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\TdTHsT? | y+jT n @ |\T H&T jTqqT
|]Vd+#s y s jTqqT u>yH ne< l
y+jTk$T n ]+#& jTq #+ |sT>T\TrXsT.
me]~ |? d + dsT> eTqeT< uddT H , >T]+#
eTq< |# y! y M] n+<s |ys nsTTH, @ |
yT\q~ eTqe+#&y T Tf | =\>& es+Z .
u>yH l y+jTk$T y] +& |sT l k+|*
|+#\jT, * leT |# eT , qkqeTT LsT \,
H>T\ y\
sT, qq ~ \_+#< T . 1927 d+ |< >* yq
H{ M] dTesT 30 d+\T ejTdT+T+~.
3
ne< \
l y+jT k$T y] J$+
y+jT q|&T n+<] |\\ >H e+&y&T. =H

l d~s E seTjT>] <>sZ #<T e s|P y ys.
#<T e ns e \H bsTT+~. b\jT+<T L& q
u\TsL , M] @MT u< e TT+&~ <T.
l =eTs] seTDjT #| q< { <T d+eseTT\
ejTdTH lk$TysT @+ |jTT\T. &T=qT |\\T
seT |\Te> sjYT, HqT <=+>q + #d e#qT. bdT\T
e qqT |T +{sT b+& n n+<] ]yTd qT \T|
#Tq <qdT\jTysT.
| + & |\\ +<s n&$ b lk$TysT me]q
\e+& ## Tq e+&ysT. mesH #&=d |q #| q
e #| qT @++ e+&ysT.
17, 18 d+eseTT\ bjTeTT f\ T ={ +& MT<
rdT[ H\sT neTT e#ysT. $ds\T d, <seTT\T
{ H\sT rdTbsTT nyTysT. d<| |qT\T # > #dysT.
@ | #dH sTTsT \ <w H]+ ysT | |X+ d+#T
#dysT. L* L& yy sT. *< + &T\T M]H+ >se+>
##ysT. qTH sTTs L\> L* +\qT >T& eT
>{ Hq uT= +{ #ysT ><T. lk$Ty] eTTqT>,
#* > |+| qT L*+\qT | +#THysT.
lk$Ty] u\eTTqT >] lk$Ty] k<] leT
eT+>eT>sT #bsT. lk$TysT qq+ y+T\T
eTT&yd T =HysT. |+#, #=, ydT HysT. d<+ |qT\T m+
# > #dys #| qT. #qT <TH|&T =+& yd n+ # >
e+&~. s s, |\T + MT< ^ ydq + # > e+&~.
H>{ #\T y| &>T&T |{ s +&e y| qT+& #d
|+#+ # > e+&~.
lk$TysT q|\y &T> e+&> |&T e +{
4
l y+jT k$T y] J$+

ne< \
#Ts y|, +, eTTq> $H \T H{sT. y{ >] yTyT$T
|{+ #TbsTTH n$ |] |< eqT\jsTT.
q|{ qT+& L& *$>, > se+> e+&ysT. HqT
k$T+f q<HH qH|&T >& nyT n >, {s
n > @e#q |j >+ #d |* msT>sT . nq+ |T eT+>e
n n&> ysT. k{ |\\ + y+H, y+H n |*#ysT.
HqT L& n |*d lk$TysT n+<s y+H n+f, e
n> nqe#? e nH nH\e, |sT |{ |\eL&<T n
T<T\T #|ysT. k{ |\\+<s eT >e\T rseT
lk$Ty] #|H ysT. b\+ |&b>T#d |\\+<]
jTq HjT&T.
|<VsT d+\ ejTdT lk$TysT Cq d
#&eTT#> e+&~. Cqi $s>< T . z~yd s nsTTH
##< T sT> |&< T . + mTq =\ |{q T dysT.
<s T eTqTw\ H=s dysT. m+ q |HH X<>
d+|Ps+ > #jT >\&Z y T j>eT jTq u~+#<* #sT u\T.
qqT <sq <D<Xq s|<|s+ $yVeTTq
y\qTHsT. lk$TysT n+^]+#< T . n|{ lk$Ty]
| |{+<H |sT s<T. e eTT>TZsT yTT>|\\eT< >H=
& |\s TT yTq+ <sq ky? n * >e & y]+#
##sT. e * |{q |T M& qqT s|<|s+H
sTT |+& #d+ ~. |+&H &T L& lk$TysT n* |+&
<>sZ e+& +& b\+ Cq>&T <>sZ |&T HsT.
lk$Ty] qH{ qT+& n<e&&+ f~ <T.
n|&T lk$Ty] 10 d+\ ejTdT. sE +{
_#>&=#&T. e *>sT +{ +\T e beTHsT.
lk$TysT ns>+ e#e+f bs rd +\T (Cq\T)
rksT. n|&T |{+#Tb! nHsT. qT |>& #|&T
5
ne< \
l y+jT k$T y] J$+
|X e\T m+&T{\T + |+#jT+f, q \| qTq

>&y | y{ eTT+<T yd e{ #T \ +{ e#ysT. >& @<
n& eTq+ eV+#ysT.
lk$Ty] 20 d+\ ejTdT re+> s+ e+~.
sE\ >e\ y<T\T, dT|T\T e. qT nq+
q+f s +&T |P\ s+ >T Z T +<H~ n\yT. n> ys+
>& +~. Xq> @s& bsTTq lk$Ty] eTT ysT Xq>|| \T
d n$ eT+#+ sT #T |&T HysT. lk$TysT H&T
eTq sTT\T y\+ yjT uTHsT. MTsT m& e+{sT? n *
+&T\qT n&>sT. eTq$T n|\T e. y\+ mesT yksT ?
s=+<s, |+ e\ n{ e{&TTH&T. n \ ysT
eTsd+ \+{ #{ skq+ #sTT+#sT. lk$TysT,
|*d L& # eTTue+> } ` n eyT de<q
$T#ysT. n+<Te\ jTq <jT + |{+ <, eT #*++<
nH u y< \T, HT y< \ #sTT+#sT. u+ b >
H\ sT y #* j>+, \ j>+, eT+>\ j>+ n
nsTd }s+ |sT > y sT lk$TysT. q d+#s <s+>
+& # nsTdT+&ysT. s+&T, eT&T sE\T L& +{
e#ysT <T. *<+&T\T L*y # nq+ eT |+|
jTqd+ y e THysT. nq+ eT #|d L*y
L& jTq +{ e#ysT. nq+ y+H eT |sT >
yy sT. | &T +{ ysT jTqqT f d, nq+
n&T> +& n{> LsTHsT. n { Ls|&+ w+
*<+&T\T jTqqT d#> e~XsT. #\qT, <=&qT
]>ysT. me] <>sZ + f y] <>sZ nq+ HysT. n $#D
+& nq+ q&+ e\ jTq \uw & j

& \ \|<\ T
y] H\T s+{sT =+<sT . \<+ {sT =+<sT . m& &
n&$ ]q+<Te\q >T&\T N*\T N*\T> bjT$.
lk$Ty] * =| + #\T, #=\T +{ +, m|&
6
l y+jT k$T y] J$+

ne< \
T~ |{q |&= =$ <] + y[bjTysT. ejTdT +&
d\T |d #\T |* #q ee |sT>ysT.
| <X n+<s jTqqT | y+H nHysT.
#* j>+ me]~ y+H? n+f eT yTqeeT>] +{
|sT #|ysT. s|<|s+ q #\ T eT+>eT>]+ #
\+ u+#d b++ |sT > &TT+&ysT. H&T =+<sT
=+fysT, y+H @<H < #| d+{ |{keTT nHsT.
nq+ |& bsTT>, d+f |{+ #+& nHsT lk$T
ysT. n~ $ jTq | n+{s |# &j n nqTHsT.
| nH+<T ksyT <T . me] &T , =&T , neTs<>
e{&& T . |fy ] <>sZ #sTT #|&T. +f n<| > $seT+
+& +]> sT>T e+{&T.
< deTjT+ sE eT+>eT>] _& syTT
>Z +f eT+>eT>sT _& u< # @&Td eq~. m+<Te
@&Tke? _& u>T> e+T+~! @$T uj
T |&e <T n _&
eTTU ns#s TTT&#sT lk$TysT. H\ZesE _& @
y< + +& ddT& j
&T. H&T lk$Ty] ]> yu e yTq
|P\T, de~ eT+~s+ # { n+<] <e&e& *d
e+f Hq |T= # e+<TqT. H \+ >T\ #d nsTTH
m+ u> # e+<TqT. *jT eeT\T> H nq>H #qTe>
##qT n + &|{sT eT+>eT. lk$TysT Vs+
|w> u+#dysT. <s T eTqTw\ | H=& #dysT n
#bsT. lk$TysT qed e+&> |\ u$ y*jTTq
#T =eT\ q q T |qyd \ y&d y&ysT.
|T | u$ |&b eTs u$ { qT+& >T m
e eTs n> y&ys.
Te+{ k<q ksTTuu y] >TsTe $~+qT, nH
eT] =+<sT eTVjTT\T #dq $es+ l ksTT eT+ nH
>+<+ #&e#T.
7
l y+jT k$T y] J$+
ne< \
lk$Ty] eTT&T q|HjTT&T>sT qT djT+>
#q $wjT + #bsT.
s+&& +& b+f lk$TysT +& yqT> e
LsTHysT. +&|q , \, Xs+ +< y&T+&~.
mesH #d +& eeT\T> LsTHysT.
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 2
nT&T
$<+> #*j>+ ` eT+>*j>+
n nsTd sq |<X \ |sT >T\T rdTq k+|*
|# +jT sy d+es\ ejTdT \T e<*|{
m{ y[bjsT. =+ \+ M] C& *< + &T\
* j T < T . \+ M] @ k< T ej T
nqT>V +#& m& & |d T #Xs nq $wj
>T]+ lk$TysT =]= $<+ > #| jTTHsT. y|PsT
<Xj
T lk$TysT #bs. nj, HqT n&e\ n& &
sT>T e+f k<jT >sT *XsT. eTdTeTHsT. n+
eTsTD
+ |+#\q _\+ q k<jT \ eT< HqT.
]#d] n<+ |< TTwXsT\ d+|T+. n# =HH
k<jT eTs eTdTeTHsT. HqT eTd ]#d]
eT<dT VsT <>Zs eHqT n.
\T e<* y[q |# +jT ] >eTdT\ +|& |{
l y+jT k$T nH HeT<j
T eTT n+<] |<+<e &T>
$s\T#THsT. q ys+<sT b<jT|&H ] q +{
y <T . d]>< q >eTeTTH n&T>T |< T . nsT<T> y[H
}] y\T|\ <=& q, #\q =+d| e+& y[bjTysT.
y |q {q bsTTq |+#, bsTTq #=,
# >Z+ |{q eTT+, |+>\T s @+ |<X\
d+#]d, ejTdT q d\ T |d <s+> y +&ysT.
|+{+q |\ y eTT f| & # |T= +&ysT.
|\ y\ eTT\ { Hq |T= q y+& rdT
9
nT&T
ne< \
yysT. =H |Hq~ y+&>, dMT| n&e\qT
d+#]+#ysT.
nT sT y #\eHjTT&T y] de n+e Tj
|q<\T =+&| >T&d ]+#T=, n+<T q qH B|+
|{, +Ts MTTT+&ysT. #\eHjTT&T dMT| >e[
_ q+ # ysT. nHe T+~ >eTdT\ T |X e\ T\ qT+&,
\s, eTXS e+{ u<\ qT+& sD
b+<ysT. u \ |X \T
L& #|ysT. |X \T #| |< # | +> +T+~.
$yV d++<\T #d, @ d++<+ eT+< lk$Ty]
q&> ysT. = d++<e TTq >TsT> = ssTT #=|q m
d++<\T #d n s esTd> |eTHysT. +Ts MT{,
sT qT+& s +&e~ n>, |&e Ts qT+& eT&e~ n>
#|ysT. n+f sT qT+& s +&essTT @ d++<+ dd
|T Hs n~ eT+~ n ns+ . k<sD+> |X \T #|y]
e\T q{ q\u L& + >e. lk$TysT #| qT
sT>< + f sD+ lk$TysT #| q < yss+ #dT e&+
bsbf +T+~.
<\T e<*q sT y lk$TysT = d+eseTT\T
{rs+ e< <y\jTeTT d #XsT. & lk$TysT +Ts
eTT+<T |T= s+e s+&T #T\ s+&T |\\T
rdT= H<+ MTT z+ HsjTD ~HsjTD nH
eT+ |<> #]d+ &ysT. +Ts r>\T bsTTH >
ysT |\\T &d eT++ #TH +&ysT. eTq +
+& HeT+ #dysT m|& dV eq|&T +Ts r>\T
eTs eTT&dT=HysT. n|&|& n L& yysT.
#\eHjTT&T yTT<q de\T _q+ #ysT.
nT s =H d+#s+ #dT+&ysT. ksTTuu
<]+q |+{ #= (y +< esL e+& Eu)
10
nT&T
ne< \
<] +#ysT. #= ds ns# eTT<\T, y* eTT<\T n~

e+&$. = | \| seT seT nH ns e TT\T n#T yd e+&$.
s+seT ds eTT| eT uqy* >TsT\T yd,
eTT\T u\ |k~+#ysT. n |k~+#|&T eT
& ns# eT q&H + s eTT<\T ydq
+ u \ # ysT. H\sT nH >e\ d+#]d
+&ysT. #\eHjTT&T, b*s& e>s de+<+ k$T
|s{d +&ysT. s+s+ y*eTT<\bT nsT<T> n
deq+ L& #dysT. sE m eTT\ \T, m+ ds
y& y s # | e TT. lk$Ty] | e \q y< T \T
y]+#TqysT m+<s s+s jTC eTT\T, ds
_\T k\=~ deT]+#ysT.
nT sT y y* eTT<\T +Z me> n >T+&+ yd
s+s+ s+e >T+&+ #+ +& f\ T de]d ns+ >
e\T e{&ysT. sE d+ s+&T eT&T +& f\T
ysT. m+ esyT H , eT+&Tf+&H ds n #+ LsqT+&ysT.
y+jT k$T |+~] nH HqT& T+~. lk$TysT <jT +
|~>+\ b++ dssD eTT\T q \| |& +& +&+<T
s H{, < {eT *+#ysT. {eT *+q
ns>+ esL & e+T+~>, nT |q & | ]
lk$TysT m+&H e+&ysT. lk$TysT n y |
eT>yT eTq + e+&sT >qT sTT~ &, m+& nH~
*d~ ><T. s+&T, eT&T |>, sT\T n> neTT+<T
LsTjTTq sE\THsTT. m|& >T+& dMT|+H >H
d+| |&T = j>< |$T+#ysT. <X yTT\ |+#
=H, |q+ =H <] +#ysT. Xs #=>, qT>
<] +#~ <T . e] es m|& b<s \ T <] + msT>sT .
nT sT y H\sT \T, >=\>eT& nqT >eT+ #],
dTesT m$T~ d+es\T # n>T+&+ yXsT. sE
11
nT&T
ne< \
dTesT <sT +& f\ T ysT. m$T~ d+eseTT\T

lk$TysT n>T+&+ ydq d\ +H H&T jTq de~eT+~s+
y*d+~.
seTDjT nH u&T <TqbT\ +&, n>T+&
s+s+ f\ T \TT+&ysT. y|PsT <Xj
T , y+jT yTT<\>T
de\T lk$Ty] f\ T, u+Ce TT&T #T =fy sT. |>{ | P
n|&| &T lk$TysT L& M]{ n&$ y ysT. nsTT
lk$TysT f\ T =f eT de\ qT+& =+< s+ @++>
]>ysT. =H | H| H #T eyT =eT lk$TysT
#|ysT s+s n>T+&+ e\q = yT <s+ n&$
deT\+> s\qyT+ ~. <+ |+ #\ejTj, &+
}seT+~. >e b<eT+ d\ + <T n H&T lk$TysT
#| q e\T H&T yTH sTT.
lk$TysT me> eT T~ |{q |& eT q
>e\ d+#]+#ysT. sTy y] @ sD+>H
kBq+ +& bjsTT. y< + #sTT+#\+f lk$TysT
dTseTT |<T. |Ps+ HH= eqT ={qT. < |*yT
sTT~. qT < HqqTu$ + s <c b>=Ty*. qT
HqT eT+<T rdTqT n K+&+ > #bsT.
lk$TysT q&e q+<Tq #f e+&ysT. sE
q de&T ss& , qqT { MT< Lsu{ =+#+ <s+
bj nq&>sT. n& H #X&T. {MT< rdTbe&+
lk$Ty] u<> +T+< sT n+>T\T mT> \ H\T>T
#\ +& #sTT+ < | Lsu{ lk$TysT ]q #T
u \ T bjTysT. =|&T +& >T |& e+ n~s~.
sT y u \ T &* ydTbeT n&, k$T n+^]+#>,
ys lk$Ty] ydT+ &ysT. $<+ > eTVde~ s +&T
d+eseTT\ eTT+<T esL lk$TysT H\sT , b<\LsT,
12
nT&T
ne< \
fb+, |q<\T, \sT, sEb+, keT\, {rs+,

qT], eTT~>&T, &>e P&, \T|PsT, *#&T , qe{d< \ jTq,
#s|*, sT|, +, d+>+, H\sT, |qe], yTb&T,
+< T L s T |, >=\> e T& y T T< \ > T | < X \ s # T >
d+#]d+ &ysT. lk$TysT @H& >VdT\ HXsTT+#< T .
<y\jTeTT, b&T& , #e&, bsX\, y|#T yTT<\>T
y{ XsTT+#ysT. w|yTq u X<\ >VdT\ T eTqd]>
] Vd y] >VeTT\ y ysT, , n& L& y]
+{ jT>, ={\>, es+&> +&ysT.
esyTT &TdTq|&T #sT +<HH e<T+{s>
+{ ssT. m&H +& e <T yXs+f +{ysT
# n<we +T\qe.
lk$TysT s ]>|&T re+> q|&T
u>e+T&T #|q +{ y[, y |{+ ~ , y[bjTysT.
nsTT nq+ +#T= < #| | H #, | H { MT<
| H Ls q< qT #qT #|ysT. qT | y+jT
keqT&T & n&qysT | nq+ |fysT. <
e+<s ~ + > ||\ + b+<ysT.
lk$TysT u> q&# sE\ @H& b<s\T
<]+#ysT <T. n&e\ sT>TT+&ysT. eTT+&T >T#T+f
rsTT+#T=H+<T eTe TT\T, d~, <q+, #, eT m|&
+#T=HysT. y] qT+& =k] u \ T s +&+>T\
b&e>\ eTTqT L& rdq d+<s\THsTT. n~ #q ysT
XsbjTysT.
lk$TysT >T+&+ ydT=H|&T >T+& H\T>T
n+>T\T <s+ \ + |&T e&+ ##qT. n+ <>sZ
eTq+ +f d> eTq+ zsTeTT.
13
nT&T
ne< \
eT <>sZ >T+ $ |q qT \Te
<s >T+\ |{ >T+ qT @eTT <s eT
\ |T +{sT s T \T. lk$TysT n# y[ \Te
{ d>+ sT |q e~ysT. $T*q d> + sT eT&e
{\+f <s T eTqTw\edse TjTys. n+ me> sT bs$.
ysT qed sT>TT+f # <=+>q+ ]
bdT\T <=+>\ =s y<T lk$Ty] nqTe+ bdT
dw q T |{sT . s +&T sE\T e |\T +& lk$TysT
n# LsTHsT. sT y bdT\T e~XsT. n& qT+& HsT >
<D ~q s|<|s+qTq q #\ T eT+>eT <>sZ [ #| =
esTTq @&s . lk$Tys T @& d eT+> e T @& ~.
##y]$T ns+ <T . sT y $wjT + *d qT s+~+q
y] rdT= =&+ y+j n z<]d |d| \ y &>
@&T eHsT.
n& & ] kjT+ nH #* <>sZ yy sT
lk$TysT. y+q <+&> +& +TH& ueeTsT\ T @ e+
nd+|> eHds , sTT n& *#~ <T . lk$TysT ed
eTq+> nq+ |{ \T|d eTq+ jT=d +{sT. eTq+ y]
nq+ <>sZ e+f MTsT jT b+& +{qT nHysT.
kjT+\eTT < #\qT, n&$qT ], ]
e#|&T s +&T XsT >T ysT Xq>jT\T @] eT >T=
#* nq+ yysT. y] TTD|&s< u\T
lk$TysT n #dysT.
+{ qT+& jT y eTs eT d>eTyTq H>T\
y\
sT s<
. k] jTq | >e\ e+f lk$Ty]
eTT&T y[ |*d e#sT. Cq dT+ f lk$TysT L&
e+ #* j>+, eT+>* j>+ n nsTdH <s T
eTqTw\ XsT. H\T>T sE\T jTe\dq s+&T
sE\H nsTTbsTT+<.
14
nT&T
ne< \
k$T n |U>+# MsT | H # Hs *d
M] *>sT qT+&s\T #d rdTy[ deT]d y{
eTqTq ys+<] deq+> |+#eT, sT y # d\+>
d$+#sT. sEq lk$TysT eT+>eT >]+ s uq+
#d y[ n+H eTs e uy! eT+>eT @< eT+<T |{+ ~.
+ d<T\ >TqT eT+\T, #TsT\T> +~. nq+
|+& nHsT. n|{ n+<s uq+ #d |&T =HsT. |& &
y+j , nq+ <T . b<Tq e+& |&eTT nHsT. nsTT
e&T> , s>T\T> |eT n&>sT. s +&T XsT s>T\T |{+ #T
bsTT y{ qT q+& NeT\ bXsT. NeT\ * r]
jTq * rsTT+~ >u\T!
<\T >eT+ e< n+eT uT nH # |Hq~ sy
n&T>T\ y&\T >* bsTT+~. lk$TysT n# q~
djT+> dT yd <&T >T\ mTq y dysT. n+|&T
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|H q~ |yV+ *#, qT+& s +&&T >T\
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q \Te sT qB |yVeTT *d # +| T {|
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n+f, |<e TysT, <eTT\T (y< eTTq n*$> \s), b|eT
>Z+<Tj nHysT.
=|&T de\ # |k +&<T . |& sTeSs T
by*, <\ +&. H\sT , Cqy&, + yTT<\>T <ekqeTT\
15
nT&T
ne< \
by\+{sT lk$TysT. &T <T k$T! n+f edT+ ~

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mes sT e <D
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bjTysT.
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+ +&L &<T n de\T |j DyTq
< }sT<T . nq+ &TT+<+f nq+ edT+ ~ |<+ &j
nHsT. nq+ X e~d k+&T=#sT. b<\LsT y| y
dT e+~. ~ <j eTq dT. sT y dT b<+
nHsT. b{ nq+ e# ye TT>< kMT n+f nq+
edT+ <j +&+& nHsT. &T <T kMT #\ n+f
| y |+|sT nHsT. nqf =+ d|{ bfb +
~\ eT>sT k$T <s Hs+ sT e >+| <X\T, e&\T,
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neds+f me> <D
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= | & T }] s +& T , eT& T # eT+
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y\+f y[rs*. lk$TysT q&#|&T L& nH
]>ysT.
n&$ lk$TysT @+#ks #&\ nH eT+~
|jT +#sT. mesH qqT y+&+qT \TdTHs+f
y+H eTT+& n&~ &+ > q&#y sT. eTT+& q&e n
|jT +qysT yqT] e#ysT.
|+&T eT+, |*+#&+ nH~ <T . #| ]dTq b>
eyTd y+H >+ >ysT.
sE H (s#sTT) jdeTT lk$Ty] d~q
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16
nT&T
ne< \
|y] k$T $wjT+ #|THqT. lk$TysT sE

@++> nHsT. m+f n{ e{&T y$T? n. n+{
HsT fd T eT u< #XsT lk$TysT. eTs= >=\>eT&
yd #bsT. nj! qqT >T]+ <\ T <\ T> #| +THs,
n~ | ><j
n lk$TysT nHs. eTs=| &T M|&
eT$| +& T T HsT. e< #| e n T\XeT #|ysT.
| $<+ > q eTVeT >|+> +&\H <X + T,
|&> \ T, sdT\T n |]uw e{&y sT. < ue+ H
ns+ me eT+~ ] y] <]+#ysT <T.
n|&|& jTeT+ +& T~ |{q|&T s+
#sTT+#T=HysT. n+<s eT+>* 50 |d \ T sTTd lk$TysT
s.1`00>, s. 2`00\T > #ysT. 1980 sT y ysT
sqq de\T n|&|& >T+&T #sTT+, MTk\T
rsTT+#ysT. lk$Ty] u \ ]>\ H>jT eTTK+>
de H djT+> #dy&T. k$T ejTdT e+& ]>|&T
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eTV de~ eTT+<T d+es+ s+s+ q s +&T
|& q _+ y eP&BjT #ysT <T. m+{ sT>
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17
nT&T
ne< \
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nqTue+.
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(s, |>\ ) < HsT. eT<V+ eT&T >+\ VsT>
LsT, n|& HeTdsD q&eq H N{ ysTT+,
os<eTT<yd y+H eTTdT>T |= eT <
|$T+#sT. u \ T Ce >eT b]+H $|+#T<T .
<T $Tc\ e ne>sT eTsDed eHs, qqT y+H
seT eTw e#&T. HqT y+H *#&T y[, lk$Ty] b<rs+ ,
}B yT H{ yd $T++~. T\d L& +~. eT+<T
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e~*+~. yT q n+eT |T &jT \ s+e ksTTH<T
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q odT\ q+~+ d<Z |k~+#sT.
| dyX+ lk$TysT < qTq|{ n~ eTq
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ne eTsD+# uTq< \TdT. qqT |\T#T= be&
eTqTw# $wjT + L& \TdT. yT s+s+ ksTT HeTeTT
# ]+q |DeT] qT n+eT |T&jT\ yT q
odT\ d<Z |k~+#\ L& \TdT. qTH y+H + L& > +& N{ ysTT+
eT j> < |$T+#sT. yTq j s+e e
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18
nT&T
ne< \
k<q \+ M] nqqyTq ys >+ ## y] eTT>T\ qT

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n+<T \T|= HysT. |&T u\T Xq>|| , u\+,
=] <+ b&#d &u bd n+<TuT + lk$TysT
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#+ bsbTq \kqeTTq y& ds D b& &u +#sT.
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|]|+ #+<sT. lk$TysT eTVde~ eTT+<T |~VqT
d+eseTT\ qT+& eT+sT msT>sT . m|&T H y& {
# s *| d >ysT k$TysT. qqT, qb<eTT\qT
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|
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19
nT&T
ne< \
jTe], +{ysT, n+{ysT n b&>, $eT]+>

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&~. k$T csTTc\T e. eT #T q de\T s+s+
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>* y{ #jT s+s jTeT+> y ysT.
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e eq nH H\|, @y| < y| eTTy
#dysT.
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eT ds |PdTq # q <$Tq u#ysT.
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e&d < H djT+> eTT<\T#d, |< eTT<\T $d] #T
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|{, n|&T $T*q nq+ HysT. nq+ eTs esT m|&
e&+#TH ysTsT. y+eT +{ u\ +& eq|&T
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20
nT&T
ne< \
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$Ts| jT\T, < j\T, | ysTT+ yT> <+ b& #sTT+
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|{+ #T nq+ *| HysT.
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lk$TysT q ns# q&H + rd nH n<sT .
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u , n+<] |j , T\T bsTT nHsT. ys>
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21
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sE k$T Ce HqT bkqT n rdT bj&T. lk$TysT
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|T|&+ ss& | |H&T. u&T nq+
lk$Ty] qeT+f n& |{ beTHs>, q<T . =+
d|j lk$TysT ss& |*, |& nq+ qTy |T
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H>>] <V+ q+bsTT+~.
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22
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ne< \
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e jTT+{s dyX { eTqeTV+#e#T. > ss&
>] L& sE >T+&+ de]+#u eT+&TTq f\qT
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sDeT& u+\T b{&T +THjTj nHsT.
k] k$TysT yT<q+ <TydT= Ls=
jTTHsT. lk$Ty] $wjT + *jT e ;& \T=q&
|d+ e#&T. k$T <>sZ +Ts e>s # n&T |
;& \Te#? <? q nqTedH \H
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<T |\ yj \H lk$TysT djT+> ydT HysT >
me] #ysT<T. ne*y] uy { eTT
q&T#T=H ys | d+|T q #| T+~.
<D
s|+ eq | lk$TysT q de\
y] y] we TT, neds\ qT #dysT. eT <>sZ
\ +#ysTsT. |+&T>\T yTT<q deTj\ u\T
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m|{| &T |+#eTHysT.
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T , seTDjT, ss& y] w+ me qT y]
= qT+&s\T < jTT+ | +> sTT#ysT.
s+e eT bf < yTH ss&> ] +]>
nss deTjq |* eT #| +< < |{q jT{ |<s\T
|P]b yqT bsTT qeT #|ysT.
lk$Ty] eTVde~ #+<H{ dTesT 95`98 d+\
ejTdT. e] |H +&T d+\T e\+ <yVs+H HsT.
23
nT&T
ne< \
Xs+| m& >& e<| VeTTq eTT&\ T e. m|&
meTT\ +T= qTq> >>&TTq #s + #d *dqy]
sTT~ j> Xs+ n \TdT+ ~.
lk$Ty] HeTT\ |X+, >+;s eTT =eqT
q&$. #TsT> #TsTq yT]d qT\T eTVj |
|{q us D
\T.
>TsejT m|& lk$Ty] \ <>sZ e+& lk$TysT
n]# nsT|\T q nsTd s+s+ yT\T= e+&y&T.
lk$TysT #T \T yqT |{, eT \ +<qTq ~+&T|T=,
<w X+ *|, n{H #d e+&ysT. lk$Ty] n{
d >TsejT $<y T q qjT+ * lk$Ty] e~*
y\ T<|f~ ><T.
n{ deTj\ lk$Ty] qT+& y\T>T q
|eVdTqT >TsejT nqTueeTjT~.
eTVde~ eT&T d+es\ eTT+<T qT+& lk$TysT
s+s+ de~ d qT+&ysT. qT |sT | yd nu +s+
# | < T . > T s e j T qT L & | s T | MT< L seT
Ls|fysT.
n+ eTT+<T e]>& | #|>, { > yd
y{| b >H|{ | Lsufy sT. n< ysT |&T H bqT
L&.
lk$TysT eTTK u s q eeT, u HeT|+ #d
b>T#dq <=+&bT j sT #dq |sT | yd n+^]+#sT.
sT y |sT | bj u \ T <~ |sT |\T yXsT.
@ >e y[H s +&T sE\T >& +<+f lk$TysT
eTs= }] be&+ >, +f n< >eT+ eTs= #T q
eT+ es&+ > ]>~. s, |>\ T H *jT+ <j
!
24
nT&T
ne< \
nj! |&T m+ b< +~? nHysT. s|P 10`3`1980 q

lk$TysT \T|PsT HsjTD<dT XeT+ $&~ #d jTTHsT.
>TsejT nj! ~ @ }sT? n n&>sT. \T|PsT ><
k$T n+f, ds nHsT. n+f u> e BZ q< djT ds
qXX+ qbe' jT<Z qes+ <eT |se T+ eTeT nq
d lk$TysT eHsq e. < ds#+<>T\T
y*+#s , m{ d b+~q ysT eTs nCqeTT ss
nTe+{ d y]~.
jTq q&esT >qT eTT+ eT $dsq #d u \ T
rdysT. eT\ $dsq #j \+f mes }sTjT @+
|<X rdTby*. H\MT< >&> , +<s >, +> &T
> |] < |q #| yd, |sT +&u{ eTq+ <s+>
e#d eT\ $dsq #dysT. sT y y+H u> y&> qTq {
kq+ #dysT. m|& q |& | eT\ eT $dsq #jT <T .
eTVde~ eTT+<T d+es+ sE\T s+s+
re<qw e+&ysT. kH |{q sT @e+ y& HZ
#* #* n dysT. y& my , nu! nu! n n]#ysT.
ds q y<T> e+f nB! nB! n+ kq+ #dysT. =|&T
+ #\eT, sTT+ #\T n+, n+ nHysT. n+|&T
de\T ss> e T&N T&e eTTqT| lk$Ty] |{
mT bsTT, | | |sT +& ufy sT. lk$Ty] |q+ |+&q
{ u\T u qT\<T= rs+> d]+#ysT. =+<]
eT+\T, eTd\ e+f |q+ |+&q sT ydT =
eT u<\T b>=T=HysT. eTq | qT+&> eT e+{
lk$TysT dT sT< #ysT <T. n+<Te\q u \ T jTq
djT b&, eT+>#b&, Xq>|+& e sT<ysT. e]
sE\ dT sT~H n~ @<q B lk$TysT |{+ #THysT
<T. jTq uVd *jT de~d +&ysT qT jTq
n&T #|ysT <T.
25
nT&T
ne< \
uV | *q|&T , e+{ lk$TysT n&

qTe\ qH eTsq #sTT+#THysT. q de\qT | sT \qT
lk$TysT, eTqT +<T n+^]+#ysT <T. lk$Ty]
d+# u>eTTq |q|& u\ eTqdT |{ eTT\T rsTT+#T
=H $TwqT, qH eTsH #sTT+#TH $Twq, q ds u>+
|k~+#ysT.
# * \+ lk$Ty] eT+# T k T + &TT+f s# T > k$T
eT M|qT <Tyq ^seT de\qT sysT. y] u<#
u | &T lk$Ty] <eTs {sT . lk$TysT <
| bsdysT. lk$TysT <\ +& eq e] sE\
e+ u \ |jT + d|\ yT+ ~. s +&T #s \ l ksTT
#s \qT m+>H b* eHsTT.
s|P de\+<s k$T #Ts # <>Zs>
|&THysT. mq& me] > jTq bsTT <s+>
|&T +& n C|+ msT>sT .
s+s+ de~ w j
T Tq lk$TysT q | qTq
u \ T, de \T # d n\ ] >, _ s ej T DeTT >,
|s< wD>, sjT $eTs\qT> #$qus T . |eT mq&
y] #|ysT <T. be+f b#< ><j
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|&T!
# nsT<T> sE nHsT, sE mes
e{& L &<T deTT<kH by*, eeTqT L& rdTby*
n.
y T eT+f lk$Tys T d e TT< kH
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sE eeT deTT<kq+ #d eqT d| <s qyT+ ~.
26
nT&T
ne< \
d|+ jTyTq ~ <, yT yT{ |$yT q nqTu

|k~+#qTHeT u \ \T|& lk$TysT n nHsT.
sE | +> m+<T eTq+ b{+#\ u e s y]
n&T><T.
27
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 3
ne< \\T
|d| \ \ T, |ysT, |X#T\ e eTVjTT\T
e+{s ~X+sT \T X\$#sT. |Ps |sTwq
lk$Ty] e+{ eTVjTT\ #s\ @<
\es y T q sD+ e+T+~. sD+ eTqs+ >
y] |ys u$ TkeTT. eTq <w nss V yT q
+{ #s \ <s ysT u sD >$+#s =~\+
sTy j u\T $e]+#Tq|&T eTq \TdT+~. n
$e]+#& nH \\T eTq$T# #keTT.
sE lk$TysT eT+\T, eT+\T, s+&j !
bjT+& n nsTd, &>| P & se\jT+ MT<, >&\ MT< mH
_+<\ bsTT+#sT. eT+\T #ssTT k$T sTT |+&
n+f <j
+ bj\ bjT+& n # d| eT+~s+
|qL& bsTT+#sT. q eTVeTqT n >|+> e+#
lk$TysT @ u \ qT n|e<+ qT+& m& b&TTHs
eTq #|s!
|&T lk$Ty] , #T\T, e *+~.
sDyTy me] *jT<T . y] n|&| & eTs e e#~.
s|P eTs e eT+ |& *+<qTHsT u \ T.
ues eT+ +f ksTTuue y] s+#&+
eT Xs \THsqHsT eT]=+<sT . kMT, m+<T
*+~? n+f, nj! | y e <e+ bd bjsj !
nHsT. yq >j\T eqTT+f \+<eTT\T #
|]d eTs s+ s~. eTs eTs # &T +f ]
n> #dysT lk$TysT. eT&T H\\ esL #XsT.
28
ne< \\T
ne< \
me> *q & uT C &s T T u lk$TysT
e|<T . u \ T \e++> eT+<T yd T {sT . lk$TysT
n+<] @e] qT |H dysT. rdT+f
sTT+< >=&e#XsT. u \ T |ksT. s +&T sT T
rjTjT<T . eT&e s | eq de&T < >&T.
lk$TysT T dksT. |+&T| qTq s +&+>T\ |d+ &qT
d eTT+ MT< |&X sT. lk$Ty] >jT+ s+ sTTq~.
de&T \u~u eTH&T. #s + _q T T\XeT, y+eT
&u sV d+> <#sT. +> < qT+& $+q
|]eT+ XeTeT+ y|++~. < sD+ \eT
T\XeTqT, y+eTq u \ T y~+ #sT. es nejTs\T
y+eT u #s + _ #|+~. n~ yTT<\T $+
|]eT+ n+]++~.
lk$TysT q&# sE\ =|&T s+e
<Vs\T e H<+ MTTT+&ysT. s < H>Ce TT&T
eTT\T | | >T\ >T#T= s+ sTT+f eTT+
|*+ eTs H<+ MT&+ yTT<f y sT.
| & T lk$Ty] de \T s +& & +& MT<
rdTbTHsT. lk$TysT +& |&T HsT. =+d|{
jTq qT\TeTdT= <qdT H sT. +& <T|\ e\q Xs+
] y] y\T +& # sdT= u> n]bsTT s+
sTTq~. =+#+ d|{ u \ ~ >T]+ +& *|, y] |
<s+ &&T s+ T&ejTd jTq y]
T&ee<T . de~ d qTq l seTw |se TV+d >]
|+ #& l $yq+<T&T y] =&| | D |{H jTq
<\< #~yeTT. lk$TysT n{d e+&&+ eTs
u H&T djT+> ##sT.
n$ lk$TysT q&e sE\T. sE jTq n+
y+{$Ts& >]+{ eHsT. dTesT <jT+ |~ >+\
29
ne< \\T
ne< \
|qT\T #dT +Tq de\T lk$TysT eT kq+ s
>T]+ ysT. jTq +& \ qTqT >T]+ u \ T
|<> @&ek>sT. lk$TysT e* |&THsT. 12
n+>TeTT\ b&eq |>T y] dqeTT qT+& jT
ejTTq~. < b&TdT+f seTT sTTq~. u\T
n~*+# u , lk$Tys T nu! nu! b| e TT
rdTbT+f d m{? nHsT. <XeTT #&
y+{$Ts& lk$Ty] +|& +& >* sqT bsT.
y[bsTT+~. =+d|{ |>T bsTT+~. u\T
jTqqT mT su jTq |<T . ys |]>&T e
q kqeTT LsTHsT.
m+ eT+~ q d~ e+&> = deTjTeTT
=] +{ y eT>, eTs=# LseT>, s&T
< q& yeT> lk$TysT <+#ysT. |e],
1980 lk$TysT eT u \ sTTq HsjTD<dT XeT+
+&> eT de\qT sT y| >Tes q\T>T] bsTTseT
C|+#sT. <sT y[ed |<T. q\T>TsT \d sT
eq y[ n<eq edT+ f s | eq seTqT n eTs=]
TsT#ksT. BueeTT me] *jT<T .
=|&T lk$TysT eTeTT V+&eTT>
qeHysT. qeqT f|t #dT =H u>eTT+f m e+&TH!
|+#\q e+&> lk$Ty] <>sZ mes y~>dT \ T
ed >TsejTqT >T& y] eT++#eTHsT. eT++#>H
>TsejTqT lk$TysT eT++#sT.
lk$TysT Xs+ +&>H |q<\T <>Zseq
n+eT uT nH b+eTT qT+& yT q yT|\
| +#T+f yT + lk$Ty] $&~ b+ e+~.
yT lk$TysT qq&>T+&eTT Ls= |+#sT.
30
ne< \\T
ne< \
H{ lk$Ty] | nsTTbsTT+~. lk$Ty]

