Stoichiometry

Chapter 3

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MicroWorld
atoms&molecules

MacroWorld
grams

Atomic massisthemassofanatomin
atomicmassunits(amu)
Bydefinition:
1atom12Cweighs12amu
Onthisscale
H=1.008amu

16O=16.00amu

Theaverage atomic massistheweighted

averageofallofthenaturallyoccurring
isotopesoftheelement.

Naturallyoccurringlithiumis:
7.42%6Li(6.015amu)
92.58%7Li(7.016amu)

Average atomic massoflithium:

(7.42x6.015)+(92.58x7.016)
=6.941amu
100
4

Averageatomicmass(6.941)

TheMole(mol):Aunittocountnumbersofparticles
Dozen=12

Pair=2

Themole (mol)istheamountofasubstancethat
containsasmanyelementaryentitiesasthere
areatomsinexactly12.00gramsof12C
1mol=NA=6.0221367x1023
Avogadrosnumber(NA)

eggs
shoes
Molar massisthemassof1moleofingrams
marbles
atoms
1mole12Catoms=6.022x1023atoms=12.00g
112Catom=12.00amu
1mole12Catoms=12.00g12C
1molelithiumatoms=6.941gofLi
Foranyelement
atomicmass(amu)=molarmass(grams)
7

OneMoleof:
S

Hg

Cu

Fe

112Catom
12.00g
1.66x10-24g
x
=
23 12
12.00amu
6.022x10 Catoms
1amu

1amu=1.66x10-24gor1g=6.022x1023amu

M =molarmassing/mol
NA =Avogadrosnumber

Howmanyatomsarein0.551gofpotassium(K)?
1molK=39.10gK
1molK=6.022x1023atomsK
1molK
6.022x1023atomsK
0.551gK x
x
=
1molK
39.10gK
8.49x1021atomsK
10

Molecular mass(ormolecularweight)isthesumof
theatomicmasses(inamu)inamolecule.
1S
SO2

2O
SO2

32.07amu
+2x16.00amu
64.07amu

Foranymolecule
molecularmass(amu)=molarmass(grams)
1moleculeSO2=64.07amu
1moleSO2=64.07gSO2

11

HowmanyHatomsarein72.5gofC3H8O?
1molC3H8O=(3x12)+(8x1)+16=60gC3H8O
1molC3H8Omolecules=8molHatoms
1molH=6.022x1023atomsH
1molC3H8O 8molHatoms 6.022x1023Hatoms
72.5gC3H8O x
x
x
=
1molC3H8O
1molHatoms
60gC3H8O

5.82x1024atomsH
12

Formula massisthesumoftheatomicmasses
(inamu)inaformulaunitofanioniccompound.
1Na
NaCl

22.99amu

1Cl +35.45amu
NaCl
58.44amu

Foranyioniccompound
formulamass(amu)=molarmass(grams)
1formulaunitNaCl=58.44amu
1moleNaCl=58.44gNaCl

13

WhatistheformulamassofCa3(PO4)2?

1formulaunitofCa3(PO4)2
3Ca

3x40.08

2P
8O

2x30.97
+8x16.00
310.18amu

14

Percent compositionofanelementinacompound=
nxmolarmassofelement
x100%
molarmassofcompound
nisthenumberofmolesoftheelementin1mole
ofthecompound
2x(12.01g)
x100%=52.14%
46.07g
6x(1.008g)
%H=
x100%=13.13%
46.07g
1x(16.00g)
%O=
x100%=34.73%
46.07g
%C=

C2H6O

52.14%+13.13%+34.73%=100.00%
15

PercentCompositionandEmpiricalFormulas
Determinetheempiricalformulaofa
compoundthathasthefollowing
percentcompositionbymass:
K24.75,Mn34.77,O40.51percent.
1molK
nK=24.75gKx
=0.6330molK
39.10gK
1molMn
nMn=34.77gMnx
=0.6329molMn
54.94gMn
nO=40.51gOx

1molO
=2.532molO
16.00gO

16

PercentCompositionandEmpiricalFormulas
nK=0.6330,nMn=0.6329,nO=2.532
0.6330 ~
K:
~ 1.0
0.6329
0.6329
=1.0
Mn:
0.6329
2.532 ~
O:
~ 4.0
0.6329

KMnO4
17

Combust11.5gethanol
Collect22.0gCO2and13.5gH2O

gCO2

molCO2

molC

gC

6.0gC=0.5molC

gH2O

molH2O

molH

gH

1.5gH=1.5molH

gofO=gofsample(gofC+gofH)

