this argument sound? 6. Metaphysics vii 3 argues that itis impossible for matter (alone?) to be substance. What is this argument? Is it sound? 7. HO Four suggests a reading of Metaphysics vii 17 according to which it Provides a defensible solution to the "co-ordination problem" it advances. Is this solution as presented on that handout in fact defensible? 8. HO Five contains an argument tothe effect that all and only living things are substances, Is this argument sound? 2 Rephinand ac te din ht ie ceded oman get donk sup aeVO ph we Habe oul 8 ae (drtorel/ Lote naturel body haviry ae & entelagy) Madtct? Hall See ; Galas aca) ently) sans ig ) have « soul payche Spee eB the all tedy Wary gplons e/a) Gal sc oddene b+ ans ASS Trad sf. substose f> a frome Cle ay mathe tome sent 4) Hay of whch you en a Poet iy bed, Ch wlak v/pehidy~) ers; bi “n(n si aot ff) seb a5 nec. cam erisf 7 Ee ot om Sol ,) ah ae, ent pel ED eS eee Ath fale on AS own terms bobytSedine 3) gouls on = pores ang sles: one Gis bins ob Siar Tint a he preteen te be alody wb «them SEL titi 3) ree if souls exe Yovms + terms seltns souls ane parediymatialy “OY subsloces : I sy souls only Migs Hak we sabshances x erat dle an only live things ave substances ~ what cant be peda.) 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Aiot m be pal dog 7 Ha Xi the don't oe thangs relent lh PEM sure baled ‘rokge an Te (ey eranyhes ~ ntl Htmce sme ( ee blast - ana Or jets of! bar ball aot Hureieane. — virleut Jog Ge Gl) ng Ste Eeatygery ~ stam Bethy. ~ prentily — crash ~Aipniie ny FS wt wid oh oe tn Ss tub <2-F reins Ip Mesmme while resieny Notony) Lehre wan horse how about Wry hur, Com change ac) ig it oti, The okey Eke Sub O com geo eo t tot Pontes st gk Ke Arajects Othegmics Toker but some Ep te sub a 0 ‘riation oh belae marphin f: hae pen! font ale amr My 4 spas | Jes * ra eee ber ; ee =Professor Shields ‘Spring 2000 HO No. One ‘Some Notes on Aristotle's Categories 2 1. Types of Predications/Types of Beings Said-of h ‘Type of Being Examples Yes Yes Nonsubsiance White, FT Universals a Yes No Secondary sj! Human “Bvt et te Substances ” ae No Yes Noneubstance This knowiedge of Particulars amar ot, No No Primary ‘This human fiat sanaee ‘IL. Some Observations + These etn rina eat entesin the vious canoes ther han the weenie Ase wily eon aeons eS Ee in tommy seh OO : 5 TReitetmlam ta Eevee enn any ego nd * ‘and genera.” omebhing snot a subtancs, then it oo a substance? . see ee al © (xisin sso pow tchical meaning?) ny 1 SRaTSivels of any Lnd canbe sido bela prt seat soee = Seis arto ent 4p, Th rent ts ater ewan th chee rk > Thowbhastot esau Se ot ape + Mowiienwhy tabi not bein tacts to sty on tt for being in say name nor is definton spread os teePHIL 5061 Professor Shields Spring 2000 HONo. Two) Categories 5 1. TheStructure ofthe Cat. 5 ‘A. 2a11-19:intro. and dint prim. and see. sub, ‘8 21°34 contrast between the conseqs of things sad-of and in substances © 2a3h-be: the ontological peony of prim substances 1. 27a ordering primary and secondary substances 1 26721 te opee more sou. than he ges 2 2hta-: one apc is no more sub. than another and one prim. sub not eee aa na 2.2005 Sgr afer prim. subs, ony spec and gener count as subs. . 347-32 subs, dif and the rel 1, BAPE common fsb. ot be inary ste 2 Sa Seige oe any aubj instead, the “isi $f a ah net ab nine, from sbeand dita spoken of ynony mousy 6. Shoes ey peer this sec ube vgn qual, though notin the 1H SOV its cu of ube tolacka ont; bu this isnot ft. for being sub since it equalytrucaf eis in oher cts. 1 alate dos ot adi of dog: at where'F in pubstance sorta no Fis ‘more ores an 1. A010: ube rceptve of cont 1 dnb it tos tof sue to remain one in no. while rec cont 2. daz2-bio: statements cons snd ej as a pos counterexample. 