# & e T y T y [ bsTT+~. \ y ] @{ bsTTq| & T
lk$TysT kq+ #d |+# su
T + |+#s! yT
$wjT + lk$TysT Xs+ +&>H >=\>eT& XeT+
n+<] #| +~.
lk$TysT H&T H>CeTT&T eTT\T =e q
+<+ y] rjTeTHsT. ysT lk$Ty] b< { >jT+
#ks> eTT\T rjTb jsT. &sT y+eT lk$TysT
eT * eTT\T rjTeTHsT. yT m+ >T &TTqq
lk$TysT nu nHH nq<T . \T <\ <T . es yT
eT eTT\T |] eT&T n+>T\ eTT\T e+~. n+ eTT\T
jTq m q&#s! eTT\T rdq+<T>qT y+eT eTe TT\T,
d~, u& T VA]+#sT.
H\sT {| me >qT lk$Ty] m|& u \
+{qT+&>, <jT eT+~seTT qT+&> k+&T ]
rdTbe&+ n\yT. sE lk$Ty] de\T lk$Ty]
+]> y+{e +{ e<*|{ de y[e#sT. \y ]
k+&T be& ] d lk$TysT m+& n+
{| qT M]# &* Ls= ysTT+#THsT. s #| +&
de bsTTq+<T~ n >T]+#sT de\T. lk$Ty]
de ysT #| qT > eTs= $<+ >, <w+> #d, lk$TysT
e+ eTq+> +& |< q de q nqTuy e#T
#jT &yT >, ~ | H < n msT |]#ysT.
s|<|s+ yde \T _]C|* eTkH HjTT&T>sT qT
#q nk<sD \qT $e]+#sT.
lk$TysT ]+{ y[ ne! H+<T eTH |e
n n&>sT. yT +{ lk$Ty] deT]+#+<T MT<T .
lk$Ty] < #| &+ m> n k+~. lk$Ty]
31
ne< \\T
ne< \
yT u< *jT+f ><! y+H ne! =+#+ sb& |e
nHsT. lk$TysT < e+ y&T+{s \ \T
>dT+& $Tsb& |T bd lk$Ty]
n+~++~. |T yTT+ $Tsb& s+&T eTTc\
#|]+, yTTeTT $T+>d #T\T <T\T|= ydT nj!
n yT= os< N{ ysTT+ |k~+ ysT.
32
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 4
ds eT]
k<q <s d<TZsT |qT b+~, y]
nqT>V+ e\q Cq+ b+~q eTVjTT
d< |sTw\T. Xk\ u>e+Tq #|& 2
ds+, dsdeTs, ds y|+ n{y]
d+|Ps+> |eTe&+ u\ nqTuyy<eTT.
{ eTVjTT\T ||+ #+ m& @$T sT>TTq< nqTD
eTT
\TdT+ n<Tq eT u\qT nH d+eTT\ qT+&
sdT+{sT. n<jT+ lk$Ty] jTT ds+,
dsdeTs+ #keTT.
>=\>eT& yde \T jTdt. . eTkH nH eTTd+ u +&
sE wsT> jT{ y&T. n&T y[q =~d|{
V+&yT q eseTT ]d y\Te\T njsTT. +{ qT+& jT{
y[q e<T& T eT&T sE\es ] s<T . jTq d+ n#
ysT. jTq # #| eT lk$Ty] n]+#sT. jTq
yw+ esTHsT. s | |+s+ ksT . n k$TysT #bsT.
e\T y] ns+ <T . \y ] #s mes eTw XeeTT
+< *d y[ ##sT. XeeTT jTT e+deTT n+ #|\ T
q> e\eTT meTT \ T e e TT HsTT. meTT \
|+seTTqq >T&\ qT { jTH y] +& n >T]+#sT.
meTT\ |+seTT y] k+|<jqTks+> de~ #XsT.
jTq yw+ e]+~. n lk$TysT #|&+ jTq
#bsTT eTs= <VeTT <&, |+seTT ks+f meTT\
>&T eyT <=sTT+< lk$TysT #| q e\s+ *d+~.
33
dseT]
ne< \
eTTL{ seTjT (eTVeT\sT) >]+{ lk$TysT
+&> >eTdT\ T y] +& seT V+#sT. <]
eTT+&e T+&d _+#sT. e#< M\T<T nHsT lk$TysT.
eTq <TsTD
Z u e s+Z eTT+&e T+&\ lk$Ty] ue+
u\T!
eT&|* lk$TysT +&> H>T\y\sT sT\T
=+<sT lk$Ty] <]+#sT. kMT! Cq |s T |T=H+.
d+eseTT Cq u> |+&TT+<! n n&>sT. s <s T
<j
nHsT lk$TysT. |+&TT+~ < |+&<T n
eeTT #| <T . lk$TysT #| qT |~sE\ s s +&T
|sT>T\T |& n+<] |sT b&bsTT+~.
lk$Ty] #\ T eT+>eT>] n> sT # ;<ysT. |P
>&e&+ <T. sE lk$TysT qed q|&T
eT+>eTqT q seT y] * eTTK+ y nHs>+> +&
#&\+T+< lk$TysT |*#sT. eT+>eT>sT eTqdT
|y >& b @ #T | e~d b&y qqTq~.
y+H ds eT] nHsT, @+<e qT #T | e~d
bH! <y? n.
lk$TysT q +<+ fb+ HsT.
deTjT+ >=\>eT& q k$Tu\T =iL{ TjT
nHs>+> +& |< + +&e\d e+~. qT o k$Ty]
#+b |<+<s< b<T. H d\|eTT #d+<T
messT . lk$T de&q seTHjTT&T H#+ e+f eT+
e\T #T +&y&T. >eT+ H mes n+{
&T sT n eTqdT lk$Ty] d]+ u<|&sT. n<
deTjT+ lk$TysT seTHjTTD >=\>eT& yeT
C|+ #sT. eTT qqT y]y+T+#T=H lk$TysT
m+<T beTHs q n|&T u<| & < T . n&T y+fH y[
TjT qT \TdT=H lk$TysT |+|q sDeTT *d+~.
34
dseT]
ne< \
keT\ <>sZ eq =+& MT< lk$TysT q >T&d

ydT = q qH Bb | q e+#T= s+ +Ts MTT
+&ysT. y] <>sZ de#dT +Tq #\eHjTT&T >] H&T
kjT+\eTT, nj <s T eTqTw\ me> nqeTT rdTs
nHsT. lk$Ty] u\ y] m]+#> ysT e&\T,
bjTdeTT dV nqeTT j sT #d |+bsT. H{ s 7
>+\ esZeTT *jT +{\T|& \T|PsT |eTk
eTkqjT, y] dVT&T k$T <sHs+ e#sT. ys&
#s e TT+< y]d+ lk$TysT uqeTT #sTT+#&y T $+.
|&T |* |#eT lk$Ty] XeT+ q
dVT\ \d u q seT+ @sT #j \ \+~. n
@sT #dT=q~. lk$TysT XeT+ sT. qT y]
#|<T. k$TysT <s+ ys=# e+&HsT. nj
XeT+ u q sT>TT+&j ? n& be<? <\ +&
n u q sE lk$TysT q +<+ <* e u q
+< nqT>V +#sT.
eqe\ bs s\T s+&T s\T> e+{sTT. =
bX# q #dT >*q$, eT]= | d]> j e\ T
nqTu$ + rse\dq$. me] s \T @ sy T q eq $wjT eTT
d<TZsTe\ \TdT+~. eTqeTT nCq+ eTq u<\T d+|Ps+>
lk$Tys T y]+# < ybeTT. n | d ] >
nqTu$+#e\dq s\T>& s+s u>eHeTdsD e\q
Z+#&TjT |<\T #TsT. n+<T d<TZsTe\T |d]>
nqTu$ +#e\dq s \qT eTs= q ysTT< yjT +&
qH nqTu$ ksT . $wjT eTT lk$Tys dw| ] #sT.
<#] yde \sTTq d ] n+jT >sT sTT #bsT.
lk$Ty] y |T= e+>&e TT <T . m+<sT e*H
y< + #sTT+#TsT. @ y< + #d u>ej y< +
k$Tys Hq&> H H #b*. y< + HqT #d lk$Ty]
35
dseT]
ne< \
u>T#d sy* nqTH&T. | s+ Hsy]+<

lk$Ty] d~ +&\ \ n+jT>sT >=\>eT&
e#sT. sE n+<s uq #de+f jTq lk$Ty]
m<TsT> LsTHsT. n+jT eTq+> | ] d]d eHsT.
ds eT]jT q lk$T nHsT. +<Tj !
bZ T+~ ejTH LsT+f u q y[ e eTs s
2.30 >+\ deTjT+ k$T m<T LsTH&T. n<] n
eTqdT yT<T\T +~. n{ n&>L&<j nHsT
lk$TysT. n+jT n{ M\T|&< T #| e\dq< nH ueeTT
#|d d> #dq T \ }bsT. y+H k$T +s+ #k sTT
>{> |*+~. nf eTs sy\j! | , n{ n&> L &<T .
+<TLsT| LsT y+jT>]+{ |&T
lk$TysT ysT. lk$TysT y+jT >] >+;sy T q m<T\ qT
# nj! B \T >+&eTT e+~. nHsT. ysDbjT
yT$T #| <T . = sE\ #<T Hq s&Tq +&>TH m<T \T
n Xy T + ~. m<T +Hs+_++~. m y< eTT\T #dH
qjTeTT<T . =+ <qyTXsT.
keT\ bC sTT |~ d+es\ X+k|q
sT>TT+<q> < sDeTT >T]+ lk$TysT #bsT.
H&T lk$TysT +]> m& y[ed m& ysT
kMT n+f n&= <ekqeTT u sT, < >TsTu { e#
qHsT d\ + #|, n<H& T keT\ bC <>sZ ]+#&
|+#\k$T \jT+.
b\=+& dTus& (>bs+) lk$TysT H&T nj!
deTT<+ b\T=dT+ ~. e sTT# e+&L &<T . y+H +{
y[beTHsT. ysT n> lk$Ty] yT s +{ ysT .
\T e~* # \+> lk$Ty] de eHs +{ >V +
dTus&>] rd\ y] nq\T edTHs kjT+\+
36
dseT]
ne< \
*d+~. <s ]H=sT \TdT+&H ysT. d+ks

k> s y T m e | e < s y T q d e TT< e T, eeT\T>
deTT<eTq&~ C b|V syT q <q y] ue+.
H&T =eTs] seTDjT, dTus& k$T>T+& f\ T
=f+ <T bTHsT. sy +sT rdTbeT 3,4 ksT
eT eT #bsT lk$TysT. lk$TysT #bsT qT ysT
+sT rdT= ysT. #T+< &q |< H>TbeTT
#TydT= |&T= e+~. +sT y\TTsT # #T
bsTT+~. lk$TysT eTq| sT D+ b&\ #H eTq
y] e| $XdeTT q|&T y] yTs T.#. |
q&T#Tq|&T eTq |<\T eTq |e. d<TZsTeq&
|s&s, @ \yTq sD+ +& ysT eTqMT 3

<+#s >TsT+ #T= ysT #| qT #dq u \ T m+>H
dTK|&sT. d<TZsT de sTTc sTTc\T +#&yT yTq
>eTT, k<q!
#\eHjTT&T nH u D
lk$TysT k] nj!
m& b+& H <>sZ e+&T n <+#sT. q n\yT
|s+ q dVT +{ y&T. jTq |P] c e+&
#+| MT< #sT | #se &+ #\eHjTT&T +< |&&T .
s +&T |+&T }&bjsTT. yT& L& y+~. lk$Ty]
T n n|&sy T + ~.
sT| |sdT&T +& y+ eTTs&>sT jTeT+
| +& | bs$ T HsjTD eqeTT y[ ksjT\ k$Ty]
<]+#ysT. eTV, $TeTT\qT u Xs+ e+&> <]+#
bjqT. MT+{ dJeq eTVT\ <s qeTT |k~+#e\dq~
n sT #T> b]+#ysT.
Ms=| &T |MT< qT] e lk$Ty] >] $
eTsTH& >=\>eT& e lk$Ty] <]+#sT.
37
dseT]
ne< \
n|&T |<e T <s q+H lk$TysT N{
yd sTT n+<T 21e ~qeTTq <=$T (s& + >T) sT>TT+~.
n<$T #jT <T n ysTT+#sT. +>H 21e sE b\eTT
>< e L\T ]>+ |]d @s&+~. lk$T |e\q
s&>] =+&+ zsT * qqT m+ <w+qqT esT
e{&<T. d]>Z 21e sE nsTT e+&&+ k$T| u
X< s & sT| qT+& m+ X< e lk$T y] de~
<]d +&ysT.
kMT! y+ eTTs& eTq+<] qq ede TT\T #sT.
n de\T #_ nj! jTq mH c\T r]bT+&
nHsT lk$TysT.
d+>+ yde\T |\+s& cs& k] # e]k>T
#ksT. # u> |]+~. yqT rd deTj #\
n+ \TbsTT+~. 30 |T nejT n+#H yksT.
\TbjT|{ s +&T |T e&yT we T n+#HyksT. d+
10 |T |+& +f KsT\TL& se, |~|T |+& lk$Ty]
s 100/` deT]+#T+{q yTTH&T. d>+ #qT |q>{
|yd |MT< eT+#yTd |&TH&T. V |jT+> >*yq
e#sTT >* s &> sT eT+#+ dV +< |&&T . k$Ty]
|e\q >*yq s<T . qT yTTqT |~|T |+&+~.
s 100/`\T rdT= k$T <sq+ d+ e#&T. <]
KsT\e\ s 30/` \T KssTT s 70/` eyT k$Ty]
deT]+#<\ me] #| +& | + lk$Ty] #|+<
|{sT. nqTq<+ e<T. + s 30/` \T y*.
$L& e<T, rjTeTqT nHsT. lk$Ty] |qTq sT
KsT\ L& e sT y k&T kMT n+f jTq e&T,
u qTe | nHsT lk$TysT. jTq |=q
sT y lk$TysT s 70/`\T n+^]+#sT. lk$TysT
38
dseT]
ne< \
#| qT cs &> , jTq dVT&T lk$Ty] s

30/` \T sTTe<T .
|dT + *#&T {#s T > eq nT \+ss E>sT
M] us H>u dTs<$>sT #bsT.
\+ssE>sT Ns\qT, jTq us *#&TqT
<>+ #dysT. sE>] *#&T <>+ <=] <s T #
+&e#Tq lk$Ty]q&>sT. eT&T H\\| *#&TH
<>+ edT+ < #bsT. *#&T n< <>+ eq |..{.
kuH> ] n#{ qT+& <jT ys= }] by\q #q
<T . qT sE>] *#&T <>+ s<qTHsT. =
sD\e\ kuH >sT sJHe #d be&+ sE>] kq+
k$TysT #| qT <>+ se&+ ]+~. M]_& |< #
s#T> |T e#$. lk$Ty]q& 9 d+\ ejTdT
bT+<HsT. ns \ n> ]+~.
b+>sT yde \T |.<Xs < s eTjT>sT d #<T e=H
sE\ qT+& k$Ty] <]dTHsT. sE lk$TysT
M] du HdsY nee n os~+#sT. n<$<+>
=+ MsT dq + #] osT U >T&\ T <] + |uT
<>+ #ksT.
k] H\sT V dsY >=\>eT& e kMT! MTsT
eTVT\ n+<s n+{sT. H @<q MT eTV+ #|+#+&
n |< |< b]+#&T. # d| eTq+ eV+ es , jTq
eT<V+ nq+ <T n yd sTTeeTHsT. n+<s V dsT
nq+ b e&yT $T nqTHsT. jTq +{ y d] y]
us &T |H=| n, dT| y[+<, \T|+ yd e+<
*d+~. yT @ dT| y[qB *jT kjT+\+ eT&T
>+\ esL jTq yT THsT. n|&T nq+ <=s {|H
#d, { >e\d e+~! eTsTH&T V dsT e lk$Ty]
39
dseT]
ne< \
eTV+ q u> nqTue yT+ < kc+> |&sT . eTVT\qT
|+ #&+ mH sTT+<T\ sDeTeT+~.
H&= <+|T \ + e, f+jT ={ lk$Ty]
>T+&eTTq deT]+ ysT. sT y lk$TysT nj
f+jT |\T >T+&eTT qT+& rd yjT +&. y{ \TL&
qe nHsT. n> de\T rdyX sT. lk$TysT #| qf
=]|\qT \T L& eTT< T .
lk$Ty] jT+<T |Ps $XdeTT >*Z y] eTT
u d]+#ysT, eT c\qT >] y] $q$+# qs< T .
ds eT] *jT<eTTq~. nedsy T q |&T eT _&\ ~
4 #j y] \TdT. eTq nu sq +&H ysT eTq u<\
ysDbjT+ d+, u<\T =\+q dyX\T
=\\T.
<:` | & T lk$Tys T lseTj T CT
ysTT+#sT. n+<T e\ \qsTdT +{ m<TsT> eq
lseTjT>] +{ esD e+& |qT>T\ bs m ydT y*
n ysTT+#sT. ys# $ #d +>H meTT\T, u>T\Z T
u&T q$. n$ $ rdyX y]+{ n|{ es +&$+q
nHs>eTT, eTqds\ T yTT<\>T u<\ T bsTT X+ \_++~.
u d+sD q |seT se+> \q lk$TysT
]<T nV]X\T @eTsTbT ub\q #jTT#THsT.
eTq sqTq c\qT | +#T=H es+Z d+#&y T >,
5 d#q\T eTq+ b{+#T eTs eTs eTqqT q* +f
me |eT V#]+#ysT. ys d#q\T b{+#&+
n&+ \T ed ] lk$Tys y{ rse\d e#~.
<:` qT] yde \T ] seTk$T>] eTT+,
HqT+ seTT |&~. &se\ qjTeTT <T. k$T <>Zs
e#&T. s| <T jT\T+& bT+~. 44 sE\ >+&+ e+~
40
dseT]
ne< \
bT+~. 72 d+es\ s+&T H\\ jTTdT. sT|, +,
sTeSsT bsTT | # kq+ #d, f+jT ={, <#d
sy* n lk$TysT N{ ysTT+ sTT#sT. lk$TysT
#|qf s+&esE H{qT+ s+ |&&+ *bsTT+~.
n|&|& lk$Ty] <sq+ #dT=HysT. sT|,
seSsT, + j be+ eTsbj&T. lk$TysT
\T|PsT e+&> y] <]d y+H me]e<H n|rdTHH
(&T\T +f) j beTHsT. n> n| rdT
+{ +&H j y&T. ] e# dT eTsT eTkqjT
<sZqT <]+#& y&T. <sZ yqTqTq yT e< |< H>TbeTT
VsT> n&++~. ujT+ eTdT= lk$Ty]
b]+#&T. ]#|\ beTT y[bsTT+~. eTsTsE
lk$Ty] <>sZ = qeTd]+q y+H q{ 44 sE\
>+&+ bsTT+~>< nHsT lk$TysT. $<+ > q|eTqT
u\sT |s y] u $Xk\qT |+b+<CdysT.
sE lk$TysT nkT> H\sT qT+& qsd+ VQ\
=+& by*`deT q de\ #bsT. # #\
|k <T . lk$T y] #| eTT+<T MTsT m+&, &T edT+ ~
nHsT. nqTeq+H ysT d LsTHsT. dT <T \TT+&>
y+{e>sT d \ T MT< esZq b M] dT # e{&
jus bjT\T ysT.
y|PsT <Xj
T , | +{ y] eT< eq |V >&
|&bsTT, H\ #<syT me] V<T m+ es nq~ *jT
|Ne+~. sTes lk$Ty] rdTy[ y]<] eT< V<T
#|eTHsT. lk$TysT nu! eTTq>#T s #T
>e e+< nHsT. e\s+ me] *jT<T.
lk$TysT H\| # q * ^^d, <] ~ V<T,
e ne\, jTq sTTe\ e+&+& n C|+ #sT. |PseTT
|V >& eq #f lk$TysT V<T #| * ^jT&+
41
dseT]
ne< \
n+<] Xs|]+~. nB> ] <=& eTTq>#
T, eTs=]
<=& s #T e+&+, <H lk$TysT eTTq> #T , s
#T >e n |k$+#&y T ec.
sE lk$TysT &sT y+eT>]+{ y+#d
jTTHsT. n+<s u+#X lk$TysT Vs+ d]+#&+
n\yT. H&T L& n> lk$Ty] uH eeT
b]++~. q\u eT+~ nH=dT+ f @+B |#yT sTT{ \T#T
e+~. be |#yT! nH #&e nHsT lk$TysT.
yT | y[+~. |~ $Tc\ +>H q\u eT+~ e#sT.
y] n|{| &T nq+ e+&, $Ts| jT\T *, +|+ &T
q*| ||\TdT, nq+ e&+ #sT.
eTV T \T m| & T L & sTT # j T eT me]
s+~+#sT. # d+> d\V sTTksT. d\VqT eTq+
6 b{d m+ yT\T b+<TeTT, +f # wq we TT\qT
m<Ts=q e\d edT+ < +~ dyX+ TTEe #dT + ~.
sE lk$Ty] de\T eTVeT\sT ] <>sZ
nq+ e+&TH q b #T HsT. kjT+eTT <
sTT e#T eT&T yT <s+ >e jTseTsE
jT\T<s&T. lk$TysT |&T e<T s | b<Tq b nHsT.
b<T < u\T lk$Tys #| THsT. s> y[ s>\q
jT\T<s&T jTseTsE. <] &#T | \&
Td\T =T#T n& n& ++~. {q s>+ d| mTb
y| e#~. qT \& nB \&~. es |X|eTT
#+<T# kMT! MTsT #| q e $qq+<T H bDV *+Z ~
n #+|d T = n&T >TsTeqT b]+#&T. y+H beTT
|&> ~+ # y[bsTT+~.
b\=+& dTus& (>bs+) lk$Ty] dMT| eT+<*
@{ kH rdT y ysT. |sE e#|&T e s T \T
42
dseT]
ne< \
|s bsdq qTe # y|> { jTqqT eTHysT.
=H n# qTe #+ U nsTT+~. y+eT>] \+
# y|\ +&bsTT+~. #+ m+<T kMT? n+f,
nj! H\ H yq y\Te\T |TT +~ ><j
? nHsT.
n< $<+> H\ eTTdTsT|{ eseTT\T ]dq$. u$T|
yTT<T\T ydy{ |q #yd <H eT s+sVA+>
ysT. es| +< bsTT+&$. |q ydq | e\ eT+
s~ <T.
m+<s u \ T lk$Ty] #+q #] de #d y]\\T
$ u $Xk\ |\]dTq \+H eTs= e+ nyT]H
XdE
\ T n+] H #+< eT+&\+| \ e#sT. n<=
|< |T qs+> eT+ #| q~. sEH k] q{
<jT nH u & T , eTqTw\T #+<eT+&\+ bsTT e#sT n
Xs+> lk$Ty] #bsT. n<+j ! _&+ < T nHsT
lk$T. <s+qT, dE
qT $X+s+ sTTs >V \qT,
HT\qT b*d +> #+<eT+&\+ # n\yTq<.
$XeT]jT q lk$TysT n nq&+ XsyTeTT+~?
s E > |+# \ eT lk$Ty] \T, e
deT]++~. n#qTqysT |&T e<T n y{ |
H{sT . yT H=#T= u<| & T <s+> y[ |&T q~. yT
|eTqT >T]+q ds eT] , e |eT eTs eTs
yTqT #|+#sT. de\T |+#\eTqT dMT|+ k$T q&
, e eT+THsT n #| rdTbjsT. n~ *d n+<s
Xs+ eTT>T\ jsT.
|&T de\T b #d lk$Ty] e&+#sT.
lk$TysT =~> $T*q < =~> |eT H\T>T
sE\T esTd> eT* y+jT ##sT. lk$Ty] w+
+<#\ y+jT |+& #TbsTT yTT+
HX&T. n+ lk$TysT $wjT + >T]+#< qqT
43
dseT]
ne< \
y]+#< n&+ >H b+bj&T. 5e sE lk$TysT

qT $T+q s+&T CdT+~! n+ y+jT
#e+& bqT >T+&+ |&XsT. y+jT VQX&
#+|dTH&T.
b\=+& dTus&> sT eT&| &qT = |T=dT+ f
<] n~ u~] | +#T bsTT+~. sTy nsTT<T sE\T ysT
<=s < T . e]& T lk$Ty] <]+ &qT >] n&
y<e<T, n< edT+~ nHsT. n{> +{ yd] &
m&T+&~ *d y] eTqTw\T \T= eHsT. l ksTT #]
#+< b{ jT+ yH q|& q >Ti| C&qT l ksTT
n dT\Te> d+#sT.
eTsk] lk$TysT b\=+& dTus&>] ud
jTs&TT+< N{ ysTT+#sT. =H sT y s &> ] +sT
u $T |{sTT#sT. e\q sD
+ |{qT s<T # X &T.
m>H+ es s&>] |{ UjTyT+~. |*+> sD+
<>+ }&+~. lk$Ty] ef yT+ ~.
1978 ` 79 b++ lk$TysT \T|PsT $&~
#dj
T THsT. H\sT <=& dTus&> ] <>]Z +<T e\ < q_&
H s+ # u< q~. m+ eT+~ &s T |jT +
$|\ yTH sT. es lk$Ty] eTVeT $ _&q T rdT e#sT.
_&q T +s+ qT+& +~ b<eTT\ es # eT<Te> eqT
dsB XsT lk$TysT. _& d+|Ps s>+ *+Z ~. n+<Te\
eTsTd{ ys+ ysT <D > s 250/` deT]+#ujsT. m+d|
n]+H> lk$TysT d]+#< T . es H\T>T H\\
sT y e+& rdT+{qT nHsT. d]>Z H\T>T H\\ y]
_& eTsD+ #+ >eTHs+. qT ysT eTs e <D deT]+#
|d b sTT+~. BH lk$TysT eTT+<T> d+#sT.
lk$Ty] d+|Ps $Xd+ XsD T y&q y] d+|Ps

44
dseT]
ne< \
u< lk$Tys rdT+{sT. V<jT + y+Tyd

& +& eTq bD\T y] #T |{ +> +&>\ >&y T 7
n+<T sVdeTT. d<TZsTe |>Z\|#b + y<
ksTTH<T &T #| q e eTq+ # >TsT+ #Te\d jTT+&TqT.
k] .TjT &T\T nedse TjsTT. q >=i\ qT
ksTT nyTj\qTH&T. H{ s lk$TysT d|+
+ >=i\ qT ksTTy neT&+ m+ b|+? @$T d+>?
n |*sT. n y+H yT\Te e+~. lk$T #| +~
yT q &T nedse TT m rs*? lk$TjT XsD
+
n >=s\qT H\sT \TbjsT. ksTT <>sZ \u& nH
eT+~ # ysT sT L& =q<T. =+d|{
| eP]ysT e yTeTT yT|+{eTT <s +Z eeTHsT.
y+H Tq n+^]+ nyTXsT. $<+ > lk$TysT y{
ksTT u] qT+& s+ #sT. $<+ > qqT XsD Tb+~q u \ qT
b|u s+ qT+& $eTT #XsT.
| &T lk$TysT deTT< kH yTb &T ysT.
TjT s +&T >+\ sT y d+> *d, lk$Ty]
\TdTe# yTb &T y&T. lk$TysT kq+ #d >Tq
LsTHsT. mesT +{ b<eT de\T |*q|{ jTq
<\ <T . TjT e y] \TdT= kq+ #X y+H
e#sT. ysT e# d+> *d lk$TysT < < n|&T u \
*d+~.
<#sT yde \T d ] n+jT q eTqe& @$T |sT
|eT+{s lk$Ty]q& nj! jTq |Psq dTq
nH |sT>\ es &T. n< |sT |eT #| _& os< N{
yd s +& T qs d + e s e TT\ ej T d T { > + & e T
Mss|T ek$T >+&+ rdyk s ysTT+ #sT.
eT&Tqs d+eseTT\ ejTdT >\ y nq uJ
45
dseT]
ne< \
eT]jTT dTq\T \d eT +{ dMT|+ +& ~>T&Tu$

sT >T ec> bjsT. sT >T \TC] dTq
|&b j&T. uJ \T |&T u$ qT+& |sT > &T .
+{ y] +& |sT >Tq e yTT\T eTTb+&
{| \TTq _&q T rdTse&+ n& >T&\ &X sTT.
n+T |&q |{ >T &T sTL& > +& { |q
_& m +&>* >&T nH~ }s+<] XsyT+ ~. sE l
y+jT k$TysT ysTT+q N{ #d d]>Z H{ >&T e
|Pss TT+~ n *d+~.
|s+=+& qT+& eq HjTT&T>sT #bsT.
lk$TysT eT]=+<sT u \ T |+#*+>\ q bsTT $X+
=s # LsT+<eT lk$Ty] >eT n]+#sT. nu!
& LsL&<T, |&TL&<T, |e<+ n n# qT+&
e#ksT. sT>T |j D+ #d n< |<X + |< =+&#] jT
$]|& |< +&\THjT! lk$TysT *|q |e<+ n|&T
nsy T + ~. @ =+&#] jT m|&T $s> & $wjT + >& lk$Ty]
\TdT.
1977 T b qT (d q T) e\ ~$ \ n+
=T bsTTq d e Tj T + k$Tys T eT<d T sw +
eTHsT+&> HsT. H\sT TbqT (d qT) |e<eT
s &j *jT|s +~. $wjT + lk$Ty] #_, nj!
eTq >T+&\T | ><! eTq+ qw+ <T . H\sT
d+es+ sT H\\ |H +&T sE\ >*yq >+&+ e+~ n
ysTT+#sT. n< $<+ > fe TT H\sT qw+ s> < T .
eTsT&q d<T sZ T \ <e\T L& T&

+{sH d + +~ d+|T q s|dT + ~.
qT] yde \T ] seTk$T y] es @< X| P
|P#d eTq kBq+ +& +&~. y] +{ |\T
46
dseT]
ne< \
yTT*#sTT. dT eTsT eTkqjT <sZ <>sZ , nHdeTT<+| <>sZ ,

H>sT H>|+ <sZe< <T d+es\T |<D\T #XsT.
|*+<T. lk$Ty] <>Zs e#sT. n|&jTq Cqy&
ee T yT e+{MT< edq ~ n *|HsT. <$ yT
+{ MT< eq|&T k{y] u u$ wY ese H\T #
K+> #|~. #eT+~ e #| +#T+ +&+ e\
\+ sB nsTT+~. =H nsTTq sT y Xys+ |
q sE\T |Pq+ s+& N{ ysTT+#sT lk$TysT. n<
$<+ > Xys+ sE eyT neTD |P |X \T #|~. |&T
L& # sB nsTT+~. $yV+ e\dq nesTT qT
|X \T #| + # +~ n, qT m|& <$ q es
e+{ MT< s+& #jTeT +& lk$Ty] b<jT
| & & T . j T q nH ysTT+#s T . n~ y T T< \ T < $
yTHeV+#<T. |&yT lk$Ty] yTs $yV+
#XsT. _&\ T L& *>sT.
+s+ m|& sujT |e<\T, |<\ T y{ 9

ysDbjT+ eTT+<T>H #| e <sH y]
s+#ysT.
b\=+& dTus& lk$TysT sEq N{ yd
#sT. n+<T MT >eTdT\ | >eTdT\ |< ><
edT+ ~. e bsTT e #| d]bT+<j n yd
#sT. kMT! n+ |< >e H e $+{s? HqT
#|>\H? n+f & qT+& bTHe >qT e
d]bT+~ nHsT.
lk$TysT #| q >&T e |s+ b<T >T+ eTd
N{ s +&T }s q+ T \ T, {sT rdT= }] y\T|* e
yV]+#sT. lk$TysT #| q e >TsT e jTq y[
] #|e\dq |<ysT MTs $<+> \|& @+
47
dseT]
ne< \
u>T+T+~ nHsT. e @+ |u e+ e+< HjT\T
eT |TqT e<* yqT ysT. lk$Ty] < eT].
eeT>] d|+ d T u] D dTq T, yT
e< H{y d q T |++~. n|& d <d{ qH bdT
\e++> eeT Hq n+{+~. \y sd] +>H q \MT<
u\T u~dTHsTT. lk$Ty] #| eT+~ ><e!
eeT e#~<. >T+> e+&< ><! nHsT. Hq u\T
e#sTT kMT n+f eTs L& e#~ <T <j
nHsT
lk$TysT.
lk$TysT eTV n<T qH keT n #| e#T.
q >TT sT +&T ysT eTV<T+ > q{+#ysT. jT<e+
< e nqT eT]jTT lk$Ty] e\ #b\+f y+&
< { ><j eTqeTT+&~ nqf yT*>ysT. eT deTd\
|]cs eseZ TT \eT n]+q y] =+<] q +Ts
MT{, y >D+ #T=, X+ # @<< u+ eT\T #d {
s+&T e\T #|ysT. =+ eT+~ eN seTT+<
y&T> +&H y] $wj \ $| \+> #|ysT. u u$ wY
ese H\T B\ dV #|ysT.
<:` q{ l seTjT us, y\sT >$+<jT >]
us >seT\T. l seTjT >$+<jT>sT eT @ _&\T
|Ts lk$Ty] n&>\ e#sT. MsT eN seTT+<
ys$T n&> H MT <] eT>|\ |TsT, b+& n
e #| |+|XsT. y]> ]+~.
|seT sTDeT]jTq lk$TysT y]e #|q
rs T # N< ] +| >qT, | e TT>qT +< . m+< T
N<]+#Te&+? + eTT+<T y]q mH nqTue eTT\ <s
lk$Ty] d]> n+#H ydT y] <Ts\ d
N<]+#THsT. @ _&q T y\+f _&q T |k~+#>\ y]
48
dseT]
ne< \
~ed >T]+# @ _& |&TT+< n&> + m+ Vqd ! 10

=~ d+es\ +< nyT]H XdE
\ T n+]+
du nH |]s n+] H |+bsT. n~ =+\+
X+ u $T #T ]+~. < J$\+ |Pss TT+< eTq
<X+ m&H |&e # XdE
\ T |{ + #&+ e\q |\+<s
m+ uj
T u+T\jsT. deTjT+ u & T sE
d u m& |&T T+< lk$Ty] n&>&T. n|&jTq n~
n& & deTT<+ |&T T+~j nHsT. n{> ]+~.
n~ m& |d| eTVdeTT<+ |&+ ~.
>=\>eT& sD+ dTuse>] esT&T lk$Ty]
u&T. n&T +sY | yH&T. V {{ lk$Ty]
os~+#eTH&T. | bdee n os~+ N{
ysTT+#sT lk$T. lk$T|e\q bdeq # d+s
|&&T . |* \T |{ + |&T ||sT n H+sT <T .
# ~>T\T|& n& * lk$T q&+~. kMT! MTsT bde&
#| ]. |\y H+sT ||sT <! |s TT\j&! n. <e ,
jTq bdsTTH&T n lk$TysT > #bsT. esT\
*dT #d lk$TysT #|qf bdsTT eH&T. lk$Ty]
e n<y T neT+~?
1968 lk$TysT l seTj! \T <! nHsT.
n~ m{> n lk$Ty] ]d \T nq+| =+T+&
n #bsT. sE lseTjT n eq >=| s T . | +{
nq+| # |<y&T. ~ e\+ lk$Ty] | e\qT=H&T
lseTjT. +s+ 1983 H{ <] |]dT\T
sTesH sTT. nq+| u>e+T&, lseTjT \T neTTT+f
=HX&T. 20 d+eseTT\ sT y, me] \T mesT =+{s
|sq T L& lk$TysT K+> #bs+f ysT ds eT]jT
*jT+ <! dw | q $wjT eT eTT+<T sj
T + |seTT
49
dseT]
ne< \
] rsTT+~. sj
|dT eTq |jT + ese#T.
nsTT n es+<T >T |jT+ #d d+ks+>\ysT
11 q{=sT <T< ysTT=sT L& +&sT. y\ eT+~ @
s n #jT>\s+{&T l w|se u>eBZ. nsTT
d<T sZ T e\+<] sj
\T es>\ X +T+~. eTq+ y]
|qT b+~ | yssj\qT essT.
<s |\jT us qeT q nsej @ +{ |s wH
#sTT+#Tq~. + qTH=|>H q~. |s wH m #Xs,
+{ #| edT+ < < n uj
T |& lk$T y] b]++~.
k$T d| <sq$T @MT ujT|&e<T. |swH #dq+d|
Hq& eHqT<? nHsT. k$T #| qf qT H=| Z # >
q&TT+~. q bsq eT+ d| <s q$Tq |eTeT]
HH+ TTD|& eHq #| T+~.
yTq u, |eT\ lk$TysT m+ >=|>
12
$\Te#ys +~ $wjT+ e\ \TdT+~. sE HqT
(s#s TT) H +{ &\ T j sT #sTT+ k$T y] dT H qT.
lk$TysT y{ d$+#+ es $&e+& HeT|+ #j \
#d #qT. lk$TysT HqT e#|{ CsT qT+&
| +q & HsT. $wjT + *d HqT # u< |&qT.
k$T de\T HqT q &\ qT k$Ty] |< T . sDeTT
n+ eTT+< k$TysT & HsT. qsks& us XseT nH
u s \T HqT q &\ qT k$Ty] y~+ =+#yT q qeT
n]++~. n sT DeTjTT&T =+#yT +& HqT q H\T>T
&\T |P]> HsT. n|&T H eTqdT m+ q+~++~.
ds eT]jT q lk$TysT $<+ >H nH eT+~ u \ qT
d+| |]#ysT.
=+<sT u \ T e lk$Ty] nqTeT +&H y]
e\T f|#t X sT. sT y f|t H #d m+{ Xu\T e.
50
dseT]
ne< \
yde &T y+ seTDjT b{>|s T qT rdTe

lk$Ty] b{ rjTeTH&T. mesT |jT+H
#jTujT deTj lk$TysT ~ysT. { <
seTDjT HqT <q+ LsT+{qT. e s &> e+& lk$TysT
bE q|&T b{ rsTT n b{>|sT #| <q+
LsTH&T. =+d|{ <j eTjTT&T q \qT | |&T =H
bE #&T. y+H b{ rX&T. H&T de~ eT+~seTT |&
_+j T Tq lk$Ty] b { n< . lk$Ty] rd q
b{\+{ B # |dq , sTqe +&$dTH jT
| sT |X+ddTHsT. yTq |eT lk$TysT m+
>=|> d+~ksT .
+s& dTus&, \sT |* >eT+, H\sT \ q
+&>sq dTus$Ts& >] lk$Ty] >\ nqTuy \qT
$e]+#sT.
1966 e d+eseTT e *> sT bj, e Hq>]
eTqdT $\yT u< e+f dVT\T lk$Ty] <sH
rdT= e#sT. |<e T <s q+H y] m{ X+ dTU\qT
|k~+#s> n~ yTT<\T= lk$Ty] e Hq s# T >
<]+#ysT. 1969 qT+& +{ u< \T H n|+ lk$T
y] #+H e+& d$+# Hs+_+#&T. HqT n|&| &T _jTeTT,
&T\T e# y&.
e Hq sE n>T+& f+jT =u nj
jTq n+T =L &<T n X\$#sT. jTqMT u<| & < T .
=~d|{ e eTT us #bsTTqT e Hq ys n+~+~.
< $<+ > e Hq +{ y[ |\\ qT # ekq
lk$Ty] X\e s&T. nj, m{ bsTTqy&$ n{>
sy*, + & | L&<T n X\$#sT lk$TysT. e
Hq \T #]q y+H s +&T >+\ e eTT&T #bj&T.
51
dseT]
ne< \
+ & |L &<T n lk$TysT #| q e\ ns+ n|&T

