AP Bio Review Chapter 2 Water

04/13/2015

Water = polar
Hydrogen bonds with fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen
Has several properties
Cohesion- water sticks together
Adhesion- water sticks to other molecules
Surface tension- water difficult to break
Specific heat- amount of heat it takes to raise temp of water
Evaporative cooling- cooing effect water has when evaporated
Acid = hydronium
Base = hydroxide

Functional groups
Hydroxyl group= -OH
Carbonyl group= O=C-H OR O=C Carboxyl group= O=C-OH
Amino group= -NH2
Phosphate group= phosphate with oxygen ions around it
Macromolecule- large molecule: carb, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Polymer- long molecule consisting of similar molecules held together
by covalent bonds
Monomers- repetitive molecules of a polymer
Dehydration synthesis is the process of making a polymer

Triglyceride- glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Fatty acids- long chains of carbon attached to a carboxyl group

Saturated fatty acids- no double bonds between carbon atoms

Ex- animal fat (solid at room temp)
Unsaturated fatty acid- some double bonds
Ex- plant and fish fat (liquids at room temp)
Phospholipids- glycerol and 2 fatty acids
Think phospholipid bilayer
Steroids- lipids that consist of 4 fused rings

Proteins made of amino acids

AA = amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain groups
Peptide bond- covalent bond between amino acids
Polypeptide- many animo acids coming together via dehydration
synthesis