Shapiro Delay

Wang Hanxiao

May 18 2015

Wang Hanxiao

Shapiro Delay

May 18 2015

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Tests of general relativity

gravitational lensing
the perihelion precession of Mercury
the gravitational redshift of light
Shapiro delay

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Shapiro Delay

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Tests of general relativity

Bending of light in the gravitational field

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Shapiro Delay

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Tests of general relativity

The perihelion shifts of Mercurys orbit due to general relativity

Wang Hanxiao

Shapiro Delay

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Test of general relativity

Light originating in a gravitational field redshifted when observed in a region of a weaker

gravitational field
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Shapiro Delay

Irwin Shapiro
1964-1971
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Shapiro Delay
Schwarzschild metric
rs
2 2
rs
1 2
c 2 d 2 = 1
c dt 1
dr r 2 (d2 + sin2 d2 )
r
r
where rs =

2GM
c2

The difference tr between the proper-time delay predicted in general

relativity and the corresponding flat-space value

 xp + (xp2 + d 2 )1/2 
4r0
tr
ln
c
xe + (xe2 + d 2 )1/2

xp
2xe + xp 
1
r02

+
+
O
2 (xp2 + d 2 )1/2 (xe2 + d 2 )1/2
c2

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Shapiro Delay

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Shapiro Delay
Conjunction points

The most crucial configurations are those near superior conjunction when
the radar waves pass closest to the sun.
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Shapiro Delay

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Shapiro Delay
Superior conjunction

 4xe xp

3xe + xp

tr ln

2
d
2xe
d  xe , xp
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Experiment and measurements

Lincoln Laboratory Haystack radar and Millstone radar
Mercury - 18 Jan, 11 May, 24 Aug 1967

Fourth Test of General Relativity: Preliminary Results. Shapiro, Irwin I. et al. , Phys. Rev.
Letters 20.1265 (1968)
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Experiment and measurements

Haystack Observatory and Arecibo Observatory
Venus - 25 Jan 1970

Fourth Test of General Relativity: New Radar Results. Shapiro, Irwin I. et al. , Phys. Rev.
Letters 26.1132 (1971)
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Application
Gravitational microlensing

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Shapiro Delay

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Application

A Horseshoe Einstein Ring from Hubble

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measuring A two-solar-mass neutron star

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Shapiro Delay

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