*d+~.
e eTT&T, eTs<\ T #b eTT+<T, H d+ <
lk$TysT #bsT. n|{ H |[ nsTT m$T~ d+eseTT\T
nsTTq~. + _&\ T |f X< T . eTT&T, eTs<\ T #bj
#bsTTq y[<s T eTs eksT . H d+qeTT> |TsT
n lk$TysT #bsT. yTT< #| q lk$Ty] e\ $
|P]> $sT<e TT> e+&&+ HqT lk$Ty] u> neVq
#XqT. e Hq>sT lk$Ty] >=|H >] |keq
q|& H +|syT lk$Ty] e #d
e{&y &. lk$TysT #| qT H d+ *+~.
H lk$Ty] jT+<T $XdeTT eeTT \T>< T .
sE lk$TysT nj! n&T>, =&T Hq <s
|T= edTH &T. L # nqeTT mT = bTH&T
nHsT. @& k$T e q|&eTT < n+f n&T>qj
<s Hq |T= n eyT nHsT. lk$T y] e\qT
|+ #<\ sE eHq +{ e $#]d n< fe TT
HqT # nqeTT rdT[qe jT<syTq *+~.
eTVjTTq $X+ mesT @$T #jT T#TH ds eTT q&TH
e+T+~.
lk$Tys+f u X<\T H |esqqT >]
lk$Ty] $q$d jTq +f >=| y&e&Tj ! n
nuj
T $T#sT. H&T H u X<\ T @s&eTT y] odT\
|ueyTq qeTT#THqT.
\T|PsT e Hq _jTeTT ede +f lk$TysT
H N{ ysTT+ #sT. n+<T jTq b|+
e]++~. eT&T sE\T eT{ + nq+ +f b|+
bT+~ n ysTT+#sT. s>eTT> eq H e\T
52
dseT]
ne< \
nseTT<T. HqT dT= yseTTq H\T>TksT H

$wjTeTT e HH lk$Ty] #| $<+> #|+#s
jTq >< ydT HqT. y b|| | #jT e< #| e+f,
e | >\ >seeTT =~ eyd e+&yD. HqT +f
me> k$T >s$kq nqT=Hy? n lk$Ty]
\H&qT. e Hq >T& qqT eT+<*+#sT.
kMT! b|eTT $wjTeTT |\y&T qeT&eTT <T
n lk$Ty] e Hq yTTs |T=+f, nj H\ sE\
jTq *d eTq <>]Z ek&T u<| & e <T n z<ssT.
H\sE\ +>H & e+deTT +f H &T |
H=|, $s#H\T njT$. &s #|d |>T b+~, |s wqT
#j\HsT. eT&T H\\T eT+<T\TH, u< >Z<T. |d]\
se j sj qT. e Hq \e+eTT#d qqT lk$Ty]
<>sZ rdT sT. qqT # lk$TysT || e T +>
qysT. nj! b<T LT+~. eT&T eTT<\ T $T]j\ b&
*|q nqeTT |+&, bT+~ nHsT. n< $<+ > |+#sT.
|~sE\ H u< |P]> |X$ T++~. H\ sE\ &
e+deTT #dH we TT d rdT=#sT lk$TysT. |&T
|P]> eyXqT. + ]H H y] jT&\ uX<\T
@s&< + f n~ H s |\ + nqTy*.
| &T e Hq $s#H #bjT d eH&T.
sTyT eq H\sT rdTbjT+<T +& }] y\T|\
=#eTT. e Hq dT| y +<T n+^]+# H MT< @
e e TT |eT eH e lk$Ty] < > Z s y [ N{
ysTT+#Ts! HqT #H, H jTH H ~ n yTT+& d
sTT+{ e#XsT. > +se TT \T|PsT eq lk$Ty]
<>Zs yqT. s n&H e+&e\d e+~. <jTeTT
lk$TysT e Hq $wjT eTT $ || q$ jTqeTj
jTq dT|b&, jTq bjT\ nqeTT + e+{&T
53
dseT]
ne< \
n #| y] |]uw T, eTDT>T\T n os#q N{ ysTT+

#sT. HqT \T #s d] e Hq #bsTT e+{& nqT=HqT.
+> e Hq lk$TysT #| qf nq+ +TH&T.
+ >=| nqTue eTT ]H H s =~ lk$TysT n+f H
qeTeTT \T><T.
| &T e i\ T | b> |~sE\T y y X
e<* yXeTT. e Hq lk$Ty] #| nj! y
| s e+& ]>sT. H\T>e yT\ T i\ qT fd yT|THsT.
s +&T sbjT\T d * |&sT n X\$#sT. lk$Ty]
e jT+<T n#+#\ $XdeTT >\ e Hq>sT m+<sT #| q
$q+& k$TysT #| qf s +&T sbjT\T eyT e
d<>& H\T>e yT\T yeT |+|+#sT. e i\T
dTs + > +&&y T > lk$TysT #| qT s +&T sbjT\T
eyT rdT= ysT i\ qT e<*|{sT .
d+>{ q e Hq eeTT | +> e] nqeTT
| + |fy sT lk$TysT.
dw sj
T yTq m+ d\yTq $es\T L& ds eT]jT q
lk$Ty] *jTTqT, nH $wjT yT |qe] >eTeTT, y|PsT
<Xj
T >] #\ T eqeT #| T+~:
sE n+<s $HT lk$TysT <Xj
T nj
eqeT ys uT+~. n|&T n eTq$Tj\j nHsT. us
bj yT q nq>]+{ e+~. yT ys |s+ |f
|d < T . lk$TysT n m+<THs me] ns+ <T .
ys+ sE\ s <Xj
T , eqeT eTqds\ T e
eqeT n* y +{H ys e+ #dT = +T+~. |<s\
<Xj
T >]y. H\T>e sE <Xj
T esT&T, eqeT n ys
e+ #dT +f qT nqyT eTTq, e HjTq e\T
eTsbsTT jT<|s+ *d e+&\ eT&&+ yT
54
dseT]
ne< \
] n+<]{ *d ed+#k+~. s yT lk$Ty]

<s Hs+ s>H lk$TysT eqeT ys ue& yTb sTT+<.. eTs
eeTH n | | qysT. lk$TysT ds E\ n+<s
>T]+#sT.
\ <s lk$TysT eTq eT+ u< #dT H sT.
eTq u$wT # dyTq n+XeTT\ es ssTT+#&
e+T+<, m|&T mesT me] ><|& $wjT + es , @
+ me] H{ m |&* nH $wjT + es ss TT+#&
e+T+< ;sT #| q y+ eT \TdT+ ~. qT d
d yTq sj
\T lk$Ty] \TdT qTH #| >*>sT. mesT
@$T e{&H , @$T #dH |Ps+ ss TT+#&qT eyT

e{&>\sT, #jT>\sT. n+$T+ @ esT> L&
|e]+#sT. d<TZsT d+\+# q&|+#&TysT eyT
>TsT d+qTks+ q&e>\sT. qT meseTH, @$T H, 13
ebsTTH <w+H, u w+H s>< w sV T\yT <dq
ue+ lk$TysT #| qT HsT $|+& e+f s |* +
s TT+ d+ks #eTT qT+& $eTT\ eTeeTT. lk$Ty]
|qT |PseTT> b+<>\eTT. <dH>e<' nHsT ><!
55
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 5
ds deTsT&T
nCq+ e\q <V |]$TyT q eTq eTq
<V + n nejTy\T +~j\T L& eTq
nBq+ e+&e. >TsT |e\q <V u+
q$T+q lk$Ty] e+{ CqT\T $XeT+
yTjT jTT+&&yT> ||*~ V|s++
14
ds eT eT jTBqeTT qT+#T=q>\sT. qTH
ysedse T \q|&T eTq s d\qT >& d&* +
u s D >$+#>\ ds deTsT j
T T+{sT. nsTT n{y ] |qT
b+< $<+ > eTq J$ $<q+ q&T|y*. $<+ > J$+q
<q Je+<s n{y] | bT\jsT.
ss&> sT # \+> lk$Ty] de+y T +{
eTTK+ #&+& lk$Ty] d$dTHsT. e<|+ #|
d]> H lk$Ty] de eq<T. mes nCqT\T
eTTd&T |b{ +& <+&T> +& +TH&T n nHs.
n~ $q ss& m+<TT + $w+ $T+ #H yT! n
nqTH&T eTqdT. s lk$TysT s &> ] @++>
|\ y e+#T+, mes @< nHs by\+{y?
_ #T = + sTT#H e+&T n <+#sT. lk$Ty]
ds + # s &> sT eT]+ Xs|&sT .
eTs=|&T <T sE\T nq+ q+& e+&yses
#| nHsT lk$TysT. mes m+<T? HH e+{qT n
<T sE\T <yVs+ eHsT ss&. n~ yTT<\T =H
X, keTys\T |P]> |yd eTT+&ysT. $T*q sE\
|P eyT uq+ #dy&T. s # \+ |P]> nq+
56
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
e nT\T, b\T e+ rdT+ |sp _ e+ q

jTeT+> |T= #]d e+&ysT. jTq lk$Ty] d~
#sTHsT.
lk$TysT | &HsT, y+jT ~ e ><j
!
n. lk$Ty] $wjT+ s #d $wjT+ m+>H
d]bT+~.
ss& s+s+ q us_&\ qT e<* lk$Ty] de
>&T | X<> lk$Ty] d$d+ &ysT. sE lk$TysT
nj, MT >eT+ y[ eT#T >T|{s nHsT. ss& q
>eT+ y[ eT yj \ |jT d us_&\ T nu +s+
#bsT. e #TH{ eq e lk$Ty] e< y[b
y{ sT, +# mesT #ksT ? n~ e e\ <T. qT #T
He<T nHsT. ss& >TsTe e\jT+<T n#+#\ $Xd+
>\ysT >qT lk$TysT #| qT =+ keTT n| eT
#T H{ lk$Ty]<>Zs e#sT. sjTq us_&\T
+#yd , sTbd #q T +#THsT. qT |+#+ eT
X $T+q |> u$+ lk$Ty]<>sZ e +{ usyT q
| e| m+<T |{e kMT? n yTTTHsT. n|&T
lk$TysT neTD | eq~. n~ {q s \\
sbjT\ d. MTsT |seTT+& |<X ]yT
nH|sT |T+&! n #bsT. ysT nsTTw+>H qT
|+#sT. |dT + lk$TysT #| qT b++
\+{+f yTsT>q~. |dT+ qT eT&T \\
n&T>TTHsT. nsTTH MsT neT<\#<T.
*#&T yde\T XseT (qsks&>] us) =>
\T { lk$Ty] b<ds |$+ #d >V|yX+
#j \ lk$Ty] n]++~. jTq ds qHsT . yTqT |+ #<\
u\T, eT&T H\\T lk$TysT b+ s<T.
lk$TysT sq+<Tq >V|yX + #jT X] e yT lk$Ty]
57
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
=s d T q ~. |dT + \T <T . >qT q keq+ +

|{ es+ed + +< eT+#+ ydT = |&T H~. >eTdT\ +
yTqT # qeHsT. yT e+ q |T $&Te<T.
lk$TysT | >eT+ eHs *d eTs y[ V++~.
s| ds<jT \+ u>Tq~. HqT ekqT. >V|yX+
# j T eTHs T lk$Tys T . + =~ ee~ d + us\T
deTLsT=qqT kMT! nq~ yT. n ny eksTTb! nHsT
lk$TysT. yT s +{ dTq+ yjT +, n* eTT>T\Z T
|f |jT + eq~. nqT+& y] mHqT+& ueq
L\T eTe< &T <T\T _jTeTT eHjT, u
eTydT eT _jTeTT, =+ | e T ysT. n|#d u<
r]+~. s lk$TysT eT w\ \y s e\ y+&
q&, nsTT<T >e\ ], ye saeTT eT&T >+\
yT +{ e#sT. lk$TysT dVk\ s s+ y*+
bsTT eT+yXsT. yT |~XsT _jT+ e+&+~. q dVTs\T
q 200 $ds \T +~. y{ + y& d]>Z s +&T
e+< \ nsTTbj sTT. e+\T > & U nj sTT.
lk$Ty] yTL e+ nq+<T . u\+ b+>* eTsbsTT
|q |{ e+f, n< lk$Ty] Hy<+> deT]+,
>sw+ > yT L& =+ rdTq~. |~ \ _jT+
s +&T e+<\eT+~ d+s D #sTT+#sT lk$TysT!
|Pd\ MTsjT (|qe]) |dT + u+>TSsT | #dT H sT.
M] us lk$Ty] |<eT s<q >=\>eT& e+~.
lk$Ty] |P =s u \ T |H =+ <D |+| |< +
@sT #dj
T Tq+<Tq < qT |H s.10/` \T |+|q
q us |sT ysTT++~. sT y kMT, ey] nqTeT
+&H ysTT+#qT. ysT L& deT+ | + eT |+|T
# j T +& n b] + +~. y T +{ y [ q u s
lk$Ty]kqq <D $wjT + #| +~. jTq lk$TysT
58
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
qH n& kqT nH&T.

=H lk$TysT n C ydT = d| <s q$T,
@yTH yjT eT n&T>TTHsT. @$T yjT eT+{sT, kMT? n+f
@~ e+f n~ ysTT nHsT. sT y u & T + eTT+<T
H\\ qT <D > |+|e\dq yTT+ | + lk$Ty] deT]+
lk$Ty] de~ <]+#sT.
|\+s& cs&>sT (d+>+) |&T $HjT #$
lk$Ty] d~ #dTeq >=\>eT& e
Xq>>T Z , s +&T \ _jT+ u\+ b+>*, $Tq||
e&\T #sTT+#sT.
|sE lk$Ty] de&T n|* bsTT eT<V+
+{ >+ b++ _q+ rdTse+ n\yT.
sE dT | bsTT _ y[q eTw s<T . n|&T b+>*
&T+~. lk$TysT =+#+ nq+ eTHsT. kMT! nq+
<T. b+>* &TTq~ n+f |sy<T rdTs nHsT.
dT+&\T, b+>*, e&\T $d] lk$Ty] deT]+#sT.
lk$TysT =+#+ , MTsT q+&j! n #XsT.
_ H y[q eTw sq+<Tq cs &> sT #sTT+q |k<+
25 eT+~ eTTeTTq> q> + \y ] $T*+~. @dTdT
@&T s=f eTT\T, @&T #|\T @&T y\eT+~ |sTw\T, d\T,
|\\ |+#> @&T >+|\ +& eTT\T $T*qTq~ <!
(eTs TT 14 : 17 ` 21)
MsT sE lk$Ty] >=\>eT& d$+#T= +{
y +<T X\e ssT. lk$TysT HqT L& edT+ &j
nHsT. lk$Ty] eT +{ rdT y +<T s &> ]=
+~ e+~. k<T dT sTw\ < + e&+ y] +{ e+&
eTTdjTq <T. y rdTb jTq lk$Ty]
\H&TT+f dVjT+> e{&+& e+&*. qT
59
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
lk$Ty] rdTy[ H\T>T e\T |{+ #+ f }s +&+
yT\T. kMT! MTsT e +{ se<T n m #| >\&T.
eTqdT eT<q |&TTH&T. y+H dseT], m|&H
edT+ &j nHsT. <+ s &> sT eTs=|&T #k+ n
y[bjsT.
1982 lk$TysT eTVde~ #+<sT. 1986 @|
H\ s&>]+{ eq eTTdjTq |seT|~+#sT.
eTTdjTq 15e sE |< s #d +<T e\qT, ;< k<\qT
uH\ |*#sT. 170 \ _jT+ dTesT <T e+<\
(170 I 3 R 510) eT+~ uH\T d<+ #sTT+#sT. k$T
|{ ssVs e&q k+#ujT deTjT+ y]
>eT+ k<T e y]+{ e#sT. y+H s &> sT s sV s
| *|yd lk$TysT e#sT nq+ |+& eTT+<T n
Vs eTT+< y] uqeTT |{ |+|+#sT. nT s
lk$Ty] |{ Vs n+<] e&q k+#sT.
nqTq <+f s {+ | q+ se&+ nq+, Ls\T
#\yy q, n|&T e+& n\eTT+< s &> sT # >s
|&sT . |u\y +& L& nq+ e+& *|XsT.
500 eT+~ j sT #dq uH\T ysTT eT+~
|> u+#ksT. b> |~>+|\ nq+, < >Z Ls\T 400
eT+~ d]bjT $<+> $T*bjsTT. n<T+ #q
cs &> ] yde + yTsT| dT]++~. |Ps+ lk$TysT
@ b<s TTH edT+ &j ! nqeqT H&T k<T e s|+
e u+#d q y>H \uTHs \TdTH&T.
cs &> sT lk$Ty] V<jT |Ps+> d$+#+<T,
@ eTTd j T q n& + > eHs, j T q eTs D + # H
lk$TysT e y] de\+<T= d\ k<T d|Y sTw\ q
s|yT q s|+#sT.
60
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
n\H&T @dTdT 7 #|\ 7 y\ eT+~ uq+ |>

+ @&T >+|\ Ls $T*qT+~ >< \!
eTq+ lk$Ty] V<jT |Ps+> d$d eTq

dsuseTT\T jTq | |&yd $X+> e+f ys eTq
u<\ m eVks +~ \\ <s \TdT+~. ysT 15
eTq\H +& eTq ys+<] u< \T ds E&T >, ds y|>,
ds deTsT&T> ys Hsys&+ #keTT.
# \+> lk$Ty] de eHsT ss&>sT.
H&T lk$TysT MT q esT |s N{ yd e n
ss& =+<s #XsT. jTq yd q N{ lk$TysT
q =& +< |T= LsTHsT. q esT @< |<
qT+& sd T H s nqTH&> @yTq B *jT<T . eT&eH&T
me] |\T| +& s+| \ qT+& q esT&T
lk$Ty] <s Hs+ e#&T. +&T sTe +&, s+ | <>sZ ,
=+& H # m<T\ T ndT= +& *| M\T yqT <=sT
40 n&T>T\ T \Te =+&#] jT y+& y>T |&b sTT+~.
+&, m<T\T, eTw @ e+ < >T\<T. ~ e\+
lk$Ty] |jT lk$Ty] \ T * y & qT
e#q #b&T. lk$TysT N{ ysTT+q deTjT+H n#
|e<+ s>&+ n+<] Xs|s#yT > lk$TysT
ds+s$T, ds y| &T, ds deTsT& T n n+<] s|D
nsTT+~.
yTH |#d jTeT>] us jT#+<s& w]
ksTTuu u\T. MsT q lk$TysT |k~+q |<eT
<s q+ >T]+ #| THsT.
lk$Ty] >] l ksTT eT+ #~yqT.
lk$Ty] <]+#< T . y] eT+&s<q sEL& *jT<T.
d]>Z eTT+<TsE H= $+q d|yT+~. H\sT
61
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
>+BueT <>sZ H= n|]T&sTTq |<jT q |+ H\sT
b++ >=\>eT& qTq ne< >] ##y? #& +f
<]+#T, H\sT <D
+> b! n& $T\ y es+Z
#bsT n #b&T. HqT d|+H ne< >] <s Hs+ b,
y<jTb+ dMT|+ $T\y >T&s\T #, n& d+{
>=\>eT& esZeT& \TdTHqT. >=\>eT& edTHqT.
=+&jTb+ <{ dq eTw > |T=, s,
eTT+ # T= eH&T. b >T&\ T, = edTe \qT q q
eT\T> { eT\qT <+&e yT& dT= jTTHsT. Ms
k$T n|++~. kc+><+ & |DeT+ #XqT. d|+ n+yT + ~.
\y ] H dVT\T, lk$Ty] eT+&s<q bTHeTT,
seT |\Te> >=\>eT& e lk$Ty] de~, <T
|P+#Te&yT > e >TsTe>sq us< ewsT>]
<]+#THqT. $<+> q u q eT+&s<q
s|+#THsT dseT]. ysTT >=s\ qTH eTq >=sqT
\T{ ekq #| jTTHsT >< lk$TysT.
>=\>eT& yde \T |* y+jT es eeTVX]
n|* #sT. nH sD\ e\q us @\T<T. b>
$&\T ydeeT e& #&T. # |Ts+> =fy&T,
fy &T. M~ |* q us eTqT |<e TqTw\ m<T $#sD
]|+#&T. es yT yk] $&\T yd+~. eT+>d +
rdyd + ~. n~ yTT<\T |# eT q =es (eT)qT k$Ty]
XeT+ de #jT & T\Xe n|++~. eTVu s *
kV#s + eT u> V<jT + q ds d+ k$TjT n
d+es+ de #d+ ~. ] eTs=] $yV+ #keTH e<
s]++~. > m+<sT #| H eT+>d + <] +#< T .
H us & T , b+& n d~. T\Xe yT eT+>d +
| + k$Ty] dq+ +< |{+ +~. k$T| #H H yT&
<] dT+ < yT ue+. +> lk$TysT usus \ eTqdT\T
62
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
esT #XsT. ]| ] eTsT\T *> T #XsT. us |*d

|s+ #kq eT, us ed @\T+{q us ]=sT
eT< esT\ <s ys | + |HsT. Xu eTTVAse TTq me]
|yT jTeT +&H eT lk$Ty] de&T >TsejTq&,
q eT+>d + rdT= yT& <] + * L& #| +&
s+&T yT <s+ qTq n|* us <>Zs y[+~. us
e+< |~y\ us <s+ d]+#&T. |&T eT <s T
&_&\ T *>sT. \ >]+> |s+ #dT H sT. ds |s &q
d<TZsTq eyT { yTq dyX\qT Ls&+ k<eTT><!
|&T lk$TysT |q e* >Tq $&~ #d
jTTHs u s \T eeT *d+~. > lk$Ty] <s Hs+
jT\T<]+~. @{ T> bsTTHjT, be< $TT\T
d\V #sT. n~ $ b HqT >< n @&Tq~. es
y T lk$Ty] # + y [ by\ re+> n| +
y[bsTT+~. @{ bT+f sT N\eT+&\ es eq$.
#| HjTq m+<Tu { n<+ #b&T? n yT nqTq~.
yT lk$Ty] <>sZ y[q|&T de\T, e @sT <{
m e#e? n Xs+ n&>sT. +>H @sT +&T>
bsTTq<, lk$Ty] eTV+ e\qH sT qsTT+< n|&T
yT nsy T + ~.
qes+ sjT 1982 sd+ , >T+& <&, ney T q
ujTeTT e+&$. H\sT &sT #|+#\qTH&T.
lk$Ty]|{ yTTs |T=+TH&T. uyyX+ y y
@&X&T. \y ] H\sT y[ +H rdT+f +{ =#d]
]jH +~. y] lk$Ty] <>Zs rdTe, e+{
$u |Pd =+ |+ y+H sT H\sT rdTbTHsT.
sT eTT+<T |~us\ <s+ # <T |+>\s <] +
lk$TysT bTHsT #&+&! n n+<] #| TH&T sjT.
jTq | eTse] k$T q&&+ <T ! dT| fe TT
63
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
nsTTbsTT+~. >qT &sT e+&sqTHsT. >+
eTT+< y[be\dq &sT +]> Ls=jTTH&T.
jTq +H, eT+< #b&T. m|& +{
be\d+~. HH+ <T LsqT+&bjH H *jT<T! MT
=s <e&T Lsu{&y ! nH&T.
1981 y+eTTs& (sT|) >] dVT&T $. u&jT
lk$Ty] eTVeTqT >] $HsT. sT y n = H\\T
fbsTT& e\ sT |uT dT| #ssT. |<$T~ sE\T
n& nq+ |< T . &s T >sT u+ < sjTy\sT,
d.jT+. dT| beT #bsT. u&jT # ;<y&T. d.jT+.
dT| bjT X <T. qT # ~>T\T |&&T. n|&T q
dVT qT+& $q y+jT k$T >TsT e eTqdTH q
u<q T y] $q$+#TH&T. y+H lk$TysT u+>
eT+#+ <>sZ |+, $T |s y <T eT&TsE >T Z T +~
n #| n<XeTjsT. y+H u&jT m& Xe &s T
#| +&H 18 yT <s+ nss q& q d>eT+ #sT H&T.
H{ qT+& @ +& ddT& H &T. sT y ys+ sE\
lk$Ty] <]+ q yT q nqTue + >] n+<] #b&T.
sE \T|PsT, HsjTD<dT XeT+ e+&>
lk$TysT nj! | y+ e |+#\q MT{+>T
|T=jTTHsT. |+#\jT yMT yT #| eTq\qT
seT eT&TH qT+& sT>TTH&T. eTqMTsEbsTT me]
#|e y d]#| |+#\jT m+{ +eTT +&
#d sy* >qT |j D+ eT q +< rdT= |+#\q
#ssT. <y\jT+ eTT+<T Ls= s 8 >+\ qT+& y esaeTTq
5 >+\ es eTq +{ q& e\ e{&T THsT.
e\s+ eTq *jT<T. es nj! me] #| e\dq
e y #beTT. |+#\jT | | +~. |<+ &
n q +< |j D+ #XsT.
64
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
sE T<y seTT, X, ~yseTT\T | $T*q

sE\ dT |+#\q sE\ e#~<T . $wjT +
lk$Ty] #| dT edT+~ MTsT s> |jD+ eT
eT\T d<+ #sTT+#sT. 15 $Tc\ +>H dT e+~.
sE T<y s+ >< d+<T rdT=#s &e sT q&
>qT| qT+& ~* |~ us\T y <eD # sy\|+
dT yqT | rdTe#eTT. l y+jTk$Ty]
rdTbjT+<T u> e +T&T n #d e+{&T n #bsT. l
y+jT k$TysT d+\d<T \ &e sT >T]+qT <T .
< $<+ >H \TysTT s{ lk$T y H\T>T us\
<s+ edT+ f &e sT Mq T # L& dT \T|< T . |~us\T
y dT nsD+> bsTT+~. lk$T +<+ dT m>H
] dT d\D
+> <* bsTT+~.
eTVjTT\T eT |qT yT q T\ |d] +|#k sT .

y] e\T ys T # d T q | q T\T nC q T\y T q eTq
nssV\T> |ksTT. y] e\jT+<T n#+#\16
$Xd+ >*,Z ys|& ec e\T e{&s m]qysT
y] e\qT jT<<+ > #]+ mq yT\TqT b+<TsT.
n #]+# ysT |qT b+<s T .
|&T =iL{ TjT>sT = sT dT\qT,
+&>] nHs> >T]+, dTq +<Tq eTqdT >
e+& X+ =s lk$Ty] #+= n\+ <sq \T#THsT.
MsMT #|=q eTT+< lk$TysT nj! eTqdT @MT
|T+& ## +{b, n HqT #dT+{qT n
nuj
T $T#sT. n<$<+ > TjT >sT y[bjsT. lk$TysT
#| qf n # & bjsTT.
sT y =H TjT >sT q ue>sT $Tq
dT sT ]>|&T dT dVjT+ #jTeT
65
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
lk$Ty] $q$+#THsT, n|&T lk$TysT nj!
=+&jTb+ < dTbsTT, n& qT+& q& H\sT bsTT
dT d++~+q $wj\T e{&, H\sT s+>HjT\
<ekq+ |P #sTT+ eT<V+ 12 >+\ ]e#jYT
n C|+ #sT.
lk$Ty] ejT+<T < &y T q $Xd+>\ TjT >sT
n<$<+> dTqT, q& =+ <seTT bsTT dT $wjT+
e{& s+>HjT\ <ekq+ |P #sTT+ s s> q&
edTH sT. dT<T . |sT > eH> 12 >+\ >=\>eT&
#s neXyT <T . lk$Ty] d]d s s> q&TdTH &T.
| U H| <>sZ $TT&T |+ |\T]+ $wjT + \TdT=
y+H qT eqTq |uT +|qT ]ydT = sT rdT=
jT\T<] TjT>] L& \T|=, sT m+#T=
>=\>eT& dMT|+ e<* y[bjsT. 12 >+\ eTT+<T>H
lk$Ty] #+ #s&T.
dT\ eT+#Te ]bjsTT. H\sT qT+ |sT>
eH 12 >+\ s&T lk$Ty] ejT+<T |Ps
$Xd+ e+#&T >qTH y] $TT\T y] sT rdTe
d\+ #s T lk$TjT @sT >$+#sT. q u us+
q< >< lk$TysT #| +~.
lk$TysT = = |qT\T #sTT+# |< #
+> e+T+~. K+> | H f+ H #jT eTq&+, | H
17 <y\jT+ |P #sTT+ | H y e{& seT #| &+
#d nCqeTH n+< +qTq eTqMT *jTb> n~ y]
||< n u$ TkeTT.
n|&T =+&jTb+ <=s |se TTq <=&s $Ts&> sT
qT sT dT > *# lk$Ty] yTT& |T q |s+
#*+ #\ kMT! MT <jT e\q dT > *#qT. @<H >{ \T
66
ds deTsT&T
ne< \
MT {+#\qT=HqT. m# eT+{sT. m eT+{s

\+& n b]+#&T. lk$TysT H \T e<T >
+HjT k$T >T& |V {+ #T nHsT. u & T ds q
y&T > # sE\ es |#sTT+#< T .
lk$TysT sE =iL{ TjTqT, +s&
dTs$Ts& |* nj, MTsT s s +&T >+\ jT\T<]
q&bsTT jTq +HjT k$T >T& |V >& {k qH&T.
$wjT + e{& s+& n C|+ #sT. lk$Ty] e\
m&\ n#+#\ $Xd+ >\ u \ T n<$<+ > s +&T >+\
6 yT q& y[ <=& s$Ts&> ] <| $wjT + #bsT.
H + = sT dT\Tq$. n$ L& |Pss TT {k qT.
lk$TysT |+bsT >qT s. 400/` \T kqT. MTsT $T*q
| + #+<\T <+& {+ #+& n #bsT. yTeTT lk$TysT
#| qT #keTT. | + MT y|dT #jT eT+f eTs
#keTT. n+<T deTyT e+& nHsT TjT>sT.
n+<T\ deT+ ysT H\T>T e+<\ sbjT\T |+bsT.
$wjT + lk$Ty] #| , jTH e {k &T j MTsT
| yTT<\T |+& nHsT. lk$Ty] yT s >&| ]
+T <q+> | sT|THsT. 4e sE s$Ts&> s
e | ## jTq eTqdTqT lk$TysT m ess
@y $T*q | + L& HH |+|qT. me eT+~ eTqTw\qT
|{ s> | |P]#j
T eT #| y&T. nT sT yjTq
s |V Ks+ u] + XX+> >& ]+#sT. s
s+&T >+\ y <sT eTqTw\qT q& yeT #|&+
n+ss+ k$Ty] *j*!
67
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 6
ujT+
s\+, w\+, +, ]\+, s+q+
nsTTq{ |se qT nHeTy\H ~e
d+\+ <] +q s|yT d\ >T . eTq Xs+
eTqdTBq yTq T, eTq eTqdT Bq eTT. d<T sZ T e
eTs&q kT |sVyT >qT
$XeT+ y] nBqyT +T+~. $wjT + d<T sZ T e <s
| eTjT ~e\\ <s u \ \TdT+ ~. nq+yT q

18 | Xd+#>\ d<TZsTe keTseTTqT #$#q u\,
>TsTe jT+<T $Xd+ <&|& X<u\ y] d$+
]+#>\ sT.
eTqJ$ d+|Tq\qT Xd+#>\ <eX Tq<q
$Xd+ eTq *Z+#\, <s J$eTT $yeTT,
ys >eTT >*Z <] J$eTT sD X~> eTq# #]+|Cj
\H
d<TZsT jTT |H { \\ eT\eTT.
ysT eTq qT+ +#Tq~ n{ |$ Jeq $<qyT.

