Burke, A. (2007). Batteries and ultracapacitors for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles.

International Journal of Energy Research, 806(820), 95-4.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2007.892490
Electric vehicle utilize electric motors and electrical energy storage to
supplement the output of engine during acceleration and energy can be
recovered during braking. The battery can be recharged from the engine or fuel
cell. The size of the battery must be sized so that they store sufficient energy to
satisfy the requirement for real-world driving. This article will be used to talk
about how an electric vehicle function.
Chalk, S., & Miller, J. (2006). Key challenges and recent progress in batteries, fuel cells,
and hydrogen storage for clean energy systems. Journal of Power Sources,
159(1), 73-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.058
This article talks about batteries and fuel cells technology used on a car. It says
that batteries are a key enabling technology for the development of clean, fuelefficient vehicles and are key to today's hybrid electric vehicles a success.
Similarly, fuel cells are the key enabling technology for future hydrogen
economy and have the potential to revolutionize the way we power things. This
article will help me to utilize batteries and fuel cells in my research paper when
talking about clean energy fuel.
Chan, C. (2002). The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles. Proceedings of the
IEEE, 90(2), 247-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.989873
Electric vehicle was invented in 1834 but due to rapid advancement of internal
combustion engine, EV have almost vanished. In 1970s, due to oil crisis,

interests in EV were reclining and U.S government started develop electric and
hybrid vehicle research. Critical issue of battery electric vehicles(BEV) is the
battery, so BEV is mainly suitable for short-range low speed community
transportation, which only requires small size battery. This article will help talk
about why electric vehicle gained its popularity in the 1970s.
Kutkut, N., Wiegman, H., Divan, D., & Novotny, D. (1999). Design considerations for
charge equalization of an electric vehicle battery system. IEEE transactions on
industry applications, 35(1), 28-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.740842
Battery life is the limiting factor of electric vehicles. Under a normal operating
cycle, tends to degrade almost exponentially as the battery string length is
increased. However, new type of battery has been recently discovered and can
potentially fix the issue of limited range on electric cars. This article will help
me discuss the possible solution to batteries on electric cars.

Zeraoulia, M., Diallo, D., & Benbouzid, M. (2006). Electric motor drive selection issues
for HEV propulsion systems: a comparative study. Vehicular Technology, IEEE
Transactions on, 55(6), 1756-1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2006.878719
Electric car are powered by different motors and the four main electric
propulsion systems that are the dc motor, the induction motor, the permanent
magnet synchronous motor, and the switched reluctance motor. key features
are efficiency, reliability and cost. All four of them have pros and cons and it's
difficult to pick the best out of all. This article will help me talk about the
efficiency of each different kind of motors used in electric car.

Eberhard, M., & Tarpenning, M. (2006, October). The 21st century electric car tesla
motors.
Tesla uses lithium-ion batteries instead of lead-acid batteries or nickelmetalhydride. This provide better energy to wheel efficiency. Comparing Tesla to
other cars that are powered by different method of fuel, Tesla has the highest
vehicle mileage, vehicle efficiency, and well-to-wheel efficiency. Moreover,
Tesla has the lowest well-to-wheel carbon dioxide emissions among other
vehicles.
This report will serve as an example of what electric car is capable of in terms
of efficiency.
Frank, A. (2007). Plug-in hybrid vehicles for a sustainable future. American Scientist,
95(2), 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.64.158
When clean energy vehicles were first introduced, people did not think it
would replace gasoline engine powered vehicles due to it limited cruising
range. However, in the 1970s, gas prices went up and clean energy vehicles
suddenly became popular. Since then, numerous number of projects were aim
to improve the hybrid technology and hoping to help wean society off
petroleum for a sustainable future. This article will help me for my
introduction of my research paper and inform readers of what my research
paper will be like.
LeVine, S. (2015). Batter powered. Foreign Affairs, 94(2), 119-124.
http://dx.doi.org/100961111

"Over the next decade, the price of an electric car may well match that of
gasoline-powered cars and could even fell below". By building a better lithium
ion battery, it could lower the price of the an electric car because batteries
account for one-third of its price tag. Electric cars consumes electricity and
electricity comes from burning coal or renewable energy. By building a better
battery storage, this would allow renewable power to be used and stored
efficiently even when the wind is not blowing or sun is not shining.
This article will help me justify the use of renewable energy on electric car
because electric car uses electricity.
Rupp, J., Cidney, J., Graham, J., & Carley, S. (n.d.). No time for pessimism about electric
cars. Issues in Science & Technology, 31(1), 33-40. http://dx.doi.org/98937865
This article talks about the sales of electric vehicle in U.S. and comparing
electric vehicle with gasoline powered vehicle, diesel powered vehicle. and
hybrids. Most importantly, it compares every aspect of electric vehicle with
conventional hybrid and the sales between the two.
This article will help me introduce hybrid vehicle in my research paper and the
difference between electric and hybrid vehicle.
Worsnop, R. (1993). Eletric vehicle. CQ Researcher, 3(25). Retrieved from CQ
Researcher Online database. (Accession No. 577-600)
Electric car is the only truly emission-free car. If the demand for electric car
goes up, the demand for batteries and charging station will go up, thus
improving technology on electric car. On the other hand, if the demand for
electricity goes up, it will leads to power plant to generate more electricity by

burning more coal. There must be a way to compromise this issue, and this
leads to renewable energy ( solar, wind).
This article will help me justify the use of renewable energy for electric cars.
Wang, P., & Tehrani, N. (2015). Electric Power Systems Research. Science Direct, 124,
133-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2015.03.010
This journal talks about the importance of using clean energy vehicle for
transportation, specifically electric vehicles that produce zero emissions. As
more electric vehicles are produced and driven on the roads, more electricity
will be needed to recharge these vehicles. This journal also talks about the need
to add more distribution lines for electric car to recharge. This journal will help
me define the issues with recharging electric vehicles and find possible
solutions to resolve the issues.