Answer to Chapter Opening Question 2 No. The work done by a gas as its volume changes fom V1 Vis ‘equal «the integral fp dV between those two volume lis. Ithe volume ofthe gas contracts, the final volume Vis ess than the i ial volume V, and the gas does negative work, Propelling the laco- motive equites thatthe gas do postive work, so the gas doesn’t contribute to propulsion wil contracting Answers to Test Your Understanding Questions 747 Discussion Questions ‘double, By contrast, in an adiabatic process pV = constant and 3.17. (Because the final pressure is greater in the adiabatic case, more work is done in the aiahatic compression.) I the gas were diatomic, the isothermal result would be unaffected (the ideal-gas law doesn't change), but the actabatie result would be different due wo te diferent value of 7. Can you show that ify = 1.40 forthe diatomic gas, dhe pressure would increase by a factor of 2.647 cussion Questions Section 19.1 Heat flows out of the coffee, So Quan = Oe heat Flows into the aluminum cup, sO Q,pinay > O: IO me ‘would say that negative work is done on the tuck, sinee the car exerts a force on the truck that opposes the truck's motion, But thermodynamics we use the opposite convention and say that W > 0, which means that positive work is done bythe ruck on the cat (hts pushing the ea Forward Section 19.2 We use the expression W = nk In( VV). IF W= ART. then In(VVi) = 1 and VV, =e = 2718, IF 2nRT, then In( Vsi¥,) = 2 and VV) 389, Note that the expansion ratio V/V, must more than double in order to double the amount of work done. Section 19.3 The situation in Fig. 19.98 is an isothermal expansion, so from Example 19.1 the gas does work W = nkT'n( VV.) =(1.00 mol) (8.314 S/mol-K) (300K) In( (S01) /(20L)] =2.3 % 107 J. The gas does zero work in the free expansion shown in Fig, 1.9, Section 19.4 The internal enerey change ina thermodynamic process depends only om the inital an final states, not on the par ticular path taken. Hence the internal energy change for the process adi the same as for ether of the processes abu of acd in Example 194 AU, = SID. Section 19.5 In p¥ diagram lke those shown in Fig. 19.8 s0- chore processes ane represented by vertical lines (lines of constant volume) and isobaric processes are represented by horizontal lies ines of eonstant pressure). Hence the processes I +4 and 3—> 2 are isochorie and the processes I —+ 3 and 4—> 2 are isobaric. The process 1 2in Fig. 19.8 is shown asa curved ine, which supe ficially resembles the adiabatic and isothermal processes for an ideal 20s in Fig. 19.16. Without more information we eau’t tell whether process I —+ is isothermal, adiabatic, or neither Section 19.6 Using the mee! ofa sold in Fig. 18.17, we ean see thatthe internal enery’of a solid ves depend om its volume. Com pressing the solid means compressing the “springs” between the atoms, thereby inereasing thet slored polemil energy and hence the internal enerey of the solid Section 19.7 ‘The molar heat capacity ofan ideal monstomic gas at constant volume is Cy = $8 = 12.47 Iimol+K, which is as treat as the actual value of Cy for air ealelated in Example 19.6 Hence, for the same number of moles mand temperature change A. the amount of energy that would have 1 be extracted would be only as mc Section 19.8 In an isothermal process, pV = constant. Ite vol lume dereases 10 one-half ofits initial value, the pressure must Q19.4 Its not correct wo say that a hody contains u certain amount of heat yet a body can transfer heat to another body. How e bly give away something it does not have in the fist place? 