LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF NICKEL ALLOY STEELS THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY. INC. ‘One New York Plaza, New York, N.Y 10004 Copyright © 1975 by THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY, INC.Table of Contents: Location of Data Introduction General Effects of Low Temperatures on Carbon and Alloy Steels ‘Standard Specifications for Nickel Steels for Use at Low Temperatures 24% Per Cent Nickel Steel Requirements for Low-Temperature Use ‘Typical Mechanical Properties Physical Properties Welding 3¥/ Per Cent Nickel Steel Requirements for Low-Temperature Use Typical Mechanical Properties Physical Properties Welding 5 Per Cent Nickel Steel . Requirements for Low-Temperature Use Typical Mechanical Properties Physical Properties Welding 8 Per Cent Nickel Steel Requirements for Low-Temperature Use Typical Mechanical Properties Thermal Expansion Effects of Stress Relief and Cold Work Welding 9 Per Cent Nickel Steel Requirements for Low-Temperature Use Typical Mechanical Properties Effect of Cold Straining on Impact Properties Physical Properties . Welding AISI-SAE Nickel Alloy Steels Nickel Alloy Steel Castings ReferencesLocation of Data ‘tee! Type? 244 Ni (ASTM A203) '3¥4 Ni (ASTM A203) 5 Ni (ASTM A 645) Ni (ASTM A 553) 9 Ni (ASTM A 353, A553) 1340 2320 2330 2340 2345 2360 2380 3120 3130 3140 3180 4140 4320 4330 4340 4360 4380 4620 4630 NiMo-Si Cast Ni Steels ® The AISI-SAE system for numbering steels is used if applicable, Tables and Figures Page No. Tables |, I, Il, 1, Vs Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7 5,6,7,8 Tables VI, VI, Vil, IX, X, XI Fig. 2,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,18 5,9, 10, 11, 12, 13 «Tables XII, Xll, XIV, XV, XVI, XVIL 14, 15, 16 Tables XVIII, XIX; Fig. 19, 20, 21 16, 17, 18, 19 Tables XX, YOU, XXII, XXII, XXIV, YXV, KXVI, XVI; Fig. 2, 32, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 5, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 Table XXIX 28 Table XXX 30 Tables XXVII, XO, XXXII 28, 30, 31 ‘Table XXX; Fig. 36 29, 30 Table XXIX 28 Table XXX 30 Table XXX 30 Table XXX 30 Table XXXII 31 Table XXX 30 Table XXX 30 Table XXIX 28 Table XXX 30 Tables XXX, XXXiIIl Fig. 37 29, 30, 31 Tables XXVIII, XXIK, XXX; Fig, 1, 35, 38 5, 28, 29, 30 Table XXX 30 Table XXX 30 Table XXX 30 Table XXXII 31 Tables XXIX, XXX 28, 30 Table XXX 30 Table XXIX 28 Table XXX . 30 Tables XXVIII, XXX; Fig. 39 28, 30, 32 Tables XXX, XXXII 30, 31 Table XXX 30 Table XXX 30 Table XVII 28 Table XXVIII 28 Tables XXXI, XXXII, XXXII; Fig. 3 31, 32Low Temperature Properties of Nickel Alloy Steels INTRODUCTION ‘This bulletin provides information on the properties of nickel alloy steels at temperatures below 75 F. The effects of heat treatment, section size, production prac- tice and fabricating procedure are discussed and illus trated. Detailed information is presented on specifica- tions and properties of the steels commonly used for the construction of equipment to operate at subzero temperatures. ‘Numerous aspects of the effects of low tempearture con the properties of metals and equipment are covered in references selected from the many available on this subject: (a) material,* design and construction speci fications," (b) material testing specifications, "and (c) general and specific information on the ferritic steels, especially the straight nickel steels.'*** Data for the AISI-SAE steels are mostly from references 87 to 93 and data for the cast steels are from references 94 to 96. GENERAL EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS In carbon and most low-alloy steels, as the tempera: ture drops below 75 F, strength and hardness increase, tensile ductility generally decreases, and note! values decrease drastically, as illustrated in for a nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel. Nickel, espe- cially in the straight nickel steels, can minimize this Joss in notch-impact toughness, as illustrated in Fig- ure 2 and es shown in this bull STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR NICKEL STEELS FOR USE AT LOW TEMPERATURES Specifications for the 2%, 344, 5, 8 and 9 nickel steels follow: American Society for Testing and Materials Part 1, Stee! Piping, Tubing, 4, Steel-Pressure Vessel forcing, Structure A203 Nickel Alloy Steel Plates for Pressure Ves- sels. A300 Notch Toughness Requirements for Normal- ized Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels (dis- continued). Forgings, Railway, These are in addition to ASTM material specifications which sted further along in this bulletin. A320 Alloy Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Tem- perature Service A333 Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low- ‘Temperature Service. A334 Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service. A350 Forged or Rolled Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for Low-Temperature Service. A352 _Ferritic Steel Castings for Pressure-Contain- ing Parts Suitable for Low-Temperature Service, A353. Nine Per Cent Nickel Alloy Steel Plates, Double Normalized and Tempered, for Pres- sure Vessels. ‘A420 Piping, Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service. A522 Forged or Rolled Nine Per Cent Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service. A553. Eight and Nine Per Cent Nickel Alloy Steel Plate, Quenched and Tempered, for Pressure Vessels. A593. Charpy V-Notch Testing Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels (discon- tinued). A645 Five Per Cent Nickel Alloy Steel Plate, Spe- cially Heat Treated, for Pressure Vessels. A671 Elec:ric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for At- mospheric and Lower Temperatures. ‘American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section Il, Material Specifications (Part A, Ferrous) ‘These comprise SA-203, SA-320, SA-333, SA-334, SA-350, SA-352, SA-353, SA-420, SA-522, SA-553 and SA-645, all identical with the above corresponding, ASTM numbers, 20 PER CENT NICKEL STEEL ‘The 2% per cent nickel steel is specified for equip- ‘ment operating at temperatures as low as —90 F. It is covered by Grades A and B, ASTM A 203 and ASME. SA-203. Requirements for Low-Temperature Use Specifications for composition, heat treatment, ten-sile and impact properties, and allowable design stresses for the two grades, A and B, of this steel are summarized in Table I. ASTM A 203 specifies the com- position and tensile requirements of the two grades at ‘two tensile strength ranges. A normalizing heat treat- ‘ment or heating uniformly for hot forming is specified for both grades by ASTM A 203 and ASTM A 300 for all thicknesses. A suitable temperature for normalizing Temperature, K 50100 150 200 250 300 ['aza0 | pon Oil Quenched & Tempered | 429 Tensiles: Rockwell C 37-39 Impacts: Rockweil C 33-35 250 {= Vieta strength 200 150 Stross, 1000 psi 100 50 Elongation 1 ° =400 300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F Elong. & Red. Area, % — Charpy Impact (V-Notch), ft-b Fig. 1. Effect of test temperature on tensile ond impact properties of quenched and tempered AIS! 4340 steel. Ten- le dota: Reference 43. Impact data: Reference 38. Fig. 2. Effect of nickel on impact toughness of normalized ‘and tempered ‘4 inch plates of low-carbon steel.” is 1650 F, and tempering or stress relieving, if em- ployed, should not exceed 1200 F. The time at temper- ature for normalizing or stress relieving should be at Teast one hour per inch of thickness. Impact require- ‘ments are listed in Table I; they are discussed sepa- rately below. A Charpy keyhole-notch level of 15 foot-pounds at ~15 F is specified for the two grades by ASTM A 300, TABLE 1 Composition, Heat Treatment and Mechanical Propertios Specified for 2%% Nickel Steel Plate for Low-Temperature Service ‘Composition ASTM #203) rade A Grade B> Carbon, mat, % Tein ou oat Over 24 in, 020 024 Over in, 023 025 Manganese, may, % Tein, 070 on ver 080 080 Phosphorus, ma, % 035 035 Sulfa, max, % os os Silicon, 96 015030 015030 Nike, % 210250 2.10250 Tensile Requirements ASTM A 203 Tensile Strength 51 5,00077,000 7,000-85,000 Yield Pint, 37000 40,000 Elongation in), min, % 19 ” Elongation 2 in) mi, % 23 a eat Treatment ormaizee Normalize impact Requirements STH A300 Charpy Keyhol Notch ASTM 53 ‘Charpy Note), min, ie tio te sar Indep SCRE aR 2° 2 ; # 1 ue ire outs moa i wees owt 2m = oe ‘Mlowable Design Suess = ) ‘ASME,? Sec. VII, iv. 1, Table UCS-23 i» ey er) = ASME,3 Sec. VIII, Div. 2, Table ACS-1 : iS taat aa __aan Be ae eee 300 200 7100 ° oo heat treated to produce grain refinement by normalizing or by heat: Tinga ola rte{as shown in Table I. Alternatively, ASTM A 593, also shown in Table I, specifies 13 foot-pounds Charpy. V-notch for Grade A and 15 foot-pounds for Grade B at —90 F for plates 2 inches or less in thickness, and imilar impact values at 75 F for plates 2 to 3 inches in thickness. Present practice favors the use of Charpy ‘V-notch impact requirements specified by ASTM. A593. Typical Mechanical Properties ‘Room temperature (75 F) tensile properties of com- mercial plates surpass the tensile requirements listed in Table I, as shown in another bulletin.* The effect of heat treatment on the low temperature tensile properties is demonstrated in Figures 3 (nor- malized) and 4 (quenched and tempered) for A 203 Grade A plate." Definite added strength at low tem- Bulletin 2.C: “Nick Alloy Stee! Plates” perature is obtained by the quench and temper heat ‘treatment. ‘The effect of heat treatment on the low temperature impact properties is shown in Figures 5 (normalized) ‘and 6 (quenched and tempered) for A 203 Grade A plate.!! In the transverse direction, the material in the normalized condition had a 15 ft-lb transition tempera- ture of 110 F whereas the quenched and tempered material had a transition temperature of —140 F. Other Charpy V-notch impact tests showed superior notch ‘toughness of quenched and tempered material over normalized material. Further tests using quarter section normalized and quenched and tempered plate gave results shown in ‘Table II. The quenched and tempered material had a nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of —110 F whereas the normalized material's NDT was —75 F. ‘The effects of heat treatment and plate thickness are shown in Table III and Figure 7 for Charpy V-notched specimens. Figure 7 also illustrates how this steel meets 105 NORMALIZED A209.6R, A of ots = evs | a al ON Eos ss as} LONGITUDINAL TORO. + sgovenoreos Tewreren — A2036R.A ] f 25 85 * ¢ STRESS — KSI 6s sal LonarruninarTonn.® & “250-200-150 -100. 80 ~—~80 100 TEMPERATURE — F Fig. 3. Effect of temperature on tensile data of normalized A203 Grade A material a0 a -180 —100 60 TEMPERATURE — Fig. 4. Effect of temperature on tensile data of quenched ‘ond tempered A 203 Grade A material. aa srostnae's Eimol _ammorave a Esoof NommatizeD . | Fh ouencicoa renenco 47 y Jo Th B00 go 5 s / 2 00 ; © 60 see at é . Fl Sinansvense /* 3 eal g i B mt Loncrruomat 5 a0 7 5} timnevense > \e > 4 px . sum, a of sim. 2 lee @ foe ° 300 -200 100 o 100 200 -300 200 =100, 0 700" 200 TEMPERATURE — F ig. 5. Charpy V-notch impact test transition temperature curves for normalized A 203 Grade A specimens. TEMPERATURE — F Fig. 6. Charpy V-notch impact test transition temperature curves for querched and tempered A 203 Grade A spTABLE II Charpy V-Notch Impact and Drop Weight Data for ASTM A 203 Grade A ‘Wann Temperature F Tonga Transverse wr Rb 25h Gal_—_—-ORS wan ate eal woes Temalied =o a a ) uarter Section “5-67 50 Auenched an Tempered -n0 ee ee ee) Carter Section a0 10-85-80 Temperature, K TABLE It to 160 200 Effects of Plate Thickness, Heat Treatment 120 TT T T ‘and Welding on Fracture Toughness of a 2% Ni Low-Carbon 2% Nickel Stes OT — Quenched and Tempered 100 | | N= Normalized | z 2 9 2 oy i 15m il g fii ld Bier pectiy Sect Notch Span tration 27 ef Pate conditions __Levalond 15tt) ‘sen MT Sy fer |y ‘eine Pate 5 { Aormalae aerate 10-10 so Normalized and Tempered Base Plate 100-100-130 E As ele n a5 = = 3 @ }—|— As Wllded Midsewar uo h seed Eige waz —130 § » ‘ASME Code Case A GPy 1317-2113 0 ‘nek Plate 20 a ‘min. at -78 F for Noratine BisePate 100 0 oy wrormatized plate Nomalaedand Tempered BasePiste 105. 100 10 LAL Yet pormaiaes pie) As Welded am a9 OS 2 Ne NDT for NT 05 in. AsWelées Middeme “20 ° ‘AsWelded ena 100 -300 -250 200-150-100 -50 0 60 100 “_lormaina 1600 F, tempered 1100 F, Welded with EROI81 ae: some of its impact requirements. ‘The low and cryogenic temperature static fracture toughness data for A 203 Grade A plate are given in TableIV. Fatigue data obtained on normalized commercial ¥a-inch plate made to ASTM Specification A 203, Grade B, indicate a room-temperature rotating-beam endurance limit of 45,000 psi and an endurance/tensile ratio of 0.64 for smooth bars. Physical Prop ‘A few data on thermal expansion, thermal condue- Temperature, F Fig. 7. Effect of heat treatment and plote thickness on Charpy V-notch impact of low-carbon 2% per cent nickel steel plate (ASTM A 203, Grade A). Longitudinal speci- tivity and specific heat are given in Table V. Welding For pressure vessel construction, this material falls into Group P-9A, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ASME Code governing welding procedure qualifica- tions Pre-hesting to 300 F may be advisable under conditions of heavy restraint. Stress relieving at 1100 F minimum is required for structures falling under Para- graph UCS-67 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Ves- sel Code* but this temperature should not exceed 1200 F. For mstal-are welding, coated electrodes of theTABLE IV Static Fracture Toughness Data for ‘ASTM A203 Grade A on cine Testi i Sn Temperate, F isi was “5 = nas 5 = ns -n0 = aato =o = at =130 362 = wz =80 69 = Na =200 500 soo Nae =200 522 522 nas 280 39 as Na 250 02 oz ans “15 08 = any 5 108 = amt -180 952 = om a80 nae = ans a5 sot = ame 200 1015 = one 200 09 = amas 250 a sal ans 250 610 19 ara = “7 407 N= Normalized condition and QT = auenched and tempered con TABLE V ‘Thermal Properties of Low-Carbon Nickel Steel Tomperatu fxyanson mF per Trootea Baxioe = = ‘e200 B2xlo-s 50 = 208 = 281 = 200 = 230 = Tso = = 080 a0 to 1000 = = ates E8016-C1 and E8018-C1 classifications conforming to AWS Specification AS.5 are used. These electrodes de- posit weld metal of the same composition as the base material. Steel wire containing 344 per cent nickel is now commercially available for inert-gas consumable electrode welding and has been used for joining 2¥ per cent nickel steel for low-temperature applications. Sub- merged-are welding of 244 per cent nickel steel hes been accomplished by using nickel-containing fluxes and low-carbon steel welding wires. ‘The properties of welded ¥% and 1.inch plate, notched as indicated, are given in Table IIT. The base plate was normalized at 1600 F or normalized and tempered at 1100 F and the welds were made E8018-Cl electrodes. No difficulty was experienced in meeting the Charpy V-notch impact requirements, 3 PER CENT NICKEL STEEL ‘The 3% per cent nickel steel is specified for equip- ‘ment operating at temperatures as low as —150 F. It is covered by Grades D and E, ASTM A 203 and ASME. SA-203. Requirements for Low-Temperature Use ‘Table VI comprises a summary of specifications for composition, heat treatment, tensile and impact prop- erties, and allowable design stresses for the two grades Of this steel. Composition and tensile properties of both. Grades D and E at two tensile strength ranges are spe- cified in ASTM A 203. A normalizing heat treatment or heating uniformly for hot forming is specified for both grades by ASTM A 203 and ASTM A 300 for all thicknesses. A suitable temperature for normalizing is 1600 F, and tempering or stress relieving, if employed, should not exceed 1175 F. The time at temperature for normalizing or stress relieving should be at least one hour per inch of thickness. Impact requirements are listed in Table VI and are discussed below. ASTM A 300 and the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Paragraph UG-84? specify a Charpy keyhole-notch level of 15 foot-pounds at —150 F for the two grades. Alterna- tively ASTM A 593, also shown in Table VI, specifies 13 foot-pounds Charpy V-notch for Grade D and 15 foot-pounds for Grade E at 150 F for plates 2 inches or less in thickness, and similar impact values at —125 F for plates 2 to 3 inches in thickness. Present practice favors the use of Charpy V-notch impact re- ‘quirements specified by ASTM A 593. Typical Mechanical Properties ‘The tensile properties of commercial 3.5 per cent nickel steel at 75 F surpass the tensile requirements given in Table VI, as shown in another bulletin.* ‘The effect of heat treatment in the low temperature tensile properties is shown in Figures 8 (as-rolled), 9 (normalized) and 10 (quenched and tempered) for ‘A 203 Grade D plate." Definite added strength at low ‘temperatures :s obtained by the quench and temper heat treatment. ‘The effect of heat treatment on the low temperature impact properties is shown in Figures 11 (as-rolled), 12 (normalized) and 13 (quenched and tempered) for A203 Grade D plate." In the transverse direction, the ‘material in the normalized condition had a 15 ft-lb Bulletin 2.C: “Nickel Alloy Steel Plates”TABLE VI Low-Temperature Service Composition ASTM A 2031 Grates Grade ® Carbon, may, % To 2 in. thik nel oar 020 Over 2 4 in thick, ine 020 023 Manganese, mar, % To2 in thie, inc o70 07 Over 2 to in thik, ne. 080 080 Phosphorus, max, % 035 035 Sulfr, max, % os o% Siteon, % 015030 015030 Wicket % 325375 325375 tena spews | Fig. 8 Effect of temperature on tensile data of os-rolled 4-203 Grade D material. Tense equremets ASTM A209 ie Senet ss00077.000 Too0D8se00 om Vil Pi ins srg sno 7 ton in i, % 8 ” a mea a Eman in in, % a a 7 Heat Tetmet Tomales females Impact Requirements a) WA amy eytle Neem ib 1Sat-160F Bat -80 Charpy Oey eee peat) a lL Fig. 9. Effect of temperature on tensile data of normalized ASTM A 593 and ASME,3 Sec. Vil, Div. 2 A 203 Grade D material. rat-isoeagat80F Baier lsat Bending Reames, at = Bend ist Secnen hess “7 — | ‘Vin, and under 1 % J arent amass ‘Over 1 in. m 2 | loa sin Sess I RE Sez. il 1b UeS23 Uy 80 ma 167017500 . ASME Ses, 2 Tale AS / pte 007 at, niyo am 1 The catia se cass oral nds eee = = TeSRHMOUED net sbecied, 3 satistctry normalizing temperature Ie Fig. 10. Effect of temperature on tensile data of quenched ‘and tempered A 203 Grade D material.Fig. 11. Charpy V-notch impact test transition temperature curves for as-olled A 203 Grade D material. ‘transition temperature of —170 F while the quenched and tempered material had a transition temperature of —225 F. Other Charpy V-notch impact tests showed superior notch toughness of quenced and tempered material over normalized material. ‘The effect of cooling rate on the transition temper: ture of Charpy V-notch specimens is shown in Table VIL. The effects of plate thickness and heat treatment fon impact properties are illustrated in Figures 14 and 15. The reason for heat treatment becomes appar- ent from results of the as-rolled specimens. Figure 16 shows both Charpy V-notch and keyhole- notch transition curves and also the nil-ductility trans tion (NDT) temperature determined by drop weight tests.” Table Vil Effect of Cooling Rate on Transition Temperature of mapa Low-Carbon 35% Nickel Steel * Transits Tempera F, | | Apexi Sy tne e 2" fawn 7] > *Flseeat 10 i Z lan ‘a0 F sft tapas i | 1 hed om esting Temperature ie Water Guerchet miss - ho Ai Genches “as “ 5 “| | | Pate cotes a as Aironet as as ,| Fellcoed i nat { oid a Above an Tempered a 1150F beast ater aaneed n2i8 216 Oi uence a5 a0 Fa 1, charpy Veh inp ot non emperahce ante cn ot caves for normalized A 203 Grade D materiel. fico eer " eat 2 | ores a] rt * - in re f oo uy Fig. 13. Charpy V-notch impact test transition temperature curves for quenched and tempered A 203 Grade D material. 10 Fig, 14, Effect of heat treatment and plate thickness on Charpy keyholesnotch impact of low-carbon, 34 per cent nickel steel plate (ASTM A 203, Grade D). Longitudinal specimens:ea 8 Fig. 15. Effect of section size 0 malized 34% per cent nickel st pact properties of nor- eye Further tests using quarter section as-rolled, normal- ized and quenched and tempered plate gave results shown in Table VIIL. The quenched and tempered ma- terial had a NDT temperature of 130 F whereas the normalized material's NDT was —110 F with both being far superior to the as-rolled condition. ‘The low and cryogenic temperature static toughness data for A 203 Grade D plate are given in Table IX. Dynamic fracture toughness data are given in Table X. Normalized commercial Ys-inch plate made to ASTM specification A 203 Grade D, shows a room- temperature rotating-beam endurance limit of 49,000 psi and a smooth-bar endurance/tensile ratio of 0.61. Physical Properties Data follow on modulus of elasticity, density and electrical resistivity. ‘Modulus of Elasticity (68 F), psi 30x10° (148 F), psi 31x10° Density, Ib/cu in. 0.284 g/cu cm .. 785 Electrica! Resistivity (32 F), microhm-cm rennin 9.9 Extensive data on thermal expansion, thermal con- ductivity, specific heat and magnetic properties are given in another bulletin.* Welding For pressure vessel construction, this material falls into Group P-9B, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ASME Code governing welding procedure qualifica- tions.‘ Preheating to 300 F may be advisable under con- ditions of highrestraint. Stress relieving at 1100 F mini- ‘mum is required for structures falling under Paragraph UCS.67 of the ASME Code? but this temperature should not exceed 1175 F. For metal-are welding, © Bulletin 7-A: “Physical Properties of Nickel Alloy Steels.” TABLE Vill Charpy Impact and Drop Weight Data for ASTM A 203 Grade D Transition Temperature, F Longitudinal Traneverse hor hb he ‘Sal ——_—somS. ish hw Sal —~SO%S F ‘As Rolled 50 0 2 ao 50 (Quarter Section 3 5 50 0 Normalized 110 mas 5 Quarter Section Cn a ) ‘Quenched and Tempered 130 ~20 20 =125 ‘Quarter Section ee WTABLE IX Static Fracture Toughness Data for ASTM A 203 Grade D 2 Se semper, wi Vin HRT 50 = tHe 50 _ ‘wn - - 1s -100 _ “HRs 100 - theo =125 228 1a -150 383 HR ~180 383 333 sat 200 34 aa wk 200 284 8A 2487 50 82 - 2a -s0 752 - HRs 100 507 - 2K ~100 es = za10 125 418 a8 2a -150 35 = ans 150 85 6 2a -150 15 — zat 200 aa aa 2a -200 80 360 5 125 163 - Ns -125 115 = " =180 1252 - ne -180 187 = “8 15 1058 = no a5 1057 = ns 200 as 89 “ -200 eat se Ns 280 aa “a "7 250 a3 a3 an 180 1507 - are =180 1552 - an 200 a2 - a -200 151 - ae 25 15; - ars 250 65 - ane 280 6 _ ars 8 757 157 are -300 585 385 ano 300 595 385 "Fracture toughness computed using maximum lose {Walid plane stain facture toughness vue ormalized coniton, and OT 2 coated electrodes of the E8016-C2 and E8018-C2 clas- sifications conforming to AWS Specification A5.5 are used. These electrodes deposit weld metal of the same composition as the base material. (Austenitic stainless steel electrodes corresponding to classification E310 under AWS Specification A5.4 have been used for join- ing 34% per cent nickel steel; here the difference in the coefficient of expansion must be kept in mind.) Aus- tenitic nickel-chromium-iron electrodes corresponding to the ENiCrFe-2 classification of AWS Specification AS.11 also are used for welding 3¥ per cent nickel steel, Wire for inert-gas metal-arc welding and sub- merged-are welding of 34% per cent nickel steel is avail- able commercially. ‘The properties of welded Ya-inch plate, notched as indicated, are given in Table XI. The base plate was normalized at 1600 F and the welds were made with TABLE x Dynamic Fracture Toughness Data for ‘ASTM A203 Grade D ray a soecinen ‘an! oe < avn wiv wT 2 = te ea ts 463 ne 85 a 123 = a 64 a a =) m3 = a Aisa 603 a3 a = ma ma ars a0 383 383 sand Notmlized condition ang QT = quenched and tempered con TABLE XI Charpy Impact Data on Welded 'i-Inch Plate of har im Reyne ‘netsor Condition Hote acation ith is wedea Bese pte 20 Eegehatatected one i ite estate one 6 Fusion ine 0 else 2 Bese ite 2% Ege est aected one 2 Mie nataected ane % Fuse ine % Weld meta aE8016-C2 electrodes. Further impact data on welded plate using matching 3% per cent nickel steel elec- trodes (E8015-C2) are given in Figures 17 and 18, 5 PER CENT NICKEL STEEL ‘The 5 per cent nickel steel has been used in the United Kingdom and Europe for pressure vessels op- erating at subzero temperatures. This steel is covered by British Standard Specifications En 37 and by Ger- man Iron and Steel Association Specification 680. Plates of the latter grade are preferably used in the quenched and tempered condition. Its use in Europe has been more extensive than in the United States, however, there is a general trend to replace it either by 34% per cent nickel steel down to —165 F or by 9 per ‘cent nickel steel for lower temperatures. ‘The European version of the 5 per cent nickel steel en ea 08 Fig. 17. Group of impact curves for one condition of weld- ing and heat treatment of 3 ps cent nickel steel plate. * s2347 A i B 50 2 0 : CWI) s Fa p° 230 230 3 z Za 2 5 :* 0 0 0 0 12945 12345 12345 12345 12345 12345 a or) m0 50 Temperature ,F Temperature ,F 70 _ C =” : z ga a 3 20 2 : En i 0 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1294 70 100 150 70 100 150 Temperature Temperature F Fig. 18. Effect of welding on impact proper 1s of low carbon, 3% per cent nickel steel, References 29 and 44, A. Plate nor- malized. Tested os welded. B, Plate normalized. Stress-relieved at 1150 F aftar welding. C. Plate quenched and tempered, Tested as welded. D. Plate quenched and tempered. Stress relieved at 1150 F aft 1B welding.usually is welded with austenitic stainless steel elec- trodes of the 18 chromium-9 nickel or 25 chromium- 20 nickel type. In addition, a filler wire of the 18 chro- ‘mium-8 nickel-6 manganese type is used in Europe; the ‘weld deposit is fully austenitic and is resistant to hot, cracking. In North America, a 5 per cent nickel steel version with 0.25 per cent molybdenum has been developed for plate applications primarily for use down to—275 F. Itis covered by ASTM A 645 and ASME SA.645. The balance of this section is devoted to the 5 Ni-0.25 Mo steel referred to simply as 5 per cent nickel steel. Requirements for Low-Temperature Use Table XII gives the required composition, tensile and impact properties of this steel. Composition and tensile properties are specified in ASTM A 645. A spe- cial three-stage heat treatment comprising austenitiz- ing, double reheating, and quenching is specified by ASTM A 645, The maximum thickness covered is limited only by the ability of the material to meet the specified mechanical property requirements. ‘The following procedures are required for heat treat- ing the 5 per cent nickel steel: 1. Hardening—ASTM A645 Heat the plate to a temperature of 1575 to 1675 F, hold at this temperature for 1 hour/inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes, and water quench to below 300 F. 2, Reheating—ASTM A 645 Reheat the plate to a temperature of 1325 to 1400 F, hold at this temperature for 1 hour /inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes, and water quench to below 300 F. 3. Reheating-ASTM A645 Reheat the plate to a temperature of 1150 to 1225 F, hold at this temperature for 1 hour/inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes, and water quench to below 300 F. Typical Mechanical Properties ‘The tensile properties of the 5 per cent nickel steel at room temperature surpass the requirements in Table XI as shown in Table XIII. ‘Average Charpy V-notch impact data listed in Table XIV show energy absorbed and lateral expansion for tests at —275 F and —320 F, The energy absorbed ex- ceeds the supplementary requirements of ASTM A 645 while meeting the lateral expansion requirements. Fracture Toughness Tests Drop-weight tests made on 5% to 1¥4-inch thick plate show that the NDT (Nil-Ductility-Transition) tem- perature is below —320 F. “4 Crack-started explosion-bulge tests on § per cent nickel steel show that the Fracture-Transition-Elastic (FTE) temperature for both base plate and weldments is at or below 260 F. Fracture toughness tests made on ¥%4 to 1%-inch thick plate at -275 F gave stress intensity (K,) values and critical crack lengths (2a.) as shown in Table XV. ‘Additional fracture toughness tests on 1-inch thick. plate at -260 end —320 F gave the conditional plane strain fracture toughness values, Ko, as shown in Table XVI for compact tension specimens and Table XVII TABLE Xi Composition, Tensile, Impact and Bending Requirements for 5% Nickel Steel Plate Specially Heat Treated? Composition ASTM A645) Carbon, max, % 013 Manganese, % 0300.60 Phosphoes, ma, % 25, Saifr, max, % 025 Sian, % 020035 Niche, 6 47555 Molybdenum, % 020035 Aluminum, ttl, % 05012 20, th il $5,000.115,000, Yield Strength 22% Of, i 5,000, Elongation in), 200 Lateral Expansion in mil 15 ‘Supplementary Requirements of Charpy Impact VHoteW Test Longitudinal Transverse Fall size (10 10 am), mi, fb B 2 4 Width 10x75, in feb 19 5 ry B a 10 8 7 (1025 mm), min, eb 6 5 Bending Requirements, ato: Bend Dia to S "4 in and under Over 4 to 1% in, inclusive Over 1% in, ‘Nlowable Design tresses? ASME, Section VI Division Table UTH23, ma 23,700 ASME, Section VI Oivsion IL Table AGE, ma, ps 31,700 ‘PI Standard 620, fppendic Table 03:3, ma, gs} ported far information TTASME valuce are for temperatures not exceeding 150 F.TABLE XII Room Temperature Tensile Proper Plate Tensile Thickness Specimen strength im venta fy He Toraitainal 104200 Transverse 104,300 % Loreltuinal 100,700 Transverse 101400 % Longitdina 108,100 Transverse 10,800 1% Loretta 98,100 Transverse 9.400 for bend bar specimens. Valid plane strain fracture toughness values, K,,, would require specimens 41% to 5 inches thick." Physical Properties Data follow on modulus of elasticity, density, ther- ‘mal expansion and thermal conductivity. Modulus of Elasticity (70 F), psi... 28.7 10° Modulus of Elasticity (~320 F), psi... 30.7 10° Density, Ib/cu in, 0.282 g/eu em on oe 782 ‘Thermal Expansion (70 t0~300F), perF Joon 8.0% 10° ‘Thermal Conductivity (~ SOF), Bu/hr/sq ft/*F/in. 90 Welding For pressure-vessel construction, 5 per cent nickel steel falls into Group P-11A, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ASME Code governing welding procedure quali- fication. ‘This material has been successfully welded using three welding processes: (1) shielded metal-arc weld- ing, (2) submerged-are welding and (3) gas metal-arc welding, Filler metals employed were of the austenitic ickel-chromium-iron types commonly applied to weld- ing 9 per cent nickél steel such as INCO-WELD* A Electrode and INCONEL* Filler Metal 92. Tensile testing of weldments indicate that specimens mostly broke in the weld metal because of the use of nickel- base alloy filler metal; however, no particular difficulty was experienced in meeting the minimum tensile re- quirement of 95,000 psi of the base plate. Charpy V-notch impact testing of weldments at —275 F indi- cates adequate impact toughness in the heat-affected zone and that the energy absorption and lateral expan- sion requirements were met. 7 Registered trademarks of The International Nickel Company, Tne 15 of 5% Nickel Stee! Plate* Yeld song er ction ‘azrcomeed (inh aes ‘e * 500 2 = 8000 4 = 4,600 % = e400 0 = 700 x 7 4400 x0 n 74600 x ” 73600 x 7 postion of heat tested 086, 8.60MnO10P, 0098, 0.251, 5.09N, 30M, OBA, OION. TABLE XIV Charpy V-Notch Impact Data on 5% Nickel Stee! Plate at Low Temperatures rg sorbed ve Lateral Plat ery, 1 arson it, ery, fb Expansion, mit | _ransverse Longitudinal Transverse Properties at -275F ae 8 9 2 8 we 93 54 a 50 % 8 83 58 5 1% 56 58 4 3 Properties at ~320 F a 2 15 6 “ the 7 4% m4 50 % 0 58 3 a 1% 50 0 a 3 TaBa MPPIMN by Armco Stoo! Corporation Same composton ae alee impact specimen. £94 See impact specimen, TABLE XV Fracture Toughness Test Results of 5% Nickel Steels at —275 F te Sus ey catia eck in iv “nn % 35 ies h es 1859 x 2 ie % mo tel % 300 1020 * a 1088 % 25 a8 1% 208 a8TABLE XVI Compact Tension Fracture Toughness Evaluation of ‘5% Nickel Steel at —260 and —320 F TABLE XVII Composition, Tensile, Impact and Bending Requirements for 8% Nickel Steel Plate Quenched ‘and Tempered , . X, Temperature Nath stp > == "F wittion tsi acl ica Vonage ASTI, Tye a 20 Base plate Teo 780 —«120 Manganese, max, % 080 320 “Base piste as 70a Phosphor, mar, ons M260 Base pate 735 None = 78 sul, max, % ow 260 ase pate gi eo Silica, % ausaso nd 2 02 © 4 Nickels 150850 eo 455 None 1055" Tape Requirements Rear Tensile Strength, pi 100,000120,000 Tao Yield Strength (02% OMseU, min ps #5000, HAZ Hentatlctd one Elongation i}, min, % 200 ‘Charpy impact No) Requirements at 278 Lateral Expansion nmi 15 ‘Supplementary Reuiements of Chacpy Impact (Notch Test TABLE XVII Longitudinal Transverse Bend Bar Fracture Toughness Evaluati Sreene a Va fe fa a eee seelceeas %4 Width 10x 667 mm mi, fb v B x 4 Width (105mm, min fin B 10 Notch se ‘e 4 Width (10x 3.23 mi, es a 7 Location wii sin AsV With 10x 25m lb § 5 ase Pate 542 — 100%” Bending Requirements, ato Bend Dato Specimen Thickness Baz Plate a 37 87 4 in and onder 2 war 519 nz n2 Over 24 to 1% in, incase 2% wa 1 1 = Over 16 in, 3 TALz00 ‘iowable Design Stossest Maz Meatettecte Zane ASME, Setin Vl, Dison 1, 25,000(at0 Table UHE.23, mac, si zar0000) ASME Coe Case 148, Table UHT23, ma, pi 25000 08 8 PER CENT NICKEL STEEL The 8 per cent nickel steel was developed for use down to -275 F. It is covered by ASTM A 553, Type I. In general, its microstructural and property character istics are similar to the 9 per cent nickel steel except that the latter is suitable for applications at lower tem- peratures. Requirements for Low-Temperature Use ‘A summary of composition, heat treatment, tensile, impact and bending requirements for 8 per cent nickel steel plate is presented in Table XVII ASTM A 553, ‘Type II covers this steel in the quenched and tempered (QT) condition. The maximum plate thickness cov- ered is normally limited to 2 inches; however, greater thicknesses may be obtained provided the composition meets the specified mechanical property requirements. ‘This steel has been approved for the construction of pressure vessels in accordance with the requirements of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Ves- sel Code. Allowable design stresses are given in Table XVHL. 16 ee ee "TASME values ar for temperatures not exceeding 150 F. af Welded proguct must meet minimum tense strength of 109900 ‘siperaton: W= Weise ‘The following procedures are required for heat treat- ing the 8 per cent nickel steel: 1. Quench and Temper (QT )~ASTM A553. Heat until the plate or part attains a uniform temperature of 1475 F, hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour/inch of thickness, but in nocasefes than 15 minutes, and water quench, Reheat to a uniform temperature within the range of 1050 to 1125 F, hold at this tempera- ture in the ratio of 1 hour/inch of thickne but in no case fess than 15 minutes, and cool in air or water quench; the cooting rate to be not less than 300°F /hour,2. Stress Relieve (SR)—ASTM A553 ‘Heat the steel gradually and uniformly to a temperature between 1025 and 1085 F, hold for a minimum of 2 hours for thicknesses up to 1 inch, plus an additional period in pro- portion to 1 hour for each additional inch of thickness, and cool at a minimum rate of 300°F/hour in air or water to a temperature not exceeding 600 F. Typical Mechanical Properties ‘The tensile properties of the 8 per cent nickel steel at 75 F surpass the requirements in Table XVIII, as shown in Figure 19 for quenched and tempered ma- terial, ‘Typical Charpy V-notch impact data in Figure 20 ‘show energy absorbed and lateral expansion for tests at —275 F. The data show that this steel greatly ex- ceeds the 15-mil lateral expansion requirement for transverse specimens. The energy absorbed exceeds ‘the supplementary requirements of ASTM A 553 for quenched and tempered material. Thermal Expansion ‘The average coefficients of thermal expansion per degree F for the quenched and tempered 8 per cent nickel steel are: 53x 10°" for the range ~260 to 80F 7.0x10-‘fortherange 80to 800F Effects of Stress Relief and Cold Work Figure 21 summarizes the data on the effects of stress relief and cold work. Stress relieving treat- ments have ne significant effect on tensile properties; this is shown enly for yield strength in Figure 21. The toughness of cuenched and tempered material is not affected by stress relief for 2 hours at 1050 F, if fol- lowed by water quenching, but slower cooling rates (250 or 50°F per hour) give lower impact values. Ten per cent cold work increases yield strength and sub- stantially lowers the impact value. Stress relief at 1050 F after the 10 per cent cold work restores the yield strength to the original quenched and tempered level. It also raises impact values but not to the pre-cold worked levels for the three cooling rates from 1050 F. Welding For pressure vessel construction, this material falls into Group P-I1A, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ~ ASME Code governing welding procedure quliien 8 Nickel tion’ Quenched and tempered plates Shineh thick, cue Tome welded by the manual shielded malar process with wl on 5 » 8 Nickel NI A ‘Quenched and Tempered Eee alan) | of fa weak Sy ne * \ |e ‘= z zo « tt Eason é ae : core |, a ; a ime 7 4 2 fy] |" mass ae ot * | |“ 1s I a sun at 2 —_ we 8 rte 3 — 0 VTA i ls 26 mt : 5 7 ve a: 7 wt Fig. 19. Representative tensile properties ror que tempered 8 per cent nickel steel plates and how they com- pore with the minima specified in ASTM A 553. v7 Fig. 20, Representative Charpy V-notch impact data on 8 per cent nickel steel plate and how they compare with the minima specified in ASTM A 553%INCO-WELD A Electrodes, develop —275 F Charpy V-notch impact properties of the weld metal and the weld heat-affected zone that match or exceed those of the base metal. The steel meets radiographic quality, joint efficiency, and bend ductility requirements satis. factorily. Table XIX presents the mechanical proper- ties of these welds in plates of 8 per cent nickel steel. Crack-starter explosion-bulge performance is excel- lent for base plate and butt-welded plate, both with and without postweld stress relief, with fracture-transi- tion-elastic (FTE) temperatures below —275 F.* 8 Nickel ‘Quenched snd Tempered Energy Absorbed Wieia Stensth —cotde Rolled Cold-Rolled 100 Stes Relieved “gy, 10% & Stren 2 Hours Relieved 2 Hours 120 10 i t (Charpy Impact (V-Noteh) at -276 F, fb 8 « AAA Io = AAAI «0 ° A Zo aw 250. 60 Wawr250_ 50 ones ome 1 Rate From Stress Relieving Temperature, *F per hour Fig. 21. Effect of stressreliof heat treatment, 10 per cent cold work and cooling rate from stressrelieving temperature fon the properties of quenched and tempered 8 per cont nickel steel plates. 9 PER CENT NICKEL STEEL ‘The 9 per cent nickel steel is specified for equipment operating at temperatures as low as —320 F. It is cov- ered by ASTM A 353 and ASTM A 553, Type I. Req Low-carbon 9 per cent nickel steel is suppliedin either ‘the quenched and tempered or double normalized and tempered condition to meet the requirements of the latest revision of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Table XX gives the required composition, heat treatment and mechanical properties, including allow- able design stresses. No stress relief is required after welding for applications at temperatures down to =320 F in sections up to 2 inches thick. As shown in Table XX, ASTM Designation A 353 covers double sments for Low-Temperature Use 18 normalized aad tempered plate and A 553, Type T covers quenched and tempered plate, both normally limited to a thickness of 2 inches; however, greater thicknesses may be obtained provided the composition meets the specified mechanical property requirements. Other forms, including forgings, are covered by ASTM A822, ‘The following procedures for heat treatment are rec- ‘ommended in the standards mentioned above: 1.Double Normalize and Temper (NNT)~ ASTM A353 Hest to a uniform temperature of 1650 F; hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour pper inch of thickness; but in no case less than 15 minutes; cool in air. Reheat until the plate attains a uniform temperature of 1450 F; hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour per inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes; cool in air. Reheat to a uniform temperature within the range of 1050 to 1125 F; hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour per inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes; cool in air or water quench, at a rate not less than 300°F per hour. If hot form- ing is performed within the range 1650-1750 F, the first normalize may be omitted. 2.Quench and Temper (QT)—ASTM A 553 Heat to a uniform temperature of 1475 F; hold at this temperature in the ratio of 1 hour per inch of thickness, but in no case less than 15 minutes; quench in water. Reheat until the plate ettains a uniform temperature within the range of 1050 to 1125 F; hold at this tempera. ture in the ratio of 1 hour per inch of thick- ness, but in no case less than 15 minutes; cool in air or water quench, at a rate not less than 30°F per hour. 3. Stress Relieve (SR)~ASTM A 353 and A553 Stress relieving of parts, when required, may be accomplished by heating at 1025-1085 F for a ‘minimam of 2 hours for thicknesses up to 1 inch, plus an additional period in proportion to ‘hour for each additional inch of thickness, and cool at a minimum rate of 30°F /hour in air or water to a temperature not exceeding 600 F. Typical Mechanical Properties Tensile and Impact Properties or Plate ‘Typical tensile properties as a function of tempera- ture in 34-inch thick plates, double normalized and tempered, are shown in Figure 22. Figure 23 shows similar typical properties for 9% and %-inch thick. plates in the quenched and tempered condition. Al- though this steel is not utilized normally for elevatedTABLE XIX ‘Mechanical Properties of Quenched and Tempered Inch Plates of 8% Nickel Steel Butt-Welded with INCO-WELD A Electrodes* Description of Postweld Property er Material AsWeldea® Heat Treated Tensile Properties Tensile Strength, 107,000 108,000 Join cen, % 100 10 Faltuce Location Weld and bond Weld and bond ASME Guided Bend Test Rel, degrens tudinal Face Bend 180 180 ‘charpy VNoteh Energy Absarpt Base Metal 65 Weld metal n Heat Afected Zone 109 Charpy Notch Lateral Expansion at 275 F, mils Base Metal 51 a Weld Metal 51 a Heatatected Zone 30 9 ati. tilde rntatare welding process with ints paren: "Twohour a 1050 cole at at of 280+ per hour This "y be @ litle fies beemaze INCOWELD A. welds in 2% nickel Stel Honaraiy exhibits Joint eeeney sgh fess wan TOOK: Double Normalized and Tempered 3/8-inch Plates temperature service, specific requirements allow pres- sure vessels to be cycled from moderately elevated temperatures to subzero temperatures. Consequently, a few short-time elevated-temperature tensile data for both heat-treated conditions are given in Table XXI. ‘The probable range and normal expectancy curves for Charpy V-notch impact values of commercial plate, as currently produced for double normalized and tem- pered and quenched and tempered material, are pre- sented in Figures 24 and 25 respectively. Typical Charpy-V-notch values are shown by the curves of Figure 26, which also shows that these values substan- tially exceed the supplementary requirements of ASTM A 353 and A 553 for double normalized and tempered and quenched and tempered material, re- spectively. Additional impact data are shown in Table XXII for plates up to 2 inches thick at —320 F. Charpy V-notch impact requirements have largely replaced Charpy keyhole-notch requirements for steel plates for pressure vessels as covered by the general specification ASTM A 20. Charpy keyhole-notch re- quirements ere specified in ASTM A 300; however, impact data on this type of specimen show that this re- quirement is met quite readily. Tensile and Charpy-impact data on the 9 per cent nickel steel in plate form, in relation to existing ASTM specifications, are summarized in Figures 27, 28 and 29, ‘The double normalized and tempered condition is cov- ‘ered in Figure 27 and quenched and tempered in Fi fure 28, Some lateral expansion data, along with data ‘on energy absorbed and fracture appearance, are in- ‘Quenched and Tempered Plates ‘0 o aL] [0 , Pr " | i 4 t w. soo 3 3002 % ; ; a0 0 aes i mo a0 2 ye zs iw | | F ; ee oe & Pi, 8 3 « ad al «ft Nome —lod al a | of of 0 1 | o o o Ce a ae ae ol Troon ‘rn Fig. 22. Effect of temperature on hardness and tensile prop- erties of 9 per cent nickel steel in double normalized and tempered condition 5? 19 . 23. Effect of temperature on hardness and tensile prop- erties of 9 per cent nickel steel in quenched and tempered condition.TABLE XX ‘Composition, Heat Treatment and Mechanical Properties Specified for 9% Nickel Steel Plate for Low-Temperature Service Campestion UUSTAEASSS, type 0 bon, max % aus Manganese, max, % oso Phosphor, mat 0.035 salar, max, o.oo sila, % ousas0 Nickel 6 as0950 Heat Treatment ANT ASTHA3ES)_OT ASTI ASE Type 100,000,000 100,000120,00 Yield Sregth (02% OHse0, min, psi 75,000 25,000 Eangaton inl, % 200 200 argy Impact Neth Reuiraments at 320 Lateral Expansion mil 5 Supplementary Requrements ot Charpy ote Test Longit veree Fullsize 10x 10 me, in fb 8 Fa Width 10 75 ‘tb 1» 6 74 Width 10x 867 ma, in fb ” B Width 05 mm, inf B 0 7 5 2 Over 3610194 in. m% Over 1. a ‘lovable Design Stresses [NNT ASTALA353)_OT(ASTHA5S3, Type D ASME, Section VI, Dvsion 1, 25,000 (BM) 25,000 Bh) Table UHT-23, max psi" 23,70000) 23,700000 ASME Code Case 1498, Table UWT-23,mat,psi 2500.00 25000. ASME, Section VIL Division 2, 33,300 (BND 3,300 (0 Table AQT, may, si 31,700.00" 31,7000 At standard 20 age low-pressure wolded storage tanks for iqufied natural gas, Table 023, max, si 31,7000 31,700 0% {Minimum tense strength 950 TABLE XX1 Short-Time Elevated-Temperature Tensile Propertios for 9% Nickel Steel® Test Plate Yield Elon. Redue- Temper Thick: Heat Tensile trength gaan ton ‘ature ness Treat, Strngth —(©25 ose (lind of Area Fn omnes a = % Room % © aT ~—«10000 83.000 2578 20% ar 101,000 400 450% ar 101000 99.008 850% aT 95000 8,000 SB 50 6% = aT 75000» 6800079 Room % ANT 110000 88000-2571 250% = mNT 1000007700 TL 4504 WNT 10200076000 289 650% NT 91.000 70.00 307 50% WNT 70000 69,0030 Room 2 GT 103000 100.000 a2 zo 2 aT 102000 9.0008 40 2a 101,000 8000228 e502 ar 95000 83.000 aT 5027500070000 Room 2 NT —103,000 «80.0009 202 WNT = 9.000 7300 sD 40062 WNT. = 900007002570 e502 mNT 88000» 6.0008 e502 NT— 6500057000 (Qo Water quereh TABLE XXII Effect of Plate Thickness on Charpy Impact Values tat ~320 F of Commercial 9% Nickel Steo! in ‘Quenched and Tempered Condition Charpy Impact Notch, eb Pate Transverse etness Range Av. Reference 08 —— 5 05 2ra6e a2 52,54 03 343936 st 18 303130 51 18 sod7a 352 2531 8 a 2 324g 408 2 5 20Double Normalized and Tempered Quenched and Tempered Temper, Tempe owe w0 5030 ow moa m0, T T 7 T 160) T T T T “0 40) Longitudinal Specimens” Wa xetany em eu 2 z 3 wo jo 2 za ia i, Z| F i te Spin ° ‘Normal Expectancy a 0 a a a a a a Tenge F Tiare F Fig. 24. Probable range of Charpy V-notch impact values for double normalized and tempered (at 1050-1075 F) low- carbon 9 per cent nickel steel plate. Data from many sources. TWAT -Duble Normalized and Tempered, Temperature, K eo, tt0_150_ 200 250300 aw ital wot ee ce 5 ar i” z ‘ransverse go pee i i 05 i Plate Fal {r-Quenebed ad Tempered Ey Fig, 26. Effect of heat treatment and rolling direction on Charpy V-notch impact of low-carbon 9 per cent nickel steel plate. Operation Cryogenics. 21 Fig. 25. Probable range of Charpy V-notch impact values for quenched ond tempered (at 1050-1075 F) low-carbon 9 per cont nickel stee! plate. Data from many sources. cluded in Figure 29 for the quenched and tempered condition, The 15-mil lateral expansion requirement for transverse specimens is exceeded substantially. Stability of Impact Properties on Cycling Low Temperatures ‘Table XXIII shows the effect on impact properties of low-temperature cycling with and without applied stress. Fracture Toughness Tests Naval Research Laboratory drop-weight tests on ‘quenched and tempered plates and weldments in thick- nesses up to 1 inch show that the nil-ductility transi- tion (NDT) temperature is below ~320 F™ Similar tests conducted by Nippon Steel Corporation®* on ‘quenched and tempered plates up to 1.6 inches thick show that the NDT is below —320 F. Crack-starter explosion-bulge tests on quenched and tempered plates in thicknesses up to % inch show that the fracture-transition-elastic (FTE) temperature is at or below —320 F."7 Wells wide-plate (WWP) tests on welded and notched double normalized and tempered plates ¥% inch thick show fracture occurs under stresses of 129,900 psi and 136,600 psi after gross plastic strains of 0.6 and 0.87 per cent respectively." Brittle-fracture initiation tests of welded and deep- notched quenched and tempered plate ¥ inch thick show that a half-crack length of 3.1 inches is required to initiate brittle fracture at 320 F in the heat-affectedsre, 1000p 100 9 Nickel basi ran we tone ser ee P etn Fi. 27, Representative tensile and impact 7 properties for a number of double nor ve ce ey oh mraized end tempered plates of 9 per of seem fom SS aR aS Con nickel sel and how these properties ee) {Composing pat ese) ‘compare with the specified minima.31-51- 7 a = Peace 7 oo es x L - ny “r ; meet |B 7 : wae | 8 Dae rsa at et 07 ce ‘atten : "HS Fa cole, N= 100 F wate ue a a |" 3 ‘Tensile Data: Range of & plates 0.4 to 2-Im. thick. x] q ao Eton Re 3 : wea n asta A 353 20 S| _venoten bata: Range of 6 pats 05 to in. thick sma | tate ‘requirement. Lateral expansion " aaa ! sta att at aa cad ae ieee ° ° 3 Nickel ve uch Tempe oh Sheth antes 0 ms Pe s st © Cee ate 7 ce tte tm ta be : ome sien et Fig. 28. Representative tensile and impact 7 LJ sn Properties for e number of quenched ond ‘ Tempered plates of 9 per con nickel sol . | Fee |g 2 Gnd how these properties compore with 3 the specifed minima ast 5034 » i — omy —|n 3 i pact 4 \ at 320 F i «| - “ \ & : 0 a ‘tone _ | : 7 ‘ ‘ASTM A 553 “ ane i » : |S at _ x 2 [eit np 9-105 Fate we al are ne th ate he [se vt: tg ites 04 2 | | so | chy me on ae tte +p t, ° 2Cuenta an Tempered Fracture dyparance, ‘tan at 320 cy saan we Zeal tas ca tae n aa StF in vom jn FA “as Ser Petco ews ’ Tae Gi dt ise aan to oe th fe S3 th te Fig. 29. Charpy impact properties of quenched and tem- pered 9 per cent nickel steel plate at —320 F and how they compare with those specified in ASTM A 553.7 TABLE XXIII Effect of Low-Temperature Cycling and Tensile Stress ‘on Impact Properties of 9% Nickel Steel* ‘Charpy impact Notch No.of 320 Aontieg — cooing, ——MSEF_M-820F_ Teenie Geet eng rus eegy Fons Stress to Absorbed Fracture Absorbed Fracture msl 320 fb te eh 0 Oo WiC GT 0 210008 567,68 250» 20108100 45,52 8,88 ‘ube normalize ana tempered 1 Boat of alowabie design ses. TABLE XXIV Compact Tonsion Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Quenched and Tempored 