1. Four Claims from Cat. 5 pperaee Sciences (Eng hiespnny mtn temitrne ey © ft tonya ioc yig ce ee Sane EN amauereresg ae ay SO ee ea eat fats ates PS alatay aay pias Q krbetazcimet aye ome "i © Se i eveting oi or primary sites then wit mai ‘Primary sbstanes it would be impossible for anything es to existB, Among secondary substances, the species is more a substance than the genus (2b7-8) (2) Inspeifying what the primary substances, its more informative and mare 5 opts spec pci an eg (2) If Ch, then the species is cloner othe primary substance than isthe genus. {G) So the species i loser tothe primary substance than the genus. {@ If), then the species is more a substance than the genus. (©) So, the species is more asubetance than the gents. (The spect and genus do not reco with eps to enaimens of ‘existence, (Necteealy, becae the genus is saldof the species as its subject, Batol vive ifs human thet anal) {@) IEG), the species more a substance than the genus. {G) Hence, the opecies is mare a substance than the gens. C.NoSubstance isin a subject Ga?) {@ Hence, no subtance isin any 1. On behalf of (C2 primary substance is neler sad-of norin anything. 2. OnBehalfof 3) (2) t1xisima subject its not possibe to predicate xs definition ofthat (@) Hence, no secondary substance is in any subject. [D]itismst peut torastnc th temas mamaria one andthe sume wile eccvng conta (a, 1. This seems to ental xie a eubstance lf and ony if itis posible forxto ‘Temain numerically one andthe same while receiving contraries. 2. 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D esmoet ~ w ass wh ini GS @ yon 8 halt st mee Ube, shoe," we ene (8 Form = nahire — orakes Semtfiny aathal site hat muhie sometting petnkilh, ie: rena? O only nse ber as calse ee ithe | fab capable of ie Stiles a a a ha is couse hic plan is a Mate |? (> 19) thet sak A Hay os 20h gus nite Ba tye GD wtithy cxshg smthiy, ~subehale ae ey ay a ached igs a om be mth. hid Cty teow = ie eae sel meas hd ati a ~ en » sib tte , ; I A's emt of gah ds higher fel 3°? ondur Ae fab ine mloe Hak we, soas-it Sachin Weeder eaderhin. i Forms 5 Uh re _ Dwhhn Hat Fora Het Hy plas tht of D whee ca pike af bike $0 be a hoase ig a baProfessor Shields PHIL 5081 ‘Spring 2000 HONo. Three ‘Some Questions from Metaphysics vii 1 and 2 and Some Questions about the Questions 1. Meta. vii 1: A. TheBig Question see! @ “nde, what has ben invented of kd nd i inventgnted now ahd always and what aways parsing, -question> {ol Whats bing” the: What a sbetance™ (Meta. 102862-4) psameQuat: a 1. What justifies, if anything, Aristotle's replacing [a] with [b] when they seem tobe very diferent Guesone? 2g! 2. Insofar as it requires a commitment to we Teeny ta i ope ses rg Plato aceptt? eno 2. bre acpi arin pit foie ng ah fend correct answer to renee fale Sores crower al ee fait *- Further, is [b] to be understood ES MEV) Oe ‘3 demand for an analysis r acount, hat i what i the nature of substance? Mpfde, son ile, og ay. demand fora ial is of uses candidates ne ck seatgit which things are substances? reamed ae! ge) 96 both? ne eu ‘A. The Candidates Question: ‘Are only animals and plants and their parts substances? Are natural bodies (specified as fire and water and earth and anything of this kind) and their parts substances? Are the things constituted by natural bodies (the cosmos and its parts, the sun, the moon and stars) substances? Should we say that (i) some of these and not ‘others, or (i) some of these and some things not mentioned, or (i) ‘none of these are substances (Meta. 1028b8-15)?B. Some Questions: 1, How do these candidates make it onto the list? 2. Is there an intended contrast between te things which "we" are substances (1028010) and the list of candidates entertained by Plato and Speusippus (1028b18-27), which includes Forms, ‘mathematical objects, the one, numbers, and soul? 3. Does this lst of candidates betray some methodological ‘presuppositions on Aristotle's