19.2 11 you are told the intial and final states ofa system and the associated change in internal energy. ca you determine whether the intemal energy change was due to Work orto heat transfer? Explain {Q19.3 Discuss the application of the first law of thermodynamics toa mountaineer who s warm and perspire ot dur= ing a climb, and does a ot of mechanial work in raising hersell 10 the summit. What about the descent? The mountaineer also gets warm during the descent. Is the source ofthis energy the sme as during the ascent? Q19.4 When ice melts at 0°C its volume decreases. Is the ‘energy change greater than, les than, or equal to the heat ade? How can you tell? 19.5 Example 19.5 (Section 19.4) describes. process that occurs aa constant temperature of 100°C. Why. then can we use inthis ‘example the expressions for W derived fora isothermal process in Example 19.1 (Section 19.2)? Q19.6 ‘Translated literally from the Gr same heal" Give as many reasons as you can why such a literal mera ek, “isothermal” means translation is misleading 19.7 Iinagine a gas made up entire trons. Like charges repel, so the electrons exert rep ‘each other. Would you expect thatthe temperature of such & gos would rise allo stay the same in free expansion? Why’? Q19.8 There area few materials that contract when thei temp ture is increased. suct as water between O°C and 4°C. Would you expect, for such materials to be gredter or less than Gy? Why or why not? Q19.9 In a constant-volume process, dU! = nCy dT. But ina con Sant-pressure process, itis nor tue that dU = nC, d7. Why not? Q19.40 When you blow on the back of you hand with your mouth wide open, your b ‘mouth to form “0 cool, Why? 19.11 Gn a warm summer day, large eylinder of compressed ‘248 (propane or butane) was used to supply’ several large gas bur ers al a cookout. Alter a while fost formed on the ouside of the tank. Why’? Q19.12 In the carburetor of an aircraft or automobile engine at Flows through a relatively small aperture, then expan, In cool Foggy weather, ice sometimes forms inthis aperture even though the ouside air temperature is above freezing. Why’? of negatively charged elec ive forees on ath feels warm, But if you partially close your nd then blow on your had, your breath fels748 19.13 Foreachofthefollowingequtions, desthe equation apply nly to isothermal, or adihatic, or isobaric, or isochorie processes for does it apply to all processes: pV," = psV": Q = nC, AT: Q = nCAT:AU = nC,AT-Q = AU + Wi = pAV? Q19.14 When you use a hand pump to inflate the tres of your bicycle, the pump gots warm after a while. Why? What happens to the temperature ofthe ai in the pump as you compress it? Why tds this happen? When you raise the purnp handle to dra outside air int the pump, what happens tothe temperature ofthe ae taken in? Again, why does this happen? 19.15 The prevailing winds on the Hawaiian island of Kauai blow from the northeast, The winds cool as they g0 up the slope of [Mi, Waialeale elevation 1523 m), causing water vapor to condense and rain to fall, There is mach more precipitation at the summit ‘hana the base ofthe mountain. Infact, ML, Waialeale isthe rani est spot on eat averaging 11.7 m of rainfall a year, But what makes the winds Cool? 19.16 Applying the same considerations as in Question 19.15, explain why the island of Nihal, afew kilometers to the southwest of Kauai, is almost a deser, and farms there need tobe irrigate. Q19.17 When a gas is compressed adiabatically into the surround ing air, is temperature rises even though there is no heat input 10 the gas, Where does the energy come from to raise the temperature? 19.18 When a gus expands adiabatically, it does work omits sur roundings. But if there i no heat input to the eas, where does the energy come from wo do the work? Exercises Section 19.2 Work Done During Volume Changes, and Section 19.3 Paths Between Thermodynamic States 19.4 Two moles of an ideal gas are heated at constant pressure from T = 27°C w 107°C, a) Draw a pVingram for this process Calculate the work done by the gas. 19.2 Three moles of an ideal gas have an initial temperature of 127.0°C. While the temperature is kept constant, the volume is increased until the pressure drops to 40.0% ofits original value Draw a pVciggram for this process b) Caleuate the work done by the gas 19.3 Five moles ofan ideal gas are kept ata constant temperature ‘of 330°C while the pressure ofthe gas is inereased from 1,00 atm 0.300.tm. a) Draw a pV-diagram for this process. b) Calewate the work done hy the