U211 A NEW METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE TARGET AND CHANNEL SCATTERING FUNCTIONS USING COSTAS ARRAYS AND OTHER FREQUENCY HOP SIGNALS" Saniay K, Mediz ward L, Tuleboun Deparment of Elecvical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. 14627 ABSTRACT In radar or sonar applications in which the targets are doubly-pread, the Scaneing funtion is used wo character faethe effec of the complex ager onthe problem of target detection, Similarly the effects of channel multipath andlor ‘everberton and chater distortions are characterized by the channel satering function. Ths, tis imperat ro minimize the revesberation effects when measuring the chanel sat tering funedon. In this paper we propose new rethod for ‘measuring the scateringTuncion. This new method has proved capabliies for measuring target and/or chanel struc- ture by reducing sidelobe intercon, and thereby reducing reverberation or cuter distoron effec. Further this im ‘proved capability is maintained in the presence ofall lvels of white Gavssan noise 1. Introdetion ‘Most communieston systems experience some kind of later, ot reverberson, which affects the system perfor mance, Cluter could te from multiple refeeons from the sired target (or chanel) or undesired objects or du 10 ‘mulipath inthe channel, Tn these situations the spread a {2 (or channel is a source of ineference and one want 10 tliminate this interference, In oterstustons, lke coms nication over dispersive factuting chanzls, the return from the spread target (or channel contains the desied infor tion. Virios techniques to characterize spread channels (1, 2) and o optimally process the signals (3 have been studied {forthe las four decades. Channels canbe adequately charac= terized by Tworequeny camlation fureios, the ep gain conlation function (4) oF the scatering funtion (5. ‘Most ofthe seeing snd multipath mechanisms can be mathematically represented a8 2 sum of 2 eumber of point w= Dat we" cor more generally ia the form of a general superposition imegral given as Se SR aT 1e)= J Mriteytr were ie) sly asumed 1 bea compe Gaunsen Process the Kernel ofthe sperposion intel anu) Ibe tarumined sgl. Te set of perenetes {ores} tre he concn ample, me delay and Doppler shih for fe ph Using the signal o-tererece rato (SR) as pevormance menue the ereson doe othe ere ‘ono cloer i ven by [2 mess) = FJ [ Seat ~¢— AaParde where py(r ge) i the average ouput of @ matched fier at delay ry and Doppler én: 5(r¢) isthe complex envelope of the target orreverberson saering funtion; and x(r,9) i the signal abigoly fancon. ‘Much effort has gone into the problem of determining for meesuring the scatering function which appears in the ‘degradation equation a a two dimeasionl convolution ine- tral withthe magnitude square ofthe input signal ambiguity Function, The primary dfculy with he previous methods of measurement is thatthe scuterng funcéon is “Iuminied” through te magnitude square of te aut-arbigity function. ‘Thu, in order ows this method the ambiguity fonction mus possess ideal or "tmbtack” properies, so that within the Convolution integral we use as close 10 8 two dimensional ‘ela-fanction as is posible. For this reason one would de- sire signals whose ambigury funevons havea main pike and no additonal volume inthe imefrequency plane. However, {ue to the volume conservation property, iis impossible to fenerte such ambiguity funevons 2. The Proposed New Method In al previous measurement methods (1, 2, 5,6, 7h & single signal ie ransmived and a distored form of the original Signa isreceved, Instead of one signal being passed throagh the channel we now consider the possibilty of pasing 190 signals through the chanel Let the 0 analytic signals be u(t) and val), with associted auto-ambigulyfurctions xs1(r0) and xin(t.) = 1997 = (€H12977-7191/00001337 $1,006 1991 IEEEFigure L. New Joint Statistics Using the ewo sigoals we form two satis as follows: where r(t) andr) ar the received signal when w(t) and ‘u(0) are vansmited, and ry and wy sf the hypotesized values ofthe delay and Doppler shift. Here we ae assuming that he urgec is slowly actuating, the output is «complex Gaussian random variable, and the noize entering the sys ‘em fs an ative, sisal independent white Gausian process. We also asume forthe sequel that the target ot ‘chanel charicteristics do not change berween or ding the ‘sansmision ofthe two signals. Fort moving target we will onsier the casein which the target has moved during the ‘transmission ofthe wo signals. ‘We now form a new jot satis from he two individual stasis und consider the test al 20 ‘where v isthe threshold foe the test. Figure 1 shows the lagam forthe new sa. ‘Without showing the dis ofthe derivation, it can be shown hat the degradation due to everteraton or cate is ow given by elrotel Ge J [500 ariien 16-4 x xml = 1.6 ~ daldrd, We se that the scaring function i now “illuminated” by the product of two difereatauto-ambiguiy factions. Ik can agua be shown thatthe product of two different ator ambiguity functions does not have the volume conservation problem, ‘Tis means that we can have & product of two ‘uto-ambigities that es a main spike and litle adiicnl ‘volume inthe pedestal. Ths, the new method hs improved apie for measuring wget andor mapa srscture by ‘edacing sidelobe interactions, and maintains this capability in the presence ofall noise level. ‘We realize that we pay 2 price for this improvement in terms of tvice the transmission, reception and processing ‘sme. We are curently investigating options of wansmiting and receiving the two signals simultaneously using QAM oF ther metho ‘3. Simulation Results Inthe simoliton