DAFTAR ISI

Halaman Judul ......................................................................................... i

Halaman Pengesahan ................................................................................ ii
Halaman Pernyataan Orisinalitas...................................................................iii
Tugas Sarjana................................................................................................ iv
Halaman Pernyataan Persetujuan Publikasi...................................................v
Abstrak ..............................................................................................vi
Kata Pengantar .................................................................................. viii
Lembar Persembahan ................... xii
Halaman Motto ..................................... xiii
Daftar Isi ................................... xiv
Daftar Gambar ............................. xvi
Daftar Tabel ............................. xviii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................... I-1
I.1 Latar Belakang .......................................... I-1
I.2 Perumusan Masalah .................................. I-3
I.3 Batasan Masalah ........................................... I-3
I.4 Tujuan Tugas Akhir dan Manfaat Penelitian ................ I-4
I.5 Manfaat Tugas Akhir ............

I-4

I.6 Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................... I-5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................... II-1
II.1 Bulk Carrier..........................................................

II-1

II.1.1 Struktur Rasional..............................................

II-3

II.1.2 Berbagai Jenis Kapal Bulk Carrier........................

II-6

II.1.3 Pengetatan persyaratan-persyaratan

Peraturan Keselamatan.. ...............

II-14

II.2 SPB Tonasa .................................................

II-18

II.3 Tegangan .................................................

II-20

II.4 Pengaplikasian MEH ................................................. II-30

II.5 Software Berbasis MEH.............................................

II-73

II.3 CSR Bulk Carrier ......................................................

II-93

14

BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .................................................... III-1

III.1 Studi Lapangan ................... III-1
III.2 Studi Literatur ..................... III-1
III.3 Pengumpulan dan Pengolahan Data.................... III-2
III.4 Pembuatan Desain Model.................... III-2
III.5 Analisa Model. ................... III-4
III.6 Pengolahan Data.. ......................

III-4

III.7 Validasi......................................................... III-4

III.8 Kesimpulan...................................................III-5
III.9 Diagram Alir Metodologi Penelitian....................... III-5
BAB IV ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................................... IV-1
IV.1 Prosedur DSA.................................................................. IV-1
IV.1.1 Pemodelan Struktur............................................

IV-1

IV.1.2 Boundary Conditions..........................................

IV-4

IV.1.3 Loading Conditions...........................................

IV-7

IV.1.4 Verifikasi Hasil data.........................................

IV-8

IV.2 Variasi Pembebanan................ IV-8

IV.3

IV.2.1 Beban Muatan Curah...........................................

IV-8

IV.2.2 Beban Air Laut................................................

IV-11

IV.2.3 Body Force.......................................................

IV-13

Hasil Analisa......... IV-14

BAB V PENUTUP ..................................................................................V-1

V.1 Kesimpulan .................. .....................................V-1
V.2 Saran .......................................................... V-2
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
INDEKS
LAMPIRAN

15

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1

Penampang Melintang .............

II-4

Gambar 2.2

Penampang gading-gading..............

II-4

Gambar 2.3

Kapal pengangkut bijih besi. .............II-7

Gambar 2.4

Kapal pengangkut serpihan kayu. .............

II-8

Gambar 2.5

Kapal bulk carrier bukaan tanpa palka..... .............

II-9

Gambar 2.6

Kapal bulk carrier lambung ganda. .............

II-10

Gambar 2.7

Kapal bulk carrier handysize....... .............

II-12

Gambar 2.8

Kapal bulk carrier capesize......./. .............

II-13

Gambar 2.9

MV Cape Celtic......................... .............

II-14

Gambar 2.10 Gambaran umum kompartemen bulk carrier..................

II-17

Gambar 2.11 Proses pembangunan SPB Tonasa . .............

II-18

Gambar 2.12 Pengirisan sebuah benda ............. .............

II-20

Gambar 2.13 Komponen normal dan geser tegangan..... .............

II-21

Gambar 2.14 Kurva Tegangan-Regangan ............. .............

II-24

Gambar 2.15 Kurva Tegangan-Regangan ............. .............

II-25

Gambar 2.16 Jenis-jenis beam ......................... .............

II-24

Gambar 2.17 Pendekatan elemen hingga suatu pelat .... .............

II-28

Gambar 2.18 Derajat kebebasan kinematik di titik simpul ... .............

II-39

Gambar 2.19 Perpindahan titik simpul sebidang satuan ...... .............

II-40

Gambar 2.20 Masalah Balok Tinggi ............. .............

II-40

Gambar 2.21 Hasil pengkajian konvergensi untuk koef kekakuan.......... II-41

Gambar 2.22 Elemen segiempat parabolik........................................

II-41

Gambar 2.23 Elemen segiempat........................................................

II-42

Gambar 2.24 Karakteristik konvergensi koefisien elemen segiempat........ II-43

Gambar 2.25 Elemen segitiga parabolik............................................

II-44

Gambar 2.26 Elemen segitiga tipikal.................................................

II-45

Gambar 2.27 Elemen garis................................................................

II-46

Gambar 2.28 Elemen luas ................................................................

II-49

Gambar 2.29 Elemen volume................................................................

II-50

16

Gambar 2.30 Pelat segiempat yang memikul beban lateral........................ II-53

Gambar 2.31 Gaya dalam dan luar pada elemen ..............................