gas 19.4 Six moles of an ideal gas are in eylinde ‘with a movable piston. The initial temperature ofthe gas is 27.0°C. and the pressure is constant. As part of a machine design project calculate the final temperature of the gas after it has done 175 % 10° Jf work. 49.5 A metal eylinder with rigid walls contains 2.50 mol of oxy: s2en gas. The gas is cooled until the pressure decreases to 30.0% of its original value. You can ignore the thermal contraction of the cylinder. a) Draw a pl work done by the 19,6 Ags under a constant pressure of 1.50 % 10° Pas wit inisial volume of 0.0900 ited atone end "is cooled until its volume beco eH APreR 19 | The First Law of Thermodynamics (0.0600 m2) Draw a pV-iagram for this process. b) Ceuta the work done hy the gas 19.7 gas undergoes two processes. Inthe fie volume remains constant a 0.200 and the pressure increases rom 2.00 % 10" Pa to 5.00 % 10° Pa, The second process is a compression 10a vol tume of 0.120 mat constant pressure of.) 10° Pa) In ap diagram, show both processes ) Find the total work done by the gas uring both processes 19.8 Work Done in a Cyeli ig, 19.8, consider the closed loop 1 + 3 +24 > 1. This is a cyelie prov ‘which the intial and final states are the same. Find the total work done by the system in this eyelie process, and show that iti equal to the area enclosed by the loop. b) Haw isthe work done for the process in part (a) related to the work done if the loop is traversed inthe opposite direction, 1+ 4 —» 2 —> 3 > 1? Exp, Process.) In Section 19.4 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 19.9 In aconain chemical proces, a lab technician supplies 254, ‘of heat to a system, At the same time, 73 of work are done on the system by its surroundi energy of the system? 1910 A gas in a cylinder expanal from a volume of 0.110 m' to (0.320 mn’. Heat ows into the gas jus rapidly enowgh wo keep the pres se constant at 1.80. 10° Pa during the expansion. The total eat addled is 1-15 10° Ja) Find the work done by the gas.) Find the ‘change in intemal energy ofthe ges. Does it mater whether or not the gas is ideal? Why oF why not? 1911 Five moles of an ideal monatomic gas with an initial yom perature of 127°C expand and, in the process absorb 120K) of heat and do 21044 of work, What isthe final temperature of the gas? 492 The pressure ofa system is decreased while the volume is kept constant I heat lows into the system during this process does Explain your ‘What isthe increase in the internal ‘the intemal energy ofthe system increase ord reasoning 1913 A gas ina cylinder is held ata constant pressure of 2.30 % 10° Pa and is cooled and compressed from 1.70.’ to 1.20 m "The intemal energy of the gas decreases by 1.40 10° J, a) Find the work done by’ the gas. b) Find the absolute value (Q) of the heat flow into oF out of the, and state the direction ofthe heat flow. c) Does it matter whether oF not the gas is ideal? Why or why not? : 19.14 Asystemistaken from | state at state along the three i ’ paths shown in Fig. 19. 4) Along which path isthe work done bythe systemthe greatest?) | ‘The least? b)IfU, > U,, along which path isthe absolute value ‘Ojo the heat ransferthe great cest)Forthispath.isheatabsorbed Figure 19.22 Exercise 19.14. ‘oriberated by the systern? 19.15 Doughnuts: Breakfast of Champions! A typical dousl ht contains 2.0 g of protein, 17.0 g of carbohydrates, and 7.0 g of fat. The average food-cnergy values of these substances are400 kealig for protein and carbohydrates and 9.0 Keallg for fa. 8) During heavy exercise, an average person uses energy ata rate Of 510 keal/h, How long would you have to exercise to “work fff” one doughnut? b) IF the energy in the doughnut could some: how be converted into the kinetic energy of your body as a ‘whole, how fast could you move after eating the doughnut? Take your mass to be 60 kg, and express your angwer in vs and km/h 49.16 A liquid is ierogulary stirred in a wel-insulated contine and thereby undergoes rise in temperature, Regard the liquid asthe system, a) Has heat heen transferred? How