BFC21103 Hydraulics

Assignment No. 4
Q1. A river 6 m wide conveys flow at normal depth 2.0 m along a slope of 0.0002 and n =
0.035, upstream of a water fall. The water falls to a depth of 1.9 m. Taking N = 3 steps/
section, determine:
i.

type of flow profile

ii.

length of gradually-varied flow profile produced based on the method of

numerical integration, and

iii.

flow profile sketch

Given:
B = 6 m, yo = 2 m, So = 0.0002, n = 0.035, y = 2 m to 1.9 m, N = 3 steps/ section
i.

Flow area A = By = 6 2 = 12 m2
Wetted perimeter P = B + 2 y = 6 + 2(2 ) = 10 m

(1)

Discharge per unit width for a rectangular section,

2

1
q = y o R 3 S o2
n
2

1
12 3
q=
2 0.0002 2
0.035
10
q = 0.9126 m3/s/m

Critical flow depth

(1)

q2
y c =
g

0.9126 2
y c =
9.81

y c = 0.4395 m

(1)

yo = 2 m > yc = 0.4395 m M profile

yo = 2 m > y = 2 m to 1.9 m > yc = 0.4395 m M2 profile
M2 profile
yo
y = 2 m ~ 1.9 m

yc
Mild slope

(1)

ii.

length of gradually-varied flow profile produced based on the method of

numerical integration
For rectangular channel, horizontal distance dx for incremental dy is
y 3
1 c
dy y ave
dx =

So K 2
o
1 K
ave
Uniform incremental of water depth over N steps
y min
y
dy = max
N
2 1.9
dy =
3
dy = 0.0333 m

(1)

Given yo = 2 m, A = By o = 6 2 = 12 m2, P = B + 2 y o = 6 + 2(2) = 10 m

2

1
Conveyance K o = AR 3
n
2

1
12 3
12
Ko =
0.035
10
K o = 387.169

(1)

Calculation for length of gradually-varied flow profile

3

yc
1

y
dy
ave

So K 2
o

1

K ave

y 2 + y1
2

Byave

B + 2y ave

y
(m)

yave
(m)

Aave
(m2)

Pave
(m)

Rave
(m)

Kave
(m3/s)

1.9 1.933

1.917

11.5

9.833

1.169

364.721

0.9879

0.1269

1297.7

1.933 1.967 1.950

11.7

9.900

1.182

373.667

0.9886

0.0736

2239.4

11.9

9.967

1.194

382.658

0.9891

0.0237

6950.2

1.967 2.0

1.983

Aave
Pave

1
3
Aave Rave
n

y
1 c
y ave

K
1 o
K ave

Length of profile L = dx

dx
(m)

10487.3
(9)

iii.

profile sketch
M2 profile

yo = 2.0 m
y = 1.967 m

yc

y = 1.933 m

y = 1.9 m

Mild slope
6950.2 m

2239.4 m

1297.7 m

L = 10487.3 m
(2)

Gradually-varied flow water depth changes gradually over a long distance.

Examples of gradually-varied flow M2 profile in real-life situations (for steady flow
conditions):

Upstream of waterfalls

Upstream of a drop

Flow over road kerb or into road gutter

If N = 5 steps, then
3

y
1 c
y
dy
ave

So K 2
o

1

K
ave

y 2 + y1
2

Byave

B + 2y ave

y
(m)

yave
(m)

Aave
(m2)

Pave
(m)

Rave
(m)

Kave
(m3/s)

1.9 1.92

1.91

11.46

9.82

1.167

362.938

0.9878

0.1380

715.88

1.92 1.94

1.93

11.58

9.86

1.174

368.294

0.9882

0.1051

940.01

1.94 1.96

1.95

11.70

9.90

1.182

373.667

0.9886

0.0736

1343.64

1.96 1.96

1.97

11.82

9.94

1.189

379.056

0.9889

0.0433

2285.70

1.98 2.0

1.99

11.94

9.98

1.196

384.461

0.9892

0.0141

6996.87

Aave
Pave

1
3
Aave Rave
n

y
1 c
y ave

K
1 o
K ave

Length of profile L = dx

dx
(m)

12282.10
(9)

Q2. A river of width 6 m conveys water at normal depth 2.0 m along a slope of 0.0002 and n
= 0.035, upstream of a water fall. The water falls to a depth of 1.9 m. Using direct step
method with N = 5 steps/ section, determine:

i.

type of flow profile

ii.

length of gradually-varied flow profile produced, and

iii.

profile sketch

Given:
B = 6 m, yo = 2 m, So = 0.0002, n = 0.035, y = 2 m to 1.9 m, N = 5 steps/ section
i.

