a Detection & Analysis P. 1 DETECTION AND ANALYSIS — = a om I. What is Chemical Analysis (A) Qualitative Analysis What are the chemicals present ? (B) Quantitative Analysis How much of each chemical is present 7 Il. Bhvsis ‘sical Tests used to identify unknown substances (A) Colow. oldur of solid White Yellow/brown Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Pink | tat pt | Mutt pate pink } pale p _DeductionDetection & Analysis P. 2 (©) Solubility in Water Polor compounds dissolve in polar solvents. Non=polor compounds dissolve in non-polar solvents lubitity of salts (D) pH 1. Acidic : (des, salts re 5 2. Alkaline + All alkalis, soluble wrt oxides, salts ma sty bases oud weak acts 3. Neutral ; Wwatex~ salts from st Sting acids aud Stonag bases, CO, NO, N20 3) Hlane at Procedure of carrying flame test (a) Dip a clean nichrome or platinum wire into concentrated hydrochloric acid, (b) Heat the tip of the platinum wire in a non-luminous flame until the wire becomes red-hot. (©) Dip the tip of the platinum wire into a clean hydrochloric acid and then into the sample. (@)_ Put the tip of the platinum wire in a non-luminous flame and observe the flame colour. Bluish- -ereen Gace | Purple / lilac ke | Golden Yellow NotDetection & Analysis P. 3 — = ow = All group 1 cations and NH," ions : 2. Formation of coloured precipitate : Cation | Colour of precipitate Tonic equation Cu Blue iting + WH ap —> CulOHDs Mylo} ————_—Tsaluble_ | [za | aay 2otCegp Sable fe Gr clr lp Tu loH)acsy +t L0H ag) > DnlH a | —> Llol)r08) - ‘“ dinate ae abe — = = foro calacless Sola Pb th cagy + DOH" tag) Pool res + 20H cag) —> Pb OFA > Ph (OH)s «sy t d [Pbo.”-24t0] Abt AP ap + 3ot ap Soluble to Torin colorless woe ALOU) 59+ OH cagy —> AICO) cxlupinale ida [AlO, -240] 9 AMLHDs os) The compound should contain __ayawouium Zon Jenke caution Ny Otay 9 Meg + HO)(B) Reaction with ammonia solution Detection & Analysis P. 4 [Addition of small amount of NH Addition of excess NH3___| Deduetion No precipitate ! at, &* at Green precipitate Insoluble +] pet Brown precipitate Insoluble f3* Blue precipitate Soluble to form deep blue solution Calor nes + ANH cg) Ca* > CULM Hag Fraga ot LOH ag) Seana cagg White precipitate Insoluble CoM up AP ae =a = v Leet 7 [et Skin, 097 Zany White precipitate Soluble to form colourless solution Incolhiesr + ANE 64) Jue > Talrletag + 0H cag) a — feonsitere (8) i By: 2Agtagy + 20 agp > hyDesr + HhOd Toma jc [test scion ork uum precgtate LOS Agsdeot AMHscxgy 4 Heddy 7 FD AGM ay 420 apy Zz colours, davineser (1 gn 1 “ wl Gro, —__, < ° ay, meee precipitate) porassim > [Powe Lee ViDetection & Analysis P.$ — IV. Test for Anions (A) Reaction with silver nitrate solution -Test for halide ims Formation of coloured precipitate, Colour of precipitate Anion present Tonie equation White precipitate cv Agog #U pgy— AgCl es) —= = Pale yellow / cream precipitate By" Astagy + Brgy —> AaBresy Yellow precipitate L Afop + Tap 2 Aho Nate: 1. Acidified silver nitrate is used because carbonate and oxide of silver is also insoluble in water, M410 ct 243.04) ———p 2PANOS o4a4 HO Agpt03c29 4 LHNO 50 ~~ % DANO ¢oqa “4 COs ep 4 thou 2. Displacement reaction can also be used to test halide ions. Chr(aa) +B r (aq) > DCU cagy + Bra tagy ——ovtHy ee ng Ch{aq) (aq) > Leap + hug tiple te exgonic: salve (B) Heating ‘Most carbonates and hydrogencarbonates (except KzCO3, NazCOs) will decompose upon heating to give _ carbon dioxide. eg. MgCOx(s) > MgO es) + COrey) ZNaHCOxS) > Naas es) + Core) + Hoh CHCOI) > CHO. + rep =— = a = (C) Reaction with dil chlovic acid 1. Formation of earbon dioxide -_carbonscte _oy-_hydrogencarbonette. ions. £8. CaCOx(s) HHCK(ag) > COr gy + HO + CaClr cay NaHCOs(s) + HCl(aq) > Oren + Hr0 chy + NaCl apy 2. Formation of chlorine - — hypochlorite. iw —— equation OCU cagy + Cp + oHtay —9 Chap Hr0 hy — = Formation of sulphur dioxide equation: Nex S03 +2HCl ap —? SOug+ Hooch + NaCl wg Nalt903 ¢6) + Hela —> SOrveqy + Hod + NaCl cap) =Detection & Analysis P. 6 (D) Test for sulphate and sulphite ions 1. Addition of acidified barium chloride solution : (@) White precipitate :_culahate, fim, —___ Tonic equation: Ba* cag + Sdq* cag) —? BaS04 cs) ett (©) Colourless solution : 4 pate iow Jonic equation : bs" cag) + $03” tq —? 84503 0) BaS05 42H" cap —> SOregr + HrOcLy + Bafingy Note: Ba’ also reacts with CO;*to give white solid of BaCOs, However, BaCO, can react with H’ to give COp, V._ Test for Gases and Water Substance Characteristic Test Equation Hydrogen | Colourless & odourless gas | Burns with a. ‘pep! | 2Hroy) + Ono sound — UH Ly a . | Oxygen | Colourless & odourless gas | Relights a glowing | i ! Which supports burning | 2?’ \ “4 i — — po | Chlorine | Acidic, yellowish-green gas | Turns moist blue Chapt Hach Titus paper ved ith smell of bleachi ee ee bleached —? Hel cag + HOCl ol solution Carbon | Colourless & odourless pi | Turns limewvater COngp + CaCots gy | wl dioxide uy 7 (als e+ HrOhDetection & Analysis .7 1 Substance Characteristic Test Equation a Ammonia | Colourless & alkaline gas [Ture wolst ved with characteristic pungent | [etwas papor blut Yq co J+ React with Hel NHacgy + Hel gy to que dense white f —2 NHgCl or ame. F douse saitte Lame I Sulphur Colourless gas witha [+ Decolevize bromine wale dioxide choking smell [Taras ovange Cad,” fo d fren ; ~ Declovine purple: MnO? 1 Water Colourless liquid Turns blue cobalt chlorde. pager pink | Turns white aulydroes I Copper (B) sulphate. ue 1 VIL Test for Oxidizing Agents and Reducing Agents 1 (A) Test for oxidizing agents By using wet starch-iodide paper : colour changes from White ___to_davk_blue ] 20(aq) > Te cag) + 207 \ tans Slavch to dark blue. (B) Test for reducing agents By using acidified potassium dichromate solution (from _ovange to seta... oF acidified potassium permanganate solution (rom, pure. __ to —tolowrless CeO aa) + HHT ogy + be” —> Lag + Troy MnO) + BH ap + Se” —> Baga + Atop_” ase es oe = = = = os =— == VII. Use of Modern Cl (A) @B) @) @ Detection & Analysis P, 8 ical Instruments Advantages of modern chemical instruments : Last, accuvete., Sensitive, Small amount of ‘alcatel less Muga error ~ Gas chromatography . For separating and identifying different substances in a mixture of the same state Atomic Absorption Spectrometer For finding out the concentration of metal ions in a liquid. Inf-ared Spectroscoy For analyzing the structure of molecules, especially orgenic molecules, Ielerwive fuwetional group ? omeiry. For determining the relative atomic mass, isotopic mass of elements and molecular ma of'amolecules. It also shows the relationship between the mass and their relative abundance. clear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy For detecting the structural environment of the nucleiDetection & Analysis P. 9 VIIL. Identify an Unknown Sample 2. Examples : 1, The following data were collected about an unknown solid X. What is the identify of the substance ? Data collected ‘ (A) White solid (B) Readily soluble in water. Solution is colourless (C) Results of cation test : lilac colour with flame test, no precipitate when dilute NaOH is added to a solution of X. (D) Results of anion test : gas formed when dilute HCI is added to a solid sample of X. (The gas turns lime water milky), no precipitate forms when acidified AgNOs or acidified BaCl, is added to a solution of X, Solution: (A) Both ation and onion, are celowrless, The componnd may comfain Govan Lor Eons, AD Lit py ov ey. 9) X may cant KE Nat NH, NOS’, Sue Hes" OX contains kt. CO) X contains C0; a HOP” | but does not contain halides and S04 X % KOs or KHe0, . A coloured salt $ is insoluble in water and gives a greenish flame test. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to S, an effervescence of a colourless, odourless gas G is observed. (A) State, with reasons, any TWO. compounds that S$ could NOT be. (B) (a) Suggest, with a reason, a possible cation present in the salt, (b) Suggest an additional test to confirm the presence of this cation. Solution : (A) Natl ond CaSdy, They ore insoluble i water, (8) (wt. TE gives o reich lane. (AL Nibep te Cbt colation. Glue presiptcte firmed. Ald excess NH3 cxgy te the solution, blue precipitate Vedispabies fe form deep blue solution.Detection & Analysis P, 10 3. For solid samples of the following compounds, describe ONE chemical test to distinguish between each pair. (A) Ammonium chloride and sodium chloride (B) Calcium nitrate and aluminum nitrate (C) Sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate Solution UA) Heat thee samples with NAOH copy Niel gives a qs With pungent sel] and turns moist ved Titmus paper blue, Natl has wo change. (8) Add NodH egy to the soumples, aud then On excess ColNOs), awd —ALCNOS), give white precipitate, CalNOg), iS tasoluble. im excess Nao, but AI(NO,), redisselves to fovm colourless complex Ton Al(OH,” cag), Co) Add HNO caps to the Samples Map Gjies« cleueess which turns [imewater milky. NaxS0e has wo change.