AccordingtoHolesHumanAnatomyandPhysiology,Snider,andMonnierthegeneral

functionsofthenervoussystemarecalledsensory,integrativeandmotor.Sensoryreceptors
attheattheendsofneuronsgatherinformationbydetectingchangesintheinsideand
outsideofthebody.Theyconverttheinformationtheygatherintoimpulses,whicharethen
conductedalongperipheralnervestothecentralnervoussystem.Thesignalsareintegrated
andcreatesensations,addtomemories,andhelpproducethoughts.Theintegrationsareare
madeandthenacteduponbymeansofmotorfunction.Responsivestructurescalled
effectorscarryoutthemotorfunctionsofthenervoussystem.

Figure1.ProtectionsofthebrainbyJayciRhoadesFigure2.NeurogliadrawnbyJayciRhoades

Figure3.SheepbraintakenbyJayciRhoadesandlabeledonthinglink
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/626533596668100608
Figure4.SheepbraintakenbyJayciRhoadesandlabeledonthinglink
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/626530479901769728
Figure5.SheepBraintakenbyJayciRhoadesandlabeledonthinglink
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/626528270933819392

Figure6.CranialNervesbythenumbersdrawnbyJayciRhoades,createdbyAmericanNurseToday

CranialNerves
Number

NerveName

Assessment

Result

Olfactory

smellvanilla

II

Optic

readeyechart

III

Oculomotor

observeeyelids

IV

Trochlear

observeeyes

VI

Trigeminal

observepupils

Abducens

tickleeye,andbite
tonguedepressor

A(contacts)

VII

Facial

smile,blink,raise
eyebrows,tastesugar

VIII

Vestibulocochlear

checkbalanceand
hearing

IX

Glossopharyngeal

checkuvula

Vagus

checkuvula

XI

Accessory

shrugshoulder

XII

Hypoglossal

stickouttongue

Figure7.VoltageofnerveimpulsebyJayciRhoades

ToxinTable
Toxin

Effect

mutantgeneforavoltagegatedsodiumchannelin injectionofthegenecausesdisorderstoneuronal
nociceptiveneurons
excitabilitysuchasepilepsyandchronicpain
synthetictoxin

destroysthemyelincoveringyouropticnervesand
motorneuronscausingsclerosis

batrachotoxin

causesvoltagegatedsodiumchannelstoopenata
morenegativemembranepotentialandalso
preventstheirinactivationcausingnumbnessin
humantissue

dendrotoxinK

blocksyourvoltagegatedpotassiumchannels
keepingthecellfromrepolarizing

generalanestheticlikesevoflurane

opensmorepotassiumchannelsinneuronsofthe
reticularformationinthebrainstemcausingcausing
confusionandmemoryloss

potassiumfloodingthebrain

experienceaconcussion:lossofmemory,
headache,andconfusion

Figure8.NecknervestakenbyJayciRhoadesandlabeledonthinglink
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/629796234369957888
Figure9.NervesinthearmtakenbyJayciRhoadesandlabeledonthinglink
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/629799141110710272
Figure10.AbdominalnervestakenbyJayciRhoadesandlabeledonthinglink
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/629800979071500288


Figure11.InnerlegnervestakenbyJayciRhoadesandlabeledonthinglink
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/629802681052954624
Figure12.OuterlegnervestakenbyJayciRhoadesandlabeledonthinglink
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/629805644043517952
Figure13.SpinalcordtakenbyPerlaArreolaandlabeledonthinglinkbyJayciRhoades
http://www.thinglink.com/scene/630478314296836098

Thebrainiscontrolcenterofthebody,andsinceitissoimportantithasmany
protections.Itisprotectedbymeningescalledthepiamater,arachnoidmater,anddura
mater.Thepiamaterisadelicatelayerrightontopofthebrain.Itisathinfibroustissuethat
doesnotallowfluidtopassthrough.Thearachnoidmaterisbetweenthepiamaterandthe
duramater.Itisseparatedfromthepiamaterbythesubarachnoidspace.Itisattachedto
theinsideoftheduramaterandsurroundsthebrainandspinalcord.Itdoesnotcoverin
betweenthesulcilikethepiamaterdoes.Theduramaterisathicksuperficiallayerthat
envelopesthearachnoidmater.Ithastwolayerscalledthesuperficiallayerandthe
meningeallayer.Itsurroundsandsupportstheduralsinuses,andcarriesbloodfromthe
braintowardstheheart.Neurogliasmaintainhomeostasis,formmyelin,andprovidesupport
andprotectionsfortheneuronsinthebrain.Theysurroundtheneuronsandholdthemin
place,supplynutrientsandoxygentotheneurons,theyinsulateoneneuronfromanother,and
destroypathogensandremovedeadneurons.Actionpotentialistheselfpropagated
transmissionofthedepolarizationwhilealongtheneuronmembrane.Itisashorteventin
whichtheelectricalmembranepotentialrisesandfallsfollowingconsistenttrajectory.When
peopleareinjuredtherecanbeaninterferenceinthecelltocellcommunication.Forexample,
aninjectionintotheshouldercanresultinaninabilitytoextendthewristandfingersbecause
theradialnervecouldpossiblybedamaged.Anotherexampleiswhenhealthcare
professionalsareadministeringglutealinjectiontheyavoidthelateralcutaneousnerveto
avoidpainandinjurybystrikingit.Inconclusion,thenervoussystemisoneofthemost
amazingsystemstostudy.Itisamazingwhatfunctionsitproducesandthereisnoway
humanscouldsurvivewithoutit.


WorksCited
Snider,W.D.(1994).Functionsoftheneurotrophinsduringnervoussystemdevelopment:
whattheknockoutsareteachingus.
Cell
,
77
(5),627638.

Monnier,M.(1968).
FunctionsoftheNervousSystem:Psychoneurobiology
(M.Monnier)
(Vol.4).ElsevierPublishingCompany.

Shier,D.,Butler,J.,&Lewis,R.(2013).
Hole'sHumanAnatomy&Physiology
(13thed.).New
York:McGrawHill.

Bolek,B.(2006,November1).Facingcranialnerveassessment.RetrievedFebruary23,
2015,from
https://www.americannursetoday.com/assets/0/434/436/440/5120/5122/5154/5156/904adb93
6d32477083d7e6f1ad1667d2.pdf