deT]+q
19 eTq+ n J$+q|& eTq+ +> y] <D
yseTeeTT. n #jT q|&T s|+ eTq| e]+q
d<TZsT| n&$>q yH\e eseT>TqT.
| &T lk$TysT \T|PsT y\jT+ y+#XsT.
u&T y] &T eH&T (X{>sT). yT|eyT
=~qT\T, NT, |j
T eTTe sTeTT\T eq$. lk$Ty]
rd & mes sT . esyT Td &T ksT n u & T
ujT|&TTH&T. n|&T lk$TysT #| eT eTT+<T
68
ne< \
ujT+
yjT eT C|+ #sT. kMT! yq e#T+~. + eTT+<T
] HqT &H $TeTT |* ydTbqT nH&T. +&j
eTT {\ nHsT lk$TysT. #| MT< Ls= =+d|
q <w eTTd & ##sT. n+! yT|T eTT\T, sTeTT\T,
qT\T bsTT eeT\T |]d @s&+~.
\T|PsT HsjTD<dT nqT lk$Ty] u\T
sTHsT. sE 1977 d+eseTT n& XeT+
lk$TysT y+#d jTTHsT. k$T de&T ]>\ H>jT
lk$Ty], kMT yq m|&T sTdT+ ~? n n&>&T. nj!
d+eseTT eT&T yq <j
! {q s H\ k],
s +&T H\\ sTe~ sE\ k], eT&T H\\ nsTT<TsE\
k] |y ]|+# yq +qj nHsT lk$TysT.
{q s H\ es+ +f >=&T | #bs nH&T H>jT .
n{ nsTT eTqeTH w|& ]|+#Te<j nHsT
lk$TysT. lk$Ty] H>jT >+ >eT+f, nj!
nqTq | |P] nsTT ><j >e\d+~? nHsT
lk$TysT. sT y ysT d<\ jT =+& <>sZ eT&TsE\T,
*#&T eT&TsE\T sV]jT, +& |+&j n
nV]X\T nsTdH eHsT. s+e <b+& LsTH
eHsT. dqyTH es<T . yTT<{s E m eHs e]sE
esL nH LsTHsT. n+ eTT+<T m|& jTq |&T =
e+&+ #de q u \ +<s lk$Ty] e<| eTT, \Vq
e#XjT, \T=H |d < nqTHysT. <X+
##d] qT$| , lk$Ty] sB, X *d e#sTT.
sesE kjT++ H\T>T >+\ eT kq+ #sTT+#eT
ssT. y] kq+ #sTT+ Lsu> H | | qe, >&
>& |+#Tq<j nHsT. eTsTD
+ qT+& +ue w yTT<
#sT e\T +& es >< T .
69
ujT+
ne< \
TTw\T eT |d T , jT j><T\ e\q d\ es\qT
]|+ >~+ #dys |sD\ #~yeTT. n~ yTq
lk$Ty] #d \TdT+~. n #jT>\ deTsT\H udTsT\T
nHysT u\T.
lk$TysT n+ Xe T+T nsTT es+ ]|+#&
sTsE\T m+<T |{+ ~? nq |X se#T. k |\ jTT
d$Tw b| s \ |* yT nHew sDeT |<\ +{sT. ys+<]
sqT eT |X <V+ yjT& y] =+ \+
nedseTeT+~.
|\T ksyTq X<u\ |eT|Ps+> u>e+T
|P\T #jT be&+, |\ u ueeTT, <s #sD
H\=q&
nedsy T q <s s\qT sV+#q+<Te\q nHew e+{ n]c\T
@s&jT Xd+ .
s +&<T \ +& lk$Ty] eTT~>&T qT+& d<\ jT
=+& rdTedTHsT de\T. esZeT<+ V+&+>
yT|eyT, dq> es+ yTT<+~. de\T, kMT! |< es+
edT+~. eTqeT+<seT keqT dV &dbeTT n
$q$+#sT. lk$TysT eTq+> q ns# X+ y|
#|, d >T nqT> # | =+d| e+#sT. n+!
es+ *bsTT+~. lk$TysT d<\ jT =+& #]q y+H
V+&+> es+ ]d+~. +{ \\T u \ T | + > #&f
m cq zsT= s+s+ sT>TT+& lk$Ty]
s+e d$+ <q T\jsT.
\T|PsT & yTq T nqT yT > e+~. lk$TysT
n& q|&T eTT\T|{ u> es+ ydq edq ~. kMT!
es+ e#dT+ ~. eTq edTe \ &d b sTT. & \T L&
<! n nHsT de\T. y+H lk$TysT +Ts rdT=
< d| MT{ @$T Mss|T e\? yTeTT # e+&eT
70
ujT+
ne< \
*jT<? e keqT, yTeTT @yT by*? @$Tj? w+
eqT+<! yTyT+ y*! e eTqTw+ y\ { #dT H e?
n <usTT+#sT. nsTT<T $Tc\ yT| \T # #<s dw+ >
dsT&T q|&sT . H | &T ]& >*yq bs+uy T + ~.
s> \T #se\dq u\T +<q |&TT+f ksTT eTd<T
qT+& jT e, z n! H _&\ T e T+> s> \T #s*.
es$T #*+#T n >~+ #>H esebsTT+~.
|&T eT<dT sweTT qT+& eq u\T s+&T
d+eseTT\ qT+& y] b+eTT\ |P] eseTT\T e
lk$Ty] $q$+#THsT. u>e+T n yjT+&j
n #| lk$TysT N{ ysTT+ q =& +< |T=
nsTT<T sE\T nqbj\T, < e n> LsTHsT.
nsTT<e sE b++ es+|& #sT e\T +&q sT yH
lk$TysT >+ >sT. ns>+ es+ ]d #sT e\T +&sTT.
*#&T d<T\jT =+& <>Zs lk$TysT eHsT.
TeT& | es+ HsT m+&bTHsTT. sT\T e
lk$Ty] yTTs|THsT. <e n|TeTj s|
eT<V+q s +&T |<T qT\ es+ sTdT+ ~ n N{ ysTT+
os< eTT<yd sT\#sT. \y] es+ ]d #sTe\T
+& eT&esE qT+& HT bs+_+#sT. >eTdT\+
lk$Ty] X keTs\qT =j&sT.
\T|PsT sE eT<V+ {u\T>T nqT $wds +
lk$Ty] =& +< e+~. d+> #| n<MT #dT + ~
< MTsMT #jT e<T nHsT lk$TysT. sT y <q+
n< y[bsTT+~.
n~ eT+&Tyd$ , 1974 b++. H&T >=\>eT& XeT+
qT+& | eT+\T ny| n\TeTT+THsTT <+ > b>
X +~. |&eT{ >* V+&+> Mk+~. <>Zs
71
ujT+
ne< \
deT~> e. w&T seTDjT lk$Ty] qeTd]+
#q dV jT+ +{| [ q+&&T eT+| #&T .
|sY+H L& n\$q+> |]*q eT+\T <T&T
|P]> #]bjsTT.
sE lk$TysT *#&T qsks&> ]+{ e#sT.
qsks& us XseT e+#d #T y[ eks s \T
ysTT+#eTHsT lk$TysT. ]+ > nX s \qT<, eT
*jT<eTTq~ n $q$++~. y #dT=+{sT n
e+ nHsT lk$TysT. nsTT<TsE\ sT y yT de &\T
#dT q ~. qH u+&* eqT+& y& T s+<+ |& qH eT+&TTq
bsTT sT+~. y+H yT +{ qT+& udH
u+&* $T*q qHqT n+<T bdTq sTy yT=
$wjT + Xs+> +~. n+ qH eT+& bsTT ]q|&T
eT+ + > H m> d eks, \T > T \| & e \d + ~ > < !
nsTTq|{ yT udq T qH e+#T=H+es eT+\T |
e beyT$T{? y+H yT= $wjT + +~. n+<T u\T
lk$TysT eks| s \T | +#TeTHsT. nsTTq|{ jTq
nuj
T $Tq+<Te\H |&T |e<+ y{\ < yT >T]++~.
usTTq|* >eT+ e< =+<sT u \ T >$+<eT (V+>]
us) { Bb\T y*++<, m+{ eTVTs\T n
nqT=+T+&> lk$TysT n~ $ #+T sT | + y]
MTsT L& y*+#T+& nHsT. sT bd ysT y*d Bb\T
y*>sTT. lk$TysT Xs+ eq+ \eT +{ $wj \T
jT{ #| lk$TysT n+^]+# y{ >T|+ > e+#eT
<+#ysT.
|qe] yde &T b\T eTkqjT #bsT.
k] |qe] qT+& \T|PsT HsjTDs&> ] sT
y Tq lk$TysT eqT+&, nj! >=+TjTe\d edT+ <
72
ujT+
ne< \
nHsT. d|{ lk$TysT VsT> |{q |Tq yT sT eTT+<TqT+&
s&T n&+ > |sT > +~. sT D
+ \e bsTTqsTT
< >=+T > <! H{ esL lk$T y] jT+<T @e+ qeT+,
\ + Hq d+|T q lk$TysT u & q jqT.
s E s s s & | + ~] # q e TT\T
rjTuj&T. n #|&T y\TqT beTT ]+~. lk$TysT
y\TqT q =&| qT+ |q q ns#s TT yd n~$T|{
nsTT<T $Tc\T e+#sT. u<| P ]> +Z ~. e d+J$
nsTT+~ beTHsT. n~ yTT<\T @ $w+Te ]H ss&
$w+ m&+ <T .
|&T jsb&T nH >eT+ e\T csD+>
eTsD+#Hs+_+#sT. sD+ *jT >eT |\+<s
uj
T u+T\jsT. @< <TwX }] |y + n $\jT+&e+
#d + < n+<s \#sT. }] |ysT b<T +q|{
qT+& +& qT+& jT{ sqT <s+ ujT+ \T|\T
_+# T = +& H e+& b T Hs T . =+< s T >eTd T \ T
lk$Ty] |< |< n]+ y] >e rdTbjsT.
lk$TysT >eT+ #s |{ s deTjT+ nsTTq+<Te\
me] \T| {H <TwXq \ ujT|& \T|\T rjT<T.
es eTTdyT + \T|rd #d+~. +>
lk$TysT e#s n+<] #| &+ >eTdT\ +<s lk$Ty]
#T b> k>+ |*sT.
n|&T lk$TysT y] sT D+, }]H #
|$yT q eT n k|+ , =~sE\T >eT+H eHsT.
nT sT y }] eTs= eTw L& eTsD+ #< T .
y|PsT <Xj
T , =eTs] seTDjT $TeqT ={sT .
< s +&& +& n&T>Tq { \T sy*. eqT =q y| q
73
ujT+
ne< \
+& {sT . +y| q yTT<\T f+ <T m+ |jT +H
yTT<\T e<T . +H lk$TysT ed y] #bsT. |e
H yqT |\e+&j dT+~ nHsT. e\s+
lk$Ty] *j*, lk$TysT y[bjsT. nsTTH
e]k]> |jT keT ysT y >sT. Xs+> n~ m+
dT\u+ > bsTT+~.
sE lk$Ty] u s \T eeT lk$Ty] d~
eq~. y\Te =T=q +| lk$TysT |Hq~ {|
yXsT. +| q |\ y |qT n+{+ eT+ |{sT .
q~ { lk$TysT q eTT+ eTT+ eT+| #\TT HsT.
eT+\T #s <T\T n++ L |*+#k>sTT. Te+{
l n k$Ty] #] L& eTq <s qeTeT+~.
msT\ sE (\sT sEb+) >] u$ yd$ \+
sT+&<T . es\+ sTH |sT>T|{ ydq. sE lk$TysT
u$ eTT e#sT. n~ yTT<\T sT |sT>T\T, ydqbsTT
sT >T +& e+~.
| &T eT+>T| \s <e d s$Vs+ #d H
>T+|\T >T+|\T> #+|+~. @sT >+&T> |eVdTq+<Tq
>eTdT e s lk$Ty] <>sZ s bjsT. lk$TysT
>& y*+ #\eHjTT& #, nT #& +&
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y{ q$. lk$TysT }] y\T| sH{ <=
20 N{ ysTT+ { ] e#XsT. n~ yTT<\T >eT+
sTL& eTsD+ #< T . lk$Ty] qeTTqy] y]
sD n&> H \_dT + < >eT+#*.
y+jT |sTMT< |& &q+ |{q y], q y],
21 y] eT+ #&\ eTq+ #&=<j! n lk$TysT
nuj
T $TjTTHsT. $wjT + Xwj
T HjTT&T>] m&\ m
74
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T HjTT&T>]+{
e#ysT. nss | &T eH Xwj
T >] *> sT eTVjTT
u &T |+& nq+ |f~ .
1976 #s|* XwjTHjTT&T>sT eq edT+f
lk$TysT jTqqT |* d+es+ H\T>T H\\ sT
sE\ >+&+ +~. sTeSsT Mss|T ek$T | ksT n
N{ ysTT+ #sT. =H sT y q b\+ sTT+&
|{, s=+| <T <TqT m<T\qT H>* { \>
m<T jT ~q y+H +<|& qT+{+~. T> #
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m<Tq T | >TT+&> # s +T mss TTqT >T]+ \T
yd yTsTTH |+#sT. m<T eeT&& #bsTT+~.
eTs= m<T | +#Tq~. q eeTT @ nbjT+ s> < T .
m<T #e sD+ u<| & yTsTTH H#d fds T b\+
{ |]o*d #q+ s +T mss TTe+~. +# =+\+
+< lk$TysT ysTT+ q N{ y <=]+~. n+<T
lk$TysT ysTT+q 1 d+es+ 4 H\\, 6 sE\ >+&+
sE se\djTTq~. >qT eTsD>+&+ qT+& e\+
lk$Ty] |e\q jT |&q HjTT&T>sT \TdTHsT.
nDe~ nwd < T \ T lk$Ty] <deTT #d$. <:` 22
b\=+& dTus& sE #*>T+ <>sZ $TeqT
=fX &T, lk$TysTq&# sE\$. eTq+ y+H y*, eqT
mT+& nHsT lk$TysT. n~ # sTe> e+~.
lk$TysT #bsT qT bD\T _>{ dTus& m>
HTH&T. \TeH L*bjT+ sTe> e+<~.
H\T>T us\T q&# lk$TysT sTe> e+<j? &
75
ujT+
ne< \
ysTT nHsT. T Je& n+ +< |&X &T. lk$TysT
q #s rdT= eqTqT y| , y| b&#sT. |&T
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e+< eqT. k$T \#T+f @yTH #jT>\&Ts n
nqTH&T dTus&.
qsk|s+ s T q b\+ u$ m+ T $H sT
|& < T . lk$Ty] XsD
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s]+~. $+ #q }] qeT+ Xs+ lk$Ty]
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+& |& e n*$ <T . b+eTT u$ 30 n&T>T\T
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#d m$T<e sE | yTT<\T |& n+ ]q yTq +& yT>
>H s+_+ | n dT\u+ > |Pss TT+~.
>bs+, b\=+& dTus&> sT | &T u$ $+#\
k$Ty] n& deTT<+ n ydTeTHsT. ysT #| qf
u$ } nsTT<T VsY |esY +H |{ =& L& s> & +
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y+H y[beT #bsT. ysT y[bjsT. ysT < $<+ >
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76
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sE lk$TysT, y+j ! @ >*>, u +>,
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uj
T |&q s< nuj
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| &T +f|* |X e\ >*+T e n+<] m<T\
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mes +&, m<T\ T e<T . y+jT q >TsT<e&qT>V +q
eT++ d]+ bseTqT yVq+ #X&T. yT e n
m<T \, q ET eTT& $| \ $sjT ud, y+T\q
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T |&
b]b& yT ue+. y+jT n+{ <X \ u~s
|T + <T. \T H e< k>e. e y+H +f|* b*yTs
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yT #+|dT=, eT&esE <j bqT, +<T
u<$, X+, ds#+<T\T k n |eD+ #d+~. n<
$<+ > eT&e sE yT >eT+ qT+& w$T+#&+ n
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+<T +&T { sT .
dw d<TZsTe\ k<eTT>+ eTT+<T eT+ |{
77
ujT+
ne< \
\T|d d+<T >T+& ##qT. H\ | |s q s |*
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e jT<|s+ nTHsTT nHsT lk$TysT. n+f
24 d+\e+ # s nT=qT M\Tq< lk$TysT
#bsqe.
n$ lk$TysT q&# sE\T, XeT b+>D+ <s T
|{ | L& e |< +& e+&~. sE lk$TysT s
+&qT m Hq |T= |&e Ts ~X> y[bjsT. eT&T
>+\ sTy ] e#sT. u\T +& @~ kMT? n+f
nu & e+&L &<j
nHsT.
< $<+> |&T u&T \T TH+<T
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<\+ m #s *jT<T>, \y sd] <\+ lk$Ty]
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lk$TysT n #= >=&* < s+&T>
N\>=eTH&T. n&f N\>=> <\+ =i #TbeTT+~.
n+{ <\+ +{ y& \T ds HXqeT ydT Xde TT
#|T+~.
H&T deT d|+, H{ qT+& V+&yTq
nC\\T lk$TysT <sq$T#sT. lk$TysT
q&# es+Z e+& |&qT rdyd yT Xu+ #k+~. lk$TysT
yT H |sT MT< |& &T yTT\T |{q y] eT+ #&\
HqT d]#d sy\e n+THsT.
eT* y + j T lk$Ty] =* s< q f \ T
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78
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#jT <T . y+jT < q] |jT + e lk$TysT q
H]q eT++ d]+#&T. y+H H>T |&>~+ <D+>
y[bsTT+~.
|dT+ |qe] e&b+ yde& #|H&T. H\sT
bfb + dMT|+ |Hq~ s T \T |# #T yXsT. lk$TysT
n# dT H| q eeT\T |s+ n>T+&+ yd
eT+ yXsT. eTTdjTq H&T. | &<
d+w+#sT s T \T, @{ | u>q es+ |& @sT =~> bsTT+~.
eTTdjTH! @{ sT me> e#ksTT. }s seT m+
#|H k$T <<T. sT\T y[bjsT. nT s @sT >T
q T= b]+~. eT& e sE s T \T e # d k$T
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dT e+~. q~ >Tq # y\Te Tf\T |{ q~ dTesT 15,
20 n&T>T\ T b]qT \TdT+ ~. @{ lk$Ty] #Ts
b& dT # s T \T Xs# T lk$Ty] |D$TsT .
n\H&T yddt q~ es+Z qT e+~!
79
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 7
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nCqeTH { N{ nV+seTH
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yT y<++ u> e+{ eTVjTT+{
<j eTjTT eTq nqTue + +& #dT + ~.
|Ps |D+ e\q d<TZsT | bTq ys+{
25
#& s HH , m{ VsHH dTHjd+> | +#T= >eT+
#s> \ s lk$TysT, l ]& ksTT e+{ eTVjTT\ #]>
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j T qTq~ eTq+ b] + q d e Tj T eTT\H >< T eTq+
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+~ <s qeTT\T \T|#Tq$.
=iL{ TjT>] #\T |<eT |+& XjTyT+~.
+ es<s k$Ty] d~ #jT eT lk$TysT C|+ #sT.
nH @sT #dT = |+&y sT lk$Ty] $yV
<jT#d <+|T\qT os~+#eT b]+#sT. k$TysT q
+<+ $yV e eT+>d eTT, \+u\ _jTeTT
dVk\ os~+ <>ZsT+& $yV+ ]|+#sT.
lk$TysT q &T\T sbsTT s s+ | + y*+
eT | q |T HsT. +e] +& >, $yV\> y]
J$ \+ lk$TysT y[jTT+&< T . | &T lk$TysT
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n. sT y y] nH cH lk$Ty] | e\q n$
>& >f X+ J$dTH sT.
80
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ne< \
| &T lk$TysT \T|PsT qT+& >=\>eT& ed

H\sT eT<dT k+&T #s nj! eTq+ dT| by*
n lk$Tys p_ dT| rdTbeT # e #bsT.
m|& y<X\ b lk$TysT m+<T bTHs
me] ns+ <T . ysT dT| b>H d lk$Ty]
nqq+> d]dTq TjT , nHs>+> eq y] #\ T q+sT
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lk$Tys & =+d| e+& & d]|&+ ~. eTq+ b<+
|<+& nHsT. =~sE\ yT s>+ #& \T #]
lk$Ty] |qT =j&+~.
eT+b&T >eTdT\T \*eT>] |+&sTTq H\T>T
d+es\ esL _&\T sT. M] qs\ \Vqe\ e+{
# u<> e+&~. &s eT+<T\T, +Cq T |] +#< T . yT
lk$Ty] <s H eq|&T yT @MT #| eTTqT|, yT
j? bT+~, >&sT sD
+ #bj&T. jTqqT yT
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d+es+ |q eT>_&q T |d$ ++~. |{ yT juy T
qT+& e lk$Ty] de~ <]d+ T+~.
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q&e bj&T. q~ kH bsTT lk$Ty] d]+, e
| H ~esT +&? n dT yd q \TqT sT~ {
& , lk$Ty] d~ =#sT. kjT+ \T eeT\Td
e+~. s lk$TysT ss& kH bsTTq <>sZ
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s+s+ q yTTs\dTHs ss& >V+#&T. kH
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81
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<>sZ = n\+< sq \T#TH&T. eTqdT @MT |Te<T.
e # +{b , n HqT ##T+{qT n nuj
T $T#sT
lk$TysT. ysqf TjT ds \T =\bjsTT.
>=\>eT& sD
+ dTuse>sT #| THsT:
| &T |uT T< MT< |uT |s <T\T e#sTT.
n$ TTEyq +<Tq s T n dd+& #kq |s L&
|+bsT. n{ w \+ lk$Ty] odT\ =s n&T e#&T.
jTq #* eT+ b|eTT+~. jTq &T+f eTq=
sTe (|k ) qw+ , y+H beT #| j! nHsT lk$TysT.
ysT <\ <T . n<e lk$TysT |<| < #| y] |+|XsT.
|d s T >sT ns>+ d| lk$Ty] <]+#sT. kMT!
MTsT | #| +f e > @eTT+~? n b<j
T |&sT .
n&dT ydb! + yd |+|qT n nujT$T#sT
lk$TysT. ys> #XsT. lk$Ty] |e\q y] ddqH
| {H|s Y e+ nsTT+~.
k] lk$TysT ss& #bsT. y+jT~

26 fe ><j n. y] neTyq + >=| X
+T+< y]# q d#q yqT m+{ \es y T q sD+
$T& +T+< nqTu$ +q y] msT.
lk$Ty] de\ =] = | e|+#&
e+&~. |+ ys+<s eT |qT\T eTT u #dT =HysT.
nVA f\ T ={ rdTse&+ y. seTDjT |. sE
<d H lk$TysT seTDjTqT |*, sE & S,
|P #&j nHsT. <$T{ sE &{ ess! n
n&q TH&T. =+d|{ e #jT +& f\ T =&
y&T. n&T |<e qT m =eT\T qsTT+&> |< =eT
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82
|<+<e&T
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n&T 4 n+>T\ | H eq +&MT< |&e +f \|*

n& eTsD+ #y&T. lk$Ty] $q$+#> seTDjT dT|
| (~) n N{ ysTT+#sT.
# sE\ qT+& s+s+ k$T de +&q ]>\
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H k$TjT. H ys XsD
+ n lk$Ty] d]dH &T.
@$T#dH >Z < T . u] +# u<. @$T kMT, *jTT>+ u +
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nqTuy y\sT dTVD+ HjTT&T (H>T\y\
sT) >]
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y{ ds j nHsT lk$TysT. HqT ed m{ kMT?
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T T+&TqT!
q k$T s rdT <j
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83
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s E lk$Tys T e T j T & e T ns # | ,
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nsyT\T <s+ eH&T. d]>Z n ns# n<#
lk$TysT n nq deTjT+ \T {+ < *d+~, n+>
lk$Ty] d]+q D+H @ eT+< neds++&
u<+ ZbsTT+~.
| &T lk$TysT *#&T HsT. lk$Ty] de&T
ss& qT |s wH nsTT H=|> q~. sE nj! e
+{ bsTTsy*. q\u \\ T & e seT\ DT\T sk sT .
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eTs e#jYT n N{ ysTT+#sT lk$TysT. n& > y&T.
s+| s dw q T b{b s+ MT< q&TdTH &T.
T bdt
e\ |+# b{b s+ qT+& C] H\T>&T >T\ T q
s \ T |{\ MT< |&q |{ @ eeT <> < T . }] #s
n & & eq H\T> T sE\T >eT< e m\ e T n
<sqeTsTT+~. |{\ MT< |&|&T lk$TysT <e
seT\ DT\T b&TsT nqe nsy T + ~.
>=\>eT& #jT |&T # qTdTdT+f \T
Ts< +& n]\T {+ ~. z+ >TsT<y! n \T >{>
|T= lk$Ty] d]+#&T. y+H u< +& bsTT eTs
] jT<|s+ # | #jT >*>&T!
>=&{ Xwj
T >] s +& T> +& lk$Ty]
<>sZ =#&T. lk$TysT n+* >TTHsT. de\T |&T
<T, lk$TysT >+ >TTHsT <s+> +&T nHsT.
Xwj
T >sT # T> HsT. lk$TysT jTq e+
# y+H nj e bjTd] s u>T+T+~, b
84
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n]#&T. nsT| q{+ eq eTw L& n]#&T. <+
n+<s L&sT. #d +{ b keq+ q #T
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<=+> |+#&T. <=+>qT |T= fX sT. y& <>sZ |< s
L& e+~. @$Ts sTT+ dT\u+ > bje? n+f <=+>
#b&T.
HqT +{ |y +#ujT|& mes M|q #]qsTT
syTH qT. m{> \+ L&>
T= n edTe \T eT
T HqT , m&e& |fj
TY n mes >~+ #| qT+~.
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MTs+? nH&T.
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\T | {usT MT< e+ # $T |T H&T. s +&e
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$|+#< T . n&T >& X e<\TH&T. y+H eTT+<T fs T
|* dT eq |+ > bsTT+~. n s> +f y+{e>]
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m> n n&dT+&> mes n|]Ts\T |+
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T y~.
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86
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s>+ u>T|& $yV+ #dT =H _&\ T ZsT .
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n bMT< {s T eTT+<T #+ m+~. | feTT $s>& +
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87
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27
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88
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e nsTT+~.
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sT yyT dTesT sy d+es\T s+s+ lk$Ty] de
n+y T + ~. yTqT >] | &T lk$TysT nj! neT
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qT+& $eTT& s TT eeT\T> q& +{ bj&T. ~ # |
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lk$Ty] <>sZ rdTbjsT. lk$TysT beTT s q
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yT q m<T y+H , |&yd , >& q+ yTT<\T |{+ ~.
k$Ty] j>X n+<s nTs|& sT .
sE lk$TysT qsks& beTT >+&eTTq~.
sTeSsT Mss|T ek$T sk sT n N{ ysTT+#sT. =+
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s & >~ ~>&T. q * @< yT> | > *+~. \T
eTs= e es&T. m e\ e]H n{> *+~.
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#TbeTTqT =#TqT \TdT k]> jT <&T.
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n~ e\+ |Ps+ lk$TysT yd q N{ |ueyTq
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90
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n lk$Ty] #_ +|{ s+& N{ yd e+&j !
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n #bsT lk$TysT. nH #d lk$TysT #| q fe TT
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91
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sT DbjT+ y&+ ~. ne e s 100/` & s |{ u<
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<s q+> yT +{ L& b+& }] me]H n&
s 100/` y+H deT]++~. H{ s lk$TysT q
|s wH #dq T d|yTT+~. \y ] eT+> u< Z s>+
#L ] |s wH neds+ +&H by| bZ sTT+~.
ss& # y*MT< beTT s +~. y\TqT lk$TysT
eT =&| |eT eT & ns# =+#+d| H= e+#sT.
u< |P]> +Z ~. ss&! e d+J$ nsTT+<j nHsT
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s H > $wyT <T.
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92
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ne< \
+&H s+ |&& + bsTT+~.

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deTjT+ eTVeT\sT yde\T eTTL{ seTjT>]
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C|+ #sT. n& H #d jTeT+<T\ +&H ddT& H &T.
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d$+#&T.
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uq <>sZ y d , nj! ~ $T~sTTT +< os~+#sT. {
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93
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yT ejTdT sy d+\ | e+{sTT. m+<s &s T , HT
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95
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d$d+~.
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|+ q+<Tq esT e{& \T#Tq~. @eTe! T
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n{> #| sT. C T b>={sT b n #| +~ ne.
yT D s +&T ys\ yT u< |P]> bZ sTT+~. <>T ,Z
jd+ eT] mq& q|& < T .
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b _ #eT +~. lk$Ty] qeTTq+<T
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d|+ lk$TysT s <>sZ LsT +#sT. yT\e e
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lk$TysT N{ ysTT+q y+H $Tc\MT< |\y&T
96
neTy
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m<Tq T d<+ =s \T=dTH &T. >eT dMT|+
m<T q&e |&bsTT m+={H, { eHH e<T.
97
neTy
ne< \
<s+> q lk$TysT eT de |* nj! esZH

bsTT m<Tq T =f jTqqT =e< #| nHsT. de&T y[
#| n&T $|+#T+& < u<TTH&T. n&T yqT]
e lk$T $q$d lk$TysT djT+> n#{ y[
m<Tq T jTY nHsT. <X m e+< eq
*+~. nj! H\T>T sE\T +& u . sT y u>H
d<+ #dT + < os~+#sT. m<T >eH =+&+ |
n+T +& #d~.
sE lk$TysT H\sT s+>HjT\| <y\jT+
ysT. >s > T & eTd f+ nsTTq|{ lk$Ty] m&\ |PCsT\
>\ u e \ >T& \T|\T s e+ uH\ ysT. lk$TysT
n# e{&q rsT +> e+~. sjYT s+>HjT! |*d
|\yM T? ese? >T&T ek ! C>! @$T{ |< ? #| qT
#ky |+&T }&=eT+{y? @eTqTHy? eTq+ #| qT
$+{&+, eq | nsTT+~. eTq+ b<+ |<+ & n n+<]
rdT= e#XsT. < $<+ > |+#\ qd+Vk$T L& >
fy sT. lk$Ty] \T ysT b{keT e #b X++
e#dysT. MsT @$T C|+#s, ysT @$T #kqHs
lk$Ty] *j*.
98
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 9
<jk>sT&T
|se T sTDeT]jT q lk$TysT eTqT
d+|Ps+ > qeTTq u \ T $XeTT m#
+& d]+qq y+H y] yT q T\
<T=HysT. u]+# ujT+syTq y<T\ 28
u< | & T , u&\ (q *bjT\) sd+ rd dTesT q>d&T
+#sT. lk$Ty] H& n+< +& bsTT+~. lk$TysT
Xs+ e~dT H s n+<s nss |P es LsT @&,
<bjsT. =+d|{ ysT < #d lk$TysT sT .
n+<s n# y<T #THsT. ns>+ lk$TysT n|&
kq+ #d qe qq+> sTqe *d edTH sT. <X+
# n+ $dTb jsT. @ u u< ysT $<+ > rdTHs
me] \TdT+ ~.
| &= wy ~ |& T &T lk$Ty] d~ H&T.
lk$TysT u< eT\T>TTHsT. nss y ss& lk$Ty]
u<q T #& lk$Ty] b<eTT\T e{ |T H&T.
nu, nu! |&T qqT L&<T . <s+> bj nHsT
lk$TysT. >+ sTy ss& * uq y* +<
csD+> ejT> N* wy ~e y|++~. ws u<q T
lk$Tys T rd T = j T T+& > qT lk$Ty] q
99
ne< \
<jk>sT&T
|*$T~jT >T]+ ss& H\T>T sE\T e\+ >TsTdsD

#X&T. H\T>e sE q \T @eT+< +&H eeT\T>
u>sTT+~.
> |+#\eT (>=\>eT&) e+ $|yTq \
(<Ts<) . H\\ s & ]] e+ eT+\T e#sTT. mH
y< \T#d |j >+ eqTq~. q u<q T >TsejT <s
lk$Ty] $q$+#Tq~. yTqT s. 1000/` >T+&+
bjTeTHsT. yT n+ |< yTT+ < #|+~. nsTT
|~sbjT\T yjT eTqT nHsT lk$TysT. q <>sZ |~|d \ T
L& e eTsTsE yTTs|T q~. yTqT <T eTTc\T H
m<TsT> \T#eTqj nHsT lk$TysT. yT n \T#Tq
<T $Tc\ yTqT y[beTHsT. D
+ qT+ yT <Ts<\ T
XX+> ysDjsTT. nsTT D
+ qT+ lk$TysT
$|yTq e+{ <Ts< ys+ sE\T u<|&T <Tyq
+ ]+#THsT.
lseTT&T, lw& T e+{ nes |sTw\+<s eeT\T
eqe\T>H eeV]+#sT. n<$<+ > #qsTT lk$TysT
_#e] $T+q >o*. sD+ q HXsTT+q y] q
XsH deT]+#sT ><!
lk$TysT =+<] |+> = esdT\ +&
u+#d T bT+< #|ysT. uVD+{ s +&T |P\T nq+
qT n >, eT{q + eT&T|P\T qT n #|ysT. n{>
s esdT\ +& qeT #|ysT. y] ejT+<T
$XdeTT+ n #dq ysT }V+#q+{ yT\T b+<sT.
y]e s eTT #dq ys |~ b>=T qysH sT.
q{ lseHjTT&T lk$TysT ]> sE\
lk$Ty] <]+#sT. lk$TysT n|& nq+ #T=
quTHsT. lseTjTqT qeT lk$TysT \e++ #dH
q<T . qT +f nq+ lk$Ty] #\< \#&T. nj!
100
<jk>sT&T
ne< \
$ e{ yTT\qTHy? eTT+<T sE\ >< *d~ n

nHsT lk$TysT. lseTjT <d*+& nq+ |{, n{
bsTT , eTs[+{ b nHsT lk$TysT.
ysH #XsT. mH d+eseTT\ s >& H{ lk$Ty]
de +y T lk$Ty] de\ + n|* qT+& _ q+
dTH &T. ~ H&T lk$TysT eTT+<T sE\ <j

*d~ n os~+q |* yT u\T!
*#&T yde &T, Ds+ yT > ds jTsY b*s&> ]
`|s {y kd{ = \T e#sTT. n< deTjT+ ysT
| #d > yTHsT | U e+~. kd{ >=&e\ e\q
ysT > zqsY >sq sC>] yTHsT | qeT n&H
|j qeTT+&< n&T>< T . ds eT]jT q lk$Ty] kd{
>=&e <s <s \ *jTy!
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ysMT #|+&H lk$TysT nj! jTq b
~| y*. y+<T n&T >T \TTHsT. <e&jT
rdk&T . jTq= N{ yd e+& n #| q odT\ N{
yd y] |k~+#sT. Ms |jT eT #jT +&H M]H >
|\ yTHsY> jT$T+#sT. H{ qT+& s &> ] lk$Ty]
jT+<T u X<\ T <&y T H{ |H ju sbjT\T Xe
<D> |+|T+{sT.
#s|* yde s\T L XseT #bsT. H{ s
=$T~ >+\ n+<s <bTHsT. lk$TysT LsT
jTTHsT. dMT|+ seTDjT Ls= bT |&TTHsT.
lk$Ty] =s |ds >TZ q XseT n+< sq \&,
njTj! n+<s <bTHs! >TZ |j >|& j>
bsTT+~! n eTqdT nqT+ eq~. lk$TysT
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101
ne< \
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seTDjT. lk$TysT H |&T y* n >{>

n&T>TTHsT. ~ $ XseT d+w+> q >TZ d+>
#| lk$Ty] deT]++~.
*#&T yde \T qsks& us XseT &T |<s\T.
lk$Tys+f yT+ |y #|eTT. lk$TysT
b+eTT m|&T |s{+H y] +{ eTT+<Tq eTd<T
eTT+<T+& y|#
T +< $&~#ksT . yT q +{
&u+& # s < |{ < m+{ +~HH +{y&T
y&~<T. mes < +<T M\T <T . k$T # sqT
n+ |P ue+ < +#~. lk$TysT e ~q y+H
yTT< y& # s *| deT]+#~. jTq L& M{H+
| d]+#ysT. lk$TysT q&# sE\ y]+{ s# T >
<eTT d]+#ysT. yTD lk$Ty] +<+ d+K
|]+~. yT q +<+ e\q ]y T q useTT nqTHs
@y> nsT<T> y]+{ <jT #dysT.
yT sE q n\yT |s+ lk$Ty] b<\T
qeTd]+#TusTT+~. lk$Ty] de\T yTqT
<s+> +&eT ><e sTT+#sT. yT <s+> LsT kMT
MT ~e dsq u>+ +& q$<+ > <s+ #dT H s? n
eTqdT u<| & + ~. y+H lk$TysT ny \T eTT\Tq~,
rky? n+ \T n+~+#sT. #d| eTT\Td+ y+~.
eTT\T<T. eTT\T<T kMT n #| < ne nsTT
e<T n \T rdTHsT.
&* ]> lk$T eTT\T>T #T e&yT $T{! ysT
eTT\T rjTeTq sD+ n|&+<] nsyT+~. lk$TysT
nryT q j>eTT +&|&T n+<s e |]#s \ |sT
qqT u<> +T+< qqT mes +& =+<sT
de\qT | |{+ ~ lk$TjT. eT]|&T y e <
q b<eTT\T qeTd]+#Td y H=#T+{s jTT>
102
<jk>sT&T
ne< \
eTT\T rd |d yT ] rssT lk$TysT.

|* |# eT lk$Ty] >T&\ T T eT eT
sb\T lk$Ty] deT]d, lk$Ty] d$+#~. yT
| &T _&\ nHs>eTT, us jTT &|+ <\T, >T&T+{
nH \ u> yk]bsTT+~. T\Xe>sT yTqT b \T
e<* XeT+ | > q b ydT = e+&eTq~. XeT+
| q yT \_+q d\ + <j \ \jTeT, n& yd+
e< ydT *dqysT d\V #sT. lk$Ty] n&
>esyT+T &T*ksT . \T ydT +{sT n #bsT.
d\ + eT+< < #| <T . =H >&# , >*yq dV jT~
qT+& +>H nqT+& n|{| &T yT |uT + &T
+~.
qT <j \ d\ +H =+ yXsT. +{ #ssT.
lk$TysT e b<+ |& n |&\ bjT |# eT X|&
lk$Ty] n]++~. |&T lk$TysT >qT yT +{
y& qT+N n+<]L seT q+ bsT|&sT n nu +s
|{sT =+<sT de\T. <e sEq lk$TysT qqT
= +{ rdTb+&j ! n =+<s #XsT. u \ T lk$T
y] +HjT k$T >T& rdT sT . n|&T lk$TysT &
<T n <D+ y| |#eT \T #bsT. lk$Ty]
de\T |&e Ts y| qTq eTT <>sZ rdTbjsT. lk$TysT
\e++ #d n+<] <D + y| > q&|+ , HsT > |# eT +{
rdTbjT+es >\ #XsT. n#{ #s>H eTq $T#
eT&T sE\T+&\j! nHsT. deTjT+ |# eT #s e
eq~. =+d|{ \T#] , lk$Ty] #, qT #dTq ~
d|e e n, q ] r]q lk$Ty] @ $<+>
|#s\T #j *jT ] _s+~. u>e+T&T u 29
+B ><!
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103
ne< \
<jk>sT&T
lk$Ty] +< e+ #s , $ds \T deTLsT # +<
@++> LsT <q+ e+&~. n+|&T yT uq+
$wjT yT >TsT+ &~ <T. |eTeT]jT q lk$TysT, eeT
nq+ qeT] bsTT+<j ! yTqT |* nq+ |+& n
de\qT V#]+#ysT.
eeT n|&|& e lk$Ty] <]+ +{
y T+&~. | &T lk$TysyT m+{ esT #s>
k$T e<*|{ +{ bb sTT+~. yTe qeTd]d eeT
#bsTT+<qTHH nHsT lk$TysT. eTq +&
XyyV\T, +<T | yTT<\>T #|\qT lk$TysT
30 j>X qeTT #dysT. eTq < |s_e~ |
y] >\ X<, y] X keTseTT\T eTqeTseTT #dT= >T
$<+ > k<q kkeT | $<y T q e\ <s ysT #dq
| eTqsT |s#ysT.
< $<+ > s+se TT k$T de +& >T qsde T
n|&| & +{ y[ q y+<] # sy\ +&~.
lk$Ty]q& |+|ysT <T. sE qsde T #bsTT+~
n N{ yd q os< eTT<yd qsde T#sT lk$TysT.
n~ yTT<\T= yT +{< d +&bsTT+~.
lk$Ty] +<+ ys+ |qT\MT< ysT.
lk$Ty] CebsTT. HqT kq+ #jT<T n T\XeT
eeTqT |+|+~. eeT mq& lk$Ty] >+ bjT&+
e+{ de #jT <T . n+>, qT V]q #+~q+<Te\q
n{ de #jT& qsTs\T neH <q X+++~.
uj
T +H Ce rdT= lk$Ty] yqT \&+~. ds Eq
lk$TysT s ee! uj
T yT+<Te! s! Ce s bsTT
n |*#sT. dTsTw\ | uX<\T, |$yTq q&e&
b e&yT Tf \Vq n lk$Ty] ue+.
104
<jk>sT&T
ne< \
CyT + n+{<, k] H\sT k+&T yT

