MatthieuRada//TristenGamboa

MuseodeVida
Exhibition2014
ExhibitionDesign
!Referto
this

documentforwhattodo!

InquiryQuestion:
Whatistheoriginofpenicillinandhowwasitusedbydoctors?Howcouldithavebeen
usedtoaidtheSpanishCivilWar?
Ifunabletofocusonehundredpercentonpenicillin,perhapsmorebroadlyon
pharmaceuticals.

Hypothesis:
Webelievethatthepenicillinsolutionthatwewillextractfromthepenicilliummoldwill
killthebacteriaintheEscherichiacolisample.

ProjectPurpose:
Tolearnaboutpharmaceuticalshistoryandchemistrybyrecreatingtheprocessof
makingpenicillinandtestingitoninfectiousbacteria.

Outline:
Wewillcreateapenicillinsample,perhapsapill,andattempttokillE.Colisamplesand
othervariousbacterias.Tomakethepenicillin,welluse
this
recipe.Theonlyproblemindoing
sowhichwestillhavetofigureoutisincubatingthepenicillin.Thiswillalsotakeaverylong
time.Wechosetoresearchpenicillinoutofcuriosity,mostly.Thereisnotmuchprovided
informationinschoolabouthowmedicinesworkexactlyanddowntoachemicallevel.
Therefore,itisinterestingtolearnaboutandactuallyexperimentbykillinginfectiousbacteria.
PharmacistsduringtheSpanishCivilWarwereusedasdoctors,whileonlyveryfewcould
researchasstressfulaspossibleforacurefortheirfellowfriendsandcomrades.

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

12/8

12/9

12/10

12/11

12/12

PlanTimeframe
andMaking
Penicillin

BeginProduction
(getmaterials)

BeginandComplete
ProductionProcess

IncubatePenicillin

IncubatePenicillin

12/15

12/16

12/17

12/18

IncubatePenicillin

Testingand
Observations
OnBacteria

PrepareLabNotebook
andCompleteLab
Report

Exhibition
Runthrough

continueincubating
leftovermixturefor
futureexamination

Procedures:
1. Researchinquiryquestion
2. Becomeexpertsinpenicillinhistory
3. Experimentpenicillinuse,justlearningaboutit
4. Makeconclusionaboutourcreationofpenicillin
5. Exhibititandteachitshistory/howitworks

Materials:
2sterileflasks
500mlcoldwater
44gramslactosemonohydrate
25gramscornstarch
3gramssodiumnitrate
0.25gramsmagnesiumsulfate
0.50gramspotassiumphosphatemono
2.75gramsglucosemonohydrate
0.044gramszincsulfate
0.044gramsmanganesesulfate
hydrochloricacid(DependentonpHlevelofsolution)
mold
microscope

Safety:
1. Goggles
2. Labcoats
3. Gloves
4. (Basicbodyprotection)
5. Facemask?(mustgetconsultationfrominstructor)
6. !cleanandopenarea!
7. Sterilematerials

12/19

ExhibitionClean
Up

Observations:
Writtenindailycontentoflabnotebook.Therewillbeanobservationstablelookinglike
thiseachdayortwoorso:

Dateandperhaps
Time,etc.:

Observations:
(visual,fromfirstglance,etc.)

Numericaldata
(measurements,etc.):

Thursday,Dec.10

beforeputtingin:

after:

Strikinglyboring,plain,transparent
verycold

Rapidlyheating,blue

300mlbeaker(200ml
water)
+20mgpenicillin

shrinksto170ml

Monday,Dec.14

verycold
novisiblechanges

none

AnalyzeData:
Wewouldliketoanalyzethedatafromourexperimentsbytakingnoteofourbacteria
samples,andthenloggingitsexposuretoourhomemadepenicillinoverincrementsoftime.
(Stillunsurehowwecanshowtheeliminationofbacteriatoanaudience.Possiblywitha
microscope?)

Conclusion:
Wewouldliketoseeifourpenicillinsolutionworksonvariousbacteriasamples,andif
itismoreeffectiveatkillingonetypeofbacteriathananother.

FinalProduct:
Ourfinalgoalistocreateapenicillinpillortablet.Wewouldalsoliketodisplaythe
bacteriasamplesexposedtothePenicillinsolution.

Exhibition:
Wewillbeexhibitingasscientistsinlabcoats,givingguestsinformationaboutour
productandprocedures(pilllyingoutontrayorplatter,neatlyexhibited).Wemaydecideto
addsomepieceofwritteninformationalongwithit(poster,description?).

Research:

Turrin,Andrs,andMaraLuisaDe."INDUSTRIALMEDICINEPRODUCTIONFORTHEARMY
DURINGTHESPANISHCIVILWAR(19361939)."
SpanishCivilWar(19361939)
(n.d.):n.pag.
Pharmaziegeschichte.at
.39thInternationalCongressForTheHistoryofPharmacyVienna2009,2009.Web.

