Komposisi dan Organisasi

Sel Prokariot dan Eukariot

Pendahuluan
Sel adalah unit terkecil yg

menunjukkan semua sifat yg

dihubungkan dgn kehidupan
Semua sel mengandung makromolekul
ttt : lipid, protein, asam nukleat,
polisakarida
Berdasarkan komposisi dan
organisasinya sel dibagi menjadi sel
prokariot dan eukariot

SISTEMATIKA DAN TAKSONOMI

Taksonomi :
Ilmu yang mempelajari klasifikasi organisme
Dua subdisplin (identifikasi dan nomenklatur)
Taksonomi vs filogeni :
analisis fenotipik sebagai dasar klasifikasi
analisis genotipik sebagai dasar klasifikasi
Kronometer evolusi :
Alat ukur perubahan evolusi
Jarak evolusi antara dua spesies dapat dihitung dari perbedaan
urutan nukleotida/ asam amino makromolekul homolog yang terdapat
pada kedua spesies
Pemilihan kronometer yang benar :
Terdistribusi secara universal
Fungsi identik
Align secara benar
Perubahan harus sesuai dengan jarak evolusi

SISTEMATIKA DAN TAKSONOMI (lanjutan)

RNA ribosom sebagai kronometer evolusi
Ancient molecule
Fungsi konstan
Terdistribusi secara universal
Bersifat cukup konservatif
RNA ribosom pada prokariot
5s rRNA
16s rRNA
23s rRNA
Berdasarkan urutan nukleotida gen 16s/18sRNA yang mengkode
RNA sebagai komponen ribosom : prokariot, arkhaebakteri or
eukariot

Cartoon of the tree of life

Figure 1. Last Universal Common Ancestor

Phylogenetic tree

Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or
more cells.
Cells are the smallest living units of
all living organisms.
Cells arise only by division of a
previously existing cell.

Eukaryotic and
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryote = without a nucleus
Eukaryote = with a nucleus

Prokaryotic cells
Diagram

Prokaryotic Cells
Simplest organisms
Cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane and
encased in a rigid cell wall composed of
peptidoglycan.
no distinct interior compartments
gram-positive thick single layer wall that retains a violet dye
from Gram stain procedure
gram-negative multilayered wall does not retain dye
Susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics depends on cell wall
structure.

Cell Wall
Rigid peptidoglycan

- polysaccharide
coat that gives the
cell shape and
surround the
cytoplasmic membrane. Offers
protection from
environment.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.ht
ml

Gram positive cell walls

Figure 18. The Gram-Positive envelope. From Prescott et al., 2005

Gram negative cell walls

Figure 19. The Gram-Negative envelope. From Prescott et al., 2005

Gram negative vs Gram positive

Table 3. Comparison between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Modified from Prescott et al., 2005

Plasma Membrane
Layer of phospho-

lipids and proteins

that separates
cytoplasm from
external
environment.
Regulates flow of
material in and out
of cell.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.ht
ml

Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid bi-layer

that separates the cell

from its environment.
Selectively permeable
to allow substances to
pass into and out of
the cell.

Http:micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animal/plasmamem
brane.html

Plasma membrane

Figure 16 . Plasma membrane structure. From Prescott et al., 2005

Cytoplasm
Also known as

proto-plasm is
location of growth,
metabolism, and
replication.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell
.html

Ribosomes
Translate the genetic
code into proteins.
Free-standing and
dis-tributed
throughout the
cytoplasm.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.ht
ml

70S RIBOSOME DURING TRANSLATION

Ket : "S" refers to a unit of density called the Svedberg unit

Mesosome
Infolding of cell

membrane.
Possible role in cell
division.
Increases surface
area.
Photosynthetic
pigments or respiratory chains here.

Http://www.med.sc.edu:85/fox/protobact.jpg

Nucleoid
Region of the

cytoplasm where
chromosomal DNA is
located. Usually a
singular, circular
chromosome.
Smaller circles of DNA
called plasmids are
also located in
cytoplasm.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html

FUNGSI KOMPONEN SEL PROKARIOT

Capsules and slime layers
outside of the cell envelope
glycocalyx
consist of polysaccharide, in certain bacilli: polypeptide (polyglutamic
acid) not always produce a capsule
Capsules of pathogenic bacteria
cell wall
rigid and protects the cell from osmotic lysis
cell membrane
where oxidative phosphorylation occurs (since there are no mitochondria).
periplasmic space
space between the inner and outer membranes
Gram negative bacteria
store degradative enzymes

Nucleus
Contains most of the heriditary material (DNA) of the cell
Plasmids
extra-chromosomal DNA
usually present in multiple copies
often code for pathogenesis factors and antibiotic resistance
factors
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
Flagella
locomotory organelles
chemotaxis

Pili
synonym: fimbriae
types of pili varies
in sexual conjugation
allow adhesion to host epithelial surfaces in infection
Endospores (spores)
a dormant form
produced by certain bacteria when starved
vegetative form
resistant to adverse conditions
spore cytoplasm is dehydrated and contains calcium dipicolinate which is
involved in the heat resistance of the spore
are commonly found in the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.