~dT+ &> <=+> yT &#$ q eT $|+TH&T. n~
>T]+ yT <\ +& |&T = $|+~. | ne>H
| e* m&eT #$ eT >& $|H+<T neX+
*++~. \y ] eT\ >T]+ n&q XeTydT\ yT
H+f <]<T&e& e eT\T rdT+T+f b n
rdTb#qT n #| +~.
>|es+ s T q eT+< >=i\ qT |
+ { #=|q #+| HdT + &~. n &T | eT+& qT
#Ts q]X&T. sT y n<$T y >, n |{q
|_& e n] #bjTy&T. nqT q u<q T lk$Ty]
yTTs|T H&T. |&T&T, |&T&T, |&T&T n lk$TysT
eTTesT |*sT. y] neT y+ |s+ eTT>TsZ T eT>|\ \ T
|{ J$+#sT.
eT+<\ y+jT lk$Ty] |]#jT +<T . 1956
sE <j H lk$TysT M~ y+jT m<TsT|& eT
s +&T #T \ \ ^sT+ HH e\ = e #b*,
q (s) nTs! } (dsH?) n #| ysT.
>eTdT sT lk$Ty] eT +{ rdTbT+&> jTq
y+ y+jT y&T. lk$TysT eTT+, |+>\s (|q
s+&T> N*jTTq s) rdT= bTHsT. y+jT jTq
L& q&#&T. lk$TysT y+jT >]+{ e H\T>T |
# & eTq+ #&e\d+<$T<T . n u>H eHsTT. \
\T &T &T. +esL \ \T & sT n # H\ MT<
V<T ^ #|+#sT. ysT ed+# |P]+{ y[ Xq+
y| n+D+ <\+ +< CH&T yd+, CH&T T >T+
$+, >T+ b\T | + bXsT. lk$TysT bdq
b\T >T+ qT+& b] Xq+ y| b]HsTT. n+, +eTT+~?
n+ u>T+~ n+ ysT lk$TysT. y+jT >] bsq |
105
ne< \
<jk>sT&T
H{ eT<V+ lk$TysT y] +{ u+#XsTL&qT.
n|{ $T< f keT y+jT <T. =H
d]d+|<\ T \d e b\+ =q&yT >, lk$TysT #| qT
$T<\T L& THsT. yTeT+f ydTy eL&
K+> lk$TysT #|q+es +{ bqT <syT.
lk$Ty] nqT>V eTT e\q +{y &qjqT n \ T
\T|TH&T.
<e&jT (\\eTi) # ;<y&T. >=|u&T,
>o*. lk$TysT y] >eT+ y[q 5, 6 |sjTeTT\T >&
lk$Ty] +< e T+ { m+ u X < \ Ms= s
< $T#ysT. y] <s T~ lk$TysT m+ d+w+#sT.
+{ < s | s T \T < \T> e+& & + | | + # +
|j qeTqTHsT u\T, lk$TysT H&T <e&jT >]
# s n+* sTT+ = +& bd eT|{ n+*
+&qT <e&jT >]+{ Xq~X >+ T u $T
|P&+#sT. H{ qT+& ysT d]d+|<\ , <q<s \ m+
|U >+ q d b+<sT.
s T | Cq s eTj T (H \ s T ) e s s e TDeT
lk$Ty] >] $ <]+#\ |&+ ~. yT
y] <]+# u>+ \T>< T .
|&T lk$TysT H\sT |uT dT| m<TsT>
|&T <sd+ eq |<X+ $&~ #XsT. sE
b+eT+ &$ , + ue H\T < T .
lk$Ty] < s Hs + b =+< s T dV T s
seTDeTqT L& |*#sT. qT n|{ uq+ #jT H>
eT<V+ +{>+|&T y+H jT\T<]+~. yTeT+
u +# X eTT. e L & u +# d ee+f u> T +& T qT,
n\eTeT+~ nHsT dVTs. k$T |& Hq+?
106
<jk>sT&T
ne< \
n Be> nq~ yT. k$T +<+ |H +&T >+\ u+#d

e+{sT, |& & edT+ ~ nq+? nHsT ysT. lk$TysT
eTs= #{ eT+ es* |<+&HsT. n+<s u+#X
lk$Ty] <\ eTHsT. lk$TysT | | qe _&\ T
se<j
? _&\ T &T+f eTq+ b m{? nHsT. n+H
seTDeT, yT dVTsS e#sT. n+<] eT odT\ N{\T
ysTT+, seTDeT e+.... yT eTq+ Te |&eT
e+<j ! Te |+& nHsT. nq+ nsTTbsTT+~. kMT!
n+f, nj, nq+ e+&? nq+ e+&q b #&+&j ?
nHsT. C nq+ U b &> +& |&d |{sT .
lk$TysT #bsT qT nq| b T& #d <sT
eTqTw\ d]|&+ nqeTTq~. < seTDeT |>
u+#d+ ~. y] dVTs L& |k<+> d]+#sT. yT
keqyTq ~ <T. |< #| eTw n lk$TysT yT
N{ ysTT+#sT.
eeT 99 y m* n lk$TysT k] N{
ysTT+#sT. n~ $ eeT |s <T'K+ @&Td lk$Ty]
b<\ MT< |&, kMT, MT w++f qqT n&$
eTTw#
T>HH |{+ #+&. eTs eTw qe<T n s +&T
>+\d| y] b<\qT q { n_w++~. sT DeT]
yT e#~ < <e| q|{ ydej! n ysTT+#sT.
\T|PsT >eTdT\ T $. dT+<ss $Ts&> sT #bsT.
1977e d + lk$Ty] +< + =H
+&+<T>qT, l jTdt.$.. s&>] |<e> eTT|
n+DeTT\ $X\yTq |P]bqT |+#qT. sE <j H
lk$TysT & D
+ +&L &<T . y+H eTs= #T
y[b y\ =+<s #jT k>sT. lk$Ty] de\T eT<V+
s+&T >+\ es s+ #d lk$Ty]q# qT+&
~*+#< T . lk$TysT eTs= e y\, +~ edT+ <
107
<jk>sT&T
ne< \
=+<s #d H eHsT. + |P]b m n+T+< eT+\T

s>sTT. lk$Ty] <s+> Lsu{sT. lk$TysT
eT+y| #| n+ +>s+ sT \j #&+&. n+
+>syT n nsTdTH sT. |P]b+ >T \& bsTT+~.
>\ &q+<TjTHMT u< |&e < #| . jTq sy
T <jT+ edT+ ~. n N{ ysTT+ H # |+bsT.
nq \+H l jTdt.$.. s &> ] nqT $<+ > # >=|
]_e~ *+~. n<+ lk$Ty] odT\ |* yT .
lk$TysT | &T $. dT+<ss $Ts&> ] $&~
#djTTHsT. n&Tq m+&T{\T, T $] lk$Ty]
n>T+&+ yXsT. T &q yT
y& | +& n~
eT+ yjT >H V+&yT q X+ |*+~. n&Tq ys+
ujTu+T y| ##<TsT> |sT>sT. n>T+&+
eTT+< Ls=jTTq lk$TysT n+>T+ L& <\ <T
d]< uj
T V\T y] eTTK+ |+#< T . n&Tq ys+
lk$Ty] d nTs |&s y] d \TdTHs?
108
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 10
|beqT&T
|se T <j ~jT q |se BqH<s D
=s eTVjTT\ s|+ dweq+ es
ne]dH e+{s < eTVeT #| T+~.
eTVjTT\ | m+ nbsy , ny|T y j
eTVjTT\ #]\ #&e#T. { nyyTq 31
M] | |<\ <Te&+, n*$> y<T \qT
qjT+ CjT &yT > |T\qT beqT\qT> es&yT T n<T \.
Hs<e TV] <s qeTT# LsT&q y eTV]jT qT> eTq
k$TysT nH eT+~ <TssT\Z qT, >TuT\qT dq T\T>
e]q dyXe TT\ = eyT # b+<T|s# T #THeTT.
dV yd <w+ e\>, rs deTd\qT >] d
eTqX+ s sD\ e\q =+<sT >T&T, p<eTT
yTT<\>T edH\H eT J$\H> qy] J$\q
nX+ eTT+#ksT . n+{ \Vq\ qT+& jT|&\
V<jT |Ps+> s ysT jT |& s T . n{y ] lk$Ty]
+{ eTVjTT b&>\sT. ds|sD~], dsu
V<j+s]jTq d<TZsTq nk<yTq syTeTTq~!
>=\>eT& Xe dMT|+ #T MT< =+>
>&T T= q |\\ J$d+ ~. sE b++ ed+#
beTT\y&T =+>qT ={\ q $\TqT d<+ #dT H &T.
n~ #q XeTydT\T nD eT+<*+#sT. mksT eT+<*+H
n&T eTs ys+<] @e] q $\TqT || >T]|{&T.
e] u $wjT + lk$Ty] #bsT. jTq n~ >\ <Tj
109
ne< \
|beqT&T
nHsT. jTq #| qf s &T ydq uD+ =+> >\ <T .
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117
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133
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q >\ nqT+<+ >] N{\T ysTT+ #ysT. y] q
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sE >TsejTqT >T]+ #bsT.
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+ M~ +k*+ |{&T . eTs
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k] #\eHjTT&T #bsT. #\eHjTT&! bsTTq
q y+] sC>]+{ HqT >essT sT, e & s
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sT e#qT nHsT.
eT* y+jT (n|*) sy nsTT<T d+\ ejTdT
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136
qq\ nqT+<+
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n |*#sT. kMT! HqT sqT. MT <>Zs=d _q+ #+<T
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u\ r]bjsTT. H <>sZ =#jYT nHsT. kMT, H 40
<j \T b>=f eT++, >*+T eT++, fsT eT++,

bse T eT++ #| <>sZ =kqT nH&& T . n{> #| qT
seTHsT. e e eTTs yTd> e+& f\ T =&TT+&T.
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+>sT q>\T <] + +~ #| +& | #| eHe.
sE \T C+& * C+& e]+~. e us |&e. e
u $T MT< |{ keq $<e s\T> e+{e b! n C+&
X|+ +~. X|+ +f |+& < T . X|+ e\q |+&
] u\+H us bj&T. yTeTT qT e<* |eTT nHsT.
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#T\T kBq+ e. &se\> lk$Ty] #+
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137
qq\ nqT+<+
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y & esTs~. n $wj \T n+.

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#sT.
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| +& yT VsTT> |\ Vs+ u+#d~. @&T>TsT <d\T
|&yT _&\ T> |{ yTqT qe+& u~dT H sT nHsT
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q&#Ty*.
1969 d+ b++ >=\>eT& Xe |+
]q u* _ H e#~. T\XeT>sT u* _ H
|{ |+|~. sE u* s>H es+& y*eTT<\T ydT q
lk$TysT yT e+<e! n+ |\qTq T\XeTqT
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lk$TysT, sC>] T+eTT qT+& uVD T+eTT
138
qq\ nqT+<+
ne< \
n& qT+& |dT + jH~ T+eTT e+~. @+ dwj

~! n+ | | qysT. <+ > Z =B eqe&T yT&
qT+& |+{+{, n& qT+& >T&X se\dT+T+<
lk$Ty] ue+.
y\sT dTVD+>sT # \+> q us y\T
H=| u<|&TT+f lk$Ty] $q$+#sT. nj! yT
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+Tq eqT s* +& ={+~. Ks ~. >eT<e
+>seT, Mss|T e k$T kZ sT . |P]> H=|b<T n
d\$#sT. n{> ]+~ n+{sT.
139
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 17
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sd d+Vs+ u us +Z TTw\qT
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>|\ qqT>V +#Tq l w& T ne]+#&T.
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>TsT#] >& #> $e]dT+~. Te+{ eTVjTT\
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C $T*q <es |sTw\ #]\T X< |]o*d> l
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d *jT+f jTq y]ysH, e\+ |X \T
140
~yqTuy\T
ne< \
#| = J$+# keq k<T eH eTq+ u$ T+# neXeTTq~.

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u \ qT>V +q ~yqTuy \qT n<jT+ #keTT.
eTT~>&T yde \T n+ y+{$Ts&> sT #| THsT.
k] lk$TysT eTT~>&T e#sT. n<y >, jTq H |sT
e] dTseTj! e H \T|PsT e #|dTe,
sej ! n qqT j T \T< s rXs T . q ys + < s
<bTHsT. yTeTT =+< s+ y[ =s >T <>sZ #seTT.
lk$TysT qq& LseT #| >TqT = yT &TT+<,
eTT y[ |#d ekeT #| ysT. jTq @$T #ks
#&\ =~ d|{ HeT~> y] dMT|+ | q <HqT.
jTq >T| m |< +& MT< y\ |&T = \T
MT< \T ydT = }+#T+ b\T b&T+THsT. HqT
y] b $H\ q> q q bs&T +& +<#]
LsTHqT. jTq y+H n~ |d>{, |qTu\T ]>
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uj
T yTd+~. y+H lk$TysT n|T ]+#e, |&e Ts> qTq
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d+<T +& e\ eT+<\T |dTHsTT. ||>\ y\T>T
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>| d\ T b\T Hq |T= bTHsT. <X #dTq +
d|P H <e+ $V]dTq|++~. HqT L&
b\+& rdTbsTT y]+~+ekqT nHqT. zjTu! y
s| y&TbT+f, eTse+ b<T yTT* edT+f
y &j
bjT~? nHsT. n|&T HqT sT |&e Ts\T #d
n+ n+< s+> eq~. yq{ <XyT <T . b<eTT |<j
!
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141
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e }] bj! n y+{$Ts& <+#sT. n&Tq
# \ eHj T T& T lk$Ty] q > \ n # q TeqT
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y+s$Ts& #TTHsT.
lk$Ty] e e< HqT nss y es+ Hq
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H+ \TdH eq~. s HH &THH, @$T #dT H H
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e }] +uT s+ yjT &+ H *$ e+~. HqT e
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<{+ \T #ssT lk$TysT. eTVjTT ~eX =j&
ysTT sdT\ ~XwqH seTT ><T!
eTs=k] =+& #T = se\j n #|
lk$TysT e n+<], m$T~ eT+~, *q&q |+#\q
rdTbjsT. n& e =+<sT u \ T nqeTT, <T d<+
#dT + &> lk$TysT nj! eTq y |qT\T #dT + {sT.
eTq+ eT+ =+& bsTT ek+ s! n qqT |*#sT. MTs&
142
~yqTuy\T
ne< \
seT+f n& ekqT n #| y] jT\T<sqT. dTesT

eT&T yTeq eT+=+& #seTT. n& eTXsT&H
*+>seTTq~. lk$TysT < dMT|+, Hs+ $+q
uw *+>s+ e{&sT. n& qT+& dTes= yT\ T
<s+eq e$T q bjeTT. n& lk$TysT
_\+ ~>T+f HqT L& nqTd]+#qT. _\+ mT #H
<y T q e$T& eqeTTq~. +<+ e$T& |+&T eTs&T q
s* eHsTT. #M T< >& |+&T >TT\ T >TT\ T> y&TTHsTT.
yT$T<s e T |+&q T =+H eT&T yT |j D+ #XeTT.
yTeTT =+& >TV es #sTT+&> |< m\T>T+{
>+&d | +~. < s\T dTesT eT&+>TeTT\
b&eHsTT. eTw ne++ $T+>+> HsT s e MT<
edTq ~. eTT+<T lk$TysT, yqT HqT bTHeTT. HqT uj
T |&
e$T& #T #T y[ #dTH qT. lk$TysT f d
qT#s=&T (n+f qT |*qT #|&T #d) < <>Zs
bsTT eT &# < H | qT+& M| MT<T> es
es eT&T ksT $TssT. y+H m\T>T+{ +< e+
y] b<\ e< \ |{ =+&#] jT y[b sTT+~.
HqT y+H lk$Ty] #+ #sqT.
n&= u, Xs *+>eTT, s+&T d $>V\
eHsTT. =+&| qT+& eT&T \\ MT< eT&T { <s\T
|&T THsTT. mes |dT |, +eT, | y{ q]+qT
b+eT+ dTydq +&bsTT+~. lk$TysT eT m&eT
# s |T= $>V \ @< yT q uw e{&sT.
+ dTesT eT&T us\ <s+ >jT+> eq { +&eTT
<>sZ yqT. +& s + <D
~\T> s +&T e$T&
#THsTT. <y T q y{ =eT\T |qydT = +< e+jTTq$.
HqT s+>qTq #TqT |T= +&+ =+ ##qT.
n+<T sT #| q+ T> eq~. < +>sT, y+&
HD\T sdT\T sdT\T> eHsTT. Hq #de +&> |&e T{
143
~yqTuy\T
ne< \
qT+& |< #| \ +&+ |y ++~. < |<e\,
yTT|\L +>sT b>T\T ydq THsTT. < \ @qT>T \+
eq~. yTT|\T \T| s \+ eq$. #| q yTT|\
H&+# d] sT eseseT+ qTsT>T\T eTT | b++~.
HqT ujT+ lk$Ty] e< |sT> kMT! n+<T sT
b+>T+~. eTq+ jT m{ beTT? nHqT.
jTq, n<+j!, n&\T (y\T y&\+) !
nHsT. n& qT+& yTeTT eT&T yT S +&++ bsT T q
n&\ T T { q& jT{=#eTT. n# =+&s, #T
jT<|seTTHsTT. yTeTT |+#\q #seTT. lk$TysT
eTeTT\q+<] MTsT >#s MT<T> \sT s+&, HqT
k<T ejT>] \TdT= ekqT n #| =+& y[bjsT.
n+{+f <>Zs <] nsTTq|{ yTeTT \sT #sd]
lk$TysT eT u&q |<jT>] +{ eTT+<T <T e<
y*eTT<\T yd Ls= jTTHsT. lk$TysT qqT |*
|sT e]bsTT+~. +<\T e#sTT. y+H +{b ! nHsT.
H T\XeT>sT #\ s.2/` \T #sT. HqT \T
#s d] n& }] qeT+ >T$T>&jT THsT. ys+ qqT
Xs+ ##sT. $#]+#> >=& |] |\\ T qqT #+| #|
#T{ # <#s |sT |{+ <. n+<s H Xy
e& >T$T>&s *d+~. n+<s y[ #
<>sZ #d
b #| eyT eq~. lk$Ty] e\T H| &se TjsTT.
k ] >=\> e T& lk$Ty] \ d =
sE\THqT. H{ s dTesT |H+&T >+\ b++
lk$Tys& +]> jT\T<] bTHsT. H n\yT
|s+ HqT >& y] *jT+& y] yq jT\T<sqT.
lk$TysT H>T\es+ nH n&$ bsTT n& |>&E>T+
nH# >sT. HH dMT|+ $&e* (T+>) T|\ #Tq
< LsTHqT. lk$TysT >T+ <>sZ =+#+ db, HqT
144
~yqTuy\T
ne< \
<jTTq #T e, HqT mksT #| H e #T> edH

e+{e. ~ mTe+{ >+&s \eTqTHy? n qqT
eT+<*+, ~> #&eTHsT. n& |< +eqT
yTT<T\+ |<beTT eTT\T> q]yjT&jTTq~. |y
<q #jT b q, qq n~ @$T #dj
T T+&TH? $
m|& sL&<T n qqT | |+|+#XsT. HqT }]
e#XqT. <jT+ @&T >+\ lk$TysT = f\T,
H>Ce TT&T u+\T =T= rdT e#sT.
lk$TysT nss jT\T<] jT<# > d+#]dT+ &ysT.
k] eT+ es\+ V+&yT q sTeTT\, yTsT|\ es+
|&T +~. { N{ lk$TysT { Hq |T=
<T <>sZ qT+& jT\T<ssT. jTH & bs, @+ #ks
|<\ HqT y] q|& +& yqTH q&#qT. eTT~>&T <>sZ T q
sT &Tq Tq #s e <>sZ #], k$T eT >T&$ | >Tq |{sT .
> +&T> qT= |eVdTq s T {|q lk$TysT q
|& |sT >TT y< \TT HsT. eTqs+ uw
eT yT @< e{&T +, e* &T qT+& e* &T
sT>TTHsT. =+ d|j >TqTq >T&\ T <] + HqT <jTTq
{# <>sZ e, eT #s qqT b&Td, sd \>+
$ se#? n, sqT H yT& MT< |{ HT + +{
rdT=#sT. yTeTT \T #s> H jTq @MT msT>qf eT <T <>sZ
LsTHsT. HqT L& HsT > bsTT |&T HqT.
Hq|&T eTT~>&T |P]b e+&y&. H \T
T H X <T . sE lk$TysT qqT \T TeT #|
eT dVk\ X+KTk|q #XsT. sT y | m |P] #j \
HqT +<q |&T T+f e HsT > ~> s&T MT< bT+f,
|qT\ Hsy s T sTT n #bsT. HH ~> jT\T<] bT+f
u\T<sT, T dysT, y{ +&ysT <] |+,
m& bTHe n n&, yTyT e | #keTT n #| ,
145
~yqTuy\T
ne< \
H | |P] #d bjsT. $TT\T Hq&T> H +{ <>sZ | e TT
H | |P]#s TT+#sT. n+<T H+{ |yT jTeT
+&H \T |P] nsTTq~. =+ lk$TysT e
+{= eTTdeTTd qe\T qe+ +{ <T yXsT. n+<]
+& + f e u> eq< >eT+ n+<s n+{sT. n+
k$T <jT ! (|P] $eseTT\T k$Td~ #&e#T).
| &T =+<sT u \ T o j by\qTHsT. y]
dVTsq e\| s & T\XeTqT eT >& j seTHsT.
yT lk$Ty] L& j seT b]++~. yqT
bjTe! eTq+ s | b<eTT n+ H\T>T sE\T >&b sT
lk$TysT. lk$TysT e# e < q T\Xe n*
s nq+ q+& bsTT|&T q~. <jT + m$T~ >+H
e<T . u \ T { bsT. HH$ T{, &THqT? n yT +~.
s+ qT o j #dqT d|+ <sqyT+< yT
m+ > H $e]+ # | +~. k T q qT lk$Tys T
j#s TT+qT yT \+~. n~ @< jTyTq d|eT,
\ yTq j m >\
j #sTT+#s n+<s >T]+#sT. \ jTT n+ss+
|P]> ns+ >y\+f l >TsT#] = \\T #&*.
lk$TysT >T+& # dMT|+ |&T=HysT.
>=\>eT& XeT+ +# T +< >TsejT lk$Ty] <>sZ >
|&T=jTTH&T. n+<s <bTHsT. =+<sT ~>+sTq
TTw\T e lk$Ty] #Ts Ls= e{&TTHsT.
>TsejT yT\Te e >T+&+ d]#jT & y&T . @eTj!
|&T #e? nHsT lk$TysT. n+{ yT + e >T+&+
<>Zs n&T |&bj&T! TTwXsT\T y+ esL e<T.
k] lk$TysT, sEb+ jTseTjT *d <\T
146
~yqTuy\T
ne< \
|MT<T> y&T THsT. X+ y Tq y] #&+&j !
nHsT lk$TysT. mes |+#< H &T jTseTjT. n|&T
lk$TysT n qT eTs #&eTq> jTq #
b&yq eTqTw\T X+ q&Td +#sT. ] lk$TysT
n& qT &+ jTq <X+ n+]+ |]ds\T *ksTT.
|&T eeT +HjTk$T >T& y[q|&T n&
<e\+<s du #dq T <s qyT+ ~. <X+ #q yT
yu e + #| q\$ < n+T+~. V ueT\T #d, H=dq sdT q
ydTq , d eT] ueT\ >\ b\qT eT{ |Pd
d]#dTqT <sqyT+<. Te+{ <sq+ e\+ u+
eeTq& M\T<T . $XK|D
+ jdH uu nH eTTd+
eTVT&T keTjT nH u +{ <s qeTT |k~+#&T.
eeT H&T lk$Ty] =+ <s+> \& q~.
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n]w&sZ\ |syTq nCqeT, < | s|yTq
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ed >V+ <=+>\qT |{* n #bsT. qqL
esTT+& nXXyT q XsyT ed >VeTT deTT. n~
me] ds yd+ C\<T.
nH y] deT*\T, eTs= s|eT nsTTq l n
k$T uyH d+#sT. jTq <sHs+ eq
d<VDT&T $~ V]qT& +{ e< +& {
kqd+< \T |P]#d T =, k$T <]+, uVD |+ uH
LsTH&T. n~ >eT+q lk$Ty] de&=&T n&
#dq+<T re+> $eT]+, |+ qT+ y>={&T.
d<VDT&T H=#TH&T. sTy de&T lk$Ty]
182
lk$Ty] ~eu<
ne< \
jT<$~> _ q|&T jTq d]+#<T. q HsyTeT

n&q de # V]qT |*|+, n& H=d $u |{,
H\MT< @&T^\T ^, = ^ <T |Ps q\ d
b+~ ysT ysT q\ $$< esZ\ +#q, @&Tq\
+< H= sT&q uVDT&q #b&T. lk$TysT
|+ #> n&T y< y<+>\ $wj \qT e*+ q |Psq
Cq+ jT<se T s|+#TH&T. nsTT q es+Z
+#y$T? n lk$Tys& , qT uVDT&T> q|&T
s esd T \ qT ndV +#T+, ys+<s q&q uMT<

eT+\+ #\T= X~ #dT = qT q&# y&q, n{ nqq
+q e\q q| &T q b|+ +<, V]qT&T
#b&T. esu<+ qe\q edT+< \ d+yTq 99
ndVH eV+q y], H+s+ < CH
neX+ T+u\ +#e\d +T+< lk$TysT
eT de *jTs#sT. Xk\ ns eTVjTT\ jTT<
*d=q eTq q | &T ns\qT nqTd]+ q&T#T+f
*> nqsy T ~.
y] ue+ + dwe TjT> jTq s# T u \
e\y, e~>y +& ##T nj nHysT.
=|&T nqesd T \ T eT <s H eq|&T y] lk$TysT
uV DT\H y s T . <: q ' y X q qqT (s # s TT )
uVDT&Hy sT. nH n\Tu dsY nH s & esd T & T y] <s H
edT+ f n&T> uVDT&=dTH &T nHsT lk$TysT. n+f
jTq <w eTVT\jT+<T |PueeTT, ye TT VCq+
d+ ] >\ys uVDT\qe. d]> ed |wT
uVD+ H s+#&&+ >eTHs+. n+> q'
uVDT&qy&T >& yTq uVD > q
J$+qsTT n& XS< eTT, #+&\eTT b|+ n&T
<suVQ&& <sXd >+<\ #|&~. n+f eTTeTTe
183
lk$Ty] ~eu<
ne< \
+&e\dq >TD\T>*,Z y{ q q J$+#y& uVDT&H

ns+ ><? nTe+{ y& eyT uVD d+ks\
ks e TjT >< Xd+ ?
nTe+{ >TD\qT <Md+|<, d>TDeTT n u>eBZ
n_e]++< eTq+ >T]+#*. n{y sT #dq jT, <q, |' ,
s \T eyT ye TH k| b+<TjT >& u> e BZ
X<jT $u>j>eTT dw+> #|T+~. BH l y+jT
k$TysT, d+|q+, k<sD+ >*,Z d<T sZ T de #jT eTHysT.
d+|qeTT nq> |q #| q <M d+|< >*j
Z T T+&&e Tqe.
k<sDeT+f n{ >TD\T q HjT, H= k<T e
eTTeTT eq, qT |$T&q $sM, k{y] VqT\T>
\# +&&+ nqe. d k$T jTT J$ $<qyT
#{ <s+. n+<T nTe+{ eTVjTT\ #sDH, u<H
|eD+> d]+#\ <s Xk\T |T w+#sTT.
u<, Cq, b, de, k+ eT\T +<T |$yTq
< Jeq+ \ysT, < *jTT+&ysT n de+
e\ qT eZ] +#&+ >eTHs+.
we T+f @$T{, dTKeT+f @$T{ H *jT<j

100 nHsT ss& lk$TysT (n+f cc\T b>=T,
dTU# e<T\T n).
k<q #dT + <e | m \T>TT+< n&q u
nj! | $T<d T +f u>T+T+& nHsT. neTs HsjTD
101 X + <+> <M d+|<q T k~+#& |$ T< ]+#&+ >

b* #bsT.
eTs= u&T kMT! qqT k<q #dT+ m#
+&eT+{sT? nH&T. m&H <\| \T ydT=
+&e#T. @ }] +&eT+{sT? @ XeT+ +&eT+{sT?
184
lk$Ty] ~eu<
ne< \
n eTs eTs mesT n&H > lk$TysT e+

<\| \T ydT = m&H +&e#T n X\$#sT.
\+f Xs+. B <\+ <s+ n+f <e yT XsD
+>
ds dXsD
> J$+#&+ . eqe\T <q q edTy VH J$
<seT qeTTsT. C n$ nXXeTT\T. <e yT <s+>
J$d n< >eT+> u$d+ f m&TH k<H ` du e*
@ V nq ksTT y lk$TysT #bsqe.
ds Xde TT\ kseTTqT lk$Ty] e eeT\T uw #| >\
|+&T# \_ksT!
eT < <H >] lk$TysT nHsT =+&\T
=+&\T> &T\TeH, sT L& n&T>s eTj? =+&\T b]
C] e#dTH jTj!
eTs=k] lk$TysT nHsT ` @&T=+&\T j
e#sTT, bb& =Hy+f =qe#j. eTs=k] q\=+&\T
j e#sTT. =Hy& & n ybjsT. ksTTH<T &T
Cq<q + sdT\T> H n&> H<T && n nqT +~.
<D
| =+& *e+~. mesH =Hy +f =qeT
n+<] #| j nHsT lk$TysT.
| &T lk$TysT uVDT\ e~>y HsT,
e~>y uVDy HsT. eT{ y eTy,
eTy eT{y HsT. >=\y e\y, e\y
>=\ysT HsT. eT+ $<+ > +<j n nHsT.
u
+ u>+ rdT+f b|+ L& u>yT TdT+ <j nHsT 102
eTs= sE. (eTq+ #+<\T me] n&> j+#+&)
u & T : kMT eqe&T #bj ] q q<?
+f eTw>H k&? |X | <T\T> k&?
k$T : eTw b eTw>H edTj.(<TsuyTq
185
lk$Ty] ~eu<
ne< \
eqeq e+~. d~j>+ #dT , d<T sZ T nHwD, de
k~+#T)
n+f eqe \D eTT\T >*Z J$d eqe&T >H k& ,
n> +~jT\ >\ |X \D eTT\T >*Z J$ >&|
103 Vq qkjT >qT eqe q ks e TjT> J$
>&| e T lk$TysT d\$#sT.
|qsq eq< |&T #|qf ` nH eT+~ u\T |Ps
q m#f# + @yT$T #dysL& lk$TysT
#|ysT.
< |X eTs=u&& <+ |&Tb <
edT+ &j nHsT. n+f J$++ <| me | eTqd+
+|= e+{y, e] D
<H d]d bD~* n<
$<+ > k& , n+\+ < d]d Xs+ e<T\T&
n> k& ^ #|&< ~ lk$Ty] yK
nqe.
eTs=u & T eTTe s+Z u~+#eT+f lk$TysT
#bsT.
nj! jTqqT eT&T \\ T e TqT nHsT.
n+ | + <T kMT n+f
sT \\ T e Tqj nHsT.
nd\T &u <T kMT n+f
8 \ H e Tqj nHsT
eT&T \\ T wD jT eTTqT e<\eT, sT \\ T
n]w&sZ\, 8 \\T nweT<eTT\ d++> #bsT
104 lk$TysT. lk$Ty] @ < Xk\ *jTe
nqT+<e?
| &T bdT\T <=+>q + nHwD lk$Ty]
186
lk$Ty] ~eu<
ne< \
nqTe+ \TysTT bdT dw q T rdTy[ seTT |{sT .
kjT+\eTTq \TysTT >eT |\ $wjT + *d du
Hds T qT H\T>T NyT |{ mesqTHe jTqqT, rdT=
dw H |{y yTH T~e+< n lk$Ty] d+> #bsT.
HdsT kMT *jT | ]+~ $T+#+& n
lk$Ty] y eTHsT. lk$TysT >eTdT\ @eTj
&H u>H +<j nHsT. + & sT>+\T
+&* n eT]=+d| n& e+& e#sT. y] dTK<T'KeTT\T
nH <+<eTT\T +f ><!
u & T lk$Ty] kMT, Vd s Cq ykqT
n nH&T. n+<T lk$TysT }s Cq\ y ><j

nHsT. n+f nsy T $T{ u & T $es+> n& \TdT+&H
d+es+ >eTdT\ +<] |+ |+&<T . n+<] |+ H=&
|+&TT+~ n lk$Ty] e\ ns+ #| = Vd s
Cq |s T |{&T . u & |s T eyT + L& |+& +&
bsTT+~. q s T \ ~e+> |+&+~. u & T d+es+
b&T>TH n&q yqT n&> +& >eTdT\ +<] <>sZ Cq\T
<T\T #T = H&T. $<+ > }s Cq\ jTqy nsTTq$.
}s Cq\ q ekjT \#&, n q eH y{
eTs n+<] ee\d +T+~ nH $y+ b sTT+~. X
m+{ uy\qT, ns\qT #| T+< #&+&. n+{ |sXqT
e<\eTH lk$TysT n nHsT.
q{ l seTT\THjTT&T q eT >T&d
lk$Ty] |{ |P+#y&T. sE y<q MT eT+
eTjT s+&T eTT\T> d y~+#&T. < qT
|k<+> d]+#& T <! kjT++ +{ qT+& jTq
|\|+& #sT. s |\|+& Hy < + lk$Ty] deT]+#&T.
|PCq+s+ |\|+& |k<+> H{ ydTH&T. n~
eTsd+ e n$T |\> +&+ # Xsbj&T. y<q
187
lk$Ty] ~eu<
ne< \
| +& qT H+<T | q +q $T> |\|+& jT>H
+~. eTq+ | H |<sH <y y~+#\, eTq+
+ < T w | & | < s < y y ~ +# L & <
105 H
lk$Tys T q \ <s u~ d T H s j T q
> V +#& T . ~ eTq+< s L L & eT+ | < X y T .
>e |+ |$+> +& d\+> #\T=q&eTT
=+ eT+~ eT+< ydT e&eTT <T . sE l
seTT\HjTT&T >e |+ q >T&d #\TT+&>
lk$Ty] |+ |q L& |&+ ~. n |& eT+~ n
106 T&e+& e~X&T. s jTq LsTjTT+&> jTq
|q @< <e+ |&+ ~. * +f\T bd+< |q #d *< T .
>T& &d q # ydq #d n~ |++ ydq. jTq
ndVeT|++~. |&T H| |++ m |&j n
+#&T. |++ |q |& ndV +#T=+{y, eT] H|
|& T&e+& e~Xy n lk$TysT jTq u<
#ks. H |{ H u< + < lk$TysT eTs=k]
s|+#sT.
188
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 22
lk$Ty] d\T
1. uye T | y& <j , =+>T|fy ]
nq+ |{\j.
2. kMT! =+<sT $TeT* d]+q y+H sD
b+<TTHsT. =+<] \deTT+~ @$T{ n

n& y+&< { ><j eTqeTT+&~
nHs T . n+f eTq $Xk { lk$Ty] s D
\_dT+<qe.
3. d+|Ps $Xd+ &= @<qT+f n~ njT<>< j
.
4. n Je\ y+jT eH& sdT n~ | ]
nqTDeTT >TsT+&e\dq $wjT+. d<TZsTe $Xs|&, ds
bDT\qT ys |]yw+ jTTHs, @ bD <]+H
u~+H n~ d<T sZ T #+<TT+< nqTD
+ >TsT+ #T=
J$ kd >TsT| d< eTq \_dT+~.
5. yTdsT eTVsE |d eTqyTTdT+~. eTq+ #dTq<
>< eTq yTd sT eTVsC +{ d<T sZ T e sd* H eTq+
k<q #d ns d+b~+#< ysT |#|H eTq+
\T|eT ns+ .
6. n+<] |+ |+&+#qT, < <=+>\T |& <#T+&
##T+&. eTq <TsTD
Z <=+>\T.
7. MTsT qqT e<*H HqT $TeT* e<\qT.
8. ysTT >=s\ eH eTq >=sqT \T |{ se#T.
9. n+<] deq+> ##T+f u> e +T&T |k&T .
10. *> <T , H nq+ e<T nH u D
, =~>qH qeT
189
lk$Ty] d\T
ne< \
=+<sT $T&TTHsT. y] lk$TysT { nHsT,

eT+<+, +<+ eT+<* u+#d n~ |]>VyT +<
VTyT+~. | X \ s|+ eTq Vs |k~+#
u> e +T TTD|&T eTq e.
11. y+jT |sTMT< |& &T yTT\T |{q y], q y]
y] eT+ #&\ eTqyT #&=<j
.
12. e<H u~+#+& kMT n+f #|<eTT+~. #
HsT +& nHsT. y] # eTqyT$T HsT y ne<
u<eT+ $|\+> $e]+#&+~.
13. eT+|<X + #jT eTq u lk$TysT eT+yT &T+~,
+yT &T+~? ##T+ bjT< ><j
nHsT. eTq
<TsTZD\T #s+& ##T+ d<TZsT&T #]+ #|q
Xue sZ ##T+, es+Z q&e&yT eTq se eTq
e.
14.dHdT\T <s+> +&+ >=|eTT+<j? d+ks+
<s +> +&yT >=|.
15. e& $wjT + L& <s +> +&\j.
16. eyTH u~#+ & kMT n+f d s, <s s, d+|q+,
k<sD+, d<T sZ T de k~+#+& nHsT.
107
d+|qeT+f <Md+|< \D\T, k<sDeT+f

ds $<e TT\ >s eTT, nV+seTT +& ne* nH
uy #sD J]+#T= jTT+&+. d<T sZ T de n+f
d<T sZ T e $Xs|&, @ J$ <]+H V+d+H n~
>TsTe #+<TT+<H msT |D+ J$+#+.
17. eT eT eTT \V+#T=H eT de\ =+<]
@++> |* HsT $|L&<j n e
u~+#ysT.
18. H s>+ d]<T . n& H=| & H=| n q #| =H
de\ lk$TysT H=| m+ nqTu$ d n+ eT+~
190
lk$Ty] d\T
ne< \
><j
nHysT.
19. be <=+*d |~ sbjT\T qwb T+&j !
20. eTwb eTw>H edT+ &.
21. | #dq de\qT lk$TysT eT+<*+#< \qy]
bjT yqT b#< ><j
nHsT.
22. eTT+<T eTT+<T &T >\ nq+ +{sj nHsT.
23. Xu n+ bT+&j . ~ ds Xk\kseTT.
24. <s+ b+& ##T+f HH| & MTf +&j .
25. ] beTH < +f eTqyT be&+ eT+<j .
191
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 23

u> e +T&qT>V +H $Xd+ ysMT
b+<s T . u> e +T e>, d<T sZ T e>
d+|Ps+ > $Xd+ ysT #| qT T`# | +&
#]+q y] eyT y] | \_dT + ~. ysT
#| qT #]+# y] | n&$>q yH \
108
e+{~.
+esL lk$TysT #| q y{ $Xd+ d|\ Tq
y] nqTuy \T ##eTT. n> X++q y] nqTue + @$T{
#<+.
>=&{ XwjT (>=\>eT&) >] s>+ u>T+&
lk$TysT qjT+ #ks e jTq #| H&T. lk$TysT
>T+ \>s y | qTq q] eT&T |P $T+>T
nHsT. ysT n> q] +&\T #d $T+>u B
>T Z T +<? n X+d $T+>&T. \y ] jTq lk$Ty]
<>Zs s>H @MT #|eTT+< nj, < >Z<T >
eTw ek&T . jTq <>sZ eT+<T rdT n #bsT. jTq
eTqdT <sTT+q X+ lk$Ty] *jTb ><!
$. seTeT] (H\sT ) >] nq esT esTd> eTT>TsZ T
&|\\T *>sT. H\Ze qT eTT+<T lk$Ty] e<=
eT>|\ y &T |f
T nqT>V +#eT b]+#sT. nss y @
<ekqeTTHH sE eT&T |< D
\T #=|q eT&T sE\T
#d eT>d+ \TZT +~ n lk$TysT d\$#sT. nss y
|< D
\T #jT &+ we T, n+<Tq qeek\T +&q$><?
192

ne< \
|&T |< D
\T #d _& m esT#+<TT+~? n ysT nX<
#d |< D \T #jT <T . H\Ze qT >& &|\ ++~. 109
X< y] <e + sT D+H |j q+ <T ><!
+<TLsT| #+~q LsT y+jT #bsT.
|&T nj! m<T +& >+&eTT+~. nyTjT+&
nHsT lk$TysT. ne\qTH y+H q us+ s
bjTd] \j|q ]+~. H&T s|P m<T +&
#q \ d+<Tq \<], sT<T =q{ |jT ++~. 110
< =eTT\T n&+ * \ \ d+<TqT+& s<T . \y s
\ | +#TH |jT + >T+E& \y sd] #|&b sTT+~.
(eTT+<T sj
T + \TdT)
s|PsT \ |q] >eTdT\ T l seTT\T X{> ]
wy ~. #T \T y|, b&, *u{q y* |+&T. jTq
lk$Ty]HXsTT+#&T. lk$TysT jTq e+{ qH
sT<ysT. X{>]+{ y[ n|&|&T lk$TysT <eTT
d]+#ysT. lk$TysT m&TH X{> sT e <]+#ysT.
=H jTq y~ ysD+~. jTq lk$TysT
#| q d |< eTT, jTe\T b{+#< T . qT n eTs 111
y~ d+$T++~. (lk$Ty]e T qjT+ #jT eTT.
y] # ndV qeTT d] = +& _ H dy)
|&T y\sT dTVD+ lk$Ty] sTeSsT
y&T. lk$Tys=# \T#T =+&sqT &$ T |d T H sT.
=+d|{ q|\ H\MT<qTq sbsTT _qT |
d dTVD |*#sT. B s s+ = lk$Ty]
y*+#T n sbsTT #bsT. lk$Tys|& eT #+
&T +#T=HysT <T. sbsTT n& e+<
dTVD+ *jT<T . dTVD+ y*kq lk$Ty]
#b&> y+H | #jT <T . sbsTT CT ydT =
<y\j y&T. n& |~sbjT\ HT \s eTq
193
ne< \
T\XeT>] sbsTT n|{ y&TeTH&T. kjT++

lk$TysT nD ss+ y*+#y? n n&>sT.
y*+#q n&T y_#&T, C y*+#< T . T\XeT
KsT |{+ ~ L& <e> n \#&T. eT&T H\\T >&# sTT.
H{ s n d|+ |< s s+ >& eT+&T
V+&yT q C\ |++~. n~ # n&T <+ uj
T |&
@$T{? n +#k>&T. H&T lk$TysT #| q |
#jT |* yT < >T]+ y+H q |+ > |j DyT
sTeSsT y[, #+|d T =, s s+ y*+ e |D y&&T.
112 d<T sZ T e | p|H y] d\V jT+<T |Ps $Xd+ ysT

|* + b+<C\s y\sT dTVD+>] nqTuy \T ddTq $.
y\sT dTVD+>sT q nqTuy * #bsT.
1970e d+ HqT, H us lk$Ty] odT\T rdT=
>=\>eT& qT+& +{ y+<T dT <>Zs HeTT.
sT DdeTT<T&T e e< e nj! qeT+{ \yTTdT+ ~.
N{ yd H e >Ts s T >e . HqT d\ + #|+#*.
\T|PsT m>e y +{ |&e Ts> +~. \T L& HqT
#| |se TeT+~. e& |seTT+&T n #bsT. $<+ >
|s+ es&+ H w+ <T . l k$TysT #bsT >qT
ds s+& k$T, d\ + #|+#+& nHH eTqdT e+
| y+jT L& sT>T#THq \T|PsT e +<T e\T
qe+{s eTqdT \#qT. y+H ds eT] H eTqdT
e >T]+ nj! | y+jT MT<H #| . HMT |s y <T
n #| dT H H\sT e#sT. yTeTT \T|PsT dT m
LsTHeTT. =~ d|{ H T~ e]+~. \T|PsT y[
qe\ b\e&+ w+ kMT MTsT eTT~>&T b+&, HqT e
+<T e*+{ y[ ekqT n #| dT ~bTHqT.
y+H eTVqTue eTTUs$+<eTT \\ T qwb sTTq
194
ne< \
y e BH Bq+> e]+~. nj! HqT d+ ed, e