can you tll? b) Has ‘work been done’? How ean you tell? Why is it important that the stir ring isimegular? e) What isthe sign of AU? How ean you el?” 419.17 A system is taken around the eyele shown in Fig. 19.23, from state ato state > and then back wo state a. The absolute value of the eat transfer during one eycle is 7200 J. a) Does the sytem tbsorb or liberate heat when it goes around the eyele in the Gitection shown in the figure? How ean you tell? bp What isthe ‘work W done by the system in ‘one cycle?) If the system goes around the eyele in a counter clockwise direction, does it absorb or liberate heat in one 0) ‘eycle? What isthe magnitude of the heat absorbed or liberated in ‘one counterclockwise eycle? BAB A thermodynamic system undergoes a ey shown in Fig. 19.24, The eycle Figure 19.23 Exercise 19.17, ie process as consists of two closed Loops. Joop 1 and loop TI a) Over one complete eyele, des the syst ive work? do positive or ne by) In each of loops Land I, isthe net work done hy the system posit 2 fone complete cycle, does heat ow into or out of the system? 4) Tn each of loops Land IL, does heat flow into or out of the 19.19 A student performs a combustion experiment by burning & mixture of fuel and oxygen in a constant-volume metal can sut- rounded by a water hath. During the experiment the temperature of the water is observed t rise, Regard the mixture of fuel and oxy gem asthe system, ) Has heat een wansferred? How can you tll? bby Has work been done? How can you tll? c) What isthe sign of AU? How can you tll? 49.20 Boiling Water at High Pressure. When waters boiled under 4 pressure of 2,00 at, the heat of vaporization is 2.20 % 10° kg. ‘andthe boing point is 120°C. At this pressure, .00 kg of water has {volume of 1,00 % 10m’, and 1.00 kg of team has a volume of (0,824 m’, a) Compute the work done when 1.00 kg of steam is formed at this temperature. b) Compute the increase in internal energy ofthe water ? ¢) Over Figure 19.24 Exercise 19.18 749 Exercises Section 19.5 Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes, Section 19.6 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas, and Section 19.7 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas 419.21 In an experiment to simulate conditions within an automo bile engine, 645 J of heat is transfered (0 0.185 mol of air con- tained within a eylinder of volume 40.0 em. Initially the air is at 1 pressure of 200 % 10° Pa and a temperature of 780 K. a) Hf the ‘Volume ofthe eylindr is held fixed, what isthe final temperature ofthe air? Assume that the ai s essenti ss, and tse the data in Table 19.1 even though the pressure is not low. Dravea p¥-tiagram for this process. 6) Find the final temperature fof the air the volume ofthe cylinder i allowed to increase while the pressure remains constant. Draw a pV-diagram for this, process. 19.22 A cylinder contains 0.0100 mol of helium at T = 27.0°C. 44) How much heat is needed to raise the temperature 10 670°C. while Keeping the volume constant? Draw a pVdiagram for this process, b) If instead the pressure of the helium is kept constant. hhow much heat is needed to raise the temperature from 27.0°C 10 67.0°C? Draw a p\V- along the path acb, 90.04 of heat Fowsintothesystemand60 0. of work is done by the system. 4) How mich heat flows into the systemalongpathadbitthe work |g le done by the system is 15.03? —— ) When the system is returned from btoaalong the curve path istaken Figure 19.28 Problem 19.4.the absolute value of the work done hy the system is 35.0J. Docs, the system absorb orliberateheat? How much beat? ©) IU, = Oand U,= 804, find the heat absorbed in the processes. ad and, 119.44 A thermoulynamie system is taken from state « to state in Fig, 19.29 along either path abe or path ade. Along path abe the work W done by the system is 450 J. Along path ade, W is 120 J Te intemal energies of each ofthe four states shown in the Figure 1504, U, = 240, U, = 680, and U, = 3304. Cale late the heat flow Q for each of the four processes ab, be, ad, and de. Ineach process. dows