The developmental cycle of the

Endospore

Table 4. Prokaryotic structures

From Prescott et al., 2005

The Structures of a Eukaryotic

Cell
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
reticulum

Golgi vesicles
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

Nucleus

Repository for genetic material

Directs activities of the cell
Nucleolus - region of intensive ribosomal
RNA synthesis

Surface of nucleus bound by two

phospholipid bilayer membranes

nuclear membrane
Nuclear pores protein gatekeepers
Usually proteins going in and RNA going out

Nucleus

Chromosomes
DNA of eukaryotes is divided into
linear chromosomes.

exist as strands of chromatin, except

during cell division
associated with packaging histones,
packaging proteins
nucleosomes

Endosymbiotic hypothesis

Figure 10. A schematic representation of the process of endosymbiosis

Ribosomes
Translate the genetic
code into proteins.
Found attached to
the Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum or free in
the cytoplasm.
60% RNA and 40%
protein.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/riboso
mes.html

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
small subunit: 40S
One rRNA molecule (18S)
33 different proteins, designated S1-S33
large subunit: 60S
Three rRNA molecules (5S, 5.8S, and 28S)
50 different proteins, designated L1-L50
Type

Approximate
number of
nucleotides

Subunit
location

18S

1,900

40S

5S

120

60S

5.8S

156

60S

28S

4,700

60S

Endomembrane System

Compartmentalizes cell, channeling

passage of molecules through cells
interior.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER - studded with ribosomes
Smooth ER - few ribosomes

Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Network of continuous
sacs, studded with
ribosomes.
Manufactures, processes, and
transports proteins for
export from cell.
Continuous with
nuclear envelope.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cels/animal/endoplasm
icreticulum.html

Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Similar in appearance to rough ER,

but without the ribosomes.

Involved in the production of lipids,
carbohydrate metabolism, and
detoxification of drugs and poisons.
Metabolizes calcium.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/endoplasmicreticulum.html

Golgi Apparatus
Modifies proteins

and lipids made by

the ER and prepares
them for export from
the cell.
Encloses digestive
enyzymes into
membranes to form
lysosomes.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/golgia
pparatus.html

Endomembrane System
Golgi apparatus

collection of Golgi bodies

collect, package, and distribute molecules

synthesized at one location in the cell and utilized at

another location
Front - cis , Back trans
Cisternae stacked membrane folds

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cisternae
cis face
Proteins

trans face
Golgi
apparatus

Transport
vesicle

Protein

Vesicle
Migrating
budding
transport
from rough vesicle
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome

Fusion
of vesicle
with Golgi
apparatus

Lysosome
Single membrane

bound structure.
Contains digestive
enzymes that
break down cellular
waste and debris
and nutrients for
use by the cell.

Http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/lys
osome/html

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cytoplasm

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Phagocytosis
Food
vesicle

Golgi
apparatus

Lysosomes
Plasma
membrane

Extracellular
fluid

Digestion of
phagocytized
food particles
or cells

Transport
vesicle
Old or damaged
organelle
Breakdown
of old
organelle

Organelles With DNA

Mitochondria
bounded by exterior and interior
membranes
interior partitioned by cristae

Chloroplasts
have enclosed internal compartments of
stacked grana, containing thylakoids
found in photosynthetic organisms

Mitochondria
A. "Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular
metabolism
B. Structure- outer and inner
membranes, cristae
C. Have their own DNA

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than

mitochondria
Grana closed compartments of stacked membranes
Thylakoids disc shaped structure light capturing
pigment
Stroma fluid matrix

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers supporting cell

shape and anchoring organelles
Actin filaments
cell movement
Microtubules
Hollow tubes
Facilitate cell movement
Intermediate filaments
Stable - dont break down

Microtubules
Intermedia
te
filaments

Actin

Cytoskeleton

Plant Cells
Central vacuole
often found in the center of a plant, and
serves as a storage facility for water and
other materials

Cell wall

primary walls laid down while cell is

growing
middle lamella glues cells together
secondary walls inside the primary cell
walls after growth

Plant Cell

Animal Cells

Animal cells lack cell walls.

form extracellular matrix
provides support, strength, and resilience

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Table 1. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

From Prescott et al., 2005

Phylogeny of bacteria

Figure 6 . Hierarchical arrangement in taxonomy. From Prescott et al. , 2005

A prokaryotic species is a collection of strains that share many stable

properties and differ significantly from other groups or strains.
A species (genomospecies) is a collection of strains that have a similar
G+C composition and 70% or greater similarity as judged by DNA
hybridization experiments.

Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya

Table 2. Comparison of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya

From Prescott et al., 2005

Figure 8a.
Prokaryotic cell
Figure 8b.
Eukaryotic cell

Table 2 cont. Comparison of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya