NERVOUS SYSTEM

WHAT? WHY? WHEN? WHERE ?

WHO? HOW?
Nervous system/neuroanatomy: a branch
of preclinical medical sciences, as the
base of neurology.
Because neuroanatomy can assist
medical student to comprehend many
disorders of nervous system, especially:
functions, location of the lesion.
As the foundation- before to learn the
disorders or neurology.

 In biomedical sciences neurology (many

disorders of the nervous system).
Medical student as GP-Neurologist.
Lecture, Individual learning, discussion,
assessment.

 ANATOMICAL COMPONENT :
1. Neurons (neuron cells).
2. Neuroglias/Glia.neuroglia cells.
3. Vassa/blood vessels/arteries, veins.
Physiological component:
*Reflex arc: receptors, afferens or
sensories, interneurons, efferens or
motoric fibers, effectors.

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC:
Irritability: able or easy to give a stimulus
or easy to stimulate or excite.
*Conductivity: able conducting the stimulus
as or call impulse.

DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Pheripheral nerve system:
a. Cranial nerves (nervi craniales).
b. Spinal nerves (nervi spinales).
a and b too call cerebrospinal or
craniospinal nerves.
c. Visceral nerve system (ANS):
- Symphatetic nerves.
- Parasymphatetic nerves

 2. Central nervous system:

too call: Systema nervosum centrale.
a. Brain/Encephalon:
- Prosencephalon/forebrain: telencephalon
and diencephalon.
- Mesencephalon/midbrain: tectum and tegmentum mesencephali, crus cerebri
- Rhombencephalon/hindbrain: metenceph.
(pons and cerebellum); myelencephalon
too call medulla oblongata/medulla.

b. Spinal cord or medulla spinalis:

Divided to 31th segments:
- Cervical part ( C 18).
- Thoracal part (Th. 112).
- Lumbal part ( L15).
- Sacral part (S 15),
Medullary cone/conus medullaris
- Coccygeal part (Segment Co.1).

BRAINSTEM
Too call: Truncus encephalicus.
The components of (limited):
Mesencephalon/midbrain, Pons and
Medulla (medulla oblongata).
The more important:
There are: center of CVS, Respiratory
system center, primary conciousness
center, etc.

ANATOMY OF NEURON
NEURON: a complete neuron cell, include
cell body (soma, perikaryon) with internal
structures and its protoplasmic protrusions
Protoplasmic protrusion are: dendrites and
axons with its branchings or bifurcations

DIVISION OF NEURON
Two criterias :
1. The measure of the cells body
4120 microns.
2. The composition protoplasmic
protrusions, that are:
a. Unipolar neuron.
b. Bipolar neuron.
c. Multipolar neuron.

ANATOMY OF SYNAPSIS
In wide meaningful: contact neuron to
neuron, neuron to effectors, muscle to
muscle.
In neuroanatomia special meaningful:
contact neuron to neuron, neuron to
muscles, neuron to glands.
* Specially in the CNS: interneuronal
synapsis synapsis.

NEUROTRASMITTER
The impuls from presynaptic to
postsynaptic neuron coducted by chemical
substance called: neurotransmitter.
Examples: Noradrenaline, dopamine,
serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA,
Vasopressin, oxytocine, enchephaline,
endorphine, P-substance.
Last ten years many psychiatric disorders
was finded related to neurotransmitter
interferences.

REFLEX
In the clinic reflexes are very important
and routine to examine the patient had
assisst to determine location of lesion or
diagnose the patients.
:Automatic reaction, no changeable and
no involve the upper functional center of
nervous system.
Divided to 4parts: Stretch, superficial,
Specially and pathological reflexes.

MORPHOLOGIC AND
FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF
PHERIPHERAL NERVES
Efferen fibers: divided to 4 parts:
A-alpha, A-gamma, B, C.
Afferen fibers: divided to 5 parts:
Ia, Ib, II, III, IV.