He $q+& bTHy. nq+ #d |f yT m&eT
\T >& e#T +~. eT<dT dT| be\d edT+ ~.
e H\sT s+>HjT\ <ekq+ be |k<| nq+
= eT&T |P\T yT |{+#T, =+ T ZksT n
d\$#sT. s s&T H\\ eTTs<T |<q T * ysD L& #bsT.
lk$Ty] e jT+<T X< HqT e e+{yT
|P eyT |k<+ |{+ y[bjqT. lk$TysT #| qf
nT s s +&T H\\ yT =& MT< >& +~. eT<dT
rdTy[ |s wH #sTTd <T e+<\ sbjT\T KsT nsTTq~.
sE lk$Ty] e b{+#q+<T q Xd ]+~.
\T|PsT |s+ e] +&qsTT d]d+|<\ dTK+> +&&
y&qT. y] e $q<T >qT HqT.
sE u & q b\+ sT m& |&T T+< #|
u$ e+{q lk$Ty] n&>&T. lk$TysT b\+
H\T>T y| ], nj! # e | qTq ns
ms mqu H\T>T ms\ d]|&T sTq~. ns ms

= u$ $+#T. +<T u$ $qysT m|& &q 113
J$ksT. n #| u$ ee\dq # >TsT L& |{sT .
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lk$Ty] |<e T+> <]+q $wjT + *jT#dH sT.
1975 d+ esH&T <jH |P #dTH
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1980 d+ XeT+ de~ eT+~s+ f+ <T T\T
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lksTTH<Tq u<+ < \T|#THsT.
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205
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206
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# \Vq+> +&HsT. H&T HqT y[bTHqT n N{
ysTT+#sT. dV +& = >+\ d| +&HsT. n+<s
+>H lk$TysT Xs+ #*dTHsT n deTjT+
u<| & T THsT. = >+\ sT y ] Ls= | y
|<T . + =+ \+ +& seTHsj ! n #bsT.
lk$TysT eTVde~ #+<ujT eTT+<T ys+ sE\
qT+& lk$Ty] eTTK+ sE= >T Z e+~. >TsejT
lk$Ty] n<X+> n|&| &T |d + &q m$T~ sdT \
H>+<T&T eTVde~ eTT+<T sE (23`8`82) lk$Ty] qT+&
w$T+qT <s qyT+ ~.
eTVde~ H\T>T sE\ eTT+<T (>w 20, 1982)
~eyTq s<+ e o k$Ty] m+#THsT. >TsejT L&
mu e |&T <T, ~>T n \e++> ~+|d
lk$Ty] e+ s<+ X+ rdT y[qT >TsejT
207
eTVde~
ne< \
d| <sqyT+~.
eTVde~ eT&T sE\ eTT+<T n|{ eTT+<T>
]+jTTq de~ eT+~s+ |P\+<T+Tq lk$Ty]
|
+, lk$Ty] yqTqTq ]& ksTTuu |eTT |
~* \T#TqT> >TsejT <X+ >#]++~. n|{
lk$TysT # \Vq+> HsT. lk$TysT L& uu>
#f bTHsT. y] |{ |P #dT y* >y\T n
nqTH&T >TsejT! n< yT+~. eT&T sE\ sTy
lk$TysT +>H eTVde~ #+<sT.
eTVde~ eTT+<T sE\ lk$TysT b<T >T+
T+<j ! n |< |< ns#y sT. e+ eT nes
\+ de|e TT+<, eTs=e+ u \ jTTw L& D d + <
qT s|& d~j>+ #dT eT lk$Ty] ue+.
< $<+> lk$Ty] eTVde~ eTT+<T sE\ ss&
b<T >T+TqT <X+ >#]++~.
lk$Ty] eTVde~ eTT+<T sE\ b n
|{\ |P#d lk$Ty] Vse&+, sT y n |{\
Vse&+ TjT>] n\yT. >w 24, 1982 eT<V+
lk$TysT | e* |&T= jTTHsT. Tq>sT
VsdT+f eq Tq y| ] eT &# Vs
nuj
T Vd+ #|+ |&T HsT. lk$TysT Xs+ +&>
y] u * q e] Vs <. s H& ysT =~ d|{
eTVde~ #+<sT. n+ eTT+<T =H qT+& >TsejT>sT
#<T e q e<e <dT #] H& |P] nsTT+~. <
$eq+ e e<e <dT>] }s \ rdTbe+ ]+~.
H& lk$TysT eTVde~ #+<sT.
lk$TysT >w 24, 1982 q de~ #+<sT. u \ T,
de\T <T'Kk>s+ eTTbjsT. lk$Ty] <V <e
208
eTVde~
ne< \
sE nq> 28`8`82 Bq de~ #jT&TT+<, >

u\+<s n+eT<sq+ #dTe# +<C, +<|
e>s ~q|\ |{ + #sT.
|+ q+ +&|+ &\T> lk$Ty] u j
<]+#k>sT. s+s+ Vs seT Vs seT seTseT Vs Vs ,
Vsw Vsw ww VsVs n u\+ { uq
#jTk>sT. lk$TysT j>w eHs, eTs ]
yT+{s \ u \ , de\ m+ X m<TsT ##sT.
eT&T sE\T >&#sTT. lk$Ty] Xs+ m+>H
_bsTT+~. eT&esEq lk$Ty] dV+> de #dq
>TsejT ~eyTq yX+ *,Z lk$Ty] <V sC de~
#jT eT+THs <V & q #T \|H T = yX+ >
qq+> ]+#&jT Tq eT+~s+ |sT >T rX&T.
lk$TysT de~ #+~q|&T eT&T sE\T <V
n{> +q+<Tq _+~. |\+s& cs&>sT ~ #,
lk$TysT eTVT\T ><, eT] eeT\T eTw Xs+ e
_+<! nqTH&T. lk$Ty] <V kq+ #sTTdT+ f #sTT
*q #+ | \T bTq~.
#=, qT rdd cs&>sT de~ >T+ ~
lk$Ty] Xs n+<THsT. n&T lk$Ty] <V
de~ ~+ jT e#d] n s=eTT MT< n|& ]q
s+ n+T= jTT+&&+ #q ys+<s XsbjsT. >jT+
n s=eTT~ <T. lk$Ty] Xs, >TsejT yX+ > q
#T \ MT< mT = XeT+ qT+ de~ eT+~s+ rdT
edT+ &> lk$Ty] uT C eTT\T ^#Tq~ u\T lk$Ty]
<V + qT+& n~ ]q< n+<s >T]+#sT.
eT&T sE\ +< de~ #+~q lk$Ty] Xs+
qT+& = s+ seyT Xs+. n~ e\+ cs& *Zq
209
eTVde~
ne< \
d+<V lk$Ty]q de<qyT.

lk$TysT dVk\ X+k|q #jT > y] odT\
eTT+<T>H ]+#&jT Tq de~ eT+~s+ 4n b&e, 4n
y&\ T, 6n\ T>\ >T+qT $, >T+ | \ dyT +T
H|s+ ={e #d n+<T lk$Ty] bqT neT]
y] sT eTTK+> Lsu{ |Ted+ bsT. ={ U
eT+ >+<| b&, s seTT, |, |P\e\\ lk$Ty]
+se TT es +bsT. |q =~> eT{b d <| ns T , |sT
yTT<\>T dT>+< <eeTT\T bXsT. y] eTTK+ ~e+T\
yT]db +&> m+ u< u\T ={ H|s
eTdyX sT. H|s| lk$TysT y&Tq <T|{ |s y]
eT{e TT+ + T u $T| nsT>T ]+ b\s |&+
#XsT.
nq<qeTT, u q seTeTT\T 40e sE eT+&s<q
es s+eTT> sT>TH HsTT. eT+&s<q dTesT
|~y\ eT+~ u \ T Vs lk$Ty] eT y\T n]+#sT.
H&T nH >eTeTT\ qT+& V]<dT\T, u> e BZ |e#qsT\T,
u q +<\ ysT, |+&] u qysT me] ysT eT seTeTT\T
sV+#T=HsT. eq u <T \+<] lk$Ty] |e\q
w&k|yT q nqd+s D ]+< lk$Ty] msT. n~
yTT<\T= | + <jT + 4 >+\, eT<V+ 11 >+\,
kjT+\+ 6:30 >+\ |P eT]jTT Hy < eTT, s 9 >+\
uq, |e[+| Vs ]|TeTT> k>T#Tq$. lk$TysT
y*+q nVAeTT sDq+se TT =qk>T#Tq~. +
s +&T y nq<q+ sT>T#Tq~.
eTV<TyTq l y+jTk$Ty] jTT u J$+
n n+yT q |{ s n<j\ eTq+ >eT+#qTq y]
~eyTq eTjT J$+ |{ jT<|Ps+ =qk>TTq~.
210
eTVde~
ne< \
n+ > < T , n d s # + << T \Tq+ es L e T \

=qk>e\d+<q ys dy\T #dq T #bsT. n s>\+f
jTq + m+{< +&*? < >T]+ eTqyT+
+H n~ eTq }V eyT ><? eTq ne>VH X {
eTq+ n+#H\qT yk+. n~ + y\HeTTq~? n+<T y]
e\H y] >eT<+.
k] u\j>] |d ed lk$Ty] nHsT.
jTq q | qT ##T= bjTy& ><j
! jTq \
d+> |< ! eTqy! n+<] \T d]#j \ ><! qTH de~
s +&T d+es\ eTT+<T esL s+s+ $$< >e\ |s {d
u \ , bs neds\qT rsTd+ &ysT. lk$TysT
|j D\ m+ Xs u< u] +#ys \#T+fH Xs+
>>T sT #+<TT+~. n+{ JesTD+ n+<] u<\ T rsTd
+&{, H{ y] XeT+ m+<sT n<T \T eH <q +&
nq<q+ sT>TT+<+f u \ lk$Ty]| >\ |eTjT+
ns+ >\<T. |\ jTq eT neT\yTq beTVeT
mT\ yT\T #Xs $e]+#e TT. esu e+ e\ u<| & T T+f
sT e yT q \+ mesT lk$TysT es+ ]|+#s
#|eTT!
lk$TysT k] eT >] yT #bsT. seDT
#+|+~ <Xs < |T&q seTT&T <T HH! n&T eT&T <\ 115
|&b j&T. |V < T b >{+ B HH. n+<] $T++B HH
n+f ys+<] sb\ j D s\qT m\| &
#dT q |se yT eT lk$Ty] ueeTT. ue+H
lseTw |se TV+d me&T seTT&, me&T w& n&
seTw&T n $yq+<T #bsT. d\ k<T dTsTw\T,
<e\T yTq lksTT eT u\ nqTue |Ps+>
s|+#&+ ue+ L& <. <Xs< esT&q seTT&T,
jTq ~yes yT +f, keqT& njTy&T. n|&T
211
eTVde~
ne< \
seD d+VseTT C\<T. qT seDT #+|+~ seTT
|se yT. n< eT lk$TysT | e\ #bsqe.
eTs=k] lk$Ty] nHsT.
n Je\ y+jT H&T n ydT n #| N{
MT< * |Ps+> ysTT+#sT.
lk$TysT eTVde~ #+~q|&T qT lk$Ty]
<]+# bjq eb{ #+#eT <T'++~. H{ s
lk$TysT d|<sq$T HH& b<T. & HqT.
k~+#\+f # f+ |&T T+~ nHsT.
lk$TysT eTVde~ #+~q H{ s lseTjT H>T\
y\sT q b lk$Ty] |{ |P #dTH&T.
lk$TysT |< y\T>T >* e q b#T ]qT
<sqyT+~. \y] lk$TysT eTVde~ #+~qT eTw
e #bsT.
ysTT >=i\ eTq >=i m&TH HsT> \T |{
se#T ><j
nHsT lk$TysT.
n+f l ksTTe lk$TysT >& eT u &TH
116 y] eT #+ #sT>\eT nujT$TdTHsT.
lk$TysT y\sT seHjTT&T nHsT nj!
117 HqT n+<]> |# eT, |+#\HjTT& *>qqT=+THy?
n. +q|& eTT qq eTsD sV Tq jTq Cq+
y]qT $wjT eTT *jTCdT q ~.
#\eHjTT&T lk$Ty] nH&T kMT! seTT&T,
w&T yTT<\>T y] L& >TsTeHsT. eT] MT >TsTe &T
b& &T , @+~ kMT?
lk$TysT #\eHjTT&! |# @$T ? ~ |<#|,
ysT>e, e @eTH sT! y+y eksTT. H
212
eTVde~
ne< \
>TsTy+<Tj , HHq eTs? nHsT.

H{ s #\eHjTT& us lk$TysT
~e<s q+ |k~+#sT. +>sT Xs+, +>sT q>\T <] +
d, lk$Ty] eTs= eeT\T #s + >\ d #|,
y+jT k$T n+f jTH n #T+~. <X+ #
#\eHjTT& us <H yT e+~. <D+ |+& n
s +&T esT n]+~. @$T yTqT <| n& | $wjT +
#| +~. HjTT&T |X|| & lk$Ty] u q #jT +& n
n+<] V|s# sT. |q lk$TysT >TsTy+<Tj, H
HM T<? nHs >eT+#eTT. B ns+ eT yTT< >TsTe 118

s <T. |dT + ysTq n< d eTs eT= >TsTe+
neds+ < eyT. sD+ |&T |+#\q mes
TTwX sT&T lk$Ty] H\MT< @y yXs ><jT n&q
u y T d s T eTV sC <eqb T +f # #eTqT,
eTqyTTdT+~? eTq+ #dTq< ><j eTq n nHsT.
n+f <+> >=| eTVjTT&T eT sds

ysT eTq+> n+^]+qf nsTT+~. +f |Ps|DeTT, 119
e TyTq |Psq d+kseT +fH> nTe+{ eTVsE\
T+eTT &T +#q T q d<T sZ T nqT>V
b+<C\& eyT y] V#].
u>eBZ n+ 64 #|\ e\ y |j>+.
n+ |#|y] u>eBZ #\<T nHsT.
|&T |+#\q n&e\ 3 sE\T s+e
>& |y&. + *d~ <T, nq+, d+> *jT<T. +
*dq|&T >qT| e me]HH n& |{+ #T Hy&.
19, 20 d+es\ ejTdT beTT H *| fd |&>
$| *+~. eTT\T> s =ujqT. n~ ]#d+ ~ <
={ e+ uyT$T +{ bjqT. $w+ m<T.
213
eTVde~
ne< \
eeT\T> u+#d <bjqT n djT+> eT de\
#bsT.
M+ TTw\T, #&T m+eT+~ m{ sT>TTHs
#&+& n+{sT, eTqMT |+#<T .
eq u \ lk$TysT N{\ MT< eTT #| q d+<X
u \ # ysTT+ os~+ |k~dT+ &ysT. <VsD ysT
ysTT+q NT +&$.
T, |&>\T, eTDT>T\T, sX\T n ysTTdT+f MT uw
ns+ e&+ <T kMT n+f lk$TysT |<V sT uw\ |
uw <eH>s uw. ~ *jTT> <e n*$ <T. MT$T
nseTeT+~. ~ |+ nHsT. =+<] |<e #|
eTw, |<e #| ydq~ n #|ysT. nsy T $T n&
n~ <e#|. deTT<\ MT< #| n&<T nHsT.
eTs=|&T *jTT> <e #| sT\\ #|. yTeTT L&
sT \\ #| es |#jT >\eTT n, l eTT$T&es+ u\j
u & T ed u\j 4 \\ #| H& nHsT.
> \T|PsT #s| lk$TysT jTT+&> H\sT
qT+& eq s &> ] Te+{ |]uw +&q N{ ysTT+
#sT. n|&& T < n+ssy T $T{ e *d e\
$| #| +& n s&T. n~ <euw n, < $| #| s<
lk$TysT #| H n&T q |T $&Te<T . kMT! MTsT <
$| #| qsTT MTsT ]q <D
deT]kqT nH&T. n|&T
lk$TysT nsTT H\T>T \\ T T #| qT nHsT. n&sT. jTq ~ <e uwj , B s+ #b\+f eT +=&T
~sy* n nHsT. n{~ lk$Ty] jTT +.
H{ MT+<s T \ s q y + {eTsE j T +
#jT \|{ e<e <dTe H\T >+\T y+# deTsT& q
214
eTVde~
ne< \
eTVT\ =s nHwd, lk$Ty] >] $ y]

rdTseT eTw |+bs. y+{eTsE >] q e+eTT,
qq B e>s lk$TysT ysTT+ N{ eq eTw
<s |+bsT. n~ # jTq qq B K+> #| q+<T
lk$Ty]j T +< T u ~] u su s \ T lk$Ty]
V+#& e#sT. deTjT+ lk$TysT Ts< ~
\+ Ts< |PdT= |ye Hs. sE <+|T \T
Ts< ~ lk$Ty] qeTd]+ eT jTeTTq seT
n]+#sT. sT y lk$TysT jTC y[ H\T >+\T
y+#sT.
215
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 26
k<q
k<q n+f @$T{ eJ T\XeT e+{
>TsT| bTq y] J$\qT u> s
#qf \TdT+~. yTT<{ k<qyTq ceTs
120
|*dH eTTeTTe\T #d |eTT, <qeTT, uq

|P e>s d|\eTjT Xk\T #|HsTT.
$wjT + T\XeT>] m&\ ks y T + ~. eTV* lk$Ty]
de n+e Tj |q #| &q |eTT e>s @H& #jT <T .
lk$TysT neT e#~ <T n T\XeT os<
N{ yd |k~+#sT. n+> yT msT \<T nH+<T
s|D> eJ T\XeT>sT sDyTq eT&T H\\ &*
d| <s q$T HqT eTs q e#~ <T . lk$TysT eTs
q eksT n #| q~. yT eTq eT< +&> $wj H
yT esT&T k$T eTs q ek&? n n&T>> mqu
d+eseTT\ eTs e V#T >T \Z T ##T= b& n
lk$TysT #bs nqT=+THsT n q *d L&
*jTqf #| +~.
eJ T\XeT>sT $<+ > qsV+ #dT H+<T
#dq k<q $?
k<q . d<T sZ T &q lk$Ty] sD X~> n#+#\
$Xd+ B d$+#&y T .
Xs+ +~jT+ bD+ ns dq u+<y H
<s~+ ds+ d<TZsTu y<jTY
nq >TsT^ y yT d+|Ps+> #]++~.
216
k<q
ne< \
lk$Ty], y] +<, <s Hs+ eq u \ s+s+
e+#d |&y T yT de. q @ |T&T eTsDed H&
*d L& _&q T ##+<T y eT+{s? e<+ {s? n
lk$Ty] =s m<TsT#q >o*. e _&qT
##+<T bqs< T . jTq u>T+{&T! n lk$TysT
#|q|&T d+w+> lk$Ty] d~ M& u>X*.
$<+ > eTeTs+ q+#+<T yT @ >+<\ #<e <T . eTqq+
#jT<T. nqq| lk$Ty] de =s ds ]\q
$&H&+~. lk$TysT D+ m&ufH q bDV
]q+ dw+ > u$++~. qTH lk$Ty] |e\q eTeTs
+<+ bsTT+~.
qq\T> H]+q >eTjT d+ksyT yTqT
lk$Ty] #+ #]+~. qT \~]jT e+& L&
n+<]> e+<\=\~ Ns\T |f\ eTZbjT us
*jT+& n |<\ <q+ #d s +&T Ns\H k+k]
J$+ y Tq <qs yT.
lk$Ty] de+e Tj | &T eqVq+>jTTq
nH<q T #q|&T q Ns d>+ Ns + <q+ #d
$T*q d>+ NsH Xs | jTT+#Tq ys >eT].
+{ qT+ k $Ts| jT\T | + s +&e sE k
U #dq eTV* yT. = #*y, = eT+>*y,
eT]= |y, = sT|<q j#\, $T*q$
XeTeTT |# KsT#dq+<Tq eT&eH{ eTs
$Ts| jT\ sT y njT~. n<$T{ ny! n n{ KsT #d
m{? n+f eTq* |TqT+& y >T|&T $Ts| jT\T
L& | +& m{>j
nH~.
Ls>jT\T <=s eT+ yd$ \+ |+&jT
mes H\T>T ksjT\T #sT. H\T> sE Ls
#dd+~. <$Ty s |{ fH +#L &<? n+f +~
217
k<q
ne< \
><! j b|+, Xrs +{sT. $ & e+f mes
eTs rdTssT. @MT +& +f lk$TysT mes ]
# eTs |ksT nH~. yT #|+~ ns eTjT~.
121 k{ Je\T | #+<yT yT <jT+. n Je\ HqT
HqT n lk$TysT #bsT ><!
eJ T\XeT>] >\ eTs= eTTKyTq <Md+|<
c|eTT. => lk$T <s Hs+ eq y] lk$Ty]
n dMT|+ Lsy\, y] qeTd]+#Ty\ +T+~.
< lk$TysT n+^]+#sT . qT yT y] lk$Ty]
<>sZ > be< n] >T e&~. @+ eTqTw\T MTsT? \jT
<? jTH$T eTq+{ eTwqT+THs? s+& s+&
<s+> n ><e sTT+ n]#~. |~ $Tc\ sT y u \ T
e+X\ yT+ |&s+ f +< yT ns d] ={q $wjT +
s>qT H y] e{&~. y] @+ Ls wy n&
\TdT= y] |> uq+ |f~ . lk$TysT ]> >e
|, {\T <=se qT mesH |D yde\T lk$Ty]
<s Hs+ eks y]d+ |b &, # s <|{ +#~.
keT]H #q|&T ||+ #T H~ ` lk$Ty]
de =+<sT e+T\T |T= | m>=Zfy sT L& +&ysT.
y] s=Ve+> NyT |{ <+&T> +& +f lk$Ty]
u|&TsT n > #|~. keT]b eT<V+
nH=d jTq ]+~ |eT |> |f~ . u & T |{H
{H neT nyT d] n #T qeTd]+#y&T.
{ d<TZDeTT\ s+seTT lk$Ty] dejT q
< jTeTT> X$T++~ qTH @ k<q \T #jT H lk$TysT
yT neT e#~ <T n d\$#sT. qT eTq+ neT
J$+ qT+& HsT e\d+~ m+H +~.
nH d+es\T> lk$Ty] =\T#T+Tq H\sT ,
|UH | ` u>eT\ s|TTseTjT>sT #TTHsT.
218
k<q
ne< \
1985 HqT ]eTT> # +<T\ HqT. <&T

H us s+&T H\\T> nHs>+ eT+#+ +~. 19`12`1985q H
us e c\qT lk$Ty] |{ $q$+#T= +&
|{+ ~. H{ s lk$TysT yT d| <s q$T |Psq
s | \ + nqTu $ +# | T +<e n z<ss T .
26`12`1985q eTs H us d| <sq$T f+
nsTTbsTT+< |y sT rsT #bse nHsT. kMT!
H q _&\ THsT >< |&T HqT b |\\ >+ y*
n <T'd lk$Ty] yTTs|T=q~. #k+e n
d\$#s lk$TysT. 28`12`1985 ~ Xys+ HqT
>=\>eT& y[ lk$Ty] <]+ ] eT<V+ 3 >+\
\T #sqT. sE eT<V+ 12 >+ qT+& H us >T+&H=|,
jd+ yTT< dT| rdTy |jT + HsT. y+H
&s T >] +{ rdTyeTT. &s T yTqT |+ +{
rdTbs, d bs n qeTT\T sTV+>
e{&sT. n<$T+&, n #| sT. y+H dT| |<+ &
nHeTT. HqT bqT#d $wjT + #TqT MTsT rdTbsTT #s +&,
HqT MT yq ekqT nHsT &s T >sT. H\sT H \ dT|
rdT [ d# s MY T< ~+# eTT+< yT Xd *bsTT+~. &s T
# |jq+ <T +{ rdT yeTHsT. +<s+
rdTe#eTT >< <jT #d H |{ MT |jT + MTsT #jT +&
n b<j
T |&eTT. H |{ y+H s| #XsT. se T+
q\> e] +~. + >+ njT> ns>+ eTs
yT Xd yTT< &s T >] Xs|s +~. eT&T >+\d|
> Xd =qk +q T\ <s s+ jTT s+>T es+<T
MT+~. n+ <y qT>V + n &s T y] |jT + #dT H sT.
nqTq f+ +f eTT+<T>H yT |]d yTsT> + ~. > e
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219
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1986 es dT| b+~ |dT+ lk$Ty] | e\q
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1985 d+ H us lk$TysT d| <s q$T
L.Min.E. n |\ MT< yd #|THsT. \y
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n+f nsy T $T e esTD n&+~. n~ b*f yT +>
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e+~. ] +~ e\q J #s < T . |E
f f+
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deTjT+ e nusTT HjTq &| qT+& bqT #d
d+> \TdT= |E
f+ <T f+ b&+#sT. dTb eTs
s<T. >qT | #]+#eT bV+#&T. lk$Ty] |
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122
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lk$Ty] n]+#b sTTH> neds+ eq|&T eTq~
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e T+eT+ lk$Ty] + TTD|& jTTHeTT.
lk$TysT e bD<q+ #d b&q nH d+<s e TT\
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220
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n~ sb T y& eT+< *d+~. eT+<TqT +es
@ &s yT y&< T . < y&eT n& &s T ||& s
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lk$Ty] de~ <sq |ue+ n+ eTVeyTq< 123

221
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226
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#dq y] w yTq ceTs . yseTTq= sE #jT &+ 125
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d~ LsTq y+H H u<q + rddqT bjT~. s +&T
|sjTeTT\T HqT lk$Ty] <]+q y+H qqT +{
y eT C|+ #sT. HsT yT<| +& +{ [jTT+f H y~
H& Xu+ > s\qyT +&~. y eTq lk$Ty] \qT
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<s $|yTq nHs>eTTq >T]jT eT<dT y[ y<+
#sTT+#TeT &sT #|&+, lk$Ty] de~ <]+q
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228
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1985 &d+sT H\ ] >V|yX y[ |k<eT d\+>
ns{ |+&T HqT. n+{ > +{ jTeqTs\T HHM T
q< qT#T+T+< d>+ ns{ |+&T $T*q d>+
d+ ydT HqT. y+H m&eTqT \! q*bqT ybsTT+~.
ns{| + &T q&yT B sDeT nqTed d\T #sqT.
<jT + 11 >+\ $|+> + ~. d+ $T*q d>+
ns{| + &T L& HqT.
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u+N MT< yqT. HqT 7 1/2 n&T>T\ mT \T| eTT+<T s +&T
b<eTT\T # + \& s+&T ns#T\ \T|qT
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sT#T+T+~. |jT+ &\T 3 n+>T\T |
]bqT. y+H yqqTq du |<\ T nH|{ rdjYT n
qqT | HfdTHsT. \T =~> ~*d n~ L& |H
q |sTTH |
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#d n~ q| sTTH < k<q |< |q lk$TysT
H <X+> #|+#sT n >V +#qT. H{ qT+& lk$Ty]
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229
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H{ qT+& mH sE\ qT+& >V +# = \Vq\T
|P]> T& |T bjsTT. q \Vq\qT >& < $<+ >
k$TysT s*+ MTsT qqT e<*H HqT $TeTT e<\qT n
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lk$Ty] de~jT T<H |seTT+, 50 .MT. <s+ <>+
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230
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#| <+&+# ~< \#yD.
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@$T kMT #Xs n nqT+f +<{ nV+s~
n \TsT. H{ lk$TysT eTq deqT s]+#&+
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b&eT lk$Ty] d< b]dT + {qT.
l ]& ksTTuu # ] # ~ y y]>
ly+jT k$TysT K+&j >+ #dq T k<s\T e>< `
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231
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nqTuy \ $e]+#sT.
H &\T y +< qT+& meTT\ # reyTq
H=| e+&~. H{ HTy< T \T, +^w y< T \T q+ eT+~
y< + #d y\sbjT\T KssTTqy | H u<q T @ eeT
Z+#bjsT. H dVT\ <s lk$Ty] >] $
e] X> |q<\T ||q y+#djTTq lk$Ty]
<]+#qT. q neTVd+ H\T =+#+d| dsBdqT
sT<sT. yTT<{ sC =+ H=| Z+~. sy sE\bT
lk$TysT + H\TqT $<+> =+d| sT<ysT.
e]H=| @ eT+< e +&H |P]> bsTT+~. H =
J$ |k~+q sT DeTjTTq HH$ T #dH TTD+ rs<T .
H&T lk$TysT+& #{ s +T
T e. s
+f\T q HqT C\eq+> y\T>T#Tq n>T+&eTT
y\T>T >T+&eTT#T q <X+ # uj
T u+T&qjqT.
lk$Ty] nejTy\ eTT\T eTT\T> #~ +|&, #,
#T #, \, yTT+&eTT f n nejTy\T ~q
H\| |&jTTHsTT. <X+ #q HqT ujT+|T&H dMT|
eT+<* |P]b |sT > qT. n& lk$TysT sT . s
|~$Tc\ lk$TysT eeT\T>H n>T+&eTT <>sZ Ls=
<s q$T#sT. ns>+ s lk$TysT |P]b H
<>sZ = @eTj s+T ksTTu! + q&+~ ><j
.
b<TH e MT >eT+ y[by*. & +&L &<T n |< |<
#| #\ H# &T*, H\T>T sE\ es $&
+&L &<T . n =+<s |{ qqT e >eT+ |+|XsT. HqT
#q K+&j > <X+ >T]+ Hq+<] #| qH lk$Tys
qqT |+|XsT.
< e sE H q T lk$Ty] # + = < # X qT.
\ysTH nj s+TksTTu! MT eTT #sTT $]+~.
232
H kqTuy\T
ne< \
T {H sT, n<MT #jT <T bj n qqT e >eT+ |+|XsT.
HqT e >eT+ y[ $#]d lk$Ty] e ns yT+ ~.
e eTT&T yT\ d+<T #f |& #sTT $]q+<Tq
T {j
T THsT. lk$Ty] odT\ |s+ =~sE\ @
y< \ +&H $]q #sTT # > T q~.
ne< l y+jTk$T y] HqT <]+q d\T
(s#sTT) :
lk$TysT \T|PsT HsT. lysT $&~ #dq #
H&T $<TY
T +sT >T+ *+jTTHsT.
s |~ >+\|&T lk$TysT nj ~ s, |> ? n
n&>sT. kMT! +sT n+ u> y\T>TT+~ <. |> s
n n&T>Ts$T{? n de\T qeTHsT.
eTs=sE lk$TysT nj <}sT? nq&>sT. n~
kjT+ deTjTeTT. kMT MT< }s+ ~ L& *jT&+ <, ~
\T|PsT >< kMT n n+<s qeHsT. n+f lk$TysT
s, |>\ nH u< + >, @>eTyTq ~ |]ds\qT { \TdTH
d sq e.
< $<+> l seTw |seTV+d>sT L& H&T
|qe? neyk? n n&T>TsT. ne<d *jT
nejT de\T qe+{sT.
sC de&T |yT { bT+~ kMT? n n&
lk$TysT s, |>\ T u< + *jT+&b |+ bT+~
n nHsT. s, |>\ T u< + *jT+& by\+f @$T #j
de&T n&T><T.
n~ eT+&T yd$ . @| H\. lk$TysT \T|PsT
eTkqjT >]+{ $&~ #dj
T THsT. eTkqjT>]\T }] sT
es +~. +{ eTT+<T q q sT eT #T | ys @
&, # e. lk$TysT n&=# nVAyTdT=
233
H kqTuy\T
ne< \
Ls=jTTHsT. eT<V+ s +&T >+\ y HqT, H$TT&T
l {.$. Xw ]se>sT lk$Ty] <s Hs+ yeTT. |~
eTTc H ssT #| \T y& HqT #| \ MT< \Te HqT.
Xw]se>sT <sqTq y| #T +< ysT. HqT sTeT
eT+&\ =q\T H #| \ +< yd n> #d LsTHqT.
sT eTTK+> q lk$TysT n |*+|Cd
|+>\ s f\T m><d n dMT|+HjTTHsT. y]
Xs+| |q+ (>) | eTs+{ #<H <T . XseT+
#eT\T T+~. e+ eTdeTs\ T, eTTKeT+ $s+>
eTd, $u +& +~. lysT n |\Td \MT< d+
<+ > y+T\T L& +& n dMT|+H Ls=jTTHsT.
HH+ <s+ #|\T, #|\ +< sTeT eT+&\T,
H\| # >T&, e+{ +& <TdT\T H m+& reqT
T HqT. eT] lk$TysT |*+# n m+ <>sZ H
Ls= m +&>\ T>T#THsT nq< H |X > Xs+ >+\
s & #d +&bjqT. H&T n~ ne< d jT, n
ysT+&>\ >&y T y] >=|qeT H *jT<T .
l k$T y] y* eTT<\T
234
z+ HsjTD ` ~HsjTD
ne<
\
n<jTeTT ` 29
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ds#+<T\Tq+esL +&< ><j
n
lk$TysT nuj
T $T#sT. y]q nuj
T + ns \
eT y] eTVde~ nq+s+ ]> \\ <s
TTEyT+~. lk$Ty] |Ps+> XsTT+#
>*q y] |]|Psy T q Cq+ *> +es 126

eTVjTT&T y]#+ qT+& sd H +{sT.
ysT u <V + +&> eT eTVeTqT m+ >T|+ >
<jTT+#T=, y] eTVde~ nq+s+ H&T eT eTVeTqT
<X~ X y|+|Cd eTqT >] *jT =y ] L& d|
< s qeTT* >=\> e T& e T d e ~ < ] +# T eT
<dTHsT. H{ +f H&T ysT u\ me dT\u+>
\ueT>T#THsT. |&T lk$Ty] |Tb eT+<T
rdT=eTq u\ n{ eT+<T rdT+f eTqyTTq |
*bT+~ nHsT. | @$T{ H&T ns+ <T . Bq
qsD y] nes seT H&T \TdT+ ~. eT de~ <]+q
|y] u< ysD e&yT +<T sDeTT.
>w 20, 1983 d+q l seTjT q |P]b
eH&T. lk$TysT eT \MT< Ty\T CsydT=
<s q$T#sT. n&+ | sT>T+f & LsT +Ts
MTTTHy? n s +&T #T \ ys+> #| d> # d T H sT.
\y ] n&T >=\>eT& y[ n# sT>TTq s<q |qT\
bZ s +&T H\\T XeT+ +&bj&T.
@| 20, 1984q lseTjT H>T\y\sT qT+&
235
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
Xe e#&T. |sE n|* qT+& Xe _ q+