01Dec.2014.
<
http://www.pharmaziegeschichte.at/ichp2009/vortraege/vortraege_power_point_pdf/PPP_L61.pdf
>.
OnlypeopleinpharmaceuticalswhocoulddoanythingwereintheMilitaryHealthBodyofthe
Army
Couldnotdoanythingusefultowardspharmaceuticals
onlyhadtimeformanufacturinganddoctoring,notimeforresearch
130pharmacistsdividedintoeightorganizations
Onlyonepharmacylab,whichiscontrolledundermilitary
MilitaryPharmacistofficialsaidtheywereunderpaid,undervalued,littlefunds,badregulations,and
outdatedprocedures
minimalmedicineimports
pills,injections,alcohol,stitching
Onthespotambulances(Mixedvan)hadsurgery,pharmacy,anddietetics
Centralmilitarypharmaceuticalscomplexbothpurchasedanddistributedmedicinestotroops

Hayat,Dr.Khezar."ClassificationofPenicillinAntibiotics."
Medimoon.com
.Medimoon,30Apr.2013.Web.
01Dec.2014.<
http://medimoon.com/2013/04/classificationofpenicillinantibiotics/
>.
penicillin=groupsofantibioticsusedtotreatbacterialinfections
killsbacteriabydisturbingcellwallconstructionofbacteria
doesthisbyattaching/mixing/messinguptotheenzymetranspeptidase,whichbindscellwall
blockstranspeptidasebybindingtopenicillinbindingproteins(PBPs)
Betalactamringsarelocatedsothesedrugsarealsocalledbetalactamantibiotics
sixtypesofpenicillin:natural,betalactamaseresistant,aminopenicillins,carboxypenicillins,
Ureidopenicillins,penicillin/inhibitorcombination
penicillin:PenicillinG,AqueouspenicillinG,ProcainepenicillinG,BenzathinepenicillinG,
PenicillinV
Aminopenicillins:Ampicillin,amoxicillin
Penicillinaseresistantpenicillins:methicillin,nafcillin,oxacillin,cloxacillin,dicloxacillin
Antipseudomonalpenicillins:carbenicillin,ticarcillin,piperacillin

"AScienceOdyssey:PeopleandDiscoveries:FlemingDiscoversPenicillin."
PBS
.PBS,n.d.Web.01Dec.
2014.<
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm28pe.html
>.
AlexanderFlemingdiscoveredit
WorkedinSt.MarysHospitalinLondonafterWWI
Hehadbattlefrontexperiencewhichinspiredhimtofindachemicalwhichwouldhavehelpedmany
peoplehesawinwar
Hediscoveredtheenzymelysozyme,butitwasntstrongenough
Hewascleaningpetridisheswhenhenoticedsomemold
thestapharoundthemoldhadbeenkilled
Thismoldwaspenicilliumnotatum,orpenicillin
Hepresenteditin1929butitraisednointerest
hisworkpassedovertochemistswhowouldbemoreknowledgeable
Producingpenicillinwashardandexpensive
OnlyonestrainofpenicillinapprovedbyFDA(fromIllinois)
InIllinoiswaswhereagreatfermentationprocesswasdiscovered
TheyonlystartedusingitinWorldWarII,whenitwasaboutfinishedintermsofresearch

"Penicillin(OralRoute,InjectionRoute,IntravenousRoute,IntramuscularRoute)."
DrugsandSupplements
.
Micromedex,01Sept.2014.Web.01Dec.2014.
<
http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugssupplements/penicillinoralrouteinjectionrouteintravenousrouteintram
uscularroute/description/drg20062334
>.
Penicillinisadministeredinseveralforms:tablets,chewabletablets,extendedreleasetablets,
capsules,tabletsforsuspension,powderforsuspension,suspension,syrup,solution,orpowderfor
solution.
Threedosagetypes:oral,intravenous,andintramuscular
Workbykillingexistinginfectiousbacteriaandpreventingmoregrowth
Doesnottreatcold,influenza,orviralinfections
Differenttypesofpenicillinfordifferentinfectionsindifferentareasofthebody
Chlamydia(inpregnantwomen):useAmoxicillinandampicillin

Gasgangrene:usePenicillinG

Helicobacterpylori,pepticulcerdisease,orgastrointestinalinfections:useAmoxicillin