NEUROGLIA
Neuroglia (literally, nerve glue) is the
connective tissue of the nervous system.
Neuroglial cells outnumber neurons by
about five to one.
They have important nutritive and
supportive functions

DIVISION OF NEUROGLIA
Glial cell type in CNS:
1. Astrocytes.
2. Oligodendrocytes.
3. Microglial cells.
Glial cell type in PNS:
1. Satellite cells. 2. Schwann cells.
3. Enteric glial cells (in ENS = Enteric
nervous system).

SPINAL CORD
Part of CNS, cylinder shape, location in
vertebral canal, are around by 3 layers of
meninges (dura mater, arachnoid and
piamater). The layers, structures and space
around the medulla:
1. Vertebra, and ligaments; 2. Extradural fat.
3. Dura mater; 4. Arachnoid;5. Subarachnoi dal space; 6. Piamater.

Qualitiy impulses in cranial and

spinal nerves.
1. Afferent:
-Somatic: general and special.
-Visceral: General and special.
* 2. Efferen:
- Somatic: general and special.
-Visceral: general; special (in English
and American library=branchiomotoric/
or special somatic efferen).

CRANIAL NERVES;
I. Olfactory nerve, special visceral afferen,
olfactory cells.
II. Optic nerve, special somatic afferen,
rods and cones cells in retina.
III. Oculomotor nerve, general somatic
efferen, parasymphaticusorbital muscles
pupil contrictor muscle, ciliare muscle.

 IV. Trochlear nerve, general somatic

efferen, Superior oblique muscle of orbital
muscles.
V. Trigeminal nerve, general somatic
afferen, special somatic efferen or
branchiomotoricchewing muscles.
VI. Abducens nerve, general somatic
efferen lateral rectus muscle.
VII. Facial nerve, Special visceral afferen
taste buds of body of the tongue;
Special somatic efferen facial muscles;

 Parasymphaticus/visceromotoriclacrimal
,sublingual, submandibular glands;
general somatic afferen skin on
external acustic meatus.
Octavus/vestibulocochlearis nerve; special
somatic afferen labyrrinth and cochlea.
Glossopharyngeal nerve: branchiomotoric,
Visceromotoric parotid glands; special
visceral afferen taste buds of the root of
the tongue; general visceral afferen root
of the tongue, palatine tonsil, auditive
tube, sinus and glomus of carotis,
pharynx.

 X. Vagal nerve: Branchiomotoric/special

somatic efferen; parasymphaticus; general
visceral afferen; special visceral afferen;
general somatic afferen.
XI. Accessory nerve: general somatic
efferen sternocleidomastoid muscles
and trapezius muscles.
XII. Hypoglossal nerve: general somatic
efferen: external and internal/intrinsic
muscles of the tongue except
palatoglossal muscles.

SPINAL NERVES
Generally the qualities of spinal nerves:
a. General somatic afferen.
b. General somatic efferen.
Except:
Thoracal 1L2 or 3 addition:
symphaticus.
Sacral 2,3,4 addition: parasymphaticus or
visceromotoric.

OUTER AND INNER STRUCTURE

OF SPINAL CORD.
Bilateral diameter always greater than
ventrolateral diameter.
Have two intumescentia (widening):
a. Cervical, and b. Lumbosacral part.
Cervical intumescentia form brachial
plexus innervate upper limbs.
Lumbosacral intumescentia form lumbosacral plexus innervate lower limbs.


OUTER STRUCTURES:
Ventral median fissure-(fissura mediana
ventralis).
Dorsal median sulcus-(sulcus medianus
dorsalis).
Dorsolateral sulcus (sulcus dorsolateralis)
Dorsal intermedian sulcus (sulcus
intermedius dorsalis).
Ventrolateral sulcus (sulcus
ventrolateralis).

INNER STRUCTURE.

White and gray matter.

In white matter-nerve fibers-tract (tractus).
In gray matter-cells bodies-nucleus.
White matter: (substantia alba): funniculus
dorsalis, latearlis, ventralis, commissura
alba ventralis. Divisions of tract:
Ascendings, descendings and
intersegmental tracts.