4.0gO=0.25molO

EmpiricalformulaC0.5H1.5O0.25
Dividebysmallestsubscript(0.25)
EmpiricalformulaC2H6O

18

Aprocessinwhichoneormoresubstancesischangedintoone
ormorenewsubstancesisachemical reaction
Achemical equationuseschemicalsymbolstoshowwhat
happensduringachemicalreaction

reactants

products

3waysofrepresentingthereactionofH2withO2toformH2O

19

HowtoReadChemicalEquations
2Mg+O22MgO
2atomsMg+1moleculeO2makes2formulaunitsMgO
2molesMg+1moleO2makes2molesMgO
48.6gramsMg+32.0gramsO2makes80.6gMgO

NOT
2gramsMg+1gramO2makes2gMgO
20

BalancingChemicalEquations
1. Writethecorrectformula(s)forthereactantson
theleftsideandthecorrectformula(s)forthe
product(s)ontherightsideoftheequation.
Ethanereactswithoxygentoformcarbondioxideandwater
C2H6+O2

CO2+H2O

2. Changethenumbersinfrontoftheformulas
(coefficients)tomakethenumberofatomsof
eachelementthesameonbothsidesofthe
equation.Donotchangethesubscripts.
2C2H6

NOT

C4H12

21

BalancingChemicalEquations
3. Startbybalancingthoseelementsthatappearin
onlyonereactantandoneproduct.
C2H6+O2
2carbon
onleft
C2H6+O2
6hydrogen
onleft
C2H6+O2

CO2+H2O

startwithCorHbutnotO

1carbon
onright

multiplyCO2by2

2CO2+H2O
2hydrogen
onright
2CO2+3H2O

multiplyH2Oby3
22

BalancingChemicalEquations
4. Balancethoseelementsthatappearintwoor
morereactantsorproducts.
C2H6+O2
2oxygen
onleft

2CO2+3H2O

multiplyO2by 7
2

4oxygen +3oxygen =7oxygen

(3x1)
onright
(2x2)

7
C2H6+O
2 2

2CO2+3H2O

2C2H6+7O2

4CO2+6H2O

removefraction
multiplybothsidesby2

23

BalancingChemicalEquations
5. Checktomakesurethatyouhavethesame
numberofeachtypeofatomonbothsidesofthe
equation.
2C2H6+7O2

4CO2+6H2O

4C(2x2)

4C

12H(2x6)

12H(6x2)

14O(7x2)

14O(4x2+6)

Reactants
4C
12H
14O

Products
4C
12H
14O
24

AmountsofReactantsandProducts

1. Writebalancedchemicalequation
2. Convertquantitiesofknownsubstancesintomoles
3. Usecoefficientsinbalancedequationtocalculatethe
numberofmolesofthesoughtquantity
4. Convertmolesofsoughtquantityintodesiredunits

25

Methanolburnsinairaccordingtotheequation
2CH3OH+3O22CO2+4H2O
If209gofmethanolareusedupinthecombustion,what
massofwaterisproduced?
gramsCH3OH

molesCH3OH

molarmass
CH3OH
209gCH3OH x

molesH2O

gramsH2O

molarmass
coefficients
H2O
chemicalequation

4molH2O
18.0gH2O
1molCH3OH
=
x
x
32.0gCH3OH
2molCH3OH
1molH2O

235gH2O
26

LimitingReagent:
Reactantusedupfirstin
thereaction.
2NO+O22NO2
NOisthelimitingreagent
O2istheexcessreagent

27

Inoneprocess,124gofAlarereactedwith601gofFe 2O3
2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe
CalculatethemassofAl2O3formed.
gAl
gFe2O3

124gAl x

molAl

molFe2O3needed
OR
molAlneeded

molFe2O3
1molAl
27.0gAl

gFe2O3needed

1molFe2O3
2molAl

Startwith124gAl

160.gFe2O3
=
x
1molFe2O3

gAlneeded

367gFe2O3

need367gFe2O3

HavemoreFe2O3(601g)soAlislimitingreagent

28

Uselimitingreagent(Al)tocalculateamountofproductthat
canbeformed.
gAl

molAl

molAl2O3

gAl2O3

2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe
124gAl x

1molAl
27.0gAl

1molAl2O3
2molAl

102.gAl2O3
=
x
1molAl2O3

234gAl2O3

Atthispoint,alltheAlisconsumed
andFe2O3remainsinexcess.

29

ReactionYield

Theoretical Yieldistheamountofproductthatwould
resultifallthelimitingreagentreacted.
Actual Yieldistheamountofproductactuallyobtained
fromareaction.
% Yield=

ActualYield
TheoreticalYield

x100%

30