here we construct a thes reflector target mode and simulate the matched filer ouput slices for & range of Doppler shifts The reuls ean be viewed a8 the convolution of te signal ambigity fonction withthe tree point seaterer mate. For comparison purposes we keep the target configuration constant while we vary the mansmited signal, processing configuration (old ve new method), and ‘the ambient noise level, Signal: N=400 samples with toa radian digital fequency width of 1. The toll time bandwidth ix thus TW=00. ‘The signals (unless specified ctherwise) ze Welch- Coste (8) arays with code length 10 (1), genarted by ung the primitive rot 2 forthe old method and root 2 and? for the new method. ‘Target In the pctre the tages are always at he sample ‘numbers comesponding t range and Doppler pits piven by (0) = (250,0), (800, ~25}, and (380,0). Al amplides ‘ae 1.0 and there ae 121 Doppler slices representing digital fiequency Doppler ange of-1.. Noise: White Gausian noise is sed tothe input signal. 0 ‘db being when the noise andthe input signal have the same nergy Figure 2 shows the output for the old and new method {or low noise case. We se that we have improved capeiliy for measuring target and/or mulipath sructure by reduces, sidelobe interactions inthe new method. Figure 3 shows the same for high noise level and we agin see an improvement oe to sidelobe rection. In various other simulations we fin tat tis improved capability is manned fr al o'se levels in diferent transmit signals. at Design Isues “The choice of ppropriate signa to probe a target er chan- ‘ele an impoant one for come dexecton or estimation of parameter. Cosas amays and other frequency bop codes, A have diferent volume distribution oftheir aut-ambiguity function. Depending onthe application, one woul! use sg: ‘als with a partiolar desired volume discbuton. The it ‘matrix (9} has bean used as an effective tol wo describe she ambiguity funeton and the volume distribution of the ac biguityfonedon. For many single o moliple target moxls andjor mulipats we fad that Cosas arays perform ade- ‘quately = 388GN TUDE ragw ITE ve SHIFT igure 2. Output of old and new method, Input SNR = +140 db For the new method now it isa problem of finding a alr of good signals instead of designing single good signals ‘We can have signals that are not desirable individually but perform well sa pair. We now discuss some specific target model. Fr a single age case, inthe old method we would wse 4 Cosus arays or ober frequency hop sigrals which have volume distributed evenly in he auto-ambiguiyfonedon. We ‘would not wea chip or linear congruence code as they have ‘extremely high sde lobes slong the instantaneous frequency line ofthe signal. But in the new method an up chitp and down chip (or equivalent linear congruence codes) are the best set of signals to detect the target asthe sidelobes wand {o cancel out and the interactions ue 10 the side lobes i Fora multiple warget case or ln the cate of multipath we ‘ind that ehtps are not 2 good set of signals to vse. Even ‘hough the interactions dv wo individu targes is minimum, we find tht side lobe imeracions between two diferent targets can cause false ages to appear. In this station we find that a pair of two different Costas aay signal perform wel Finally we consider the casein which the targets mov.ng ‘with constant velocity. Is possible in ths station thatthe target moves appreciably between te ransmisson ofthe two signals and we might loose the target altogether inthe new ‘method. We can solve this problem by using # CW signal as ne of the probing signals A CW signal, which cannot, resolve range and which would ordinary aot be used in he ld methods, can be used here as one of the probing signa slong with a Costs ary or other frequency hop signal The idea here being to use the CW signal fr the Doppler resolution and use theater signal for ange resolution. Thus, et back our “eisappearing target” 5. Conclusions We have developed a new method for measuring the scat- tering function for either the target othe channel struct, ‘The simulation results show the expeced improvement by providing sidelobe reduction in all cases. Tn addition, thi Improvement over the old methods is maintained in pres ence of al white Gauisian noise levels, We do pay the price in tems of twice the uansmission, reception and proces ing time. However, it should noted that we don't lose aay informatio inthe new method. Each leg of the new = 1399 -row rine Sut Figure 3 ‘rocestor contins all the necessary informasion to const fhe estimates generated from the individual signal nthe 3d method. Finally some of the tage situations and astocsted signal design sues have been addrested, References (O]_ Price, “Maximum lelhood estimation ofthe come- lntionfunction ofa threshold signal, and ts appliation {0 the measurement of the mgt scatering function in ‘ada astonomy.” MJT, Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, ‘Mass, Group Report 34.6), vol. 39, 1960. (2) H. V. Tees, Detection, Evximaion and Modelation Theory — Pars II New York: ohn Wiley and. Sons Ire, 1971, 1, Spafford, “Optinum radar signal processing in clt 'ex” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vl. TT- 14, pp. 734-743, September 1968 Gallager, “Charectrization and measurement of ime- and fequency- spread chanel,” MT, Lincoln Labora tory, Lexington, Mats. Tech, Rept 52, Api} 30 1963. 8 oy 6 6 m ~ 1340 - Hah , aa ity ‘Output of old and new method, Input SNR = 80 4b N. Gaarder, "Seavering function estimation.” IEEE ‘Transactions on Information Theory ol. FT-A,pp. GEA (693, Seprember 1968, . Stu and L. 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