Análisis Vectorial

CHAPTER 7 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
7.1 INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

1. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test.
2. Not one-to-one, the graph fails the horizontal test.
3. Not one-to-one since (for example) the horizontal line y # intersects the graph twice.
4. Not one-to-one, the graph fails the horizontal test.
5. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test
6. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test
7. Domain: 0 x 1, Range: 0 y
9. Domain: 1 x 1, Range: 1# y
8. Domain: x 1, Range: y 0
1
#
10. Domain: _ x _, Range: 1# y
11. The graph is symmetric about y x.
(b) y 1 x# y# 1 x# x# 1 y# x 1 y# y 1 x# f " (x)
1
#
426
Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions
12. The graph is symmetric about y x.
"
x
"
y
"
x
f " (x)
13. Step 1: y x# 1 x# y 1 x y 1
Step 2: y x 1 f " (x)
14. Step 1: y x# x y, since x !.
Step 2: y x f " (x)
15. Step 1: y x$ 1 x$ y 1 x (y 1)"$
Step 2: y $x 1 f " (x)
16. Step 1: y x# 2x 1 y (x 1)# y x 1, since x 1 x 1 y
Step 2: y 1 x f " (x)
17. Step 1: y (x 1)# y x 1, since x 1 x y 1
Step 2: y x 1 f " (x)
18. Step 1: y x#$ x y$#
Step 2: y x$# f " (x)
19. Step 1: y x& x y"&
Step 2: y &x f " (x);
Domain and Range of f " : all reals;
&
f af " (x)b x"& x and f " (f(x)) ax& b
"&
"%
20. Step 1: y x% x y"%

Step 2: y %x f " (x);
Domain of f " : x 0, Range of f " : y 0;
%
f af " (x)b x"% x and f " (f(x)) ax% b
21. Step 1: y x$ 1 x$ y 1 x (y 1)"$

Step 2: y $x 1 f " (x);
$
f af " (x)b (x 1)"$ 1 (x 1) 1 x and f " (f(x)) aax$ 1b 1b
"$
ax$ b
"$
Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives

22. Step 1: y
"
#
x
"
#
7
#
"
xy
7
#
x 2y 7
Step 2: y 2x 7 f (x);
f af " (x)b "# (2x 7) 7# x 7#
23. Step 1: y
Step 2: y
"
x#
x#
"
y
"
x
f " (x)
7
#
x and f " (f(x)) 2 "# x 7# 7 (x 7) 7 x
"
y
Domain of f " : x 0, Range of f " : y 0;

f af " (x)b "" # "" x and f " (f(x))
x
24. Step 1: y
"
x$
x$
"
x"$
"
Step 2: y
Domain of f
f af " (x)b
"
y
(c)
26. (a) y
"
5
"
$
ax"$ b
"
x"
2,
df "
dx x1
x7
df
dx x1
(c)
x since x 0
"
y"$
x and f " (f(x)) x"$
"
5
"5 ,
"
df
dx
4,
df "
dx x3
x"
"
(b)
x
#
3
#
xy7
x$%&
"$
"
#
"
(b)
(x) 5x 35
27. (a) y 5 4x 4x 5 y
x 54 y4 f " (x)
df
dx x1#
"
"x
: x 0, Range of f " : y 0;
x 5y 35 f
(c)
$ x" f " (x);
25. (a) y 2x 3 2x y 3
x y# 3# f " (x)
df
dx x1
"
x"#
"
4
(b)
5
4
x
4
427
428

"
#
28. (a) y 2x# x#

x
(c)
df
dx x&
"
2
(b)
y f
"
(x)
x#
4xk x5 20,
df "
dx x&0
"
# 2
x"#
x50
"
#0
$
$
29. (a) f(g(x)) $x x, g(f(x)) x$ x
(b)
(c) f (x) 3x f (1) 3, f (1) 3;

gw (x) 3" x#$ gw (1) 3" , gw (1)
"
3
(d) The line y 0 is tangent to f(x) x$ at (! !);

the line x 0 is tangent to g(x) $x at (0 0)
30. (a) h(k(x))
"
4
(4x)"$ $ x,
k(h(x)) 4
(c) hw (x)
w
k (x)
x$
4
"$
(b)
3x
w
w
4 h (2) 3, h (2)
4
#$
kw (2) "3 ,
3 (4x)
3;
kw (2)
(d) The line y 0 is tangent to h(x)
x$
4
"
3
at (! !);
the line x 0 is tangent to k(x) (4x)"$ at

(! !)
3x# 6x
31.
df
dx
33.
df "
dx x 4
df "
dx x f(3)
df "
dx x f(2)
35. (a) y mx x
"
m
(b) The graph of y f

36. y mx b x
y
m
"
df
dx
x2
"
df
dx
x3
"
3"
y f " (x)
"
"
9
"
m
2x 4
32.
df
dx
34.
dg"
dx x 0
b
m
dg"
dx x f(0)
"
dg
dx
x0
"
df
dx
x5
"
6
"
2
(x) is a line through the origin with slope
df "
dx x f(5)
f " (x)
"
m
x
b
m;
"
m.
the graph of f " (x) is a line with slope
37. (a) y x 1 x y 1 f " (x) x 1

(b) y x b x y b f " (x) x b
(c) Their graphs will be parallel to one another and lie on
opposite sides of the line y x equidistant from that
line.
"
m
and y-intercept mb .