9% Nickel Steel at 260 and ~320 F ry % x Temperate e ‘0 " wi Vin Vix ivi 7290 60 = 0 130 ~ 7 cao En = 1 260 1390 = 185 zone under a tensile stress of O4 times the yield strength" Fracture toaghness tests conducted by Del Research Corporation'® on quenched and tempered plate 1 inch thick at ~260 and ~320 F gave the conditional plane strain fracture toughness, Kg, values shown in Table XXIV. Valid K,, values would require specimen thick- nesses of 4% to 5 inches. Fracture toughness tests conducted by TRW Inc." on quenched and tempered plate 3 inches thick at 75, 100 and —321 F indicate Kg values in all cases as shown in Table XXV. Valid K,. values were not ob- tained because of insufficient specimen size; however, the toughness of the material appeared to be high based on the crack size factor, (Ko/y.) Crack opening displacement (COD.) fracture toughness tests on plate up to 3 inches thick at tem- peratures down to ~321 F gave CODia, values at the first onset of maximum load of 010-016 inch and Kner values of 150000-210,000 psi /in. Only minor differ- ences in fracture toughness properties of quenched and tempered and double normalized and tempered plate up to 1.2 inches thick were found.? ‘Compact tension fracture toughness tests conducted by the University of California, Berkeley on double normalized and tempered plates 3% inch thick gave valid K,, values at 73 ksiv/in, at ~450 F. Compact ten- sion (WOL) specimens 0.70 inch thick were used for these tests. Acditional specimens of the same thickness ‘were too thin for valid K., values at ~320 F; however, a conditional iracture toughness value, Ka, in the range 130 to 150 ksiV/in, was obtained. Nine per cent nickel steel, like other ductile mate- rials, has no compressive strength corresponding to ulti- TABLE XX Fracture Toughness Test Results of Quenched and Tempered 9% Nickel Steol in 3 in. Plate Thicknesses ‘at 75, —100 and —321 F Temperate 0.2% Yi stenth a 7 s isi 5 23 950 1s 1005 101d 100 956 998 985 953 a1 145 m4 1008 1065mate tensile strength. Its compressive yield strength (0.2 per cent offset), for quenched and tempered Y-inch plate, is 90,000 psi at 75 F and 136,000 psi at —320F. Hardness and Hardenability ‘There is no appreciable difference in hardness be- tween material in the double normalized and tempered and quenched and tempered condition of heat treat- ment. Figure 23 gives the hardness of quenched and tempered material at test temperatures between 75 and 320 F. A typical end-quench hardenability curve for 9 per cent nickel steel and its isothermal transforma- tion diagram are given in other bulletins.* Fatigue Properties Figures 30, 31 and 32 summarize the fatigue prop- erties of 9 per cent nickel steel. Figure 32 shows results of a plastic fatigue test, which was developed by Lehigh University, in which the degree of plastic strain is plotted against cycles to failure’ Effect of Cold Straining on Impact Properties Figure 33 shows the effect of cold working on the Charpy V-notch impact values of 9 per cent nickel steel. It will be noted that the material is restored to its original properties by stress relieving, ASME (Section ‘VIL, Div. 1, page 199 and Div. 2, page 167) recom- mends that the material should be stress relieved if the amount of strain exceeds 3 per cent, as determined by the following formula: Per Cent Strain = —95t (+E) R, R where t = Plate Thickness inal Radius ‘ginal Radius (equals infinity for fiat plate) Physical Properties Data follow on modulus of elasticity, density and electrical resistivity. These apply to the 9 per cent nickel base material in both conditions of heat treat- ment. Modulus of Elasticity (70 F), psi vnnne 27% 10° ‘Modulus of Elasticity (~320F), psi... 30x 10° Density, Ib/eu in. 0.284 g/eu cm 786 Electrical Resistivity Gor), microhm-cm ... 330 Additional data on thermal expansion, thermal con- ductivity, specific heat and magnetic properties are given in another bulletin.t fardonabilty of Nickel Alloy Stool." thermal ‘Transformation Diagrams of Nickel ‘Bulletin 7-A: “Physical Properties of Nickel Alloy Steel.” 24 “CHI a T an 2 iy HEL CEIL TTT ° 60: -V-Metch Specimens | 7 SRR i kts) SUL THe 0} = be at oL_LLUll | yest Fi, 50 Rotting beam fatigue dat for smooth and reeked bers of 9 por co ical sea » XN | aw 2 N a ™ m0 T “ « | 1 10% w eles to Faure 1. Reciprocating-beam fatigue data for normalized cent nickel steel at three temperatures. sain Rane, Liu vo uu 000 Ey Fao eo ples to Fare Fig. 32. Plastic-atigue behavior of 9 per cent nickel steel in double normalized and tempered and quenched and tempered conditions.TH Dowie vormatzed ana re Yin, Pate, Longttnal Tempered Vii Pl hary pact (Vote) feb 3 0 Stra, Fig. 93. Effect of cold-work strain and subsequent stress lief on Charpy impact level of 9 per cent nickel steel at -320F, Welding For pressure vessel construction, 9 per cent nickel steel falls into Group P-11A, Table Q-11.1, Section IX of the ASME Code governing welding procedure qualification.* The ASME toughness requirements for weld metal and heat-affected zone for low-temperature service are the same as for the base metal. Many pres- sure vessels for low-temperature applications have been welded successfully with austenitic nickel-chro- mium-iron alloy filler materials to achieve welds with high strength, good ductility and notch toughness, and thermal expansion matching the base plate. Welded design values are based on the use of austenitic nickel- chromium-iron alloys that have 95 per cent of the base-metal strength. However, design stresses match- ing those of the base material are allowed provided that the welded products meet the minimum tensile strength of the base material. Nine per cent nickel steel can be welded manually with coated electrodes and by gas metal processes (MIG and TIG) using INCO-WELD A Electrode or INCONEL Filler Metal 92 filler materials. These elec- trodes correspond, respectively, to the ENiCrFe-2 classification of AWS Specification A5.11 and the ERNiCrFe-6 classification of AWS Specification A5.14. ‘Typical weld-joint tensile properties as a function of, temperature and welding processes are shown in Fig- 25 ure 34? Table XXVI shows impact properties of welded 9 per cent nickel plate up to 1 inch in thickness. Additional typical mechanical property data for welds in 9 per cent nickel steel are given in Table XXVIL™** ‘Welds of matching strength to the base plate have been achieved usirg appropriate filler metals such as INCO- NEL Filler Metal 625, INCONEL Welding Electrode 112 or INCO-WELD B Electrode." ‘Some vessels have been welded using short-circuit ing arc or pulsating-arc processes. Both of these proc- esses are variations of the standard gas metal-are processes (MIG). Normally a smaller diameter wire (.030-045 in) is used and all position welding is pos- sible. ‘Submerged-arc welding has been used successfully for the fabrication of vessels and tanks for low tempera- ture service. This process was employed in welding tanks using INCONEL Filler Metal 625 and INCO- FLUX® 4 Submerged Arc Flux. Matching strengths across the welds were obtained."* AISI-SAE NICKEL ALLOY STEELS ‘The tensile and fatigue properties of a number of wrought straight nickel and nickel-containing alloy steels in the range from room temperature to low tem- peratures are presented in Table XXVIIL. These data are from numerous sources as indicated by the column on references, Figures 35, 36, 37 and 38 show that the AISI me- dium-carbon alloy constructional steels have good frac- ture toughness at low temperatures. Figure 35 shows the advantage of liquid quenching over normalizing and Table XXIX demonstrates the important benefit, conferred by adequate quenching in contrast to slack ‘quenching, Figures 36, 37 and 38 relate fracture tough- ness (Charpy V-notch) to tempering temperature and hardness, and also show the effect of mixed martensi bainitic structures produced by austempering heat treatments. Table XXX presents extensive Charpy V-notch im- pact data ona number of quenched and tempered con- structural steels, showing the effects of carbon content, tempering temperature and hardness. The greater toughness of low-carbon martensites in contrast to high- carbon martensites of equal hardness is illustrated. NICKEL ALLOY STEEL CASTINGS ‘The low-temperature impact behavior of cast nickel alloy steels parallels that of their wrought counterparts, as shown in Tables XXXI and XXXII. The expected advantage for the tempered martensite structure is evi- dent, as indicated in Figure 39. Table XXXI shows that nickel