Leptospirosis(fieldfever):useAmpicillinandpenicillinG

Lymedisease:useAmoxicillinandpenicillinV

Typhoidfever:useAmoxicillinandampicillin

Somepenicillinsmaynotbeusedtoreplaceothertypes
Havenotshownanyadversesideeffectsindifferentagegroups(pediatric,geriatric,etc.)
Althoughtherehasnotbeenanyprofessionalresearchontheeffectspenicillinhasonpregnant
women,itisstillcommonlyusedwithpregnantwomenandissaidtocausenobirthdefect
Evensmallamountsofpenicillinmaycausesideeffects,likeallergicreactions
Cautionmustbetakenifyouaretakingothermedicationsordrugswithpenicillin,aspotentially
fatalreactionsmayoccur

"HowPenicillinKillsBacteria."
HowPenicillinKillsBacteria
.QuillGraphics,n.d.Web.01Dec.2014.
<
http://www.cellsalive.com/pen.htm
>.
AsE.Colicellwallsgrow,theyrupturebecausetheyareweakenedfromthepenicillin
bacteriagrows,butcannotdividebecausethetranspeptidase(synthesizationofcellwalls)obstructed
bypenicillin
betalactamasedestroyspenicillinsstructure
Asolutionwastodeviseotherpenicillinlikeantibiotics(lactams)withstructuresthatarenot
destroyedbylactamase
Oneofthesesolutionswasmethicillin,howeveronlyarrivedinthe1950s,aboutadecadeafterthe
SpanishCivilWar
someStaphhasrecentlygrownimmunetomethicillinandotherpenicillins
Ithasdonethisbychangingthestructureofthepenicillinsdisruptiontarget
Whenantibioticsaremisused(incorrectlyusedtotreatviralinfections),theycauseregularbacteria
tobecomeimmuneandcreateantibioticresistantbacteria
Wecannotstopresearchingantibacterialpharmaceuticals(suchasthegapfromWWIandWWII
duringSpanishCivilWar)
Thisisduetothefactthatinfectionswillevolvetobecomeimmunetopenicillinsandantibacterial
pharmaceuticalsovertime
Cellsdivideaboutevery20minutes,whichiswhentheywouldexplode

InglisArkell,Esther."InCaseofApocalypse,Here'sHowtoMakePenicillininYourKitchen."
Io9
.Kinja,13
Aug.2013.Web.01Dec.2014.
<
http://io9.com/incaseofapocalypsehereshowtomakepenicillinin1110902296
>.
Theonlywaytoeliminatebacteriabeforethediscoveryofantibioticswasexternally
Youwouldhavetoeliminateallbacteriawithsimplysoapandwater
Oncebacteriaenteredthebodyitwasdeadly
Scientistsattemptedtofightoffbacteriawithantibacterialagentsinjectedintothebody,howeverit
killedpatientsbeforetheinfectiondid
Penicillinsdiscoverywasallanaccident,howeverittookmanyyearstodevelopasafeandusable
strainofpenicillium
AlexanderFlemingfirsthypothesizedthatthebodycouldwithstandabacteriafightingsubstance
inthebody,whenhisnasaldripfellintoabacteriadishhewasexperimentingwithandkilledofthe
bacteriasurroundingit
Laterhefoundthatbacteriadishesthathadnotbeenimmersedinbleachallowedbacteriatothrive,
andwhenmoldfromotherexperimentshadgottenontothedishesitsoonkilledoffthebacteria
Penicilliummoldbeginsasagrayishcolorandthentransformsintoamorebluishgreen
Evenwiththerightkindoffungigrowing,filteringouteverythingbutthepenicillinisdifficult
Toextractpenicillin:
Incubatethemoldinasterileflaskforsevendaysataround70degrees.
(Sterilizetheflaskbyputtingitinanovenat315degreesforanhour.)Separately,inanothersterile
flask,add:
Into500mlofcoldtapwaterput44.0gramsLactoseMonohydrate,25.0grams
cornstarch,3.0gramssodiumnitrate,0.25gramsmagnesiumsulfate,0.50gramspotassium
phosphatemono,2.75gramsglucosemonohydrate,0.044gramszincsulfate,0.044grams
manganesesulfate.Thenaddenoughcoldtapwatertomakeoneliter.Usehydrochloricacidto
adjustthepHtobetween5.0and5.5.
Lastaddinthemoldsporesandincubateforanotherweek.
Strain/filterthesolutionandyouhavehomemadepenicillin

"MedicalInnovationsandWar."
ScienceMuseum.BroughttoLife:ExploringtheHistoryofMedicine
.N.p.,
n.d.Web.01Dec.2014.<
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/war/innovations.aspx
>.
InboththeSpanishCivilWarandWWII,vaccineswereused(suchasfortetanusshots)
tetanusstrikesthenervoussystemsandcausesmuchpain
Newwaystostorebloodmadefornewbloodtransfusions
ThesetechniquesdemonstratedintheSpanishCivilWarallowedforabettertreatmentinWorldWar
II
sulphonamidesandpenicillinusedtotreatwoundsandvenerealdiseases
medicinalfocusshiftedfrompopulationtomilitary
Militarywantedtomakesuretheirtroopscouldremain
therewasnotmuchuseoutsideofmilitary
motorizedambulancesstartinginWWI
Women,nurses,movedclosertothefrontlineofbattle