38. (a) y x 1 x y 1 f " (x) 1 x;
the lines intersect at a right angle
(b) y x b x y b f " (x) b x;
the lines intersect at a right angle
(c) Such a function is its own inverse.
39. Let x" x# be two numbers in the domain of an increasing function f. Then, either x" x# or
x" x# which implies f(x" ) f(x# ) or f(x" ) f(x# ), since f(x) is increasing. In either case,
f(x" ) f(x# ) and f is one-to-one. Similar arguments hold if f is decreasing.
40. f(x) is increasing since x# x"
"
3
x#
5
6
"
3
x" 56 ;
df
dx
"
3
41. f(x) is increasing since x# x" 27x$# 27x"$ ; y 27x$ x

df
dx
81x#
"
df
dx
"
81x# 13 x"$
"
9x#$
"
9
df "
dx
"
3
df
dx
24x#
df
dx
"
24x# 12 1x"$
y"$ f " (x)
"
3
x"$ ;
x#$
42. f(x) is decreasing since x# x" 1 8x$# 1 8x"$ ; y 1 8x$ x

"
"
"3
"
6(" x)#$
"
#
(1 y)"$ f " (x)
"
#
(1 x)"$ ;
"6 (1 x)#$
43. f(x) is decreasing since x# x" (1 x# )$ (1 x" )$ ; y (1 x)$ x 1 y"$ f " (x) 1 x"$ ;
df
dx
3(1 x)#
df "
dx
"
3(1 x)# 1cx"$
&$
44. f(x) is increasing since x# x" x#

df
dx
5
3
x#$
df "
dx
5
3
"
x#$ x$&
3
5x#&
"
3x#$
"3 x#$
&$
x" ; y x&$ x y$& f " (x) x$& ;
3
5
x#&
45. The function g(x) is also one-to-one. The reasoning: f(x) is one-to-one means that if x" x# then
f(x" ) f(x# ), so f(x" ) f(x# ) and therefore g(x" ) g(x# ). Therefore g(x) is one-to-one as well.
46. The function h(x) is also one-to-one. The reasoning: f(x) is one-to-one means that if x" x# then
f(x" ) f(x# ), so f(x"" ) f(x"# ) , and therefore h(x" ) h(x# ).
47. The composite is one-to-one also. The reasoning: If x" x# then g(x" ) g(x# ) because g is one-to-one. Since
g(x" ) g(x# ), we also have f(g(x" )) f(g(x# )) because f is one-to-one. Thus, f g is one-to-one because
x" x# f(g(x" )) f(g(x# )).
48. Yes, g must be one-to-one. If g were not one-to-one, there would exist numbers x" x# in the domain of g
with g(x" ) g(x# ). For these numbers we would also have f(g(x" )) f(g(x# )), contradicting the assumption
that f g is one-to-one.
429
430
49. The first integral is the area between f(x) and the x-axis
over a x b. The second integral is the area between
f(x) and the y-axis for f(a) y f(b). The sum of the
integrals is the area of the larger rectangle with corners
at (0 0), (b 0), (b f(b)) and (0 f(b)) minus the area of the
smaller rectangle with vertices at (0 0), (a 0), (a f(a)) and
(0 f(a)). That is, the sum of the integrals is bf(b) af(a).
50. f w axb
acx dba aax bbc

acx db#
ad bc
.
acx db#
Thus if ad bc !, f w axb is either always positive or always negative. Hence faxb is
either always increasing or always decreasing. If follows that faxb is one-to-one if ad bc !.

