o Corsini:
Counseling is a formal process of interaction
between persons for the purpose of ameliorating
malfunctions in cognitive, affective, or behavioral
functions (or a combination).
o Long:
Counseling is an intentional, systematic, and
replicable, skill-based interactive process with the
goal of client growth toward improved
psychological health, the purpose of facilitating
that goal, and specific focal, ethical, and logistical
parameters.
o Gladding:
Counseling
is
a
relatively
short-term,
interpersonal, theory-based, professional activity
guided by ethical and legal standards that focuses
on helping persons who are basically
psychologically healthy to resolve developmental
and situational problems.
School Counseling
Community Counseling
Mental Health Counseling
Marriage & Family Counseling
Group Counseling
College Counseling
Rehabilitation Counseling
Substance Abuse Counseling
o Gerontological Counseling
o Offender Counseling
Prinsip Kaunseling
Mizan (1996)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Matlamat Kaunseling
George & Cristiani (1995)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gladding, 2000:
Guidance is a process of helping people make
important choices that affect their lives, such as
choosing a preferred lifestyle
Suradi, 1996:
Proses untuk membantu individu memahami
dirinya dan dunia di sekelilingnya supaya ia boleh
menggunakan kebolehan, keupayaan dan bakat
yang ada dengan sepenuhnya
Contoh:
o Perancangan diri individu (contoh: pendidikan
& kerjaya)
o Kurikulum Bimbingan (Kelompok besar, ada
set kurikulum, dalam bentuk kelas)
o Sistem Sokongan (mendapatkan maklumat,
menganjurkan aktiviti/program, penilaian,
inventori)
Prinsip Bimbingan
Aubrey (1977)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Myrick (1987)
1.
2.
3.
Casey, 1996:
Traditionally focuses on serious problems
associated with intrapsychic, internal, and personal
issues and conflicts. It deals with the recovery of
adequacy
Ramli Hassan (1990),
Psikoterapi merupakan sejenis rawatan psikologi
yang melibatkan interaksi antara pesakit dengan
doktor atau ahli terapi sama ada menggunakan
bahasa atau pun tanpa bahasa.
Tyler (1960)
Psikoterapi adalah rawatan terhadap individu yang
tergugat
dan
bercelaru
aspek
pemikiran
psikologikal yang serius dan kompleks.
Prinsip Psikoterapi
Dewald (1969)
1.
2.
3.
Gelden (1985)
1.
2.
3.