progressively improves the low-temperature performance of normalized low-carbon cast steels, just Registered trademark of The International Nickel Company, Ineas it does wrought steels, The requirements for the four Data for some cast medium-carbon nickel alloy steels, cast nickel and nickel alloy steels covered by ASTM __of the AISI type are given in Table XXXIII for both Specification A 352 are shown in Table XXXII, but the normalized and tempered and the quenched and the specification should be consulted for details, tempered conditions. Wekimens in Quenched and Tempered 9 Nickel Ste Plate 0 | Metat 92 “ set, 100 Weldments in Double Normalized and Tempered 9 Nickel Steel Pate mo ‘aan | perry |_| Bea 7 Lf | i Metal 92 “4 ei +—}—-+ “a Jensig. cy + 20 x te 0 :* 2 g mit | LW dw fe Soe 025 ote . oe St 025 ti oe 2 |" Cy é eo} + 30 5 « ott ey a » nein : ‘ [Js a a a a a Tape eae Fig. 34, Tensile properties from ~320 to 75 F for transversely butt-welded plates tomprising INCONEL and INCO-WELD A, deposits in as-welded %einch 9 per cent nickel steel plate, (Note: The elongation values appear to be lower than plate values because most of the elongation occurs in the more ductile, narrow weld-metal band which is only a small portion of the 2inch gage length, See Figures 22 and 23 for elongation values of plate.)*! 26TABLE XXVI Charpy Impact Data at ~320 F for Welded 9% Nickel Steel Plate Charpy Impact, fb Treatment Hetrade after Welding Base Metal = Electrode A ‘As Welded ectrade A As Welded Stress Relieved Stress Relieved ‘As Welded Stross Rliovedt ‘Enh WNT) and lnc Plates — Ful Size Specimens 7.51.52 - aM 32 35 46 8 As Welded haz 68 82 2937 52.65 = As Welded wm 6071 24 — os ectrade A Strast Rolled? a 374 3440 3347 5 Electrode A Stress Relieved? wm 56. 64 2933 S = mies2 baz 4360 738 na = wigs2 wm 954101 452 = = igs a sen, sr 3186 = mies Stress Relieved wu 76 98 4551 = = io — Full Se Specimens 7 Electrode A Stress Relieved? 60. 85 234 - - Electrode A ‘ives Ralievedt 55105 4060 = = mics2 Stress Relieved? Sr. 83 2335 S = igs2 Stress Relieved sr 5185 = = " Eloctroce A is covered, mataare type (INCOWELD A Electrode). MIGS2 is consumable wit, inert gos type INCONEL Filler Met! 92). CBM— Base Metal HAZ = HeatAttected Zoe, F2— Fusion Zone, Mi Waid Meta ‘Tempered st 1100 +Streserelioved 1080, cooled at 300°F/hour Stree releved 1080 F,'2 Rour, ar cooled TABLE XXVIL Typical Mechanical Properties for Welds in 9% ‘harny VNotch Impact a Ts Sten strength long. fate = Welig Prost Tet Ei et. eek teaten ar 00 wor StF incon Welding wn ——1i5000—~74000—= — Geta 12 Tars___114800 = eearite 50 arora 55 imcorwetD Cr = m7 67810570 Irons 10100 —— ws incowec Fer MeaI625 aN 118000700 — = ws a7 43 @o ing re Tas 112000 a Fate & fuson ine inconei Filer eals®? wn —05000—~ROOD SC = mea Pulsing he ane _—_10.00 ——— weit imcone Filer Meal 625 ait 111,000 600 — — WA WA WA NA tncorax Trors___108700 = weet rte ineowesFlerMeals2 a 975005510038 = ue mS a2 aS tmcorux 4 Tare 101000, a wa income = wi _to7a00 «SOD __—«SLT = a) Trees aS ed a ot Wide for ove or minimum or Sign vie, Machi! popes ean ean 27TABLE XxvII ‘Tensile end Fatigue Propertias of Some Wrought Nickel-Containing Steals ct Low Temperatures sug Seino ite TH Rk St = woe ee ? ; aa Si “Gamat 033080 375 108 500126 m0 am x im a Bh 1830 sn ee ‘ant a) — a Sire a — Sut au oo os > laa ano mee mT a a ae to Sur Boe ae mee ie oa a fe en a oe ia aT arom ear an eT ea a a a ne ois ee a 3 =e aa ee toma 7 a a 3. RPS ke Se =a a = = = ae ee . a SF 3 = = a 3 fom = = ! TABLE XxIx i Effect of Slack Quenching on Transition Temperature of i Six Medium-Carbon Alloy Steels" i i Tain Tempe } st 1s feb Charpy impact otek) _—rnstin Tempe i AGL Srecauwneied quenced te yak 8 Type to Rockwell C40 Martensite uenchion a aus) Less than 250 Weta 170 veer coromroe | dod “10d Lesstan220.—— More han 220 . Sitms:| fa Bs ia ‘3 om ata) essthn 22d. Meth 250 . 5145 0 228 238 i a5 30 Fig. 35. Effect of heat treatment on impact properties of EJ uJ mmvifed 4340 see hcl 287 TT bad berry) ToT TT soon nas Beene Soon ane, ee mF 30 13 80} Hore ovnene 2 0p 03 Sete 3 98h Yemen 3 j © 40] —+4 = aop} + Tenpees 600°F (Re 40). 3 | a | | | E30 see | A | i é | Reo] | _ scores E20 No Tempe R80.) | & YT. é ' a 10 7 | Ze ol 1 ° “300 “B00 =eo 0 wo 200909400 “300-200 “eo 090 200_w00 400 Testing Temberoture*F Terting Temperatare™ Fig. 36. Transition curves for 2340 st after quenching and tempering (left) and austemp. 19 (right) 7 0-71 Teoria TT ead 4330 mete) oo ' S40°F (Re 48:5), 247 Teopenenty : 3 40} aestemsees-2n. ae pp er B20 | i =o i T = 20 | “29 g | ey E10 ——+—14 £10] 10% f 1 cer EE ol L_| | Ll 7 : SE oe 20080 0 we B00 seo 400 “te =200 seo 00 800. 300 400 Fig. 37. Transition curves for 4330 steel after quenching and tempering ‘left) and austempering (right). sor —— ae Tenaree 000 50 15 50} Austemperes T E 2 ao} nent e secede Sol td oor nets) el / Zarenae3) B30P 6 OT "No TemperiRe 315) i z Te S20 ‘so07F (RSE) 3 3 ryt Bio 4+} | | ° 1 1 eo “200-00 0 ws 200 wo 700 So “BIO veo 0 wo 200 ate 400 ig, 98, Transition curves for 4340 steel after quenching and tempering (left) and austempering (right). ®° 29TABLE XXX Low-Temperature Impact Properties of Quenched and Tempered Nickel Alloy Steels a Transition ist ‘Quenching Tempering Rockwell Temperature Stel Temperature® Temperature csoee Bite) Te c r Fo Hardness F m0 018 ost 347 — 1880 300 BS = 00 2 in 1000, 2 =u, cor) Tas 0a 350 — 15s 300 35 =iIs 1000, 28 2160, 20 a 0m 33 1550 800 8 55 100 30 =150, 2380 oa7 Osi 350 — 15 800 ‘0 = 1000 32 & 20 0 180 800 5 = __ 1000 3 0 30 023 07 126 O58 — 150 300 8 = 300 & = 1000 2 = 1200. is = a0 0s O77 125 Osh — 150 300 8 =i 1000 2 00 __ 1200 25 00 a0 On 08 i 0 — Tao 300 ar Sj 1000 2 = 1200 31 a Oa O78 18 108 O19 150 400 3 300 a 1000 3 __ 1200 a a0 030 Ose 169 0 O20 155 200 50 = 500 a = 300 3 70 1000 2 110 _ 1200, 2 as ae j38 O77 16 08 02 1580 200 52 = 00 a = 00 4“ = 1000 8 0 _ 1200, 3 as ae Oa) O87 Le? 108 02 1s 500 8 — 1000, rd — 1200 x ao ‘Om 08 La? Li 02 10 500 ry 100 2 1200, 3 = 0a 087 1a 030 O18 1650 300 ‘2 ‘00 i = 1000 a = 1200 it = coo) ta Om 17 029 02 1550 300 2 = 100, a -i0 1200, 28 D0 co) Ort OFF Tal 030 O21 180 300 46 = 1000 a = 1200 31 = ean O20 08s Oe 06S Oz 1650 3007 ro = 300 % 0 1000 2 0 1200 2 285, ae 0H OTT Os OS OZ Be 30 a 7 1000 4 155 1200 2 =i65; a OS O78 08 Os 0 150 “00 % = 1000 B iio 1200 30 ao 60 SORT O70 05 02 aS 00 a7 = tata a a0 1 30 ceo 0 O76 Oat Oe7 Oe Oz TED “0 30 = 1000 2 = 1200 2 =o Trace laboratory heats normalized before quenching O.45.nch square bas, (Oversize Charpy Banks)TABLE XXXI Low-Temperature Impact Properties of Cast Nickel Stes Composition, % as Charpy Impact (Note), fb at Indicated Temperature, F cms Wi ® m0 STD rr rT) Norm 1650| =. 3 8 8 & 8 © 013085 08s. Norm 1650 = 3 8 » 2 8 2 7 01806 = 035 a Norm 1650 = 7 2 a &® 8 © 2 013065 035380 Norm 1650, 5b m4 8% Reference 94 TABLE XXXII Requirements of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Steel Castings for Low-Temperature Service Stet ASTM A352 and ASMESK352 214% Nike Gade 162 NiGeMo Grade Le2-1 394% Nickel Grade Lc9__4¥4% Nickel Grade LO ‘Chemical Composition Carbon, mat, % 025 02 015 015 Manganese, % 0500.80 055.075 050080 050080 Phosphorus, max.% 040 040 040 40 Sulfur, max, % 045 045 5 085 Steen, mat, % 80 050 080 050 Nickel 9 2030 2535 3040 4050 Chromium, % 5 135-185, = = Molybdenum, % = 030-060 = = Heat Treatment» Nr or dr Nera Niorar NrorQr Tensile Properties Tensile Strength, mi, pt 70000 105,000 70000 70.000 Yield Point, min, 40,000 ‘0,000 9.000 4,000 Elongation (2 in), min, % 240 180 240 240 Reduction of Are, mia, % 350 20 350 350 ‘harpy impact (Hoch) Energy Value, min, feibe 5 Ey 5 5 Test Temperature, F 00 100 150 a5 “teat eatment, Normalized ond lempered (WT) or quenched and tempered (QT). Castings shal be fompered at a minimum of 1100 F except corade Le Caan sha be 2058 FEE Sth ASStoge of tee spcelmane, TABLE XXXII Impact Properties of Cast Nickel Alloy Stools as Nominal Campositon, % {charpy impact Note), fib at Indicated Temperature, F ine cow Ss ON Gr Ne =o foo 150-100-5000 Normalized apd Tempered 2330 03 070 028 350 — 3 8 9 B a w 3130 030 070 «028150 = 3 4 5 7 Ww BB 4330 030 070 028 «18208005 = 5 8 ou Bb a BB 4630 030 07 «(02% 1 OS = Boa om RBH 8640 040 088 028055 0500.0 Soe 8 7 wt ‘enced and Tempered 2330 03 070 08 350 — kb b vy 7 8 8 3130 030 «070 «028 15s = bp Rk Bb B 8 B wo 400 030 070 028 1g 0800s = 3 b 2 nm 0 2 2 4630 030 070 «028 le 5 3 1 8 8 8 6 610 040 088 0.28055 0800.20 5 oo 2 8 8 1 Stel Castings Handbook 31Fig. 39. 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