51. (g f)(x) x g(f(x)) x gw (f(x))f w (x) 1
52. W(a) 'f(a) 1 af " (y)b a# dy 0 'a 21x[f(a) f(x)] dx S(a); Ww (t) 1af " (f(t))b a# f w (t)
f(a)
1 at# a# b f w (t); also S(t) 21f(t)'a x dx 21'a xf(x) dx c1f(t)t# 1f(t)a# d 21'a xf(x) dx
t
Sw (t) 1t# f w (t) 21tf(t) 1a# f w (t) 21tf(t) 1 at# a# b f w (t) Ww (t) Sw (t). Therefore, W(t) S(t)
for all t [a b].
53-60. Example CAS commands:
Maple:
with( plots );#53
f := x -> sqrt(3*x-2);
domain := 2/3 .. 4;
x0 := 3;
Df := D(f);
# (a)
plot( [f(x),Df(x)], x=domain, color=[red,blue], linestyle=[1,3], legend=["y=f(x)","y=f '(x)"],
title="#53(a) (Section 7.1)" );
q1 := solve( y=f(x), x );
# (b)
g := unapply( q1, y );
m1 := Df(x0);
# (c)
t1 := f(x0)+m1*(x-x0);
y=t1;
m2 := 1/Df(x0);
# (d)
t2 := g(f(x0)) + m2*(x-f(x0));
y=t2;
domaing := map(f,domain);
# (e)
p1 := plot( [f(x),x], x=domain, color=[pink,green], linestyle=[1,9], thickness=[3,0] ):
p2 := plot( g(x), x=domaing, color=cyan, linestyle=3, thickness=4 ):
p3 := plot( t1, x=x0-1..x0+1, color=red, linestyle=4, thickness=0 ):
p4 := plot( t2, x=f(x0)-1..f(x0)+1, color=blue, linestyle=7, thickness=1 ):
p5 := plot( [ [x0,f(x0)], [f(x0),x0] ], color=green ):
display( [p1,p2,p3,p4,p5], scaling=constrained, title="#53(e) (Section 7.1)" );
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and x0 may vary)
If a function requires the odd root of a negative number, begin by loading the RealOnly package that allows Mathematica
to do this. See section 2.5 for details.
<<Miscellaneous `RealOnly`
Clear[x, y]
431
{a,b} = {2, 1}; x0 = 1/2 ;

f[x_] = (3x 2) / (2x 11)
Plot[{f[x], f'[x]}, {x, a, b}]
solx = Solve[y == f[x], x]
g[y_] = x /. solx[[1]]
y0 = f[x0]
ftan[x_] = y0 f'[x0] (x-x0)
gtan[y_] = x0 1/ f'[x0] (y y0)
Plot[{f[x], ftan[x], g[x], gtan[x], Identity[x]},{x, a, b},
Epilog Line[{{x0, y0},{y0, x0}}], PlotRange {{a,b},{a,b}}, AspectRatio Automatic]
61-62. Example CAS commands:
Maple:
with( plots );
eq := cos(y) = x^(1/5);
domain := 0 .. 1;
x0 := 1/2;
f := unapply( solve( eq, y ), x ); # (a)
Df := D(f);
plot( [f(x),Df(x)], x=domain, color=[red,blue], linestyle=[1,3], legend=["y=f(x)","y=f '(x)"],
title="#62(a) (Section 7.1)" );
q1 := solve( eq, x );
# (b)
g := unapply( q1, y );
m1 := Df(x0);
# (c)
t1 := f(x0)+m1*(x-x0);
y=t1;
m2 := 1/Df(x0);
# (d)
t2 := g(f(x0)) + m2*(x-f(x0));
y=t2;
domaing := map(f,domain);
# (e)
p1 := plot( [f(x),x], x=domain, color=[pink,green], linestyle=[1,9], thickness=[3,0] ):
p2 := plot( g(x), x=domaing, color=cyan, linestyle=3, thickness=4 ):
p3 := plot( t1, x=x0-1..x0+1, color=red, linestyle=4, thickness=0 ):
p4 := plot( t2, x=f(x0)-1..f(x0)+1, color=blue, linestyle=7, thickness=1 ):
p5 := plot( [ [x0,f(x0)], [f(x0),x0] ], color=green ):
display( [p1,p2,p3,p4,p5], scaling=constrained, title="#62(e) (Section 7.1)" );
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and x0 may vary)
For problems 61 and 62, the code is just slightly altered. At times, different "parts" of solutions need to be used, as in the
definitions of f[x] and g[y]
Clear[x, y]
{a,b} = {0, 1}; x0 = 1/2 ;
eqn = Cos[y] == x1/5
soly = Solve[eqn, y]
f[x_] = y /. soly[[2]]
Plot[{f[x], f'[x]}, {x, a, b}]
solx = Solve[eqn, x]
g[y_] = x /. solx[[1]]
y0 = f[x0]
ftan[x_] = y0 f'[x0] (x x0)
432

gtan[y_] = x0 1/ f'[x0] (y y0)
Plot[{f[x], ftan[x], g[x], gtan[x], Identity[x]},{x, a, b},
Epilog Line[{{x0, y0},{y0, x0}}], PlotRange {{a, b}, {a, b}}, AspectRatio Automatic]
7.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