the | . system absorb or liberate heat? 19.45 Fig. 19.29 shows four states of a thermodynamic sys 7 tema, b,¢, and. The volume of the system is V, for both state a Of state b, and is V.f0F both Figure 19.29 Problems 19.44 State ¢ and state d. The pressure and 19.45, ‘of the system isp, for both state ‘and state d, ands p, for both state band stat The internal ener ies of the four states are U,, Uj. U.. and U, For each of the processes ab, he, ad and de, find a) the work done by the st ‘during the process and b) the heat flow into the system during the ‘process. c) The system can be taken from state a to state e along, either path abe or path ae. Find the net heat flow into the system, and the net work done by the system foreach path, For which path is the net heat flow greater? For which path isthe net work greater? 14) A friend tells you thatthe amounts of heat flow should be the same for both path abe and path ade, since te initial state (a) and final state (eof the system are the same for both paths. How would you respond? 19.46 Two moles of Ny gas undergo the cycle abed. The pressure ofthe gas in each tate is p, = py ~ 6000 Pa: py, = p= 2000 Pa The volume of the gas in each state is: V, V. = Vy = 9.0m’, The gas may bet _pVdiagram forthe cycle. b) Find the tal work done on (or by) the -eycle, Does the gas do work or is work done on sas inthe coy {U7 Find the net eat put into (or taken out othe gas in one eyele Does heat go int the gas or out of the Bas? 19.47 Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas go through the eycle ‘abc, For the complete eyele, 800 of heat flows out of the gas. Process ab sat constant pressure and process sat constant vol- lume. States a and b have temperatures 7, = 200K and 1, = 300 K. a) Sketch the pV lggram forthe eyele. 6) What i the work W forthe process ca” in 19.48 Three moles of an ideal gas are taken around the cycle p as, C cess ae is al constant pressure ‘races is a constant volume, and process cb is adiabatic. The temperature of the gas in states Figure 19.30 Problem 19.48, 751 Problems 44, cand b is T, = 300K, T, = 492 K, and T, = 600 K. Calculate the total work W for the cycle, 19.49 An ideal monatomie gas first has its pressure increased white decreased at constant pressure unl is temperature returns tothe ‘value it had in state a (process be). The pressure for staes band eis, 6.00% 10" Pa the volumes for these states are V, = 0.700 and V, = 0.300 m’. a) Sketch the processes ab and be on the same pV amb) What isthe foal heat flow for these two processes? 19.50 Nitrogen gas in an expandable container is cooled trom 50.0°C to 10.0°C with the pressure held constant at 3.00 % 10" Pa ‘The total heat liberated by the gas i 2.50 % 10" J, Assume that the 1s may he treated ideal. a) Find the number of moles of gas. 'b Find the change in internal energy of the gas. ¢) Find the work ‘done by the gas. d) How much heat would be liberated by the gas For the same temperature change ifthe volume were constant? 49.51 Ina certain process, 2.15 % 10°, of heat is berated by a system, and atthe same time the system contracts under a constant volume is held fixed (process ab). Its volume is then external pressure of 9.50 X 10° Pa, The internal encrey of the sy tem is the same at the beginning and end ofthe process. Find the change in volume of the system. (The system is no an ideal ga.) 19.52 A cylinder with a frictionless, movable piston like that shown in Fig. 19.5, contains a quantity of helium gas. Iniilly the ss a a pressure of 1.00 > 1D Pa, asa temperature of 300 K and occupies a volume of 1.50 L., The ets then und processes. Inthe first, the gas i heated andthe piston is allowed to ‘move to keep the temperature equal to 300 K, This continues uni the pressure reaches 2.50 % 10* Pa I is compressed at constant pressure until it returns tits orig lume of 1.50 L, Assume that the gas may be weated as ideal. a) Ina Viagra, show both processes, b) Find the volume ofthe gs at ‘the end ofthe frst process, and find the pressure ad temperate at theend of the second process c} Find the total work done by the gas the second process, the gas al vo during both processes. d) What would you have to do to the gas ‘eur it 10 is original pressure and temperature? 