part? Clearly he does not decide in advance thatthe successful candidates must come ‘off ofthis list. What then isthe point of assembling it? 4. Do the candidates in some seise fx the boundaries ofthe ‘discussion? In general, how do the candidates relate to the {ntensonal and extensional version of [lin the big question? C. The Distinctness Question: ‘Are there substances beyond perceptible substances? If so, how do they exist (Metz. 1028625)? D. The Separation Question: [Is there some separate substance beyond perceptibles? If so, why and how does it exist? (Meta. 102963031)? E. Some Questions: 11. Whatis the relation between the distinctness and separation ‘questions? What are the conditions for distinctness and separation? 2. Evidently, answers to the candidates question will be partly ‘determined by answers to the distinctness and separation ‘question. How might answers to them bear on the big ‘question? 3. N.b. the shift from plural to singular in the distinctness and separation Should this be understood to suggest that Aristotle at this point presumes that there is at most one such substance?Preis ty te nainstet Le Cs Ais ote is an whak rs sub wha weber hal ones docs Had sib Pat cay she can Heh role nly fay“ ee ab its presmies” babes FE thle fone Cnsty bs 2 and) Space fae be Mesos ee] ‘tnaae. ~ deah ? Pa ewig. mei? Mit Bf cy rot bts oF Nachowe nod paste ie cree heptane privacy Yh reomdony Lanct ‘nakibecty abel of Mak [teeth “tact wile epenk arin? 1y Cy phents hey D> hind iy 7% Po tee be a Halts (ne? shell ot, ‘hips ~arefecky = Pe reek a on all, nist M Pnackeely Med he fates he tof pear haat Tad oy 2 aed ayia thy Lorde weke snaethiy actaully F ms at ribed pee whale cn z 7h TLR Got a ee ee si Sn OE fn thet nth tre ahaa thiy "Agee ime LS [oer vale plays ty Yet a a, bes eye eres iit i a Poms. ae Stof* ae Caube NE Guses st Forms He perttesles Cory tue then, Ceretlel 6 Rem Tool ob Fe (ae Pee Fe 4y i piers Fem caute of dhachomtecsdler pt Sen le th ahi gs sey wh feng emugs: pice | Pen Apt pct ook fits bes ( ae 4 na fi TE™ Cet Born yug Yormal consel ‘ A a fs of sub ht bes ne bee te Let] pulling elena alia keg fo fat TAO sonia ner e he kat Dy Relies oko one ate wether Hamar UG thee EAM Ber geme chomeaty dM tho Antal the hy a whois at sure eg Pakeniey ob At Md Orlufoo- Ho. § Tato be = bow eat some i Pook | ti Gime alii Satan +t ef Mt mt poctbe | ~ dioctimlte + the sokcsrne iving s Yekwas = aes hy | oon, = ob tances ee ey ieee fate - ash ohari “lon Te hes gb hein me tpevele /dibeminake ~ sok st de f al enters tare Connon ton OG bah hiylr a ifagnk ae diticnl Pho anol i, of Leaning! seaes Mase ~ pal, Ihierwibe g é sythfintk pach, Mme pli IVA. element lyf aril ker ahocony ot [POP Abe when ape. fone tke = sertuh moh disor! ar he Sine, mae = Fine can bebl, trot ancl Lay tng “Solel gs)PHIL 5081 Professor Shields Spring 2000 HO No. Four Substance and Substance of in Aristotle I Two Problems A. The General Worry ‘The questions: intel, on A MIghathe mien ont at Fee eat ough to receive diferent kinds of answers. Taken extersonaly, egg A iY yy ‘answers to (1) ought to carve outa clase of essences, where non he ‘substances no less than substances might be thought to have essences taken in the same way, answers to @) should present alist yay > st ofthe successful candidates for sabstantiality, where, tially, te) ‘othing in any non-substance category merit a mention. Similarly, taken intensionally answer to (1) should apcify the nature ofthe substance of come thing or things, where this will turn out tobe the] essence of those things, with no immediate restriction on the range ‘of potential essence bearers (eg. Socrates i essentially a human being; blue is essentially a color); taken in this way, though, answers to (2) should specify the nature or essence only of those ea das which ‘as members of a restricted class of