1. (a) ln 0.75 ln
(b) ln
4
9
"
#
3
4
ln 3 ln 4 ln 3 ln 2# ln 3 2 ln 2
ln 4 ln 9 ln 2# ln 3# 2 ln 2 2 ln 3
ln 1 ln 2 ln 2
(d) ln $9 "3 ln 9
(e) ln 32 ln 3 ln 2"# ln 3 "# ln 2
(f) ln 13.5 " ln 13.5 " ln 27 " aln 3$ ln 2b " (3 ln 3 ln 2)
(c) ln
2. (a) ln
"
125
(e) ln 0.056 ln
ln 35 ln
ln 25
"
7
7
125
3
#
"
#
2
3
ln 3
(b) ln 9.8 ln
49
5
ln 7# ln 5 2 ln 7 ln 5
(d) ln 1225 ln 35# 2 ln 35 2 ln 5 2 ln 7
ln 7 ln 5$ ln 7 3 ln 5
ln 5 ln 7 ln 7
# ln 5
ln 3#
ln 7
"
#
3. (a) ln sin ) ln sin5 ) ln

(c)
ln 1 3 ln 5 3 ln 5
(c) ln 77 ln 7$#
(f)
"
3
sin )
sin5 )
"
(b) ln a3x# 9xb ln 3x
ln 3x 3x 9x ln (x 3)
ln 5
ln a4t% b ln 2 ln 4t% ln 2 ln 2t# ln 2 ln 2t# ln at# b
4. (a) ln sec ) ln cos ) ln [(sec ))(cos ))] ln 1 0

(b) ln (8x 4) ln 2# ln (8x 4) ln 4 ln 8x 4 4 ln (2x 1)
$
"$
")
(c) 3 ln t# 1 ln (t 1) 3 ln at# 1b ln (t 1) 3 "3 ln at# 1b ln (t 1) ln (t (t1)(t
1)
ln (t 1)
1
5. y ln 3x yw 3x
(3)
7. y ln at# b
9. y ln
3
x
10. y ln
10
x
t"# (2t)
dy
dt
ln 3x"
dy
dx
ln 10x"
11. y ln () 1)
13. y ln x$
dy
dx
15. y t(ln t)#
dy
d)
17. y
x%
4
ln x
dy
dt
8. y ln t$#
2
t
dy
dx
dy
dx
" 3 "#
t$#
# t
3
2t
10x"" a10x# b x"

"
)1
dy
dt
12. y ln (2) 2)
14. y (ln x)$
3
x
(ln t)# 2t(ln t)
dy
dt
3x"" a3x# b x"
x"$ a3x# b
"
#(ln t)"#
x%
16
"
6. y ln kx yw kx
(k) x
) " 1 (1)
16. y tln t t(ln t)"#

(ln t)"#
"
x
d
dt
(ln t) (ln t)#
(ln t)"# "# t(ln t)"#
x$ ln x
x%
4
"
x
4x$
16
d
dt
x$ ln x
2t ln t
t
dy
dx
dy
d)
#) " 2 (2)
3(ln x)#
(ln t)# 2 ln t
(ln t) (ln t)"#
t(ln t)"#
#t
d
dx
"
)1
(ln x)
3(ln x)#
x
Section 7.2 Natural Logarithms

18. y
x$
3
ln x
x$
9
19. y
ln t
t
20. y
" ln t
t
21. y
ln x
1 ln x
yw
(1 ln x) "x (ln x) x"

(1 ln x)#
22. y
x ln x
1 ln x
yw
(1ln x) ln x x "x (x ln x) x"

(1ln x)#
dy
dt
x# ln x
dy
dx
t "t (ln t)(1)

t#
dy
dt
23. y ln (ln x) yw ln"x "x

"
ln (ln x)
25. y )[sin (ln )) cos (ln ))]
"
x
3x#
9
x# ln x
1 ln t
t#
t "t (" ln t)(1)

t#
24. y ln (ln (ln x)) yw
x$
3
" 1 ln t
t#
"
x
lnt# t
lnxx lnxx
(1 ln x)#
"
x(1 ln x)#
(" ln x)# ln x
(1 ln x)#
1
ln x
(1 ln x)#
"
x ln x
d
dx
(ln (ln x))
"
ln (ln x)
"
ln x
(ln x)
d
dx
"
x (ln x) ln (ln x)
[sin (ln )) cos (ln ))] ) cos (ln ))
dy
d)
sin (ln )) cos (ln )) cos (ln )) sin (ln )) 2 cos (ln ))
26. y ln (sec ) tan ))
dy
d)
"
x x 1
"
#
27. y ln
28. y
"
#
29. y
1 ln t
1 ln t
ln
1x
1x
ln x
"
#
dy
dt
"
#
(1 ln t)#
"
t"#
31. y ln (sec (ln )))
"
#
sin ) cos )
1 2 ln )
"
#
"#
dy
dt
#" t"#
dy
d)
"
#
"
#
"
t
"
#
1 " x 1 " x (1)
lnt t "t lnt t
(1 ln t)#
ln t"# "#
"
#
1x1x
(1
x)(" x)
2
t(1 ln t)#
ln t"#
"
#
ln t"# "#
sec (ln )) tan (ln ))