 Gray matter: ventral, posterior and

intermedius horn (horn=cornu). Posterior
horn as afferen, ventral horn as efferen
and center of motoric neurons,
intermedius horn divided to 2 division:
intermediomedialis as the center of sacral
parasymphatetic fibers and
intermediolateral as the center of
symphatetic fibers in thoracal1Lumbal 2/3.
Dorsal root/radix dorsalis and spinal
ganglia as afferen, ventral root/radix
ventralis as the motoric or motoric type
fibers.

BASE CIRCUIT IN VENTRAL

HORN SPINAL CORD.
Impuls to the motoric neurons in ventral
horn nuclei indirect (by intercalate
neurons/ interneurons)influence:
inhibition or excitation.
Depend on amount of the synapses.
Interneurons take place on ventral, dorsal
or intermedius horn of spinal cord
(medulla spinalis).

INNER SUBSTANCE OF WHITE

MATTER.
1. Ascending tarcts/pathways:
-Lateral spinothalamic tract.
-Gracile tract.
-Cuneate tract.
-Dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tract.
-Spinoreticular, Ventral spinothalamic,
Spino-olive. Spinovestibular, Dorsolateral
tracts (Lissauer), Scondary visceral
ascending tract/ system.

DESCENDING TRACTS.
Or descending pathways:
-Corticospinal tracts (lateral and ventral).
-Reticulospinal tract, tectospinal tracts,
rubrospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract,
olivispinal tract.
- Pyramidal tract: divide to 2: Corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts are form
UMN. Corticospinal to ventral horn of
spinal cord, corticobulbar/corticonuclear..

 To motor nucleus of cranial neves in the

brainstem.
Lower motor neuron/LMN- from ventral
horn spinal cord to periphery/effectors.
Many differencies of signs UMN compare
with LMN lesion:
a. Power.
a. Trophy.
b. Tonus.
c. Reflex.

INTERSEGMENTAL TRACT.
Or intersegmental fascicles/proprius tract.
Or assosiation fibers in the spinal cord.
Take palce in white matter close surface of
the gray matter.
To connect segment of the spinal cord to
the others intersegmental reflex.
Divided to 3 parts: ventral, lateral and
dorsal part.

ANATOMY OF SPINAL NERVE

All spinal nerves are merging of the dorsal
and ventral root of each segment
segmental nerves 31 pairs of spinal
nerves.
Ventral root cosist: general somatic efferen
fibers and preganglionic fibers of
symphatetic and parasymphatetic fibers.
Dorsal root consist: general somatic and
visceral afferen fibers.

SEGMENTAL INNERVATION OF
THE SKIN.
Dermatome is: skin area which innervate
with afferen fiber origin from one dorsal
root/radix along with spinal ganglion.
Ganglion: collection soma of neuron (with
seem function) in peripheral nerve/PNS.
Nucleus: collection soma of neuron (with
seem function) in CNS.

FOERSTER DERMATOME.
1. Most of dermatome innervate by 3
nerve fibers, sometime 4 dorsal roots, its
have overlapping.
2. Only C2 dermatome innervate by dorsal
root C 2.
Cervical 3 and Trigeminal nerve not much
innervate dorsal part of the head.
Overlapping in dermatome be close to the
others, touch sense more than painful and
temprature.

SEGMENTAL INNERVATION OF
SKELETAL MUSCLE.
Just like dermatome, most of skeletal
muscles especially limbs muscles,
innervate with motoric nerve fibers from 2
or 3 of spinal cord or ventral roots
sometime 4 ventral roots. So that lesion
on one ventral root not clear effect on
the function of the muscle.
Monosegmental innervation: very short
muscle on trunk, vertebral column, on the
hand, and adductor pollicis muscle.

VASCULAROSATION ON SPINAL
CORD
1. Anterior and posterior spinal arteries,
origin from vertebral arteries.
2. Great and small radicular arteries,
principaly serve to roots of spinal cord.
That are anatomical averlapping, but not
functionally end artery.
Central arteies, origin from anterior spinal
artery, almost serve to gray matter. The
other: pial plexus almost serve to white
matter, but some/bit serve to gray matter.

BRAINSTEM
Component: Medulla/medulla oblongata;
Pons; and Midbrain/mesencephalon.
Very important:
1. Center of cardiovascular and respiratory
system, primary conciousness.
2. Ascending and descending tracts.
3. Places the most nuclei of cranial nerves.

 THANK YOU.
TERIMAKASIH.
ARIGATO.
OBRIGADO BARAK.
SUKSME.

2 nd DAY

Cranial nerves there are: 12 pairs:

1. Olfactory-n; 2. Optic-n; 3. Oculomotor-n;
4. Trochlear-n; 5. Trigeminal-n;
6. Abducens-n; 7. Facial-n;
8. Cochlear and vestibular n; (n.Octavus).
9. Glossopharyngeal-n;
10. Vagal-n.
11. Accessory-n.
12. Hypoglossal-n.

THEIR QUALITIES:

1. Special visceral sensory.

2. Special somatic sensory.
3. General somatic motor, parasymphatis.
4. General somatic motor.
5. Special somatic motor/branchial motor,
general somatic sensory.
6. General somatic motor.
7. Special somatic motor, Parasymphatis/
visceral motor,Special visceral sensory,
general somatic sensory.

 8. Special somatic sensory.

9. Special somatic motor, visceral motor/
parasymphatis, Special visceral sensory,
General visceral sensory, general somatic sensory.
10. Special somatic motor, Parasymphatis,
General visceral sensory, Special
visceral sensory, general somatic
sensory.
11. General somatic motor.
12. General somatic motor.

THEIR ROUTE
1. Olfactory-n cribriform plate of the ethmoidal bone.
2. Optic-n optic foramen/canal.
3. Ocular motor, trochlear and abducens
superior orbital fissure. (And ophthalmic-n.)
4. Trigeminal-n
Ophthalmic-nsuperior orbital fissure; Maxillary-n
rotundum foramen;
Madibular-n oval foramen.
5. Vestibular-cochlear-n internal acustic meatus
a. n.VIII-vestsuperior, inferior vestibular
area and singular foramen.

 5.b. Cochlear ncanal in the foramen

of spiral tracts.
6. Glossopharyngeal nervejugular
foramen.
7. Vagal nerve jugular foramen.
8. Accessory nervejugular foramen.
9. Hypogllossal nervehypoglossal
canal.

 SENSORY RECEPTOR:
General somatic: in skin/integument.
Special somatic: retina, vestibular canal,
cochlea.
General visceral: visceral organs.
Special visceral : Nasal mucosa/smell,
taste buds.
MOTOR effector: muscles and glands.
General somatic: Skeletal muscles.
Special somatic (branchial motor):
Branchial muscles/branchial arcs.
General visceral: Smooth and cardiac
muscles, glands.
Special visceral: ~ branchial motor.

RETICULAR FORMATION /RETICULAR

SUBSTANCE

The substance arround the nuclear

and tracts in the brainstem.
Consist many type and
measurement of neuron in the cane
work of fibres matrix.
CAJAL: in RF dominant consist:
tertiary order of sensory neurons,
and secondary order of motor
neurons.

Intrinsic composition and it

connections.
RF in Medulla:(medulla oblongata):
a. Lateral reticular nucleus.
b. Ventral reticular ventralis.
c. Gigantocellular reticular nucleus.
d. Paramedian reticulars nuclei.
e. Parvicellular reticular nucleus.
Afferent: a. spinal cord: spinoreticular tract,
spinothalamic fibres.
b. collateral fibres of sp-thal.fibres
c. cerebral cortex: sensory, motor

 Efferent: to
a. ascending reticular activation system.
b. cerebellar vermis of cranial/anterior lobe
*RF in PONS (formatio reticularis pontis):
a. oral part of pons reticular nucleus.
b. caudal part of pons reticular nucleus.
c. tegmental pons reticular nucleus.
*RF of midbrain:
a. pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.
b. cuneiform nucleus.
c. subcuneiform nucleus.

NEUROTRANSMITTER AND
RF
Monoamine nerve fibres consist axons of
neuron contain monoamine:
-noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-hydroxy
tryptamine, 5-HT) and dopamine.
The outline of monoamine strip divide to:
1. Noradrenergic descendens strip.
2. Noradrenergic ascendens strip.
3. Noradrenergic of locus ceruleus
(nucleus pigmentosus pontis).
4. Serotonergic descendens strip.
5. Serotonergic ascendens strip.
6. Dopaminergic strip.

SOURCES and TRANSMISION

Each strip have source and transmision.
Example:
1. Ventrolateral and caudal part of RF of
medulla spinal cord: ventral, dorsal
and intermedia corns.
2. NA strip its source from locus ceruleus:
its source from locus ceruleus in cranial
part of pons and caudal part of midbrain (mesencephalon) dorsal part of
telencephalon and diencephalon: hippo
campus, thalamus, hypothalamus,
amygdala, colliculi cranialis, all part of
cerebellar cortex.

FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF
RF

Fascilitation area.
Inhibition area.
Respiratory center.
Cardiovascular center.
Consciousness center:
Close all of scondary ascending fibers
/tract give collateral branches to RF on
the spot except medial lemniscus.

MULTISYNAPTIC RETICULAR
ASCENDING TRACTS

Location of ascending and

descending tracts in brainstem:
Ascending tracts: medial lemniscus,
spinothalamic tract, trigeminal tract, lateral
lemniscus, spinocerebellar tracts.
Descending tracts: pyramidal fascicle,
rubrospinal tract reticulospinal fibres,
vestibulospinal tracts, tectospinal tract.
Association fibres in brainstem: FLM, diffus
longitudinal fibres. FLM: functionally have
special meaning, enable to coordination
most of the motor nuclei of cranial nerves.

 TERIMAKASIH.
THANK YOU.
ARIGATO.
OBRIGADO.

CEREBELLUM
Is the suprasegmental part of the brain.
Divide to 3 parts:
a. archeocerebellum;
b. paleocerebellum;
c. neocerebellum.
a). Archeocerebellum: consist: nodulus and two
flocculi flocculonodular lobe. The oldest part
its have functionally connection with vestibular
nuclei.
b). Paleocerebellum: consist vermis and
cerebellar hemisphere. Its recieve the impulses
from spinal cord (ventral and dorsal
spinocerebellar tracts) and external arcuate
fibres. This part mainly connected with control the tone
muscles. Cerebellum->vestibular nucleivestibulospinal
tract.

 c). Neocerebellum: the youngest and

biggest part in man.
Be located between prima fissure and
dorsolateral fissure. Too called:
caudal/ posterior lobe, connected with
receive impulses from cerebral cortex
through nuclei pontis, through
corticopontocerebellar fibres.

INTRINSIC COMPOSITION
1). Cerebellar cortex. This is the gray
matter in superficial part. Have 3 layers
and fissure, sulcus, folium.
2). Medullary body. This is the white
matter deep to the cortex.
3). Cerebellar nuclei. This is the gray
matter go down the white matter. There
are 4 pair are located: dorsal and
dorsolateral to the quart ventricle of the
brain.

Cerebellar cortex
Divided to 3 layers:
1. Molecular strata/layer.
2. Piriform neuron strata/layer.
3. Granular strata/layer.

MAIN CIRCUIT OF NEURONS

IN CEREBELLAR CORTEX

 By that connections the cerebellum can

coordinate the motor reactions
(movements) which in a reflex, automatic,
and aware manner.
Control the tone muscles through:
reticulospinal tract alpha and gamma
motor neurons.
Olivocerebellar tract-climbing fibres.
Climbing fibres give direct synaptic
connectionexcitation.
Another tracts mossy fibres to cerebellar
cortex.