19.53 A'Thermodynamic Process in a Liquid. © chemical eng reer is studying the propenies of liquid methanol (CH,OH). She uses a steel eylinder with a cross-sectional area of 0.0200 m= and containing 1.20 10°? m! of methanol. The eylinde is equipp ‘with a tightly fitting piston that supports load of 3.00 % 10" N ‘The temperature of the system is inereased from 20.0°C 10 50.0°C. For methanol, the coefficient of volume expansion is, 1.20. 10-7 K+ the density is 791 kg/m: and the specific heat capacity at constant pressure isc, = 2.51 % 10? ka-K. You ean jgnore the expansion of the stel cylinder. Find a) the increase in volume of the methanol; b) the mechanical work done by the methanol against the 3.00 10"N force: c) the amount of he added to the methanol: d) the change in internal energy of the methanol. e) Based on your results, explain whether thee is any substantial difference between the specitie heat capacities ¢, (a ‘constant pressure) and cy (at constant volume for methanol under these conditions 1954 A Thermodynamic Process in a Solid. A cube of copper 2.00 em om a side is suspended by a string. (The physical properties, ‘of copper ure given in Tables 14.1, 17.2, and 17.3.) The cube is752 heated with & burner from 20.0°C to 994°C. The air surroundi (1.01 10° Pa). Find a) the chy the inst the pressure of the surrounding ar: e) the the eube is at atmospheric press increase in volume ofthe cube: b) the mechanical work dr ceube 10 expand amount of heat added tothe cube: the change in internal energy fof the cube. e) Based on your results, explain whether there is any substantial difference between the specific heat capacities ¢, at ©) and ¢y (at constant volume) for capper under constant pressu these conditions 19.55 A Thermodynamic Process in an Insect. The African bo spray from the moveable tip of its abdomen (Fig. 19.31), The bectle’s oxy has reservoirs of are beetle Senaprinus insignis can emit a jet of defensive two different chemicals: when the beetle is disturbed, these chemicals are combined in a reaction chamber, producing a compound that is warmed from 20°C to 100°C hy the heat of reaction. The ih p duced allows the compound to be sprayed aut at speeds upto 19 rs (68 km/h), searing away predators ofall kinds. (The beetle shown in the figure is tethered to a wire fastened toils back by wa. jure 19.31 Problem 19.55 Iris responding to having its let foreleg pinches by Forceps. The beetles 2m long.) Caleutate the heat of reaction ofthe two chem ‘eals (in kg). Assume thatthe specific heat capacity of the two chemicals and the spray 4.19 10° WkgK, and th cals is 20°C, 19.56 A Compressed-Air Engine. You are designing an engine that runs on compressed air. Ar enters the engine at a pressure of 1.60% 10" Pu and leaves at a pressure of 2.80% 10° Pa. What tobe n0 possiility of frost forming in the exhaust ports ofthe engine? Assume thatthe expansion is adiabatic. (Note: Frost wil Form ifthe ‘moist aris cooled helow 0°C in the expansion.) 1957 Chinook. Duri nooks” blow fro is the same as that of water. the initial temperature of the chem: ‘must the temperature of the compressed ai be for thes sertain seasons strong winds called “chi the west across the easlern slopes of the Rock Jes and downhill into Denver and adjoining areas, Although the ‘mountains ae cool, the wind in Denver is very bot: within a few minutes after the chinook wind arrives, the temperature can climb 20C° (chinook” is a Native American word meaning “snow eater), Similar winds oecur in the Alps (called “Toehns") and in southern California called “Santa Anas"). a) Explain why the tem perature of the chinook wind rises as i descends the slopes. Why 's it important thatthe wind be fast-moving? b) Suppose a strong ‘wind is lowing toward Denver (elevation 1630 m) from Grays Peak (80 km west of Denver, at an elevation of 4350:m), where the