sec (ln ))
d
d)
d
dt
"
t"#
d
dt
t"#
"
sec (ln ))
d
d)
(sec (ln )))
dy
d)
"
#
(ln ))
)
cos
sin )
tan (ln ))
)
sin )
cos )
2
)
1 # ln )
"
#
ln (1 x) yw
52x
x# 1
[5 ln (x 1) 20 ln (x 2)] yw
"
#
#" 1 " x (1)
x 5 1
20
x#
5
#
10x
x# 1
"
#(1 x)
4(x 1)
(x(x2)1)(x
2)
2
5# (x 3x1)(x
#)
35. y 'x#2 ln t dt
x#
"
1 x#
4
)(1 2 ln ))
&
34. y ln (x(x2)1)#!
sec )
"
4tln t
x 1b
33. y ln a
5 ln ax# 1b
1x
&
sec )(tan ) sec ))

tan ) sec )
(ln sin ) ln cos )) ln (1 2 ln ))
cot ) tan )
#
sin (ln )) ")
1) x
3x 2
ln (x 1) yw x" #" x " 1 2(x
2x(x 1) 2x(x 1)
(1ln t) "t (1 ln t) "

t
ln t"# "#
32. y ln
sec ) tan ) sec# )

sec ) tan )
cln (1 x) ln (1 x)d yw
30. y ln t ln t"#
"
)
dy
dx
ln x#
d
dx
ax# b ln x#
d
dx
x# 2x ln kxk x ln
kx k
2
433
434

x
36. y 'x ln t dt
$
$
ln
x
$x ln x
d
dx
d
dx
x ln $x "3 x#$ ln x #" x"#
ln x
2 x
3 x#
ln $x
dy
dx
37.
2
'cc32 x" dx cln kxkd #
$ ln 2 ln 3 ln 3
38.
'c01 3x3# dx cln k3x 2kd !" ln 2 ln 5 ln 52
39.
' y 2y25 dy ln ky# 25k C
40.
' 4r8r5 dr ln k4r# 5k C
41.
42.
'01 2sincost t dt cln k2 cos tkd !1 ln 3 ln 1 ln 3; or let u 2 cos t du sin t dt with t 0

1
3
u 1 and t 1 u 3 '0 2sincost t dt '1 "u du cln kukd $" ln 3 ln 1 ln 3
'013 14 4sincos) ) d) cln k1 4 cos )kd !1$ ln k1 2k ln 3 ln "3 ; or let u 1 4 cos ) du 4 sin ) d)
13
1
"
with ) 0 u 3 and ) 13 u 1 '0 14 4sincos) ) d) '3 u" du cln kukd "
$ ln 3 ln 3
43. Let u ln x du
'1
2 ln x
x
dx '0
ln 2
'2
dx
x ln x
'ln 2
ln 4
"
u
ln 2
'2
dx
x(ln x)#
'2
dx; x 2 u ln 2 and x 4 u ln 4;
#
"
x
'ln 2 u# du "u ln 2 ln"4

ln 4
ln 4
46. Let u ln x du
16
"
x
4
ln 2
2 ln 2 ln 2
du cln ud lnln 42 ln (ln 4) ln (ln 2) ln ln
ln 2 ln ln 2 ln ln 2
45. Let u ln x du
4
dx; x 1 u 0 and x 2 u ln 2;
2u du cu# d 0 (ln 2)#
44. Let u ln x du
4
"
x
dx
2xln x
"
#
'ln 2
ln 16
"
x
"
ln #
ln"##
"
ln 2
2 ln" #
"
ln #
"
# ln 2
"
ln 4
u"# du u"# ln 2 ln 16 ln 2 4 ln 2 ln 2 2ln 2 ln 2 ln 2

ln 16
47. Let u 6 3 tan t du 3 sec# t dt;
t
' 6 3sec
' duu ln kuk C ln k6 3 tan tk C
3 tan t dt
#
48. Let u 2 sec y du sec y tan y dy;
' sec# ysectanyy dy ' duu ln kuk C ln k2 sec yk C
49. Let u cos
x
#
du "# sin
sin
'012 tan x# dx '012 cos
x
#
dx 2 du sin
1
50. Let u sin t du cos t dt; t
'1142 cot t dt '1142

51. Let u sin
)
3
cos t
sin t
du
'12 2 cot 3) d) '12

1
1
4
du
u
dx; x 0 u 1 and x
c2 ln kukd 11
"
2
and t
1
#
"
dt '12 du
u cln kukd "# ln
1
"
3
1 2 cos
sin
dx 2 '1
x
#
x
#
x
#
cos
)
)
3
d) 6 du 2 cos
32
d) 6 '12
du
u
)
3
2 ln
"
2
2 ln 2 ln 2
u 1;
"
2
d) ; )
32
"
2
1
#
ln 2
1
#
6 cln kukd 12 6 ln
3
#
"
#
and ) 1 u
3
#
ln "# 6 ln 3 ln 27