#y&T. n&T |~sE\T d>eT+ y[q|&T dTsjTT&H
eTs= u & T _ y&T. s q n\yT |s+ @| 20
qT+& lseTjT _ by*. d b\Te* + H\TZsE\T
dTsjTT& _b&T n nqT= lk$Ty] d]d
LsTH&T. y+H lk$TysT Hq eTTdT>T |T= eT
eTTdT>TqT lseTjT #| y]dTqT n& eTHH
|+#sT. _ b+& eTTdT>dT= eT\Ls! n
lk$TysT #|TqT q u< sT>TTq~. #+|dT=
_ jT\T<s&T.
qes+ sjT &d+sT 1984 ys+ sE\T
s+ u<| & &T . Vs+ dV +#< T . u> \VqeTj&T.
#bq ujT|&&T. s q u<qT lk$Ty]
yTTs|T= <bj&T. d|+ lk$TysT +Ts
ysTT+#T+ <s q$T#sT. sjT y[ k$T m<T Ls>H,
m|& $wjT + H u<q j. ~> +Ts |T!
n +Ts #sT. yT\Te e+~. ys+ sE\T> s+s+
104+ q s+ bsTT e+ eT+#T>& > q~. $|yT q
*, y+H b\T >&T. \y ] eeT\T> nq+ q yTT<\T
|{&T.
b\T eTkqjT (|qe]) 1983 lk$Ty] s<q
H\sT Ls>jT\T = ] yd H\T>T us\ <s+ e#
@< d+ esT eTsbsTTqT >T]+#&T. ]qT s&T |
*| d+d+ esT bsTT e#|\ ] b++
<T . #TT| \+ y yks&T. >+qs d|{ ]y&T
] e#&T. m& bje n& Bqe<q+ kMT! T~
>& q~. =+ <s+ bj ] =+<T @ eeT X
<T. +&T q|&<T. m+ |jT+H u+ bsTT+~.
#dq | #+|dT eTs e#XqT. $T+#+& n
236
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
b<j
T |&&T . lk$TysT |{ dJe!
e] 1983 s>jT >] (>=\>eT&) &< &
| bsTT+~. H\sE\T yH q|& < T . s d|+
lk$Ty] yq jTq q&Td <s >=\>eT& HsT >
sTy| >e ysT. eP] e\ <=& e<
ysT. M] &< & <=& |&~ MT< \&e+~. y+H
yT\Te e+~. <j H >=\>eT& HsT > sTqTq |qe]
bj&T. d]>Z d|+ #q e\ <=& <>sZ be&yT Xs+!
n++ f Xs+> q &< & <=& |&~MT< qT
d|+ #q $<+ >H \& +~.
ssTT \ qsks& (>qT|* ` |qe]) >] m<T\ T
1983 | bjsTT. H\ sE\T yH <=s < T . s &> ]
us H{ s kMT! d<+ m#d T+u bw+#*?
n { lk$Ty] |{ qeTd]+ <bsTT+~. s
d|+ lk$TysT |+#sT. jTq y +<+
eTT ^#T= s+ sTTq~. m<T\ T \T e#d] #&e,
H HTssTTq<! nHsT. yT\Te e \T|rd
#d +>H m<T\ T y eTT+<THsTT. y{ Xs\| L&
eTT+| ^#T= s+ sTTq~.
|qu dTseTjT (>=\>eT&) 1984 d+ dVT\qT
$T& &T n| rdT= H\sT <T|+& k\T s.
450/` \ = ] ydT = dT <>sZ dT H &T. n\+
<sq dT <* bTq~. qT ] qT+& ~ eTT+<T> bsTT
dT b\ |jT +#&T. dT y[bsTT+~. yq ]
#d ]<T. b+yT<T, dMT|+ d+<T >=+<T\
yT k$T d]d sT sTdTH&T. |+&\T +&
+{b sTT u\ y# HH e\ |& + f V yT\
XsTT+#T=H&T. mes |DT&jT qqT |T= |,
237
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
<Ts, yXe T @$T{? { |sT > @ sT +<HH |&b
@eTT+~? k\T m& be d$ T+> e+&T n z<s&T.
eTs= >+d|{ ]y&T ] n< kH e |+&
\ T
n|+#&T.
#sT LsT wj
T (u e \ q>s)Y 1983 >T+&H=|
e H\sT >esyT+T d eH&T. { s +&T ksT eT+#+
MT< qT+& +<L & |&&T . d <>T\ dyT e\q >w
+{ ejTTHsT. H{ s |~>+\ y+H y[
lk$Ty] de~ <]+#\ |sD>*Z >=\>eT& +]>
q& edTH &T. =+&jTb+ HsT <>sZ ms |+#, #s >\
eTw |+ m& bTHe? n n&>sT. >=\>eT&
y+jT k$T <>sZ n #b&T. eT&yd HqT L& ekqT
|<eTH&&T. wjT H\T>&T>T\T q& ] #d eTw
&T ! lk$Ty] de~ <>sZ eq sT y >T+&H=| e+~.
eTT+<T es+& |&b j&T. n& u q #dT q u \ T M]
| H ys >T]+#< T . H{ qT+& #=+>|& T +~. n|&T
eTw M] M|q >{> { bT+~! nqT+<. \y ] @
eT+<T\ +&H >T+&H=| bsTT+~. nd\T sy, >T+&
T>\ e m$T~ .MT. q& se&yT +!
<sT yd |\ y+jT us Xwe T 1981 qT+&
y qT+& b<eTT\ esL $|yTq y|, H=|\ e\q
s+e <|f~<T. m+<sT &s <>Zs eT+<TH |*+
b sTT+~. |P\eTT=H u & T lk$Ty] >T]+ #|
y] de~ <]+#eT #b&T. yT 1983 lk$Ty] de~
<]+ b]++~. <s q+H =+ u< ysD+ ~. ys=k]
| de~ <s q+ #dT = y ~. sT y sD+s\e\q
<s H s +{H lk$Ty] |{ |P+#k+~. eTs
jT< |s+ H=|\T yTT<q $. yT kMT, MT de~ <s q+
s#T #dTH, s+s+ #H eTqT d]dTHqT ><?
238
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
eTs H u<\ T e#jT! <jT #|+& n b]++~. H{s
d|+ lk$TysT + yT M|q #], <yT H Hq
sTy ~+#<? 3 d+\ qT+& q< ><. & +& HjTH
n+f d]bT+<? nHsT. \y] n+{ u<q de~
<sH q& y[+~. n~ yTT<\T yT u<\T e. HqT
lk$Ty] #&HH <, H eT&T d+\ qT+& u< +<
jTq \TdT n m+ Xs+ #| T+~. <e& &H
H&T >< nH y] \ qT$| *dZ T q ~.
yT es 1981 n~+ > &X] ne+f mH
y< \T #sTT+#sT. HeT~+#< T . Xwe T q LT] lk$TysT
$u @yTH yTTeT #| +~. yT eT $u d$d
q s>+ u>T|& lk$Ty] de~ <]kq yTT=q~.
n~ yTT<\T yT u< ysD+ ~.
=iL{ qsd+VQ\THjTT&T>] m<T 1983 d+
T#dq +<Tq < XeT+ <>sZ fd $u < H{ yd ,
e+{ |Pd HjTT&T>sT eT&T sE\T nqq+> lk$Ty]
b]+#sT. < y~ V#T >T Z e+~. m<T
< X sTT+# T = k$T qeTT +f B qj T +
#jT b j& n u<| & |&T HsT.
s d|+ lk$TysT <B|eqyTq d+Vdq+
dqT jTT+&> mes $+CeTs\T MdTHsT. HjTT&T>sT
lk$Ty] <>Zs[ n+<] \&>H jTq m<T
u>eT+~ bej! nHsT. yT\e e #d m<T _+<&T
eT+ $&+~. yT dd #+~+~.
|* y+jT (>=\>eT&) 1984 |< >T&\ eT Hq
|T= dT|q yjT & #q m&T. ~ *jT mes
s{ #| &+ dT ~*+~. #q| qT+& n&= | , eT{
| |&b jsT. nsy n&T>T\ <s+ bsTT dT +~. y+jT
\ |* ##&T! nqTHs+<s , n& d+ q <
239
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
>& >\ <T . n&T y+H T> eT Hq |T=
dT <>Zs |sT>&+ # n+<s ~>eT #+<sT. us
[uT >{< j
! nHsT. n~ e\+ lk$Ty] |q
n& us |#eT eyT *d+~. sD+ dyX
eT&TsE\ eTT+<T |# eT d|+ lk$Tu & q de~ eT+~s+
|PC] |+ yT +eT uT |&qH&T. yT #
|eT n&T>T> jTq n> |{&T ! d|+ +f y+jT
jT+> #e | +#TH& nqTH+<T neXeTT+&~.
d|+ sY 1983 d+ n>T+&+ de~ eT+~seTTq
m<TsT> H\MT< n&T>T T >T+ $ n+<TyjT &~.
sE y+jT es, eT&T d+es\ XeT\,
eTs= b| &T=+ <T #T sT>T#THsT.
ne* b| XeT\qT eT+&TTq n >T+&eTT d+~.
|] eT+\ _& |&+~. eTT+CT\ esL |\
LsTbjsTT. _& uj
T |& eT+ $d]+ ns+~. sy
n&T>T\ <s+ qTq H>jT |sT >TqbsTT _&q T u >X&T.
|#eT u$ qT+& |sT> e+~. n+{ eT+ |&H
_& y+T\T L& ##<s<T, #T\T L& +<<T.
eTqeTT @e]jTTq deTj\ L& ds deTsT& q
127 lk$TysT eTq\H> eTq _&\ qT L& m sk s #&+&.
y+jT |sTMT< |& &T yTT\T |{q y], qy]
y] eT+ #&\ eTqyT #&=<j
n lk$TysT d\$
jTTHsT. | + e+>H =+ nq+, Ls, |\ Vs\T
#dT +f =+ |\ Vs+ >, + > |{ +{
jT |{ n Je\ eq l y+jT k$Ty] deTsj$T
n qeTd]+#T+f eT lk$Ty] n+& eTqqf.
#eTT&T>T+ <jT (n|s+) e] 1984 \
#sTT |&b sTT eT+#q |&&T . eTw eBd Ls>*> y&T.
240
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
|T+f \T#THy&T. ] keT H\ @ y<eT <T.

sE lk$TysT >TsT s> \y s d] =+#+ HeT~>
+f <s H ekq yTTH&T. n+ eq \y ]
me] dV jTeT +&H Ls>*>&T. y+H lk$Ty]
d~ #s&T. yTT< s dVjT+ d q&Te>*>&T.
eT&esE lk$TysT d|+ |+ s +& q&Te,
#&* nHsT. y ] qT+& n&T s +&H q&TdTH &T.
M] us &T | _ e\q H=|> e+&, nq+ n]>~
<T. lk$Ty] #+=# yT u< ysD+ ~. m|&
k$Ty] d~H e+&\ |&&T >=\>eT& |s+
es&T.
n|jT >T yd >qT>T+ seTeT qqT u~dTq
u lk$TysT m y>={s $e]dT+~: nq+
dV +#<T , \Vq, Xs+ H=|\T, u> Xw+bsTT+~. m+<sT
&s #|+ m eT+<T\T y&H qjT+<T . q dVT\
d\V| lk$Ty] de~ <]++~. H{ s yT d|+
e N y<y ! & L& e#y y nqT <s qyT+ ~.
\y sd] nq+ dV ++~. ys+ |P] s>+
#L]+~.
1983 d+ >qT>T+ seTeT>] i q eT&T
sE\ qT+& u<| & T n&+ |&b sTT+~. |X e\ &s T iq T
|+ <& n+ eTT+<TsC &T | #bsTT+<, <
rdyd s TT+< #|, <&qT * >s+ qT+&
| q yX&T. <&qT bsd d\ eT+ Xu+ #jT +&. i
+Cq T #kqH&T. yT, H k$T H <& +& #k&?
eT&T >+\T #> <&qT ~*+#qT nq~. @eTe
#bsTTq <& TT+~? nH&T &s T . yT
y] e{& +& Ty\T { |+& <&| | kMT!
241
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
<& B Xe kqT. sE b\T

eT deT]kqT n yTT lk$Ty] d]d LsTq~.
eT&T >+\T eTT+< <& ]+~. n+esL n&H
q &sT>sT ~ lk$Ty] eTVyTqH&T. H\T>T H\\T
>& H yT b\T lk$Ty] deT]+#< T . H&T lk$TysT
d|+ |+, ne, eT&T H\\T >&H H e
eTsbjy! n nHsT. \y s>H #+|d T b\T
XeT+ deT]+ <& b\T eTsTe>H rdT= lk$Ty]
XeT+ e|kq de~ #| = y[+~. ] +<T\
e\q sqT nyTd+~. <& K<T ju sbjT\T> ss TT+#sT.
| + |< $T~ H\\ es lk$Ty] #*+ #< T . ~
18`1`85 q lk$TysT d|+ <s q$T e H qeTT|
sbjT\T u e. ~ 19`12`85 > #*k q XeT+
+ ysTT+ y*eTT< yds n <+#sT. + ysTT+
y* eTT<yd y[+~. y+H yTT #*+ #q+<T s. 80/`
128 ]eH (EH). yTT rs&+ eTqyT+ C>>

+& \T|T+~ \.
>T+&usTTq qsdjT (nq|\b&T) >] yTT<{ s+&T
d+H\T |]{H #bjsT. 1983 eT&e d+> &|\
*+~. <esE qT+& syT Td _& b\T>, eT+<T
@$T bdH y+ #dT +T+~. _& Xs+ # y&> q~.
s+&esE kjT+ _& y\&bsTT+~. mTydq \T
nT, mTydq #sTT nT|&b THsTT. _& eTyd + ~.
qT+& Xs+ #\ &+~. yTT< *q <s T _&\ e\H
_& L & #buT+< +{\b B >=\Tq @&TdTH sT. n+<s
>T$T>&sT. <]q bTq >qT>T+ seTeT $wjT+
# _&q T dMT|++~. lk$TysT | _&q T ks
yT <&y T q qeT+ *+Z ~. y+H ed +~. | +{yT
<>sZ #qTu\ s+>]+ _& bd+~. n+esL @$T bdH
242
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
y+ #dT + dV +& q _& edb\T +~. _&

@ eeT #\q+ <T . seTeT lk$Ty] $u eT+#+
+<bd, _& H{ =+#+ yd, e+{ |Pd eT+#+|
|+& u{ _& | TT+< #| y[bsTT+~. >+ |\
_& ]+~. \y ] b\T +~. k$T|e\qH _&
< +< _& lk$Ty] |sT |{sT .
|qe] yde\T |+#] eTkqjT # \+>
lk$Ty] u \ T. M] d| d+<X* nH ksT sue |<\
qT+& lk$TysT M] b&sT.
~ 7`7`84 q lk$TysT eTkqjT d| <s q$T
nj <T Xy\T ] be\djT Tq~. dsTT+#T M\T
|]d . MTsy #_ e $|+#T yTTsT eTqTw\T n
#bsT. @$T{ k$T #TTHs eT<q|&&> q d|
e+yT e] #| <T . \y ] 8`7`84 Bq eT&eqsT qT+&
{sT \T |qe] by*. eTqdT +<q> +~.
y+<T &e.
d| e++ Mq *jT<T. qT |d]>
{s T rdT= y\ |T{&T . eseZ T< + >& eTkqjT
{s T *|X&T. nq>] b<\eTT e\q y | <T .
eT<dT s&T qT+& >=\>eT& eT{s&T eT\T| (]+>)
]>|&T msTe\ s+> d& e {s T qT m<TsT >T~+~.
|< deTjT+ n+]+ mes ns#sTT #|qT
eTkqjT e+ ndw + > >#]++~. {s T >* m]
s&T | q |&b sTT+~. {s T MT< d]>Z <T>Ts m HsT.
1. &esY eTkqjT \jT MT< #s+ N* s
eT+&\eTsTT+~. +> =& meTT < >\+& +&
e+ u& T dqT H\T>+>T\ b&eq bsTT+~.
2. Mq +qT +< |&b j&T. bMT< sTe |&
243
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
H=&+ s+ =qeP|] H&T.
3. $T*q eTT>T]Z *b{ HT s T >j\T sTT.
s | eT& T > T | & j T Tq eTk q j T | ]\T =
=qeP| ] q nq>] # #& T . k$T | e\q
q+<TuT |&j
T Tq C n+<T= <s +> q &\T
Cs& |# q nq>]| q {s T qT H\T>T n+>TeTT\
| b&T. n+{ yq d }|] |\>*>&T. n+
eq dT Mq+<] d #ssT. eTkqjT nq |
$T*q q\T>Ts sT. +qT |& $<q+ #d y meTT\T
>& <=s rsT> e+~.
H{ s lk$TysT eTkqjT d|<s q$T +&
# $d] ne\ yjT e\d e+<j n #bsT. <T>TsT
be\d +f q | e\qH q\T>TsT s lk$TysT
d|+ <s *bsT.
eTkqjT d qT+& &dt#] nj H{ s
lk$TysT d|+ |+, yTT< >=\>eT& y[ <#d
sT y eT<dT y[ MT nqqT #seT <+#sT. lk$T
y] qqTd]+ H&T {s T ~*+# +f m>T+&TH ><!
129 lk$TysT | p|H < <+#T=qT lk$Ty]
e MT< $XdeTT+ ysT <+qT eTqe#]+#* ><!
>w 1982 d+ lk$TysT eTVde~ #+<
sE eTkqjTqT {s T +<T be< lk$TysT d|+
V#]+#sT. \y ] {s T \T rdTu s +&T esT +<
|&sTT. sE <Tq+f sTy <TH+<T <=se
qT HsT yd+<T M\T q jTe s &> ] # qw+
]>T +~. $~ lk$Ty] qeTd]+ {sT
<TqT#TH&T. # # eTseTT #dq >T+ eTT+<T #\T
~>&, > sT e] +& +# |jT + yqT #\T bsTT
{sT s>&bsTT+~. &T d]+> +<|& Ts<
244
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
LsTbj&T. m |+#T= jT e#& jTq
*jT<T. n~ #q ys+ Ts< <Tq+ +{ j&+T
]q &e s+ <s n& & eTsD+ #sT. e jT |&e+f
~ e\+ <e |q eT Xs |{ + #sT.
| &T ~HsjTDs&> ] b\+ { =s bsTT+T
ysTT+#\ H\T>T # |jT+H u+ bsTT+~. q
jTe ]> qwe TT >T]+ &T # u<| & lk$Ty]
yTTs|T= u]+> m&y d |& j \eT lk$Ty]
b]+#&T. sE s eTkqjT d|+ s &> ] # =+>\T,
\T, q\T # sT >T#TqT |++~. b\+
<X+ >#]+q # u]+> yd deT~> sT |&sTT.
MTsT e y| #d yTeTT MT y| #d+ &j
, y+& 130
< { ><j eTqeTT+&~ n nujT$T#sT ><
lk$TysT.
uV D| * >eTd T \ T f & lyd T \T s & u s
eTHeT>] $yVyTq 4 d+\ es d+q+ <T.
lk$Ty] y] >\ nqTue eTT e\q yT 1986 | e]
lk$Ty] de~ <]+ q ]qT $q$+#Tq~. H{s
lk$TysT yT d|+ d+q+ |k~+#q eT os<
d#+> <s+ |k~+#sT. \y] #d +>H
lk$TysT |k~+q <s+ yT [uT+& #TT= q~.
d|+ q <s+ +>H \y ] +&&+ nH nqTuy
~ s +&e~.
V+|+ ` m\ +sY |.e<ese>sT
J$+ nH wq c\ H eTqX+ <e +qH XsD
T
y&sT. uy& q<T sqZ T s~+#k>sT. yT k]++~.
eTqX+ <T. n{ d <TsZ | e\q u>yH l
y+jT k$T #] \_+ bsjTD #XsT. y+H eT eqd
y<q @yT+< m+ X+ b+<sT. y+H lk$Ty]
245
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
Xe H\ 50 sbjT\T #=|q <D
|+| lk$Ty]
# ] bsj T D, | P bs + _ + #s T . lk$Ty] 3e
s<H eeTTq T+ dyT eTT> e ys+ lk$Ty]
d$+#sT. 24`8`85q lk$Ty] b\s $>V + $w]+#
sE q+ $>V , de~ <]+# <seTT qT+&
#dTH sT. de~ qT+& lk$TysT q&TeTT\ es | e
< s q$T & $ T # k e n+< ] qqT # & T n
n<XyTH sT. n~ yTT<\T nqd+s D <>sZ e&q bZHsT.
jTH + #bsT. H 1 1/2 d+ qT+& >T+&
m&eT y| H=|. me d| <q+ LsqT. &] q eT+<T\T
wjqyTH sTT. bDbjTeT uj
T |&qT. H u<q T y]+
H q+{ eT <q+ >&|T #jTeT s<q
eq|&T lk$Ty] $q$+#T= y] de~ e<* s
m+ <T'KeTT e#XqT. \T #]q \y ] qT+& 15 sE\T
s$ s #qeTTq $. 16e sE $s#H\T *bjsTT. H >T+&
H=| L& XX+> ejTyT+ ~. \ HsjTDT s|+ d|+
<s qyT+ ~. |&T |Ps++f m+ >&+ > <q+ <TsTT+~.
>w H\ lksTTH<T &T |+ >~ |\ Xu+ >
+~. |q E q~. E Xu+ #d HqT >~
ekq X\$#sT. ~ uu H #dq < |u<eT
qeTTTHqT.
d|+ sY 85 qT+& lk$TysT < u< #jT T#T
esZq q&T|THsT. m+ # ne>Vq, V<jT d+<q,
eTqX+ |k~+#s #|qT. < $wj\qT u~d
<XeTT\ <s s q+ #sTTdTH sT. lk$Ty] nK+&
Bbs<q #d y] eTVeT, $Xsb #d q+~dTH qT.
q ++ f e\d+<~ <T .
kMT! MTsT de~ #+~ e > m{? n ybsTTq
u \ u> y H l y+jT k$TysT m&j
yT+ bjT~
246
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
ds#+<T\Tq+ es e+&<><j! n nq|&T u\
n< eTT+< ns+ <T . nsTT +s+ lk$Ty]
de~ #+< de~ qT+& jTq |\T eT u\
yTTs\dT H s \\T mH s|dT H sTT. lk$Ty] de~
<]+# b sTTH <sq eT lk$Ty] |+ eTT+<T
] #| q c\qT d + lk$TysT rsTdTH s+f u s D
|s + eTq* q+<+ eTT+#dT + ~.
H\sT >esyT+T d jTyT.jTH.. d.$. dTjT>sT
lk$Ty] eT nqTuy \T #| THsT.
1977 TbqT e\ e \T |&b sTT+~. s +&T y| \
T eT{ q, s +&T y| \ eT{ q >&\T |T= eTs\
\T ydT HeTT. 1978 eTs TbqT e\ eT&T sE\T
;u yTs&+~. s +T <T . $|yT q >* e\ >&\ { \T
}>Te+~. \T e<* s|P m& y |]d kMT!
bsTTq d+es+ \T |&b sTT wq c\ >T] njqT. eT
|&T >& n+{ |]d #dT H s? @$T #dH \T e<*
bqT. MT <jT n y&T |&THqT. y+H d|+.
lk$TysT e#s B|+ y*+ #d @MT <T . lk$Ty]
|{ qeTd]+ eT |&T HqT. >* m bsTT+< @y!
e b++ nH +&T L*bjsTT. e \T e+
##<s<T. ys$<+> <sq$Te+f e \T *q~
lk$Ty] |e\Hq qeTeTT+&~ <y !
lk$TysT dX sT\T> +&> qH|& eT b<\T
n+{ qeTd]+#T#ysT ><T. m|{ H H+{ neX+
sbT+< n d + &y&. nsTT HjTq b<d s u>+
\T>+&H jTq eTVde~ #+<sT. lk$TysT H
neX+ eH< nH =s H V<jT+ nH *
n|&| & m+ e< #+<y&.
nsTT sY 85 H= d|+ e+~. d|+ l
247
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
y+jT k$TysT #s# s q& y H sT. HqT lk$TysT
<=]sT +#\T n m<TsT> y[ jTq s +&T $]
| T = lk$Ty] n+> T + L & < \ e < T .
lk$TysT \ ^sT+ qe n> \T#THsT. HqT |
rs qeTd]+#THqT.n+{ d|+ eTTd+~. H{ <s q+
H V<jT+ #s> eTT< yd+~. d|+ m|&T >TsT
eH nqTu qHq+<+ eTT+#T T +~. H rs ]qT
lk$TysT n rssT. s L& lk$TysT qqHk sT
<THsT. 1983 ]q $yT q k$T\ #TqT.
H >=\+<TLsT s+&T yT <s+ d<|
ueTT\THsTT. k] b\ sT |e\de qT|PsT
\Te sTT +H _+ e+, nedsy T q |&T sT=&TH qT.
sE s +H >\ sTT ||, {yTs <=+>\T
n|V ]+#sT. Hq mH |qT\ |sp +qT |
d e+&&+ Hd+ ue yT+ ~. <=+>\T |& |sp +qT
keqT\T = mT bT+f d<+ #jT q nqTHqT.
H ys |sjTyTH >=\>eT& y[ l y+jT k$Ty]
de~ d$+#T= se+ n\yT. n> >=\>eT& y[ H
]q qc n& lk$T u \ #bqT. n~ $q |PC]
H>jT >sT lk$Ty] <s+ { H# k$Ty] <s+
rdTy[ qeT+ sTT +qT e j! <=+>\T ssT,
ed y bsT nHsT. |syT y[ kMT! +qT d+sD
us+ <! eTs <=+>\ #sTT |& qc HqT TqT. <
us+ n eTqd]> b]+#T= <s+ +qT {qT.
s =~ sE\T HqT +qT #jT\ b<T . &d+sT
84 H{ s T \T H e< e s +&T sE\T { b\+
+qT keqT\ $|Bd |&d eHsTT. y[ ##TeTHsT.
H >T+& s |]> sTT. s> y[ ##THqT. +qT
keqT\ $|Bd |&d eHsTT >, $|Bdq yses
248
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
bsT L& rdTy <T . s &T lk$TysT eTsesT?
lk$TysT eTqqT+& s <D
eTq \eTT, eTqdT
eyT . y{ eeVs\ es+ #jT eTq q+{
lk$Ty] dsD >&| y+H lk$Ty] sD
eTq m
\T>TT+< #&+&.
eTqTu\T >eT+ qf { \ eT d | + sp
jTeT+sT \T |+ uj
T |&~ . |>\ T L& #| q+ uj
T +.
m|& | q eTw +&*. lk$Ty] de~ <]+ <jT +
5, kjT++ 5 |< D
\T #d $T> \+ eeT\T Ts
>&|~. 20 sEH |*+ \><T. u d\V| <jT+
108, kjT++ 108 |< D
\T #d q q+ lk$Ty]
dsD >&| k +~. 3e sE eT<V+ lk$Ty] n>T+&+
<>sZ 12 d+eseTT\ |\y &T |+ yT # $u |{&T .
n~ H{ ydT q D
+ |\y &T n<XyTH &T. D
+
qT+# yT ujT+ +& bsTT+~. |\y s|+
lk$TysT yTqT nqT>V+#sqe. yT VyTc
yT\ e+, \T&= H=| e+&~. lk$TysT d|+ |+
3 H\\T f+ +~. $Xd+ X<> qqT d]+#T n #bs.
lk$TdsD, eTq+ yTqT >f +#sTT.
ePsT .{.. |#d y< T \ dT<s>Y ] nqTue $T
e+~. 1983 qe] H 240/89 _.|. +&~. eeT\T>
n+{ sb T e+f |y + >, eTs<H |e<s y T q
y~> d+u$ dT+ ~. H n+{] ndd+ { s +{# |
bT+<, |s wH #dH u+ < >& #bsT. eT<dT y[
y< + #sTT+HsT. J$++ eT+<T\T + | s+
Vs+ rdT+ C>> +&\ eT<dT &s T d\V #bsT.
n{ d+ |]d ksTTeT+, >TsT#]bT
ne< \ nqT l y+jT k$Ty] #] #<e &+ ]+~.
249
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
y+H >=\>eT& lk$Ty] de~ <]+#qT. H{ s e
$TT +{ k<T e H rs+ qT \ e+~. yT\e
e #qT. <jT+ 4 >+\T neT+~. lk$Ty] |P
y +<T euT+f de~ eT+~seTTq |&e Ts y| X+
mi> >T+&+> |< y\T>T <s qyT+ ~. y\T>TqT H us
L& #bqT. y\T>T @$T{ n yTeTT m+ +H
n+T | < T . |PCq+s+ e #d y\T>T <T . lk$Tys
n <s q$T#s \ q+~+#eTT. n~ yTT<\T= yT D
_.|. Z eeT\T s>+ #L]+~. |, s+ L&
q>\TZTHqT.
&sT #|qT |<+ +& Vs $Vs<T\
jTeTeTT | q+<Tq eTs &d+sT 85 _.|. e+~. #
|e<yT+~. &sT 24 >+\T <{ #|>\qHsT. H us
lk$Ty] nqq+> XsD T y&+ ~. lk$Ty] | e\q >+&+
>& eTs s>+ #L ]+~. MT< |< + $wjT + C>>
+&\ #+|d T HqT.
b<\LsT >eTdT& q seTq y+jT 1984 &d+sT
qT+& s+&T H\\T nq+ q X\yT eTqTw\T |T+f
s +&&T >T\T q&#y &T. <>T ,Z jd+, >\( |+ ) { s+ L&
d\+> |&~ . b<\LsT, Ts&b + jT+._._.jTdt. y< T \T
@MT #jT b jsT. y] +<T e\ d\V| lk$Ty] de~
<]+#&T. eTsTH{ qT+& d HeT~+ nq+ q&ek>&T.
5e sE s lk$TysT \ n }|]T\ |<> & q T
# q*| ydT q T, < qT+& e# NeTT, se TT H{ qT+&
sTTqT <s qyT+ ~. y+H yT\e e+~. |<> <>T Z e+~.
m| & | & q + > \ , s + , NeTT | & b sTT+~. 90%
s>e+T&j &T. 8e sE d|+ eT k$T >&q T b\T
|qT | =+ #& |<s rd #|+#sT.
\y ]q|{ qT+& H\T>T sE\ d+|Ps s>e+T&H &T.
250
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
H{ lk$Ty] de~ d$dT+ {&T.
H\sT jTdt.|. +> | q |seTTq l |+ U<sY
eTkH> sT *bsT. | e] 1985 d+ H s $s#H\T
njT$. eT<dt qsY dT| y H qsY n ssD
#d
y+H |swH #d eT\+|>T jT |&eTT. &u
eT\yTTd+ T+~. Xu+ #dT +T+&*. n 10 H\\T dT|
+f u>Te#T b eTsD+ <+ nHsT. d
u<\ T |& +f eTsDyT yT\ +{ e#XeTT. +>\T HT
eT+<T HqT. qjT+ <T . lk$TysT Xs+ +&>
y] <]+q $wjT+ >TsT e H{ s lk$Ty]
\#T= @&qT.
n<s lk$TysT H d|+ |+ eT+#+eq
H yy{ >T& $dTsTTHsT. yT\Te e ##qT.
lk$TysT +>H H eT+#+ <>sZ qT+& y[bTHsT.
~>e T |\e& HsTs<T , &< T . \y ] qT+& H
s + | & & + | P ] > bsTT+~. ys + sE\ | P ]
s>e+T&qjqT. lk$T y] TTD+ HH rsTy!
y T q ] + & |{ q u \ c + { y H
lk$TysT y] c\qT y+H u| y] X+ #L s&+ m+<]
nqTuy \H |dT q ~. ] sT bsq \T ese TT\
lseTw |seTV+d>sT d\$jTTHsT ><!
H\sT yde \T #sT LsT seT>] | &T n|+&d{ d t
|swH, nT s = d+eseTT\ uMT |swH
(_&\ T +&) #XsT. 1985 &T | eT+, nq+ +f
&, m|& \H=|. &T | >& e+~. |s wH #j \HsT
&s T . eT&k] b jT&eT+f uj
T |& +<T e\ d\V MT<
lk$Ty] de~ <]+ B> sE 108 |< D
\T #d
q yTq Ts >&|+& X<> lk$Ty]
d]d XeT |qT\ dV ]d d$++~. nq+ #dH y+e#
251
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
yT de~ <sq+ #dq~ yTT<\T eeT\T> nq+ q+
y T T< \ T |{ + ~. < e sE lk$Ty] de s\T
dZjT T\XeT>sT d|+ |+ sT>& qeT #| +~.
nyT nH +~. s>+ u>T|&+ ~. lk$TysT +{
beT #| <T , qT b<T . sE lk$Ty] de~ |P+#
H>jT >sT yT d|+ T<T . m|{ s>+>
e+{e n #bsT. +{ y eT #| < yT b<T .
nT s s +&T sE\ eTs= k$T de&T d|+ +
T<T . eT+< e me] H y] T L&
bT+~ n qT yT #sT. n+{ yT +{
y[+~. y+H n+u<sY d+d yT H\ s.500/` \T
d + b~+# T =H > T & \ T f <> + \_ + +~. y T
s>yT+& uT L& |k~+#sT lk$TysT.
>=\>eT& yd >=&{ Xwj
T #TTHsT. H #qT
|+ |+&+~. # eTw | +f s|P n&$ |+<T\T
|& < +d+ #dT q $. # |&T +f <eT\u<, #*, dq yq `
|~sE\T | <q+<Tq s>+ b&sTT eT+#q
|& q uj
T |& # +& HsT > lk$Ty] de~ #+
e @$T #dH < us+, #qT |+<T\T Hd @{ #
s +&TeTT\ e&T L& eqT. w+ n $q$+ +{
y[ |&T HqT. y+H d|+ UsT, |# qT, |# {|
<] +q 20 d+es\ jTTe&T lk$Ty] de~ <>sZ qT+&
## e @~ |+~ + ed e+< n+ H #
y<TsT s = b eH&T. eTw eTq #qT |
dT< ! ys esZq bTH& HqT e #qT y| q&#qT.
jTTe&T eTs eq H+f eTT+<T>H e # bTH&T.
+>H jTq | dTH & nqTHqT. + d|+
eTTd+~. sE qT+& s L& HqT | b<T .
# |+<T\T |& < T .
252
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
yTT |s+, s | <jT + e&T lk$Ty] keTqTq
H{ s d|+ HqT yT&T e&e T de~ eTT+<T yXqT.
y+H k$T de\T TjT >sT + e m ujT THe?
m #e? n n&T>TTHsT. y+H |P#d ]>\ H>jT
jTq H\T>T eTT\T u. k&T eT sdT nH&T. d|+
eTTd+~. H # |+<T\ | dq+<T s +&T eTT\T
me> k$T n&>s >T]+ H\T>T eTT\ e&T lk$Ty]
deT]+#qT.
yTq u $Xk\T ` V<jT |Ps+> { #dq
bsq lk$Ty] V<j H ~*+ eTq |dq T\qT #kj
ns C q+ u s * nqTue + s|dT + ~.
>=\>eT& msT\ b+ yde \T q\TusTT dTseTjT
us d<e T $yVyTq 8 d+\ es d+q+ <T . d+q+
=s mH u y< \T, jTT\ T, +^w &s T , <e\ yTT\T
n w\ eTjsTT. sT DysTT eTkqT W*j de~ <]d
3 d+\T n&H +& d$d |* eTT+T+<HsT. yTqT H\sT
+~seT &s T <>sZ #]+#sT. ys+ sE\T >& H &^
L& s+ >Z < T . Vs+ q+<Tq #bT+< uj
T |& +{
e#d+~. l y+jT k$TysT >Ts= y] <>sZ yqq~.
+{ y y& keTT kq+ #d beTHsT. nZ
|+ nsTTbsTTH bsTT e+ y\><T. ~ # HqT
#H ds H{ eTT k$T |< D
#kq q> e
n> #d H{s +HjTk$T eT+~s+ |&Tq~.
\y sd] n sE\T> u~+q s+ @yT+ <> eeT\T>
nq+ | +#T u+#d+ ~.
<+ yT k$T m&\ <& $Xd+ * k$TysT
H d+q+ #< HqT k$T d$kq B> q nq+
H j sT#dT = +, lk$Ty] XeT+ # +<H
edd eTqTw\ \e+& s+s+ lk$Ty] d]d,
253
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
|+ 108 |< D
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M #&T|+~ #\ |& sT\T < =TTqT <
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u< M\T<
. H{ s k$T u & T =iL { TjT >sT
e yT >E\T =&qT d| <s qyT+ ~. H k$T
q s|+ <s q$T eL& #| <, HqT sE\T
#dq de es+ ><? T +<T? n reyTq y<q
eTsTsE L& Vs+ rdTbsTT+~. y+H H{s
lk$TysT d| <s q$T |& &T e\T yT |$ =+>T
yd d+q+ #qT. nq+ qee n |eT> |*sT.
n+{ B $s$T++~. k$T #| qf d+q+ *>sT.
_& lk$Ty] |sT |{\qT+f eTs lk$TysT d|
<s q$T yTT<{ d+qeTTq MT \<e + |sT |T= s +&e
d+qeTTq H |sT |TeT d\$#sT. H{ yT u<
*H lk$Ty] de~ <>sZ <#d y] yTTs |T +f
y+H s lk$TysT yT <s q$T }s&k s
. yT
$Xk eTqyTeT yjT>\+!
1985 e\| s & ~HsjTDs&> ] c\ k]
e#sTT. jTq {s T 2 ksT j&+T ]+~. us
nHs>+ e\ |s wH #XsT. |+\ $|+> qwy T T+~.
@$TkMT! c\ n+T< n k$T yTTs|T HsT.
H{ s jTq= yT q d|yTT+~. jTqbT eT]<s T
+&T> |eV+# q~ &Tq eHsT. sT q~ ~
=T b T Hs T . j T qqT > T > & eTs=j T q
254
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
~>TTHsT. HsjTDs& jTqqT e< y]dTH $q+& ~>sT.
jTq, jTq <s =TbjsT. s&>sT eT+> >Tq
e+& #d HsT.
s |\ + \+> |eV+# qB |yVeTT e+{~. 131
eTqTw\ e =+<s|& |e]d =TbsTT bD\T
b>=T+{e. zsT >*Z s+s HeTdsD <s s|*+
\ |yV+ =TbjT es, #&s jTT |yV\+
> Z es zsT> +f dT\u+ > d+kseTH q~ <>\e
d+#s s &> ] u< #XsT lk$TysT.
M] us H\sT #dq |swH bsbsTTq+<Tq
|s wH =s eTs eT<dT rdTysT. s &> sT lk$Ty]
b]+#sT. H{ s d|+ y >eTdT& q q yT
nH jTq e =s |qe] bjqT. n&e, &
e#qT. _#e] e+{ y] $u 3 H\\ qjT+
#j \qTHqT. 7 H\\T |f
T +~ n nq&+ H
<jT e\ s q+ #kqT. f+ |&T T+~. zsT eV+#T
n lk$TysT #bsT.
&T KsT |+ >T]+ ss& nHsT nj
sbsTT d+b~+#\+f m+ w|&*. { < eTq+
m+ C>> |j+#Ty*. ~ e+ yTq
<H , eTs=e+ bse] <H d+ eTT. m+ X$T+ 132
|D+ #dq+<Te\ d<TZsT d~ \_dT+<, < es+
#dT+& C>> ~ d~ nH msT s+s+
J$d d ~ ks + # d T +&
+& n lk$Tys T
V#]+#sqe. <s <s \qT >] lk$TysT m+ # >
d\$#s #&+&. k$T de\ <] >ee+~.
]~ <s+ eT]jTT]~ n<s+. <sTq eT<Td ss&
$ e{&& + eT+~<T n >{> n<s |sT V#]+#sT.
eTq+<T=q >=&e n n+ }s +&< T . sE ss&
255
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
lk$TysT ss&! sE + e+<j nHsT.
n+f n<s K+&+ <s eT< T e+ eTq <s +
133 nqe. #dq +<Tq nq+yT q |D+ b|d T + <qe.
n> n<s jT<X m<Ts+& >V+#+<T w
#jT +& e+f b|eTT nL& ns+ .
H\sT d+|{ yde\T =D<\ H>Xsse #
d+eseTT\ qT+& lk$Ty] d$dTHsT. lk$Ty]
seTeTT\ q >, {s T > rdTe H djT+>
&y #d deqT deT]+#T=HysT. ysT q nqTuy
# | H s T . 1985 > w 21 qT+& lk$Ty] s< q
eTVAeeTTq eT{, #e\T, c$TjH\T, bkeqT\T
s+e \T eHqT. 23e ~ s H\sT qT+&
|P\e\\T, ns{ |\\T yTT<\>T keqT\T {sT
\T=dTH qT. > s +&TsE\T> << T . qT s 12 >+\
n|&T \sT| _& <{q <T|] {sY q&T|H H
*jTH <bjqT. sT y =+d|{ yT\Te e#d]
H eTT+<T 20 >C\ <s+ |< s+<+ |&j
T Tq >=\>eT&
_& | y T q +<Tq n~]bjqT. Xq + L&>
T= C>>
_& <{+#qT. dTesT 3 .MT. <s+ nH eT\T|\T ]
{s T , HqT, >=\>eT& _& es m #se nq $wjT +
qqT ~>e T>=*|+~. eT&T MTs <s+ {s T q&|& y T
+& <bjT qqT |&b +& b&q s &T H V<jT
yd sTDeTjTT&q l y+jT k$Ty] HqT H++
134 TTD|& HqT. +> eTq Xs+ k$T deT]d < sD