entities, 40. alt 8 owe lbegty those in the category of substance, which includes Socrates but not™® ean iueness, B. The Diretionality Problem: intemal to} and @, taken individually Aa Poply C. The Co-ordination Problem: concems the relation between (1) and (2) vol meus nll TL A Problem about Substances and Relatives = “ (Q) Nec. (fx is the substance of something, it is in its nature the cause of agit ° Nethey toca tt Seqdes (2) Nec. (Fx sin its nature the cause of something's being (or being-F), x ‘is acause). in its thes 98) Nec. (xis a cause, x is a relative), stalls owt Antik (A) So, Nec. (If is the substance of something, x is a relative). witIIL A Transformation Principle and a Passage Motivating It (F) Ifxis the substance of y's being F, where F is a diachronic unity satisfying a defensible independence criterion, then xis a substance. ‘71 _‘ltisclear, therefore thatthe cause is being sought. But this isthe essence, to logy, which n some cases, presumably including ahouse and aed, Pian the Sake of hich tn othe the tee whatinoved tat for is slo a cause, Buy Histor of cause sought for coming tobe and perahing, the othd [the final causes lao sought in the cave of being (Mets Tosoaz7 2) Sea ia pal am {ose fee 2am elo nyht xp oe a ble oe ab thet bag oh ,To! poses i bo auth hy hse deattdale s he sot atlang — wily, 2’ oa tit =e big ‘ease spas of R beais me « vat Eee es li ai Bi ene ts weil oes = uel Pu ook oe eye nat meat SE “pote rl a. dened ay a eee ra enn. wet oe en ot pin Wert Rhode fag ibe pel lpi tb My pathic Med) exch afb! fo \ P Vesganic # Abert eck “hae \ ol MW Lend on . gilg tol id cond Ae OEE ef Mase internal pele kom of chil a apart oF dimnees at cre, funekion. ch rat, Hivnal qolerninchin? Me ae ocak Ls Mt: Sous tg 79 hire poe ae a [aaaen) alter) Kind oh ‘ccomnt Hah bah spf | abit Y nee hve ome a | of sth inary paredipa camps ~ otly 2 peily het ceina bor jetunfl = bd by Levnaor~ toma 2 08. Lawek tir hans \| Substene — mal Cause 2 lenels | Potten iin axtnal ~ ash | Abele = 10K of thigh pat te bomthings w/ babes i bat mokion win sell clnents ) selenide Scheel — sity sobave 5 cube. alec Sy jest 5 Useing Ho nhl DC xp abn >? rae / Bote “sedinalel by cy Prt ial of Fie] Sau Phi adaue oh ke = Cobo ion en When Fhe co. shee Heme a thing ang. Dnner amveemen dp Aebrit on Health

dhenival cckivil Phd bo Lom te ean Hay feoken dawn ohh noe ita tee aeekeProfessor Shields Pr, 06 Spring 2000 HON ve ete eae ete Sabstane and Lites Ale 1 Two Chins bet he ans fines A Th Basie Cai (1 Neca aoc fad nied ety ase a ‘tng croc o separ ad dete. cee ams ci ef z toe 173 ont ving ings nf entities capable of existing dacroncly Mead © os ony ig ing ates, 'BTheParadigmaticClim: gua fle te 0 Np eng dey ea ae le ty a klY gree su ob dps for Re (orth are unified entities. le of exis a a 0 Orton et Neda Bs len cee nc a pot) (©) Hanning ngs ae enigma onc crt anstohe 1 Some Quon sag bisa ai 2a ak ny ip ey F rong Aes ale pt tense a ae Stance Athens cnsiucd yy toealbenes ort rile sis nama Soa vey Seem these and not other, o Gi) some ofthese and some mentioned, or Gi none of thes are substances (Wes IODSBS a 1 TheShort Way” be" () texts substanc, then xs either() an anima, plant, (ia part of animal or pant iv) a imple elemento (0) something constiued by the ‘tral uae re speed thecal oo) z No partofan animal or plant i and no simple clement 2) No prota lant is eubstance mle (9) eno, iis a substance xis either () an animal, (i) a plant, (i) ora ales body. ue A say Way gettyIV. Some Relevant Passages (4) Wists an the that among things which memo be substances most ae ply ut ple 7” "potentialities including () te part of animal Gor pve of hem tem ed whenever they Sr separted, hy al pas mate) ee aos) {the principe of motion, a> ‘in that forthe sake of which and as the sulbstnce of ncotled beds, Tha tis a a fe mae La ah wR pda Sy a i ahi? vt