1
1#
52. Let u cos 3x du 3 sin 3x dx 2 du 6 sin 3x dx; x 0 u 1 and x

12
'0112 6 tan 3x dx '0112 6cossin3x3x dx 2 '1

53.
'
'
dx
2x 2x
dx
;
2 x 1 x
du
u
2 cln kukd 11
let u 1 x du
"
# x
2 ln
"
2
"
2
ln 1 2 ln 2 ln 2
' 2x dx1 x '
dx;
ln kuk C
du
u
ln 1 x C ln 1 x C
54. Let u sec x tan x du asec x tan x sec# xb dx (sec x)(tan x sec x) dx sec x dx
'
sec x dx
ln (sec x tan x)
'
du
uln u
' (ln u)"#

"
#
55. y x(x 1) (x(x 1))"# ln y

yw "# x(x 1) x"
"
x 1
"
#
56. y ax# 1b (x 1)# ln y

yw ax# +1b (x 1)# x
57. y t t 1 t t 1
dy
dt
"
#
"#
t t 1 "t
x
1

"
#
ln y
"
t1
"
#
dy
dt
du 2(ln u)"# C 2ln (sec x tan x) C
ln (x(x 1)) 2 ln y ln (x) ln (x 1)
x(x 1) (2x 1)
2x(x 1)
"
x1
dy
d)
" dy
y dt
dy
d)
62. y
dy
dt
x 2x 1
"t
"
x 1
a2x x 1b kx 1k
x 1 (x 1)
#
"
t1
" dy
y dt
[ln t ln (t 1)]
#" "t
"
t1
2t 1
2 at# tb$#
"
#
ln () 3) ln (sin ))
)
(tan )) 2) 1 sec
tan )
"
#) 1
asec# )b 2) 1
t(t 1)(t+2) "t
"
t1
"
t#
" dy
y d)
"
#() 3)
cos )
sin )
"t
"
t1
"
t#
ln (2) 1)
)5
) cos ) ln y ln () 5) ln )
dy
)5 ) " 5 ") tan )
d) ) cos )
" dy
y d)
sec# )
tan )
#" #) 2 1
tan )
2) 1
" dy
y dt
"
t
"
t1
"
t#
t(t 2) t(t 1)
t(t 1)(t 2) (t 1)(t t(t2)1)(t
3t# 6t 2
2)
ln y ln 1 ln t ln (t 1) ln (t 2)
"
t(t 1)(t 2)
"
#
"
t(t 1)(t #)
" dy
y dt
"t
t(t 2) t(t 1)
(t 1)(t t(t2)1)(t
2)
"
x
2
x1
at$3t3t#6t2t2b#
63. y
) 3 (sin )) 2() " 3) cot )
"
t(t 1)(t 2)
dy
dt
"
2t (t 1)$#
61. y t(t 1)(t 2) ln y ln t ln (t 1) ln (t 2)
"
#
60. y (tan )) 2) 1 (tan ))(2) 1)"# ln y ln (tan ))
"
#
59. y ) 3 (sin )) () 3)"# sin ) ln y
y
y
[ln t ln (t 1)]
"
#
2y
y
2x "
2x(x 1)
ax# 1b (x 1)# axx x1b (xx 1)1
t t 1 t(t " 1)
"
"# t(t 1 1) t(t2t 1)
cln ax# 1b 2 ln (x 1)d
58. y t(t 1 1) [t(t 1)]"# ln y
"
u
du
u ;
ln (cos ))
" dy
y d)
"
)5
"
)
sin )
cos )
"
t1
"
t#
435
436
64. y
) sin )
sec ) ln y
dy
) sin ) "
d) sec ) )
65. y
"
#
ln ) ln (sin ))
cot )
"
#
"!
&
"
#
&
2)
67. y x(x
x 1 ln y
$
2) "
x(x
x# 1
x
"
3
yw
"
3
1b
2
3
ln (x 1)
cln x ln (x 2) ln ax# 1bd

"
x#
"
3
1)(x 2) "
ax(x
x# 1b (2x 3) x
"
3
cos )
sin )
(sec ))(tan ))
2 sec )
y
y
"
x
y
y
5
x1
x
x 1
#
2
3(x 1)
5
2x 1
5
2x 1
1)(x 2)
68. y ax(x
x# 1b (2x 3) ln y
yw
")
[10 ln (x 1) 5 ln (2x 1)]
(x 1) 5
yw (2x
x1
1)
"!
" dy
y d)
tan )
x x# 1
ln y ln x "# ln ax#
(x 1)#
#
yw x(x x1)#$1 "x x# x 1 3(x 2 1)
(x 1)
66. y (2x
1) ln y
ln (sec ))
y
y
"
3
"x
"
x#
2x
x 1
#
2x
x# 1
cln x ln (x 1) ln (x 2) ln ax# 1b ln (2x 3)d