Brown,JohnC."WhattheHeckIsPenicillin?"
Jack's"BugsintheNews"WhattheHeckIsPenicillin?
KU
Microbiotics,July2001.Web.02Dec.2014.<
http://people.ku.edu/~igmdoc/penicillin.html
>.
Penicillinwasthefirstnaturallyoccurringantibioticfound
Anantibiotic(Greek
anti
,againstand
bio
life)isanysubstanceproducedbyamicroorganism
whichcankillorinhibitthegrowthofadifferentmicroorganism
Theseantibioticsarealsocalledchemotherapeuticagents
OriginallydiscoveredbyErnestDuchesnein1896andwasoverlooked
LaterrediscoveredbyFlemingin1928

Cellmembranesaremadeoutofsugarpolymers
Penicillinblockstheactionoftheenzyme(transpeptidase)thatbindsthepolymer
Fermentationcontainershaveliquidsandnutrientsnecessarytoferment
Penicilliumchrysogenum

oneofthespeciesof
Penicillium
whichcanbegrowninstirredfermentersforlargescale
production
Penicillincannotbegiven100%ofnecessarynutrientstogrowandferment,becauseitonly
producesalargeamountifitisincompetitionwithotherbacteriasforfood
HowardFlorey,ErnstChain,andNormanHeatley,ateamofscientistsfromOxfordisolatedand
purifiedastrainofpenicilliumandtesteditonmicethathad
streptococciorstaphylococci
Theexperimentwassuccessfulandpenicillinwasreleasedtothepublicinthe1940sforhuman
clinicaltrialstobeconducted

Wong,George."Penicillin,TheWonderDrug."
Penicillin,TheWonderDrug
.N.p.,18Nov.2003.Web.01
Dec.2014.<
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect21b.htm
>.
Skinisthefirstlayertodiseaseprotection,thereforeyouarevulnerablewhenitisremoved(acutor
wound)
therewasahunttofindsomethingtotreatdiseaseswithouthurtingpeople(moreinfections,
amputation)
septicemia=bloodpoisoning
Flemingwaslookingatstaphwhenhefoundpenicillin
sulfadrugsdiscoveredin1930s
Itrequiredtheentireteamsofscientiststoextractenoughpenicillintobegintestingonpeople(1940)
HowardFlorey=startedtakingleadinresearchingpenicillinin1938
ErnstChain=oneofmainscientistswhoworkedwithFloreysharedaNobelPrizewithFloreyand
Fleming
CecilPainefirstdemonstratedpenicillinasusefulforhumans
GermTheoryofDisease=Conceptthateachdiseaseiscausedbyacertainbacteria

Garritz,Andoni,SantiagoCapella,JosAntonioChamizo,andJulianGarritz."ExiledChemistsofthe
SpanishCivilWar'sFootprintinMexico.HistoryonFiveRenownedSpanishMexicanChemists."
Academia.edu
.N.p.,01Jan.2013.Web.01Dec.2014.
<
http://www.academia.edu/5006486/Exiled_Chemists_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_s_Footprint_in_Mexico._
History_on_five_renowned_SpanishMexican_chemists
>.
thereisnodefiniterecordoftheamountofchemists,pharmacists,andengineersexiledfromSpain
duringthewar
itisestimatedatleastsixtysomeofwhichhadaPh.D
TheSpanishscientistswereveryimportantinLatinAmerica
pharmacistLeopoldoRiodelaLozawrotethefirstchemistrybookfromMexico
SpanishscientistsexiledtoMexicocontributedtoLatinAmericasdevelopmentphaseafterthe
GreatDepressionandduringtheSecondWorldWar
Theyimprovedbasiceducation,theinfrastructureofcities,andhelpedtheindustrygrowthrough
agricultureandreplacingimportswithlocalproducts
theymadeschoolsandinstitutesofresearchandchemistry
MexicangovernmentmadelaCasadeEspana(TheHouseofSpain)togatheralltheexiled
Spaniards
ACommitteefortheExpansionofScientificStudiesandResearchwasfounded

itsentyoungSpaniardstootherEuropeancountries(notSpain)tolearnsciencethewayitwasdone
inthoseothercountriesandthenreturntoSpain(whenallowedto,Ibelieve)tospreadthosemethods
andmoreimportantlybeingoriginalresearch

ExperimentalSetup:
pleasereferto
materials
(aboveindocument)listforexperimentandprocedures