re Seren sot ten fot moe agate “etn hw 18 pat mei weno(9 This occurred aso with Dionysius’ definition of life ifindeed this is movement of a ‘reature which i nourished, when it [viz this movement i naturally present ‘within i” This belongs to animals no more than to plants. Bt ie seems not to be Spoken of acording to one form belonging instead in one way to animals and in ‘thother way to plants (Top. 148426°31)- OLearay, the in point for our nga wha a ‘cults datnguined ors what aout ty Ig beg ‘tinny way tedieven anette tegen al Sve thal cog pecan: motion sd et wh spec paca Pe aie sxgurshment, decay and growin (D4 s1302025) Inthe end fo be ogee nse fo is if ing. asl poo a tse Sere tings whieh previo dl iow ‘orto ates hoy when comply sable erupt ior eaves — her things why totus hans beni. That. ora ne Seas eating and Wnenerey rom cod, sh cane ocace odes an Bore cnn ame pect tte ce taco ech ine ihe ar ashen il ieee cme ei andi s sy aaa aman gees tobe lara: Tat ws wh {oo en that sem recone to you Gee 8 en sanma oa ara oe aca cometh os ge mee rie Teeeal ieee ant reempeeti ine, gapping ies ee senna eee ore reptile leche meer Servi ne itcemee geaaneg, Seager Soe aenenge ange eee Sane ¥. AGaer Argument (ays eet xing corey sept end detente (2)xhuean intend xh omen int omconventona vy. (@) Only living things have ends in a non-conventional way. ar unified entities capable of ex as cape ing, |p ay“eet o2/i7/00- Ire~ Tmt muntly os sex a dy em rem. Sod 8 Se Dtay og oS gears ed tea shh et ples cat vie Cbs Cord a P idaple ofa Weer ’ faerhe fap Fee mereka XM haut cap eae prin i a Me hail frees Tati 10? 2x ral) Alares 2 ae Dibierreeenvecns ies of at Stn oieee bo sot Pie Ary TATU Tay atl hn cemsrnsgces “Heated ie why sen! pete aly ds om whal vt i = lent kerew Ge att chou ak wl dose ec to foi tf ae Gian eonsatee og amwmete HOTS ng pathy Sar) Yo sey what eating yo re abgieh male € ah haat ot cidy peoputies shite £ lisl of ln By, SRO Bek] adertie — xpimeat ave Aelthy alive [ate core Kelty we alive Milf, tite 07 atl CE erin, mica, wabrikion, poreiphion anime 1y about ZF He ar 12 tttomt > fer Asconmed Aap ps Heme sath an accom all lish melted Ey af ay she) oe ist as fhicnshtyatioe —> of (8 ot merle ath ype IM pin rise fo lob g mind A hylomwrphizm — yubepy Atta 7[ guts way “)- TB all sad bo debe iy correct 7 ~ thn soul rust tance subs warty A talks abut arel an it exhanshd by sak of capnettes whey 2 som] human that 39 Virkoe Sag scene, ] Capaor ties if soul ist st a caput = pit shack tyler Ne cn fowdd - Bay ol cplbitien it sn brie iden sek Tt canshite seal but £ gol whbe LAL i Bt aM capacities 5 pueme st gel aaa % w! geal ay of cxpecitns fo Prat *hait v Wek 5 soul beyond mony feshdient of capuilen ted fals epaitier donshitake epsenae or ane xccidinh| Raut he aceidachet pl Wy mehr oe Si capacities cousin erence we Cx Thon soul patty oer t abone Han sve! nkng POA Herland elimrkine vs. phos os free. ryt meted sunmb b estes | eafarlee oh 4 cost iets te bedy 2 thrash PWC yon Seal # body buk docge't Dyprec —atrdk “Wb by a | A rajecds bok Js urd ty bar's & vm Bn saan ee qrebs wl seal account inguitlay rake soul ike jag vicin inde phen ob Weheat hi pt OO SLE Tet mt buck tam rm of ing niny 1 po on {| D wartin oy cheat fe fel sie susilord lees ort clas of shat + cores estos ach diac wandideghe sitemel nce cd - pets ot seule ahh Soy poet eb CHDaia) omse 7 Be Sub o gielity taka place + te kRds FOE af ani on 4 ? Sera. igyiles plas in comnren ot w = nokta te Goooe iy Oe aoe A os deg from yi ft pay fe poe apsenee opecityig det Of x eh intima [rigbe Gonasles Ute eta rt zie DBM, hihets am brn Shee gw nie Cock Malow ie Imatletal eke 7 han ge beled eget rey not Berane accoum! menttoninp sabftt © Bapcity dad) is cat jidy 4 -Gpcl fed = wh depeerce - ‘nt gb depld Be ex on preps Pst tag 1 ote dip te + dat in pace pod ae Diels eee aye sth ess off ae