"
x1
"
x#
2x
x# 1
2
2x 3
sin x
1
w
w
69. (a) f(x) ln (cos x) f w (x) cos
x tan x 0 x 0; f (x) 0 for 4 x 0 and f (x) 0 for
0 x 13 there is a relative maximum at x 0 with f(0) ln (cos 0) ln 1 0; f 14 ln cos 14
ln "2 #" ln 2 and f 13 ln cos 13 ln

x
1
3
"
#
ln 2. Therefore, the absolute minimum occurs at
with f 13 ln 2 and the absolute maximum occurs at x 0 with f(0) 0.
(b) f(x) cos (ln x) f w (x)
sin (ln x)
x
0 x 1; f w (x) 0 for
"
#
x 1 and f w (x) 0 for 1 x 2

there is a relative maximum at x 1 with f(1) cos (ln 1) cos 0 1; f "# cos ln "#
cos ( ln 2) cos (ln 2) and f(2) cos (ln 2). Therefore, the absolute minimum occurs at x
x 2 with f "# f(2) cos (ln 2), and the absolute maximum occurs at x 1 with f(1) 1.
"
#
and
70. (a) f(x) x ln x f w (x) 1 "x ; if x 1, then f w (x) 0 which means that f(x) is increasing
(b) f(1) 1 ln 1 1 f(x) x ln x 0, if x 1 by part (a) x ln x if x 1
71.
'15 (ln 2x ln x) dx '15 ( ln x ln 2 ln x) dx (ln 2)'15 dx (ln 2)(5 1) ln 2% ln 16
72. A
'c014 tan x dx '013 tan x dx '014 cossinxx dx '013 cossinxx dx cln kcos xkd !1% cln kcos xkd !1$
ln 1 ln
"
2
ln
"
#
ln 1 ln 2 ln 2
73. V 1'0 y2 1 dy 41 '0

#
74. V 1 '16 cot x dx 1 '16

12
12
"
y 1
cos x
sin x
3
#
ln 2
dy 41 cln ky 1kd $! 41(ln 4 ln 1) 41 ln 4
1#
dx 1 cln (sin x)d 1' 1 ln 1 ln "# 1 ln 2
75. V 21'12 x x"# dx 21 '12 x" dx 21 cln kxkd #"# 21 ln 2 ln #" 21(2 ln 2) 1 ln 2% 1 ln 16
2
437
76. V 1 '0 x9x

dx 271'0 dx 271 cln ax$ 9bd ! 271(ln 36 ln 9)
$9
#
271(ln 4 ln 9 ln 9) 271 ln 4 541 ln 2

77. (a) y
x#
8
'4
#
ln x 1 ayw b# 1 x4 x" 1 x 4x 4 x 4x 4 L '4 1 ayw b# dx
8 #
x 4
(b) x
4x
y4 #
dx '4 x4 "x dx x8 ln kxk (8 ln 8) (2 ln 4) 6 ln 2

8
2
ln y4
dx
dy
y
8
2
y
'
L '4 1 dx
dy dy 4
#
12
y
y
2
1 dx
dy 1 8 y 1
12 #
y 16
8y
y
dy '4 y8 2y dy 16
2 ln y
12
16
8y
"#
%
16
8y
(9 2 ln 12) (1 2 ln 4)
8 2 ln 3 8 ln 9
78. L '1 1
2
"
x#
dx
dy
dx
"
x
y ln kxk C ln x C since x 0 0 ln 1 C C 0 y ln x
" "
79. (a) My '1 x x" dx 1, Mx '1 2x
x dx
2
My
M
"
ln 2
1.44 and y
Mx
M
"4
ln 2
"
#
'12 x"
"
dx 2x
4" , M '1
"
dx cln kxkd #" ln 2
"
x
0.36
(b)
80. (a) My '1 x "x dx '1 x"# dx

16
16
'
cln kxkd "'
" ln 4, M 1
16
"
#
"
x
2
3
"
"
x$# "' 42; Mx ' #
x x dx
"
1
16
"'
dx 2x"# " 6 x
My
M
7 and y
Mx
M
"
#
'116 x" dx
ln 4
6
"
"
4
' $# dx
(b) My '1 x "x 4x dx 4'1 dx 60, Mx '1 #
x x x dx # 1 x
16
16
16
4 x"# " 3, M '1 "x 4x dx 4'1

"'
y
81.
dy
dx
82.
d# y
dx#
Mx
M
1
"
x
16
16
"
x
16
dx c4 ln kxkd "'
" 4 ln 16 x
My
M
15
ln 16
and
3
4 ln 16
at (" 3) y x ln kxk C; y 3 at x 1 C 2 y x ln kxk 2
sec# x
dy
dx
tan x C and 1 tan 0 C
dy
dx
tan x 1 y ' (tan x 1) dx
ln ksec xk x C" and 0 ln ksec 0k 0 C" C" 0 y ln ksec xk x