air pressure is 5.60% 10 Pa and the air temperature is —15.0°C The temperature and pressure in Denver before the wind arrives are 20°C and 8.12 % 10° Pa, By how many Celsius degrees will the temperature in Denver rise when the chinook arrives 1958 A certain ide lume C). sample ofthis at capacity sa initally occupies a volume Vi at pres CHAPTER 19 | The First Law of Thermodynamics sure and absolute temperature , to a volume 2V), then expands Further adiabatically to a final vol Te gas expands isobarically ume of AV a) Draw a pV-diagram for this sequence of processes 1) Compute the total work done by the gas for this sequence of processes.) Find the final temperature of the gas. d) Find the absolute value |Q| of the total heat flow into or out of the gas for this sequence of processes, and state the direction of heat Nw: 19.59. An air pump has a eylinder 0.250 m long with movable Piston. The pump is used toe ress ar From the atiosphere (at absolute pressure 101 10° Pa) into a very large tank at 4.20 10" Pa gauge pressure. (For air, Cy = 208 Jfmol°K,) 4) The piston begin the compression sroke a the open end ofthe cylinder, How far down the length ofthe eylinder has the piston ir first begins to flow from the eylinder int the tank? ‘compression i adiabatic. b) I the ai is taken into the pump at 27.0°C, what isthe temperature of the eompresse air? ‘¢] How much work does the pump do in putting 200 mol of ai into the tank? 19,60 Engine Turbochargers and Intercooler. The power oat put of an automobile engine is dieetly proportional tothe mass of moved when Assume that air tha ean be ford into the volume of the engine's eylinders to reaet chemically with gasoline, Many cars have a turbocharger which compresses the air before it enters the en ne, giving & greater mass of air per volume. This rapid, essentially adiabatic ‘compression als heats the at: To compres it further, the air then passes through an intercooler in which the air exchanges heat with its surroundings at essentially constant pressure. The air is then drain into the cylinders. In atypical installation, a is taken into the turbocharger at atmospheric pressure (1,01 10° Pa), density ‘p= 1.23 kg/m’ and temperature 15.0°C. It is compressed aiahat ically o 1-5 > 10° Pa Inthe intercooler, the aie is cooled to the ‘original temperature of 150°C at @ constant pressure of 14S x 10" Pa. a) Draw a pV-dia processes. b) Ifthe volume of one of the engine's cylinders is fam for this sequence of mass ofa exiting from the intercooler will ill the cylinder at 1.45 % 10° Pa? Compared (0 the power output of an engine that takes in arat 1,01 % 10 Paat 15.0°C, what percents ase in power is obtained by usi ern turbocharger and inter intercooler is not used, what mass of ait exiting + wil fil the eylinder at LAS % 10° Pa? Com pared to the power output of an engine that takes in air at LOL x 10° Pa at 15,0°C, what percentage increase in power is ‘oblained by using the turbocharger alone? 19.61 A monatomic ideal 3410 J of work in the paces, Find the heat added t0 2s expands slowly to twice its original volume doi ‘the gas and the change in internal energy ofthe gas the process is 4) isothermal; b) adiabatic 1962 A cylinder with « piston contains 0.250 mol of oxygen at 2.40 10° Pa and 395 K. The oxygen may’ be treated as an ideal as. The gas first expands isobarially to twice its original volume, ) isobaric ial volume, and re, a) Show the fam, b) Compute the temperature Tes then compressed isothermally back ois oF Finally itis cooled isochorically to its original pres sates of processes on a pV-diag uring the isothermal compression. c) Compute the maximum pressure. d) Compute the total work done by the piston om the gas durin he series of processes,19.63 Use the conditions and processes of Problem 19.62 4 com- pute a) the work done by’ the gas, the heat added to it, and its iternal-energy change during the initial expansion; b) the work done, the heat added, and the internal-energy change during the final cooling: ) the interna-energy change during the isothermal ‘compression 19.64 A cylinder with piston contains 0.150 mol of nitrogen at 1.80 >< 10" Pa and 300 K. The niteogen may be tested as an ideal 1s. The gas sist compressed isoharically tits orginal volume. Trahen expands adiabatically back tits original volume, and finally it is heated isochorealy to its original pressure. a) Show the series ‘of processes in a p¥-diggram. b) Compute the temperatures atthe ‘beginning and end ofthe adiabatic expansion.) Compute the min imum pressure 19.65. Use the conditions and processes of Problem 19,64 fo compute a) the work done by the gas, the heat added to it, and its internal energy change during the initial compression; b) the work done by the gas, the heat added 10 i, and is interal-energy change during the adiabatic expansion; c) the work done, the heat aed, and the imermal-energy change during the final heating. 19.66 Comparing Thermodynamic Processes. In « cylinder, 1.20:mol of an ideal monatomic gas, italy at 3.60 10° Pa and 300K, expands until ts volume triples. Compute the work done hy ‘the gas ifthe expansion isa) isothermal: b) adiabatic: e) isobaric. 4) Show each process in a pV-diagram. In which case is the absolute value of the work done by the gas greatest? Least? e) In ‘which case is the absolute value of the heat transfer greatest? Least?) In which case isthe absolute value ofthe change in inter nal energy of the gas greatest? Least? 19.67 A flexible balloon contains 0.350 mol of hydrogen sulfide sas (H,S). Initially the HS has a volume of 7.00 % 10° cm and temperature of 27.0°C. The HS frst expands isobarcally until the volume doubles. Then it expands adiabatically unl the tempers ture reruns tits initial value, Assume thatthe H,S may be treated 28a ideal gas, a) Draw a diagram ofthe process in the pV-plane. bb) What is the total heat supplied to the H.S in the process? ©) What is the total change in the internal energy of the HS? <4) What isthe total work done by the HS? e) What isthe final volume? Challenge Problems 19,68 Oscillations ofa Piston. A vertical cylinder of radius reon- tains a quantity of ideal gas, and is fitted with a piston with mass thatis feet move (Fig. 19.32). The piston and the walls ofthe cy 753 Challenge Probiems pen to outset, esse Piston, mans Me i a Figure 19.32 Challenge Problem 19.68, dr are frictionless and are made ofa perfect thermal insulator The ‘outside air pressure isp In equilibrium, the piston sits a height above the bottom ofthe cylinder.) Find the absolute pressure ofthe _2 trapped below the piston when in equilibeium. b) The piston is pulled up by a small distance and released. Find the net force aeting ‘on the piston when its base i a distance f+ y above the bottom of the eylinder, where yis much less than) After the piston is dis placed from equilibrium and released, it oscillates up and down Find the frequency ofthese small oscillations. If the displacement is not small. are the oscillations simple harmonic? How can you tell? 1969 The van der Waals equation of stat, an approximate repre sentation of the behavior of gases at high pressure, is given by Bg. (182): foe Shr «an ‘where a and b are constants having different values for diferent gases, (Inthe special ease of a 0, this isthe ideal-gas equa tion.) a) Caleulate the work done by a gas with this equation of state in an isothermal expansion from V to V:. Show that your answer agrees with the ideal-gas result found in Example 19.1 (Section 19.2) when you set a= b= 0, b) For ethane gas (C:H,). = 01554 J-mmol and b = 6,38 X 10° mmol, Caleutate the work W done by 1.80 mol of ethane when it expands from 2.00 10°" m! to 4.00 x 10m! ata constant temperature of 300 K, Do the calculation using i the van der Waals equation of ‘tate and i) the ideal-gas equation of state. c) How large isthe dit ference between the two results for W in prt (b)? For whieh equ tion of state is W larger? Use the interpretation of the tems @ and tiven in Section 18.1 to explain why this should beso. Are the dif ferences between the two equations of state important in this case?