Hagehatlia penkiened Oa ain en ht ib oe wo fee Ay, ei ool ‘hed ue 1 ep ae cares ct Spt thee on lp Person muy ned) wether but accoot ryt om Benere acon! wife watir bak dent Gt onto fetion accent wo paleer spas ge rev |(shane = 1 RD Boundary ecco AL sep oA mather'el bate rer law, body Ho jwmedrak raf fom JF 40 of bak ds | panes Yo os Chat by paths outo net! Os 2 tyne sat bhe~ ra vy my dts Farge RB > ae alah re Spee 1 Comections, af J¢ pos hud! ste fi De megs af pharame Tweed s ancble. “iE se | 2 whebs sy te of soul 2 wht if hybid of hap | b D the moat Ae al ar shit Coe ot. walvical agenmk of ike? — Heaters sg ane Hlry. sual ob BY it tipht Mies sep becomes varagated meng dit ily Come’ AA thane is a sefanee of pl thet shell be om pov oop aE sepa Avo it 4, expository, derenstation off Soul re | wert bur teatues & eet foc Mdeod een ae Cad Pig 3 hon Hm banylniny indemestreble— ath pry prim | ale | St bork at bya iertins gal. de eben Bak geteasel how nfs ae dia! ; cope torward. ion Oloage shat pe, a oth fom Sel fain sbrby bub PE ind dado Domaing 2 maltedF it 0212/9 — ind seetthes dana) bret pom ae, Wks hey hak is ses geal sub te Me fe BNE he ak nce ES ak sane sy WC Saul is a haymony Eat farmens] in ingting “HD g fof The Melo renpbicm “Sra igs Cote soul * capacities ANY ah push. disper oh s EUs He TT a eheee ity ep Tb bias of gan! coasitales ersences fishin al soho mistabe it detail a im oatherp Hany of mind comnpends - [The bane ~ hated # Ar testam = any it AaB by goal . tyke saul! painabe puteral minkelly exietiy —re-cerer by! beck vn a i coor ahd a fa aoe hah sla lig! yd 1 Cfaans mgr Ko lake keaaing. th Ab pk ok > 4 A boils cblbacal det” ile why ahh eon i th tel Mo oka gt ait, rmelbled) aipitakions Poe A a 8 20h yi) cdhagh Foyt tees, why nivtalen fay os Wao coitlen, ; Constitakin rst located these avenge tax payer - obmshuit f ditt cxf a E ESere nt ils abeosh oe lated fale ioe shh me He 2 seh wre eg Like midecigaty li oil ba ee Tle a fac“ You!” Hep ag it su A Ais Kanon 30 shue i mshale fn den, - rthHee of Ah ee ‘abot suff afl upptees fou/ bs aepecibles , Dadi ace pili att “pets ay, ah hae know ipa oly At tne thapy “oh sup * | : Rye AP ores shamed sual pet ah B caruitas , , a 2 igus py Lever fe ihaes phew Lixpates) 2 va Hale ly , a Me hee tea ihe en gS all a 4 wie 6 DOP ember mike, ’ ype Of ft sesh et DY ik a thus ; = y FOIE del ae? bn TA ay > > > > > Sap buble” candidate Hah hod Amsame eters sel soul | Eh my New st Seabed) alh beret beh | po BOM cana hove Pile rise te myc —? ie eek mrtale arg fells pa Doe 5 Ed sey rh etl din og eed pa of” NY othe iene. eine @8 hy ps Lite sab Yom seh v0h jad b/e dll lm Ay, Lay | zempand bily sex! at th roub ther some moe? yet wake din i embbiong oh oh als wey achluities of ths stahl Iw pests pa oe hah — wake ay idl contig bly Ba repute fn humor tay pet, ane Y epalt bt |, @ Chie net ae Lots of this — comfrpencics buh Use cat tom pee libies glee lly a PhO bays jung he Ore de # ewe inh exrtene GBS fe eerredinabed gactislttes seal thre “bthmap gir se by saputedorned budy wt in F cha ere shape Eked whl weber tell E Ao dud poh rot bedy fut bmarommly is bare obec when shy living baby thepe too mt cont dix enestence! gt by Caieccorby, aueny thirg Hah es P. Kavoran hash cen A — rip gently ob races ne Tine of bide not af thee Peat Cactiss Het cheer which parts. oF body pubs s0a/ Function parts’ 7” Sond mfimtht mM C. iO \ thaewr ob into sweat gol wi eG ay 2 body on Seal ES tdenrity eo 9 Foul as Lith gaat eae nm Meckons souk ; Lrcletion of soul Yo Chyps oe ¢ Need whts ul begond cp Zit € ¢ € == . Bel Pg Oa Tee ae ae ety erieWh was - Soul sub Det ot aed nolords of sual 6 § bens] A ree Irby ob Sul as ob ve ab catty MY yal Joer't mean nat Bf of expecta col? be’ cethunnent —phrnck oh by abet about gether whee tn tune Ser Bln [0g sud) ~itnady ww jn compet E55 pera Makin virlee hati, wt Paap Me