Cerebellar nuclei
Cerebellar nuclei receive impulses from
the cortex directly through axon of Purkinje
cells, and collateral branches of the mossy
and climbing fibres.
The projection manner of Purkinje cells to
cerebellar nuclei:
a. Cerebellar vermis to the most medial
part of nuclei (fastigii, globusus).
b. Medial part of cerebellar hemisphere to
globusus and emboliform nuclei.
c. Lateral part of cerebellar hemisphere to
dentate nuclei. Mostlyipsilateral manner.

Medullary body
The white matter of cerebellum arranged
to 2 main group of myelinated fibres:
1. Intrinsic fibres : a. corticonuclear fibres,
b. association fibres.
2. Extrinsic fibres: a. Afferent fibres,
b. Efferent fibres.
These fibres have 3 path:
-caudal, medius and cranial cerebellar
peduncles.

CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
1. Caudal cerebellar peduncle consist:
a. dorsal spinocerebellar tract.
b. dorsal and ventral external arcuate
fibres.
c. reticulocerebellar tract.
d. arcuatocerebellar tract.
e. olivocerebellar tract.
f. vestibulocerebellar fibres.
g. trigeminocerebellar fibres.
h. cerebello-spinal tract.

 2. Medial cerebellar peduncle:

It is the biggest peduncle to the others.
Relatively bigger than an animal.
Most of it consist pontocerebellar fibres,
and cross the median line in base of the
pons. It is scondary neurons of the compo
sition of corticopontocerebellar fibres.
3. Cranial cerebellar peduncle:
a. ventral spinocerebellar tract.
b. efferent fibres of the cerebellum.
These fibres source from cerebellar
nuclei: dendate, emboliform, and
globosus nuclei red nuclei
and thalamus (ventral-lateral,
intralaminars nuclei).

Clinical and functional aspect of

cerebellum
Function of cerebellum is feed back
mechanism in controll movement during
go on. These movements has beginning
from pyramidal and extrapyramidal system

The mechanism controll divide to 2:

1. Tense changes in muscle in controll
the equilibrium and posture.
2. Guarantee the contraction continuous
fast and regulated nicely.

 Each the contraction require coordination

of muscle groups that is:agonis, antagonist
of muscles, synergic and fixation muscles.
The neocerebellum lesion-have sign:
disturb smooth contraction of muscles in
limbs- the contractions which beginning
from pyramidal system:
1. Muscles are hypotonia and asthenia.
2. Asynergia: dysmetria, rebound-pheno.,
adiadochokinesia, scanning speech,
intension tremor and ataxia.
3. Nystagmus.

TELENCEPHALON
Telencephalon divide to 2:
a. Telencephalon medim /impar.
The part of brain front of the
interventricular foramen- optical chiasm.
b. Cerebral hemispheres (a pair).
This is the biggest part of the brain.
A pair of hemispheres connect with
callosum body (corpus callosum).
Cerebral cortex is the widest surface of
brain: 2200 cm square.

Cerebral sulci and fissures

1. Cerebral longitudinal sulcus.

2. Cerebral lateral sulcus.
3. Calcarina sulcus.
4. Parietooccipital sulcus.
5. Hippocampi sulcus.
Some sulci it has functional and topographic meaning are:
-central sulcus, precentral sulcus,
postcentral sulcus, superior and inferior
frontal sulcus, intraparietal sulcus and so
on..

CEREBRAL CORTEX
Cerebral cortex divided to certain areas.
Be base on phylogeny and ontogeny
divided to 3 parts:
1. Neocortex/neopallium/isocortex; it is
have 6 layers and it is the most of
cerebral cortex.
2. Paleocortex/paleopallium: covering the
olfactoric cortex:prepiriform area (uncus
and anterior part of para hippocampal
gyrus).