II-54

Gambar 2.32 Tegangan pada suatu elemen pelat .............................

II-58

Gambar 2.33 Penampang sebelum dan setelah berubah bentuk................ II-59

Gambar 2.34 Distorsi sudut...............................................................

II-60

Gambar 2.35 Pelbagai kondisi tepi....................................................

II-65

Gambar 2.36 Pengaruh tepi dari momen puntir.......................................... II-66

Gambar 2.37 Pengangkatan sudut-sudut pelat.....................................

II-69

Gambar 2.38 Create New database....................................................

II-73

Gambar 2.39 Specify model dimension and analysis code........................ II-74

Gambar 2.40 Create point..................................................................

II-75

Gambar 2.41 Create curve..................................................................

II-75

Gambar 2.42 Create surface..................................................................

II-76

Gambar 2.43 Tampilan proses koreksi kesalahan geometry..................... II-77

Gambar 2.44 Tampilan proses koreksi kesalahan geometry..................... II-77
Gambar 2.45 Input beban dan kondisi batas......................................

II-78

Gambar 2.46 Penentuan beban dan kondisi batas..............................

II-79

Gambar 2.47 Pendefinisian material..................................................

II-80

Gambar 2.48 Penentuan element properties untuk model 2D..................... II-81

Gambar 2.49 Penentuan element properties untuk model 1D..................... II-82
Gambar 2.50 Tampilan penentuan bentuk beam.................................

II-82

Gambar 2.51 Proses mesh seeds.......................................................

II-83

Gambar 2.52 Proses mesh untuk elemen 1D dan 2D............................... II-84

Gambar 2.53 Proses equivalence dan optimize..................................

II-85

Gambar 2.54 Pre processing analysis................................................

II-86

Gambar 2.55 Post processing analysis................................................

II-87

Gambar 2.56 Input file dari Pre process ............................................

II-92

Gambar 2.57 Proses run input file.....................................................

II-92

Gambar 2.58 IACS CSR for Bulk carrier................................................

II-94

Gambar 4.1

Model pada FEM Software............................................ IV-2

Gambar 4.2

Model Corrugated BHD pada konstruksi Cargo Hold... ..... IV-2

Gambar 4.3

Detail Corrugated BHD...................................................... IV-3

17

Gambar 4.4

Boundary Conditions pada model......................................... IV-5

Gambar 4.5

Kode Pemberian Boundary Conditions pada Software ........ IV-6

Gambar 4.6

Pembebanan muatan cair dan besarnya tekanan ...........

IV-11

Gambar 4.7

Pembebanan dari pressure air laut .............................

IV-12

Gambar 4.8

Pembebanan dari pressure air laut dan besarnya

pressure.........................................................................

IV-12

Gambar 4.9

Body Force pada model........................................................ IV-13

Gambar 4.10 Kondisi Full Load 1 plate stress ...................................

IV-14

Gambar 4.11 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Full Load 1 ........................

IV-14

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Full Load 1............................ IV-14

Gambar 4.12 Kondisi Full Load 2 plate stress.....................................

IV-15

Gambar 4.13 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Full Load 2 .......................

IV-15

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Full Load 2........................... IV-15

Gambar 4.14 Kondisi Slack Load plate stress.....................................

IV-16

Gambar 4.14 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Slack Load ........................

IV-17

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Slack Load............................ IV-17

Gambar 4.15 Kondisi Deepest Ballast plate stress.................................... IV-18
Gambar 4.16 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Deepest Ballast .............

IV-18

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Deepest Ballast..................... IV-18

Gambar 4.17 Kondisi Multi Port plate stress......................................

IV-19

Gambar 4.18 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Multi Port ........................

IV-20

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Multi Port............................. IV-20

Gambar 4.19 Kondisi Multi Port 75 plate stress...................................

IV-21

Gambar 4.20 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Multi Port 75 ...................

IV-21

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Multi Port 75......................

IV-21

Gambar 4.21 Kondisi Alternate Load plate stress..................................

IV-22

Gambar 4.22 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Alternate Load .................

IV-22

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Alternate Load....................... IV-22

Gambar 4.23 Kondisi Heavy Ballast 1 plate stress.................................. IV-23
Gambar 4.24 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Heavy Ballast 1..............

IV-24

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Heavy Ballast 1.................... IV-24

Gambar 4.25 Kondisi Heavy Ballast 2 plate stress.................................. IV-25
Gambar 4.26 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Heavy Ballast 2..............
18

IV-25

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Heavy Ballast 2.................... IV-25

Gambar 4.27 Kondisi Harbour plate stress..........................................

IV-26

Gambar 4.28 (a) Lokasi deformasi kondisi Harbour........................

IV-27

(b) Lokasi max stress kondisi Harbour ..........................

19

IV-27

DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1

Kapal Bulk carrier pertama di Jepang..............................

Tabel 4.1
Tabel 4.2

Rules untuk Boundary Conditions pada CSR Bulk

Carrier....................................................................................IV-6
Variasi pembebanan berdasarkan CSR Bulk Carrier ........... IV-8

Tabel 4.3

Tabel hasil Analisa Plate Stress ........................................... IV-28

20

II-2