ahklanmen? fat some — g heh hes a Sa an bhly sdogf ta own 5 he i tng al) z if datum thet be, def comstly eMscascioas 7 KL naan Rot guarentee Phah ‘Wlkede re + recopy thet dhshe rei 13 enbbinkion halt He soul ee | DP lity toys eeu prove 097 = gre /wet fo apace” 7 eeetgel | Tio regarded 4 2 water megaitan 2 Zi 1° aHewment — gancke le a in phat 2” intlek| fhe \ tig maliad 2 Key yt D Misbpetion satiny tte ae 1 conky “of guihe Jas fond i ses byl ye penned heme AyiE rekon, fe Pie rat, pincer (6S = Why is that Pe a 2 ea - - - = 2 - a 2 a > . > > » . . , , , ;‘Arisote's Try ofthe Soul Lect 2: Ariat’ eivam of his processors (De Anima 12-5) Ti: why docs Arist occapy nsf with he views ahi fees ‘Arse’ "nda cha working whe esd ope (fas), ‘Liters: GEL. Oven, “Tihs phatnomen’ (D412: Preece confor su with fren two ia hrc: movement wn prepa 1) Movement «Thales sos, Anzagos, Pato a Phaedra soul at wich hash aby o move Wel, wile ering eas mowed by sol (Gon whee does Arise talon te elatnsip betwen Sul and movement in aie? Copan, pipe fie known ye ede hikes const 0 ot the sane ements ices 1 tos coal S Pao (etre "On Psp aes wea oe tue fr seal oe mde ‘pol mutes: Combed wis) Soa tecmesseltmoving mbt How docs is aon ua wih acsu of ‘Sulla Timace? Other lla, y Wetton of lw on mar east: Armes ‘esion ‘Gaston tow inporta ogston nthe defiion fs fo Aristo? ‘DAL3-S Reasons of) xn) 1) Win does mea o sy at ols moving. 3 set ston: realy a intincty moved example filo ep; movement acing place, Qi) si coca wd acetal ovement. ‘Xrnoreg sol) imposible st mumbo suites flow fom osyag be ol (Set) moves, and) ‘encom snc soul nb pros of matin wiht elf moving (esa ens ough a nog) Specie item of Timea theory whieh ccoun at coc fr movement and copeten. Theory imps th oa it ‘mpc oweve, ough Hevea rely Iie arbres catia Henge ‘esnine ‘Gunton Whats ety atnving mbrin Pat ned Arce? ow dono wa i ove vw a cl pcp of hg ning eg Wi ln tw at soul is principle of sef-motion? ot 1.4 Citeen of tunenent (harmon) ory cued a Pat's Phd, wth wich compar: nunenetcneet rae vee 1.5 hci of te sous ng compse flames, ‘View ts on “hoyle, however sn fie amber ofhing ae composed of ite umber of ‘demenss0 cant eh lanes th ele ie solo ow everyting, ruber he a scoring which ‘Beclomens ae composed ‘ep pcp ong se ning ml pcg wags prep lees wen gt ‘Queso: How cn Arse th tii e-y-ike iciple andyet oda he met mpi aes re tte become te cect ‘cozy, hse who make sul icp of les movenet ignore plano sims tht pie bt da ve. tion of Pi’ vison of he soul Republic, Tomas) ‘robles isol is vied, wc part epost what keeps og? (ato) ‘viene oul (one es) soo vied vide nnd each part wl xan es evs (Question: How can Arise bath rte Pat's vision of te wa ad old hes cosa of ar?{Pluto - Phaedo: Theory of Attunement] “http "keegandunn.com phiiatunement im 20f3 (Adapted trom essay prompt #6 forthe frst paper In MIT's Ancient Philosophy course) “The primary focus of Plato's dialogue The Phaedo is the nature ofthe soul; The questions ‘of Rs existence and immortality, After Socrates establishes the trth of the sous ‘existence tothe satisfaction of his companions, Sinymias and Cebes, he argues thatthe ‘soul -- being most like the Incrporeal, invisible, and divine ~ exists eternally, and wil thus remain despite the destruction ofthe body. Ths inital argument fals to convince both Simmiae and Gebes, and they respond with thelr own arguments. Simmias proposes ‘2 aiferent perspective onthe soul, The Theory of Attunement, ach uses the tuning of an Instrument as an analogy forthe sous relation tothe body. Harmony, Sitmias' counterexample to Socrates’ clean division of ll objects into the categories of uncnanging/incorporeal and changing/composte, “is invisible and incorporeal, and very beautiful and divine inthe well attuned iyre, but the Ire itself and its strings are bodies, and corporeal and composite and earthy and akin