 3. Archicortex/archipallium: that are:

hippocampi formation, dentate gyrus,
a few cortex area else (:fasciolare gyrus,
supracallosal gyrus).
Paleocortex and archicortex form allocortex
together. The base on allocortex has 3
layers of neuron.
Koniocortex use to indicate the sensory
areas of cortex:
-optical, auditory and somatosensory
/somesthetic areas, because it is has little
neurons composed by relatively compact.

THE LAYERS OF CEREBRAL

ISO CORTEX
1. Molecular layer.
2. External granular layer.
3. External pyramidal layer/pyramidal layer
4. Internal granular layer.
5. Internal pyramidal later/ganglionar layer.
6. Multiform layer.

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Brodmann (1909) was succesfull made
map of man cerebral cortex.
The number of the cortex be based on the
squence of investigation.
Most of cerebral cortex was investigated
by Mr. Brodmann.

DAY 5
The visual system of human being has the
highest development can identify
objects in three dimensions.
* Special somatic afferent.
The receptor: rods and cones cells of
retina.
The others cell: pigmented epithelial cells,
bipolar cells, amacrine cells, horizontal
cells and ganglion cells.

MANY LESIONS:
Total lesion on N.IImonocular blindness.
On optic chiasm (median line)bitemporal
hemianopsia.
On lateral(left and right side) part of optic
chiasmhemianopsia binasal.
On optic tract homonymous
hemianopsia.
Total on optic radiation homonymous
hemianopsia without changes reaction
of optic pupil.
* Part of optic radiation quadrant-anopsia.

OPTIC REFLEXES:
A part of optic tract reach to: tectum and
pretectal area of midbrain pass through
root of midbrain. These fibres end in 2
place: 1. Cranial colliculus.
2. Pretectal nucleus.
1). To spinal cord as tectospinal tract optic
reflex, related to movement of the neck,
trunk and limbs.
2)..

 2). The nucleus consist small neuron cells.

Have clinical meaningfull:
-Pupil reflex: nerve fibres from optic
optic tractpretectal nucleusEdinger
Westphal nuclei (bilateral) pretectooculomotoric fibrespreganglionic
parasymphatetic fibres together with
N.IIIin orbit leave of N.III ciliar
ganglion the post ganglionic fibres to:
a. Ciliar muscles.
b. Pupillar constrictor muscles.

SYSTEM OF SMELL
Rhinencephalon: in modern meaning
consist the CNS which accept the fibres
from olfactory bulb. In limited meaning
involve: -Olfactory bulb.
-Olfactory tracts.
-Olfactory striae.
-Anterior perforate substance.
-Part of amygdaloid body.
-Part of prepiriform cortex.

Intracranial meninges, ventricle

of brain and csf.
In many places the inner layer of
duramater form the partition:
1. Cerebral falx/Falx cerebri.
2. Cerebellar tentorium.
3. Cerebellar falx.
4. Sellar diaphragm

SUBARACHNOID CAVITY:
1. Cerebellomedullary cistern.
2. Pontis cistern.
3. Interpeduncular (basal) cistern.

DURAMATERIC SINUS:

1. Superior sagittal sinus.

2. Inferior sagittal sinus.
3. Straight (rectus) sinus.
4. Confluens sinuum.
5. Tranverse sinus.
6. Sigmoidal sinus.
7. Cavernous sinus.

VENTRICLES OF BRAIN AND

CSF

Lateral ventricle (left and right).

Third (tertius) ventricle.
Aqueduct of midbrain (cerebral/Sylvius).
Fourth ventricle (ventriculus quartus).
Central canal.
Production of CSF: are active secretion in
ependyme epithelial layers of choroid
plexus (capillary plexus):
-floor of lateral ventricle.
-roof of third and forth ventricles.

BLOOD VESSELS OF BRAIN

 A pair of vertebral arteries.

A pair of internal carotid arteries.
Spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and
cerebrum.
Form: cerebral arterial circle (circulus
arteriosus/Willis).

THE MAIN GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT OF CNS

 THANK YOU
TERIMAKASIH
MATUR SUKSME.