Metal Forming &

Machining
MF C314

Theory of Slip Lines, Upper and

Lower Bound Theorem

Derivation of basic equations for solution of elastic-plastic

deformation.

These are mentioned below along with boundary
conditions.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

Equations of equilibrium
Compatibility equations
Yield conditions
Stress-strain relations
Strain-displacement relations
Incompressibility condition for plastic strains
Boundary conditions in stresses or displacements or
mixed.


The stress-strain relations in plasticity are non-linear.

Yield condition in case of Von-Mises is also non-

linear.

Therefore, it is not easy to solve these equations
without some approximations and simplifications of
material properties.

Various difficulties in metal forming

In many metal forming problems, the boundary

stresses are unknown.

As the plastic deformation proceeds, the material
properties go on changing due to strain hardening.

At high rate of plastic deformation, the temperature
of the deforming body increases appreciably, which
also change the material properties.

Phase change may take place during plastic
deformation which can also change the strength of
the metal body.

The nature of interfacial friction between tool and
metal is seldom known exactly.

Different methods for solution

Slab method

Slip line method

Upper Bound method

Lower Bound method

Numerical techniques and Finite Element Method

Slab Method

Plain sections remain plane during compression.

Any non-uniformity in deformation is neglected.

Material is rigid, perfectly plastic.

Effects of strain hardening and strain rate are

neglected.

Method will be discussed later in details.

Theory of Slip Line

Lines of maximum shear stress called slip lines.

Slip lines are directions of maximum shear stress

in the body undergoing plastic deformation.

For plane strain deformation, equilibrium equations
and yield condition (von Mises or Tresca) are
required.

Partial differential equations along with yield
condition in plain strain are hyperbolic partial
differential equations.