us+ ys\ sVks \ <s eTq TTEe neT+~.
H\sT , d+| SsT lydT\T q lk$TysT
bD_ |{q $wjT + \T|THsT.
1986 d+es+ yT H\ e $T< |q s +&T ><T \T, es+&
256
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
]+#eTT. +~ u>+ u&T> q y] >~ qT+&, rdbsdq
b s+T ysT f+|s> |>TZs+<\ ysT<| $T< MT<
s +T rdTe ys qT+& \T >~qT eTs= \T
es+&qT yXeTT. es+& \T rddq+<Tq VA\sT e+
{eHeTT. yT H\ 3e B eT+s = ><T\ b\T
b++#\ y eCeTT 3 >+\ e eTs<\ T ><T \T, es+&
&, +<yTT &T>TT+&q~. H us sTT qT+&
n+~dTq ~. HqT kq+ #d &> T & T= $T< | e#qT.
>~ T y\T>TT+~. es+& q \T VA\sT qT T
>~ *+#*, ys T dV $bqT. ys T qT m\T =]
# qTwH bsTTjTTq $wjT+ #& ysTqT n&H
|T HqT. |< yXqT. s +T ys T qT # qT+& | +#\
H#d q |jT + $|\ yT+ ~. qeH&T\T +bjsTT. \TeH
+<|& b sTT \ \ qT&TTHqT. H\+ #eT, .
ys T # |fd e+~.
> H nsT| $ e eTs<\ T yTf | e HqT
+<|& \ \ qT&&+ #+~. n< deTjT+ \+
{ #eT e+~ >qT s +T mss TT yT sa\Tq c
={+ ~. ueqT s +T |T +~ n nsTd yT +< |sT >
>\ #k+~. e$q H us s +T rdTq >~ <bjT
yqT \T|\T u~ | uj
T +|T s |&b sTT+~. >~
y <# sT> $wjT + ns+ > eTT+<T |&b sTTq H usqT
eBd eT+#+ MT< |+&u{sT. > H eTs<\T n]#
nsT|\ ue+ >V + |> T Z qT+& ys T >XsT.
| >u n+ <T $Tc\ ]bsTT+~. >
H |]d m e+< }V+#e TT. =q }|] HqT.
dV e+~. kMT! H+{ #e |k~+#s n eTqdT
ybjqT. n+ y+H H # ysTqT eTs=sT |]d
e<*bsTTqT +<|& b sTT+~. dsTT+#T= H\T>&T >T\T
257
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
yXqT. n|&T |>~ T ]bsTT+~. +~ y |

e#sT.
yT eT+f 1. n|{< e<\ s +T ys T <q+<
eTw qT> e<*be&+.
2. n++f XsyTeT+f qTwH bsTT s+T
bdeTq ysT \T & #<TsT eT<TsT> qTq { |&q+<Tq
\+ s+T y|+jTTH>, HqT H\T>&T>T\T
yjT>\Z&+. HqT H\T>&T>T\T yXH |qTq eT]jTT T
]bsTT+~. n+f n| & T + ~ys T y s q T | > T Z qT+&
>Xsqe.
s+T c e\ q\> $T*bsTTq H # #
&s T >sT XsbsTT. $<+ > $T*b +&s\T #s + qT+&
dT s*. n sT>< + f H< <e X s+ +~.
#sTT 3 H\\T yTT<\T 6 H\\ |\ yT D kBq+ se#T
n #bsT.
+q T #d meTT $]+< |+&
T L& {sT .
yd$ \yTq+<Tq \ (<Ts<) u]+# T rdyd dsus+
lk$Ty] e|+ yT 14e Bq >=\>eT& e lk$Ty]
#+ LsTHqT. H{ s d|+ H dVT\T H*
uq y* <>sZ |s wH #d |dT | |# <e+ rdqT
<s qyT+ ~. &s T >sT 6 H\\T >&T e #| +> H\ s> +&H
H #sTT kBq+ e#d+~.
>+&+ HqT eTsD+ #e\d e+~. lk$TysT
H bD<q+ #Xs #|+<T <s q+ +~. n+ 19
sE\ eTT+<T Hq db<Xy T <seTT. # d>jT&T
eTVeT< s|>] >q #] sT>TT+~. y~| >+B eTVT&T
Ls=jTTHsT. jTq eTTK+ lk$Ty] eTTK+e e+~. y]
sT|\ sC+<|k<, HVA, V<sYXd, s<wH,
258
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
+> T s T | X + | + T \T y T T< \ > T Hj T \T, e\+

|seT|~+q ys+, Ls=jTTHsT. sT L& |dT+
J$+ jTTqysT sT . HqT y[ jTq ly+jT k$Tys n
eTqdT nqT=qT# >+BJ qeTd]dTHqT. ysT H
<>sZ = & +<T=#e y[b nHsT. HqT y+jT k$Ty]
u & q T. >=\>eT& bsTT edT+ {qT n nHqT. $wjT +
H \TdT + eTT+<T s +&TksT #bqT>< n+ <T
b{ dE
]& ksTTuu b{\T H # + qq& qT+&
|+|XsT. d|+ eTTd+~.
lk$TysT |k~+q 5 b{\T H |+#bDeTT\
d + + . eTV Hj T \T # ] q | s \ H q T L &
#se\djTT+&qT. sTDeTjTT&T H |+#bDeTT\T ]
H |k~+ + + =+ \eTT+&eT |+bsT.
>qTH | >+&+ qT. HqT, H us|\\ T lk$Ty]
TTD+ @ $<+ > L& rsTeTT.
H\sT \ $&+|* >eTdTs \T je\ #+#jT
us eqeT q _&q T lk$TysT s+ q $<+ $e]dT+ ~.
e <e _& 3e H\ ejTdT m&eT #$ +< y|,
H=| e+~. &s +q T, eT+<T> eT+\T, HT y< \
>& >Z < T . n~ n+#\+#\T> +< ~, es m&eT\T
| MT< >& * |* NeTT>s&+ yTT<\T |{+ ~. NeTTs s+<\
>T+& 2 n+\ b&e>\ dq meTT b\T\T sTesT sT
eTT\T jT{ e#sTT. \T <Tsdq |{q +<Tq b| <>sZ
\Te HeTT. |.d.Xd &sT>sT ms b{ rd |\T
#d \T rdy d d], +f b| #bT+< #bsT. <
>& eT<dt > H\sT seT#+<s& dT|> beTHsT.
+ <s T eTT>TsZ T &s #|H <$<+ > \T rdj\
#| eT+<T\T yjT<T.
&|\ q T n${ |\> e+#TH +f #bsTTH |s y <
259
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
e +& u\+ =+& |\jT |s wqT dTseTT |<T .
~ 19`4`86 q dVTs* d\V| >=\>eT&
ly+jTk$Ty] de~ <>Zs e +&>sT, HqT _&qT
rdTe#eTT. kMT! _& \T u>T|& MT ] eT&T
yseTT\T yT |{ k qT n e +&>sT, b+>* deT]kq
HqT yTT= lk$Ty] nK+& B|+ qH rdTy[
$u *| |PjTk>eTT. eTsTd{ ys eT&T s+<\T
eHsTT. meTT eTT 2 n+\ b&eq +& n&+ ]
1/2 n+>T+ jT{ ejTT+&qT.
2e ys+ q+ sBe \q e qH L& n+<< T . b
qH y&TTHeTT. lk$TysT d| d+<X$ T os~+#sT.
H d | + e b| \T $] + < | & b sTT+~. H q T
u<| & T THqT. + eTTdjTq e \T }&bsTT+<
u<| & T THy? @MT |s y <T . d~, <s+ +f eT #|
\T nT|{ {y k sT. H yT\Te e+~.
s >jT+ meTTeTT <q+< jT{
e#d+~. @ eT+<T\T, &s T +& lk$Ty] $u , qHH
yT D \T >jT+ ebe&yT > $]bsTTq meTT eTs\
<q+< |] nT&bsTT+~. e\+ lk$Ty] | e\q
H&T e b| @ eeT +T +& # > q&e>\TZT +~.
HqT, H _& H+eTT lk$Ty] m+ TTD|&j
T THeTT.
H\sT ePsT C&.|.Vd T {#sT |.
fXseT #|T+~.
e *> ] 1982, 1986 eT< 3 j s + ~. m+{ VseTT &T |
bsTTH me> s$s#qyT XseT+ $|yTq u<
qjT~. >qT = ZH\T <yVs+ e+ dTHeTT.
H\sT nyT]H d H\TZsE\T #dH >Z < T .
260
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
me | #j \ &s >Y s djT+> |jT +HsT.

3 sE\T me >=+ |>T m<T. n|&T =
| |\ <s |+ b |< qsT >& u> |+&
+~. @ D
qsTTH n~ |* yT eTsDd T + ~. ~ yT e]<X
+{ rdT y[ yT e] ]\ rs+& n #| &d#t ]
#XsT. m+ $T&H ~ X dT. e dT| #be&+
m+<T n |+|XsT. yTeTT eq y] <>sZ sT
rd T = eT<d T qs T d T | y +< T
|jDeTeTHeTT.
e +{ jTeqTs\T e |j D+ # |k KsT
+& qjT+ #d n<Ty T q &s T qT e<* eT<dT +<TbsT
n l y+jT k$Ty] qeTT= n& beT # <s+
#|+~.
|< deTjT+ HqT kMT eT<dT b+& MT <>sZ =d
&T KseT+< HqT y< + #sTT+#< e Hq>] dV
n+<s +~ksT. HqT qsT d bqT. n#
qsT< #| e neT s>+ u>T+f |+ |{
|P+#T+{qT n |s <T'KeTT { b]+#qT. yTeTT
s \ T d>+ <s+ y >H n+es @MT q e neT H
djT+> H nq+ |eT \e++ #d+ ~. e] D
\
|sT>q+ |& u> u+#d+ ~. n~ yTT<\T |+&T, _dT n
qk+~. +> eTs sy T |& < T . d+ dw H ~
H s>+ u>T+~. d m+<T +{ b<eT
=+<s# j
T k+~. m{> q#C| n&j sT qsT d
sT 1600 KsT#d m |\ T #sTT+H @ < *+~.
b yT ejTdT _.|., >T+&, eT|+ &eTT\T n +
# > |#dT H jT+f # n<we +Ts\ &s T |< d]| T
#sT. H{ @ eT+<T\ e\ +& VsTT> +~.
lk$Ty] H n+ eTT+<T @ |]#jTeTT bsTTH
261
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
d]+q y+H qH<T= e u<\ T r]q sT DeTjTTq
eT+eT+ TTD|&jTTHeTT.
H{ e\ >+& |Ps $XdeTT+q y]
lk$TysT m sdTHs #&+&. >&sT \ z*
|sdT&T uT nH eTTd+ sy ejTdT sy d+eseTT\T.
1988 d+ qe] H\ nkT> $|yTq |ye
|e]+#k>&T. e+{ MT< >T&\T |P]> rddy&T. d\T |d
y+& sT eTTHy&T. n& , #T \T *| >T~{ ss \
y< \T #sTT+#sT. L* #dT = J$+#ysT >qT s +&T y\
sbjT\T n| #d n sq y< \T#d qjT+> nX
dVjTT lk$Ty] XsD
T b+<sT.
n&T s+e <b&T, uj
T +s+ > nsTd y*
|&T = #T \T >T~>{j
T Tq qT H{ =] +#y&T.
n #T \T H{ n+< +& #j \ #T \qT s +&T
d+<Tq { |{ =+ sqT <bsT. ##y] n~
ujT+syTq |]d.
lk$Ty] d~ q =+<sT nejT\T jTqT
|, b\] rdTb u>T+< ss\ d\V\T
#|ysT. dVjTT&q Mq>sT n+<] e#|y&T.
ey& T # b & | P & d b qT. u> T +f
135 lk$Ty]= f+jT =&qT. n+ $T+ H ys X < T .
m& y~<T n q <& Xj y\&+#y&T |Ps
$XdeTTq $T+q u +f ys k<H e TTq~.
eT&e sE sy nsT|\T |qT>T Z T
$|d n > L sqT+& y & T . ys + sE\ eeT\T
eTwb j&T. |~VqT sE\T ##sT. H\ sE\T ##sT.
lk$TysT d\$d +{ y\ |T|{ sT . s +&T H\\ s
lk$Ty] b+~ +{ y[bjsT. | XyseTT e
+&q |eT lk$Ty] <]+ d$+ y T+{sT.
262
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
LsT \ ueTes+ >eTdT& T bs| * y+fX sT
#|THsT.
1970 e d+ e yT\T T#d #bT+f lk$Ty]
odT\ =s \\eT] >eT+ yqT. lk$Ty] #Ts
e+<\ eT+~ >T$T>& jTTq+<Tq <s+>H e+& eTqdT
u<| & T THqT. + lk$Ty] w&= ues+ nusTT
lk$TysT |\TdTHs qqT <>Zs rdTy&+ qHXs+
eTT+#+ ~. Jy\T qw+ >e, n u>T+{sTT n N{
ysTT+ H |k~+ |+bsT. n~ yTT<\T yT L&
#b<T . ysT |s q +{sT qT eTs y] <]+#< T .
sTDeTjTT&T HqT |\TeqqT qqT b&TTH&T.
1978 TbqT e\ yT\qT =+& XeTT. n$ ] ekjT
X< T . H{ s lk$TysT d| <s q$T eTq Jy\
u>T+&j nHsT. >eT+ n+<]M # #bjsTT. e$
e+ yT L& #b<T .
H 1984 >T+&<& |e<+ #d qqT LsT
dT+<ss$Ts& &sT <>Zs #ssT. s+&T sE\ s+&Ty\
sbjT\T KsT nsTT+~. HqT #bjq qqT sT
+{ rdT e#sT. n+<s @& @& Ls=H < bTHsT.
e *<+&T\ lk$TysT d|<sq$T H u HqT
s+ #T+{qT n #bs. \y ] qT+& HqT s yT D
2 H\ @ eT+<T\ +& |Ps s>e+T&qjqT. $+
#q qT\s T lk$Ty] eTVeTqT yH =j&sT.
1984 lk$Ty] s< q e lk$Tys T
dX sT\T> q|&T qqT y] de +#T+& <s+ #Xs
u<| & qT. H{ s lk$TysT n>T+&+ Ls=jTTqT
d| <s q$T#sT. n< sE eTs= <X+ k$Ty] Xs+|
nd+U+> s s+ _\T y\TZT qT <s qyT+ ~. B HqT
263
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
n+<]> #b<T . n> XX+> y\T>TT+{q
lk$TysT H >TsT#Xs \TdTHqT.
H+{ y[q H\T>e H{ qT+& s $s#H\ e\q mH
>T&\T &dbTq$. e<+f s<q y[ = #TH&T
u+ <T, #b& n+<s H{=qT e{&sT.
lk$TysT HjT+<T e+f b&T&T +f jTq +
#dT +{& #| eT+<T L& rdT<T . H{ s lk$TysT
eT q de~ nuj
T Vd+ <s q$T#sT. \y ]
qT+& HqT VsTT> q&e&+ # n+<s XsbjsT.
lk$Ty] |Ps+ > qeTTe&yT H *dq~. ne\ jTq
<jT .
d<TZsTeqT uT, eTT |<jT k+ #keTT. eTV
136
d e ~ nq+ s + L & lk$Tys T q u \ H
b&TTHs #d ysT dT\ >V+#>\eTT.
s|PsT \ eTT~>&T >eTdT& T &sT jH~s&> sT
q 16e d+ ejTdT qT+& lk$Ty] u\T. M] d+
y~ b>={ lk$TysT M] >=| u>e+T #XsT.
jTq m\| & ] |jT + |& lk$TysT q >eT+
ed | $T*q|&T y] \#y&T><T.
1985 pH H\ Tq |& m+ w+ sE= |
| e+ \e++> >ysT. @ Vs+ #H $w+
deq+> +&~. s +&T H\\T> mH +q eT+<T\ y&H
>Z meTT\ >&Te jsH&T. >w H\ sE 30
$s#H\T neTHsTT. &sT T n+T|<T. jTq
bD+| X e~dT H&T.
>w 22q M] $TT&T n+ y+{$Ts& M]
>=\>eT& e lk$Ty] s<H e+ <s q+ #dT +f
T qjTeTeT+<, ekq #| s +&& +&{ dT<
rdTy[, s dT rdTy& q \e++ #X&T. eTw
264
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
dV jT+< e jH~s& jTq bV+ # ds ekq
#b&T. +& rdTe#+<T y+{$Ts& +{ ysT.
s jH~s& q nqTue+ #bsT. HqT
lk$Ty] <s H ekq #| q eTsTD
+ H #|
esT *+Z ~. me] dV jTeT +&H q& +{ y[ nq+
|eT # *> e+< =+<s# X qT. H |esq +{
y+ ~>e T #+~ ~ #e\+, eTsD * n
<T'+#k>sT. HqT eeT\T>H nq+ , #{ kq+ #d
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15 .MT. y>+ ]esY edTq +& H yqT qT+& qqT >T~+~.
275
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
+& >T~q< \TdH s bTq H *jT+&H kMT
nH s+&T s\T |{\ eT< us|&qT. s\T H| qT+
y[b H #=, |+#, qT rdT [ bsTT+~. H eTTUq,
>e< MT<, >T\s >T#T= q >jH sTT. H & *
eT&eT +& bsTT+~. qqT s Vd n&{ #XsT.
&e sTqT nsdT #XsT. |~ sE\ qqT &d#t sY #XsT. mH
|\T #d H+{ u< < ssD #d ] &{
#se THsT. s dT y\+f J+ MT< d\e keTT, s dT
rdTeTHsT. s>eTT> +& d\e rdTe&eTT n<seT
\ HqT &{ #sqT.
bD >+&+ qT+& qqT lk$Tys s+ #sT. +f
bDbjTy, n+>y \ y | ] +&*. s #]H
&+ eTHs+<s. H++ HqT, H T++
lk$Ty] TTD|&j
T THeTT.
lk$Ty] H{ y+ eq |re @H{ H q{
qsT b ] rsTT+~. n~ y<y . y] odT\T ny|T +>
|* ksTT n q nqTuy \T|THsT l & seTDjT>sT
(>=\>eT&).
H |+<=$T~ d+es\ ejTdT sE 1 s 4
nD\T (s 1.25 |d \ T) L* s >+> | bjTyD.
H\T>T d+es\T n #X e n> sT HqT sbjT be
L* s+ |#dT H q Vq #XsT. <+ s | eHd
] d< bTHqT. $<+ > dTes= d+es+ d<+
#X sE $& yd +HjTk$T >T& <>ZsTq
lk$Ty] <>sZ =#qT. HH$ T n&> +&H lk$TysT H
nj ! | ~ s bj T \T Ks T |& qs T s bj T \T
<jTeTT+T+&j . >esyT+T y <>$TksT .
# >T+& m+ nq<qeTT+&j ` qT >esyT+T y
|\TksT , <> bj n nHsT. b k$T, <= |.
276
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
HqT s \ T | b+& eTT+ L*#dT = TT+f n+

y[bjqT. lk$Ty] e\ |k mT $\Tee<T .
nT s =H s |uT + = ss T bdt #XsT.
1960 d+q eTT+<T u+{ +& sT H\\T |#dq y]
bdT f+|s > |{ |]H+{ y]# 170 s J+ eeTHsT.
< |s+ H L& 170 s JeTTq ns e+~.
*dT H |sT e#d] H dVT\T e neT #| qqT ]
s >+> | |+|eTHsT. e Hds Y HMT< n_eq+
qqT ] <>eTT #se T eTw |+bsT. <>+ #]
5,000 s \T n]jTsY e#sTT. <+ 7 ms\ b\eTT =HqT.
lk$Ty] XeT nq<qeTTq |dTeTT d+eseTTq
4 eTT\ e&T deT]dTH qT. |dT e TT H 3,000 s JeTT,
*+&j bdt, |.{.. \T n s edT \T ` |qH ns
b+~jTTHqT. lk$Ty] e\ ns \ ] rse\dq<.
y] y Vy.
l >T<{ +HjT T\T>sT ` m\d { &bsTy T +T, ePsT,
q lk$TysT bD_ |{q $es+ $e]dTH sT.
1985 e d+eseTT, qe+sT H\ HqT, H us,
eT]=+<sT {+& bT+&> n|* dT e {qT
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>TieTT dV me] |< <MT >\ <T . +& eeTT >T\,
>T\ nsTTbsTT+~. H yHeTT m& @yT+< *jT<T.
$|yTq H=|, |&T=H+<T M\T<T. eT<dT, V<su<T,
>T+sT &s + <s y< + #XsT. dTesT \ sbjT\T
KssTT+~. MdeT+ esT<T . $<+ > s +&T d+es\T
V+d |&qT. e] &sT HqT me sE\T J$+#q
#bsT. ~>T\T nq+ dV +# qbjTd] T+eT+
nq+ eTT&+<T. y] =s eTqdT ssTT #dT= nq+
qk>qT. H Xs u< &T eqd u< qqT nqTD+
277
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
<V +ydT + ~. H u< e]+#M\T~. { $| s |]d T \
|se T sTDeT] nsTTq lk$TysT H dVT\ <s eT
~e b u $T seT Ts+bsT.
$TT\ d\V| >=\>eT& ~e+ d+<]+#qT.
eTV<Te T, eTVeyT q lk$Ty] sT D { MD
eTT
BqT| | d ] +q~. }V +# $< + > 75% u<
ejTyTb sTT+~. ~ mes }V+# esT. eTTeTTK+
|qT>T&T#Tq H sTDeTjTT&q lk$TysT |q$+
|k~+#sT. y] m #b *jT&+<T . n~ yTT<\T
jTeT+> ys sE e lk$Ty] d$+#T#THqT.
eT+> 95% u< +Z ~. H bs+ <c 5% nqTu$ +#&y T
yT\ lk$Ty] n&>s < u$+, < +Z #eT m|{
n&T><\#<T.
lk$Ty] |e\q q esT dd #L s&+ ,
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>T<{ +HjTT\T>sT #TTHsT.
1988 d+ H>sTq k>sT H &{ yksT. { T
]sT #dT HqT. <esE H |j DeTq> sT d+eseTT\
ejTdT >\ H esTq T #d+ ~. ##T > e, nkT>
|&b TH&T. ] =+ d|{ u>T+T+~. $<+ > sE
H\T>TksT L& edT+~. k>sY y> |\y s>+
# |&\ eTT>TsZ T &s q T e] y< + #sTT+H @MT qjT+<T .
&{ be&e eq&e nH &jTeq+ eT<q|&qT.
es lk$Ty]H XsD
T y&qT. k$T! MT @$T{? @+
#jTeT+{sT n eTqdT u< n]+#qT. H{ s
lk$TysT H d|+ |+ nj! njT u>T+T+~.
e e+ +| , dTuseqT |+|e<T n d\$#sT.
lk$Ty] yT s +| yqT. HqT ] e#d] |\y
s>+ |P]> # &+~. lk$TysT d|+ n #| +f
278
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
|\y eT+<T e\H qjTeTsTT+< u$+#yeTT. ~ *d
lk$TysT eTq u X<\ T |+#+<T d| <s q$T _& qjT+
#XsT.
H wT>sY y~ +~. lk$Ty] }B e+ y&T
y] d$d eT+<T\T eHXqT. lk$Ty] | e\ H s>+
# > +~. H m+{ Xs u<\ T e.
eqd* |s+ yde \T leT Xu> ] ny|T yTq nqTue +:
H 1992 d+eseTT #s y~ e, eTTKeT+ *q
eT#\ e~]> # $s+> +&~. eTTKeT+ <Ts<, +
e+{ MT< n& & eT#\T eHsTT. m& & eT+<T y&HqT.
b>, #s y~ &s Y e< y[ C> +& eT+<T <
H\sE\T @es +& |PXqT. nsTTH >Z < T , d]< +
bbsTT+~. e nqjT\T <s jT+._._.jTdt &s . y
m >T Z T +<q |\ jsT. $d HqT n eT+<T\T eHd,
lk$Ty] y&T =HqT. kMT! H b| |\ yTyTH +f <
|]V]+|#d H B +Z MT MT< d+|Ps $Xd+ +&T
nqT>V +#T +&! ys+ sE\T MT $u skqT n
#| =, sjT&+ yTT<\T|{qT. sT DeTjTT&T H s qT rdd,
H\T>T sE\ eTTKyT +& e+ q eT#\T eT
#<eTH +& beqT nqT>V +#sT. *jTT> |
<e + l y+jT k$T.
l bu\T |# jT>sT ` Cq>s,Y s +&e M~, H\sT .
ydTH sT.
H 1982 d+eseTT &\T MT< |ds ++
y| yTT<+~. n~ yTD |<< fdt u\+ y+~. yTD
+ |sT>T+~. H\sT s+&TesT |swH #sTT+H
eT&ek] L& n< $<+> |]+~. k] qsY n
nqTe+ sT| X+| |+| ysT qsY n < &| ] #sT.
eT<dt, n&j sT qsT d |s wH #sTT+ s +T |{+
279
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
s+&T H\\ dTesT 30,000 s\ KsT jT|&qT.

s+&ek] Xs+ MT< m&H n> ed &T be&+ |
|j q+ <T . bDV n dT| ysT #bsT.
sT y d+es n< *jTT uqy\T <
|y* eT< eTs n<$<+> y| yTT< yTD |s>
Hs+_++~. |< =+&s jT+f |<< #| \T ydT HqT.
|Ps+ n&j sT dT|ysT #| q e|s+ H bD;#,
eqd+> reyTq u< nsTT+~. H + <sT $yV+
e\dq nesTT\THsT. d+ |]d T \ HqT | Xys+
>=\>eT& y[ ly+jTk$Ty] <]+#y&. sE
>eTeTT e es d\V| lk$Ty] q yTT&
#| = b]+#eTT. +> eTsTd{ XyseTTq HqT m+{
y< \T #jT qq qsT >& d+|Ps+ > +& bsTT+~.
~ lk$Ty] nq+ sTD <sqeT V<jT|Ps+>
$XddTHqT.
HqT ysT u~+q <s eseZ TT q&T#T+ H Xw
J$eTTqT y] b<|< eTT\ deT]+#T=qT#THqT.
H\sT , >+Bq>sY yd HsjTD>] nqTue eT,
y] $XdeT eTq+<] >TDbs+ > \TdTH sTT. k<sD+>
eT+&\+ sE\T lk$Ty] d~ de#j \+fH #
u<| & b jT eTqd + eqe\~. H\\ s & n+] $Xd+
lk$Ty] d$d y] <jT =s yjTTq n<T> < ~.
1992 d+ |+& bsTT eq H us &
q&TeTT H=|#d+ ~. s e+f\T y[q # |& bsTT+~.
n~ yTT<\T \T eTT&TdT+ ~ > #|< T . q&TeTT\T H=|. H\sT
>esyT+T d bjeTT. eTs= dw*dT #beTT.
yqT|Pd <e+ |+ y< \T #XsT. @e+ qjT+ <T .
y< KsT\T u] +# b jeTT. s jTTs< y< +
#sTT+#eTT * s |ds D
e+~ \T #|< T H=|
280
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
>Z<T. Xs+ L& eT+\T +&$. jTTs< y<T&T
=+\+ y< + #d H e\<T sT| sTj dT|
beTH&T. ] +~ e\q m&L bqT. eT+ +\T
L& |jT + $|\ eTjeTT. dVjT d >=\>eT&
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mT qT #T \ MT< mT = eT+~s |< D \T #sTT+#y&.
# \Vq+> meTT\>& +&~. yTTyT T< n VAeTT
<>sZ L& sb jeTT. rs { s +&T |< D \T #sTT+#d]
q |jT eTT +& +f\T bjT~. |$ d\ +
+& jT Lsu{ yT <T\T HH |<D\T #dyD.
lk$Ty] d~ q\usE\T de #j\+f eT&T H\\T
|{+ ~. H\=k] +& eTT+<T>H +{ <seTjT~. nsTT
lk$Ty] <jT eq eT&T H\T>T sE\ e+{ eT+\T
bZ jsTT. +{ y[H lk$Ty] de #dyD. >=\>eT&
e Mq sE\T+&&+ +{ <seTsTT y[be&+, {
d+es\+ yTT+&> ]>qT. n|&T lk$TysT e|
sTD+ H us q H s |T= q&#T #XsT. |dT+
q | q T\T qT # d T ey T e L & e+|
dV jT|&T T+~. sTDeT] jTT Xk eTs\T, <jT , |eT
e]+# me] se TT><T.
lk$Ty] m&\ eTq >\ $XdyT lk$Ty] |qT
eTq| ]|dT + ~.
H\sT c|
+ yde &q # lseTT\TX{> sT
> |~VqT d+eseTT\ qT+& >=\>eT& lk$Ty] de
+& n|* qT+& _ q+ dT H &T. 2002 e d+
|y + e eT | +~. \T, #sTT ds sTT
q&Te H&T. es, n\T #| |+bsT. y]
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e< * sqT. | Du $TH eTs D k q y T T+& | T
281
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
>=\>eT& +&bj&T. |y mes @< q] d

H&T. >TD+ #|< T . ys+ s> +&H d|+
mes e e eTT+<T Ls= @eTj u>< ?
u>T+T+~. ~> # s |T n lseTT\TX{> sT |{q bd
d+ yX&T. # s d+ |&+ < +< |&+ < n H\|
&$ T ##&T. n& >sT <T . \ m #d e n& &T .
\y s d] #sTT, \T ] dsqT b+~, eT # > e `
q&e&+, e{&& + yTT<\T|{&T .
yT H\ m+&\T re+> HsTT. |~sE\T _H
n|* be<T. $X+ rdTeTHsT. & H H&T. H{
d|+ qT n|* _ q+ <+&TTqT d|+ e+~.
qqT _ H y eT lk$Ty] n \ \y ] qT+&
n+{ m+&\ L& _ H n|* bTH&T.
lk$Tys |< qT+& s+ #sq& d|
<s q$T#sT. |y + \y ] edT+ <q> H{ s d|+
# |< $eq+ X+ edT+ <. {eqT mT >\ |<
b&yq y<T sT >&q T \u{ |T= lk$TysT \& jTTHs.
n~ # $eq+ y[bsTT+<. B { lk$Tys
sujT >=| |< qT+& s+ #s \TdT+ ~. &T |<
|Du$T qT+& HqT <\qT
qT+& s+ #&+<T sD+
qT
nq $XdeTT L&q ef sDeT eTq+ >T]+#*. $Xd+
=+&\qT <* dT+ <+{sT. < ><!
lk$Ty] e ns+ m+T +T+< e
m+ d+> +T+< \TdTe&+ keq eqe\
k<+<T. ysT eTq= e #|q|&T n~ ns+ +f
<eT| ` &.H>Xsse>] e e jTT ns+ eTq
*dT #|eT lk$Ty] { b]+#*. +f
ss&e z |u MT e jTT yTq ns+ \TdT= MT
|s+> HqT #]+#qT. eTs H |sD|{ MT |
282
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
*> T HqT MT eqT #]+#T #jT +& kMT n y]

V<jT |Ps+> { b]+#*. lk$TysT #bsT, n~
ns+ <T n e~d qwb jT~ eTqyT.
H dVT lk$TysT ` nj! e +& \T e~*
|& c\T eksTT n #bsT. e #|q =
d+es\ H dVT&T \T e~* |s+ H\sT es&T.
y+H H\T>T y\ sbjT\T $\Te #d m<T #bsTT+~.
lk$Ty] e >TsTe ] q b+{ |s+ es&T.
= d+es\T VsTT> H&T. q |P]+{ kq+ $T< {\
|s+ eTs= +{ es&T. q &uT +> + +{
n |qT\ #dTq eTw #bj&T. n~ yTT<\T n c
d+b|y T H sTT. m+ wy T H ds esD+ <{ b+f m+
u>T+&TH ><!
{ ]bjT k$T
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dSsT | dMTbq >\ #sT yd l y. eseTjT
s +&T & \T #&b sTT eT<dT &s T M\T> e~dq \+
>=\>eT& lk$Ty] XsTT+ eT+~s n+<s |< D \T
#dT + f n~ # qT |< D
\T #jT d qTHq +&
|{&T . H{ s lk$TysT jTq d|+ |+ |
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s>e+T&j&T.
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e { bsq #jT >H lk$TysT u< =\+#sT.
lk$TysT #| q~ q ns+ < &.H>Xsse (<eT|)
{ b]+#>H ] d| <s q$T eTT #| <*q~ dw+ >
#bsT.
283
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
>=\>eT& ydTs\T q y\T H=| u] +# {

$q$d @ yTT& +&H yT d|+ lk$TysT
|ds T |Pd H=| =\+#sT. >=\>eT& msT\b+ q\usTT
d<e T { ]q lk$TysT yT d+q+ |k~+#sT.
V < j T | P s y T q ] ` $Xd e TT e y T lk$Tys T
eTq qT+& s <D.
u<j
T CjT qeT'
q ~e u<q +~+#&+ lk$TysT y] ys k{.
|P n+f H d<_ bjT+ sE\$. sTD
Z ssT&q
lk$TysT eTq Hy < \T d]ks? eTq | n #dT H eTT
n nqT= HqT j+eTT, +#q bjTyTq |P kdTq
deTjT+ n~. V]uT (>&sT) nH $TT X< s\T,
d+e] s \T, ~H \T, |P\qT >] H> X+ +& l
us < ecsT >] nH esT $wj \T n&>\qTHy&T.
y] <>Zs[H eT]bjTy&T. sE ]& y[ l
eHXH k$Ty] <]+ qeTd]+ LsTH&. HMT
HsT$| n&>+&H l eHXH k$TysT jT<|+>
#|k>s. {XsTq & =&T, jTT ejTdT
s>H esT&T eTsD+ #&T. q qeT+ H esT
=s s T e\T, 40e sE #jT e\dq +T, d+e] ~q +
e>s #dT H &T. k] +&>] yT\Te || > #bsTTq
esT&T |+ <s| q>s+ y] b m+ &T
mesesT qB, < | |#T y | &T \T yd+B
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eT]= #b&T. #bsTTqy&= #| &yT $T{? n d yX&T.
es d+e]+ sE n |<s\T y<q |{ <+&+
|f deTjT+ eTs esT&T >* |+ bjTd+
# s e> yXsT #&eTH&T. #d +>H # s e>
+~. ~ m *d+~? n +& q esTD n&>&T.
284
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T

ne< \
yTeTT d s|+ e |<s\ d >V keTT n
#b&. s +& q b \ q esT&T #| qT
$#]+ n yTq \TdTH&T n l eHXH k$T
s | + lk$Ty s V ]uT>] d + < V + rs & y T >
j+eTT, +#q bjT+> k+# H |PC $<H ds q
esZ essqe. lk$TysT $wjT + V]uT>]
<s H #| + qqT ds q esZ essT. n+<T l ecsT
d<| sTw\qT eyT >TsTe> d$+ ]+#eT H= H= #bsT.
eqe s+se TT n+TH b|eTT

l y+jT k$TysT e eTqTw bsTT e#e e
bd >+ e<Tb n eTT q >+ bd deqT eTs=]
<s #sTT+#THysT. eTqTw bsTTe#e n+f uV+>
eTqTw\qT e#& ns+ <T. de&T me] s<T .
>=\>eT& H{ e< >\+ yd #|\ T |f y sjT
$eTs\T #d +~s>+~, sJy>+B\qT >] $eT]dT+ f
de&T L& y] d+uwD bZH&T. n $eTs\ bZ
sT \qT >] e{&& y T nqT #dq b|eT lk$Ty] ue+.
b|+ n+f @$T{? |D+ n+f @$T{? |s|&q+
b|+ ` |s|s+ |D+ nHsT eTVjTT\T. u&T>
# | \ T | f y s T > e T d + u w D +~s>+~ > ],
sJy>+B>] $eT]d y] U| < rdTHsT. n~
+~s>+B>] MsT \T>C d |s| & q eTqe. n< b|eTT.
~ | eqeq e]dT + ~. + nqTD
+ #d b|+ qT+&
eTq+ jT|& < lk$Ty] u< eTq V<jT >+ <T.
>qT |sT \qT $eT]+# <TsTD
Z + |P]> eqeT+THsT. |se T
|$yT q lk$Ty] d~ e L& sT \qT $eT]+#&+
nH b|+ #jT &+ m+ n|#sy j+#+&.
285
eTVde~ nq+s+ \\T
ne< \
|P
eTq+ #d |P\T j+eTT, +#qbjTeTT>
+THsTT n+{sT l us < ews T >sT. n+<T# n$ y+H
|*eTT #|&+ <+{sT. eTq |P\T j+eTT, +#q
bjTeTT +& m #j #| &yT +& ysT |PqT
#d #bsT. l ews T >] ~e dT\T nH |d e TT =s T
|k< nHysT l ews T >sT |P #jT &+ # < e]ksT .
= He HeT~> nH ksT #|ys. n|&T eqd+ >
ys$T #dys nH # #bsT. n{> eTqeT #d eTq |P
j + e TT, +# q bj T eTT +& d J ey T q | P
#jT>\TZeTT. | HeTeTT jTT ns+ \TdT= <
d++~+q \\ HeT~> eTqdT yT<\+{sT. >qT
HeT+H # \+ ~*bT+~. <VsD ` dsdeTs
lk$T H<jTqeT' nq|&T ` ds deTsT& T > lk$TysT #dq
\\qT HeT~> d]+#&+ . D + e eTT>T]Z #+b&T.
#+|qy&T lk$Ty] XsD
Ty&&T. n s+ #+<T sT
]sT seTT n |\ TqT #<\ T s|+ HXsT lk$TysT.
eTT>TsZ T #+|q yD s+ #e# n MTs&T >e#T. |Ps q
M eTT>TZsT \d #+| +&e#T. n~ dsE&q
lk$Ty] \TdT >qT n #XsT. > eT]= \\T
d+| + > d]+#&+ . bD*+>d sbjTqeT' nHeTT ` bDeTT
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Avadhuta Leela Complete Book (Venkaiah Swamy)

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