to that which morta." (86) Thus in the same way thatthe destruction of the an Instrument destroy its attunement, the destruction of the Body necessarily destroys the soul. A tuning cannot text Independently of an instrument. Socrates’ ist response to this objection rests upon his prior establshment ofthe concept known as anamnesis: That all knowledge is contained within te sou, but the shock of birth uses alto be forgotten. The attainment of knowledge then, is meray recollection. This belief, established thoroughly In anther of Plato's dalogues, The Meno, is Incompatible with Simmias' Theory of Attunement. Anamnesi requires thatthe soul exist Dror to the creation of the body, but the apposite is true of attunement. The lyre and the Strings and the sounds come into being ln a tuneess condition, and the harmony i the last of el to be composed and the first C6 parish.” (92c) ‘simmias, having already been convinced ofthe truth of anamnesis, Is Immediately swayed by this incompatibilty, but Socrates continues, following the Theory of Attunement to two seemingly impossible concusions, rst showing that all souls must then be equally good, ‘and then showing that the body would be the gulding, powerful hand that sways the sou "Al sous ofall ving creatures will be equally good," says Socrates, because: |. Composite things, such as harmonies, cannot be In any state other than that in whlch the elements are composed. 2 Harmonies follow the lead of that which they are composed of 5 No souls even Inthe slightest degree more completely and to a greater extent a soul than another." ‘A wel-tuned soul i @ more virtuous sou, and a soul in dlscord isa wicked soul 1. "fa harmony fs entirely harmony, & could have no part in dlscord.” ‘Aoul is entirely soul, 7 Henee, the soul can have no wickedness. Since all souls are equally souls, all souls are equally good. (932-948) ‘The third premise, on the equality of souls, Is accepted by Simmias without question. He right have asked, "How can one prove that al souls are equally sous?” The notion of a ‘more or less perfect soul does nat otherwise cash with the beliefs enumerated thus fr. ‘n1s2008 1:57 PMRR LA ANY 8 EY ‘tp Tkeegandunn com/phil/stunement tal Ad 51 1O0USVANR the removal of this premise, the rest ofthis argument lls Rat er (Elitoral note: This could be a language isue. If Socrates Is simply saying “Souls are souls." (Objects are what they ae], thea I understand the lack of objection to this statement. But thet stil would’ holdup the argument. Ifa soul i an attunement, and ‘attunements can be more or less attuned, then souls can be more or less souls.) However, Socrates’ next approach fs more consistent. His conception ofthe soul as the conscious, rational entity that guides the body ~Is directly in contrast withthe ‘attunement analogy. He argues that, since the soul can tyrannize the Body, drowing it away “from eating when It is hungry" oF drinking "when the body Is hot and thirsty," is necessarily the ruler ofthe body. Asa harmony follows the lea of that which itis, ‘composed of, it stands in opposition to the view of the sou as ruler. Thus, the analogy breaks down. (94b-946) If one takes as an article of flth thatthe saul exists and isthe source of man's wl, ‘Socrates' inal objection tothe Theory of Attunement is enough ta refute I, As Both Simmias and Socrates share this faith, Simms is satisfied, and the dialogue moves forward undeterred | zis. ¢ag2 | bIEE pHs tail eigares fppicggi ezbarais PUY sag 23/5/38 Bag § 3\<|2 3 ee g i Be fle EB] adosonay 01 an fsunes 02 dn (oon) eSSE" HELE[ Seal 4 boty Fly View ceplans thes dea by b b 450 wates inhimekely ‘ve hhed ko bo Eta 3 mehr ry Leebnial Mey AME beds of Conpamlins HM hdy ast al sly son! erry whine oe, con fhe el esi Bigs mind ehomantte In base rete is patty — “el! 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