Flow area A = By = 6 2 = 12 m2
Wetted perimeter P = B + 2 y = 6 + 2(2 ) = 10 m

(1)

Discharge per unit width for a rectangular section,

2

1
q = y o R 3 S o2
n
2

1
12 3
q=
2 0.0002 2
0.035
10
q = 0.9126 m3/s/m
Critical flow depth

q2
y c =
g

(1)
1

0.9126 2
y c =
9.81

y c = 0.4395 m

(1)

yo = 2 m > yc = 0.4395 m M profile

yo = 2 m > y = 2 m to 1.9 m > yc = 0.4395 m M2 profile
ii.

(1)

length of gradually-varied flow profile produced

According to direct step method, horizontal distance dx for incremental dy is
E E1
dx = 2
So i
or

V2
V2
y 2 + 2 y1 + 1

2 g
2 g
dx =
S o S ave
where

S=

n 2V 2
4

R3

Uniform incremental of water depth over N steps

y
y min
dy = max
5
2 1.9
dy =
5
dy = 0.02 m

By

B+2y

A
P

q
y

S2 + S1
2

V2
V2
y 2 + 2 y1 + 1

2g
2 g

n 2V 2

E
(= E2 E1)
(m)

Savg

y+

(1)

V2
2g

4
3

V2
V2
y 2 + 2 y1 + 1

2 g
2 g

S o S ave

2.00 12.00 10.00 1.2000

0.4563

V
2g
(m)
0.0106

2.0106

1.98

11.88

9.96

1.1928

0.4609 0.0108

1.9908

0.0198

0.00021

0.00020 0.000003

6928.03

1.96

11.76

9.92

1.1855

0.4656

0.0110

1.9710

0.0198

0.00021

0.00021

0.000009

2277.92

1.94

11.64

9.88

1.1781

0.4704

0.0113

1.9513

0.0198

0.00022

0.00021

0.000015

1340.80

1.92

11.52

9.84

1.1707

0.4753

0.0115

1.9315

0.0198

0.00022

0.00022

0.000021

938.55

1.90

11.40

9.80

1.1633

0.4803

0.0118

1.9118

0.0198

0.00023

0.00023

0.000028

714.98

(m)

(m2)

(m)

(m)

(m/s)

(m)

So Savg

dx
(m)

0.00020

Length of profile L = dx

12200.29
(9)

M2 profile

1.9 m

1.92 m

1.94 m

yc

1.96 m

1.98 m

profile sketch
2.00 m

iii.

Mild slope
6928.0 m

2277.9

1340.8 938.6 715.0

L = 12200.3 m
(2)

If N = 3 steps:
By

B+2y

A
P

q
y

S2 + S1
2

V2
V2
y 2 + 2 y1 + 1

2 g
2 g

n 2V 2

E
(= E2 E1)
(m)

Savg

y+

V2
2g

R3

V2
V2
y 2 + 2 y1 + 1

2 g
2 g

S o S ave

0.4563

V
2g
(m)
0.0106

2.0106

1.1879

0.4640

0.0110

1.9776

0.0330

0.00021

0.00020 0.000005

6835.81

9.867

1.1757

0.4720

0.0114

1.9447

0.0330

0.00022

0.00021

0.000015

2226.32

9.800

1.1633

0.4803

0.0118

1.9118

0.0329

0.00023

0.00023

0.000025

1292.90

Length of profile L = dx

10355.03

(m)

(m2)

(m)

(m)

(m/s)

2.000

12.0

1.967

11.8

9.933

1.933

11.6

1.900

11.4

10.000 1.2000

(m)

So Savg

dx
(m)

0.00020