83. (a) L(x) f(0) f w (0) x, and f(x) ln (1 x) f w (x)k x0
"
1x x0
1 L(x) ln 1 1 x L(x) x
"
(b) Let faxb lnax "b. Since f ww axb ax"
! on ! !", the graph of f is concave down on this interval and the
b#
largest error in the linear approximation will occur when x !". This error is !" lna""b !!!%'* to five
decimal places.
438
(c) The approximation y x for ln (1 x) is best for smaller

positive values of x; in particular for 0 x 0.1 in the
graph. As x increases, so does the error x ln (1 x).
From the graph an upper bound for the error is
0.5 ln (1 0.5) 0.095; i.e., kE(x)k 0.095 for
0 x 0.5. Note from the graph that 0.1 ln (1 0.1)
0.00469 estimates the error in replacing ln (1 x) by
x over 0 x 0.1. This is consistent with the estimate
given in part (b) above.
84. For all positive values of x,
d ln a
x
dx c
1
a
x
xa2 1x and
d
ln a
dx c
ln x d 0
1
x
1x . Since ln xa and ln a ln x have
the same derivative, then ln xa ln a ln x C for some constant C. Since this equation holds for all positve values of x,
it must be true for x 1 ln 1x ln 1 ln x C 0 ln x C ln 1x ln x C. By part 3 we know that
ln 1x ln x C 0 ln xa ln a ln x.
85. y ln kx y ln x ln k; thus the graph of
y ln kx is the graph of y ln x shifted vertically
by ln k, k 0.
86. To turn the arches upside down we would use the

formula y ln ksin xk ln ksin" xk .
87. (a)
(b) yw
cos x
asin x .
Since lsin xl and lcos xl are less than
or equal to 1, we have for a "

"
"
w
a" y a" for all x.
Thus, lim yw ! for all x the graph of y looks

a_
more and more horizontal as a _.
Section 7.3 The Exponential Function

88. (a) The graph of y x ln x appears to be concave
upward for all x 0.
(b) y x ln x yw
"
# x
"
x
yww 4x"$#
"
x#
"
x#
x
4
1 0 x 4 x 16.
Thus, yww 0 if 0 x 16 and yww 0 if x 16 so a point of inflection exists at x 16. The graph of
y x ln x closely resembles a straight line for x 10 and it is impossible to discuss the point of
inflection visually from the graph.
7.3 THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
#
(b) e ln x
1. (a) eln 7.2 7.2

#
2. (a) eln ax y b x# y#
(b) e ln 03
3. (a) 2 ln e 2 ln e"# (2) "# ln e 1

#
"
eln x#
"
eln 03
"
x#
(c) eln xln y elnxy
"
0.3
x
y
(c) eln 1xln 2 eln1x2
1x
#
(b) ln aln ee b ln (e ln e) ln e 1
(c) ln eax y b ax# y# b ln e x# y#

4. (a) ln esec ) (sec ))(ln e) sec )
(b) ln eae b aex b (ln e) ex
(c) ln e2 ln x ln eln x ln x# 2 ln x
5. ln y 2t 4 eln y e2t4 y e2t4
6. ln y t 5 eln y et5 y et5
7. ln (y 40) 5t eln y40) e5t y 40 e5t y e5t 40

"
8. ln (1 2y) t eln 12y) et 1 2y et 2y et 1 y e
#
t
1
9. ln (y 1) ln 2 x ln x ln (y 1) ln 2 ln x x ln y 2x
x eln
y1
2x
ex
y 1 2xex y 2xex 1
#
y1
#x
ex
10. ln ay# 1b ln (y 1) ln (sin x) ln yy 1" ln (sin x) ln (y 1) ln (sin x) eln y1 eln sin x
y 1 sin x y sin x 1
11. (a) e2k 4 ln e2k ln 4 2k ln e ln 2# 2k 2 ln 2 k ln 2
(b) 100e10k 200 e10k 2 ln e10k ln 2 10k ln e ln 2 10k ln 2 k
(c) ek1000 a ln ek1000 ln a
12. (a) e5k
"
4
k
1000
ln e ln a
k
1000
ln a k 1000 ln a
ln e5k ln 4" 5k ln e ln 4 5k ln 4 k ln54
(b) 80ek 1 ek 80" ln ek ln 80" k ln e ln 80 k ln 80

k
(c) eln 08k 0.8 eln 08 0.8 (0.8)k 0.8 k 1
ln 2
10
439
440
13. (a) e03t 27 ln e03t ln 3$ (0.3t) ln e 3 ln 3 0.3t 3 ln 3 t 10 ln 3

(b) ekt "# ln ekt ln 2" kt ln e ln 2 t lnk2
t
(c) eln 02t 0.4 eln 02 0.4 0.2t 0.4 ln 0.2t ln 0.4 t ln 0.2 ln 0.4 t
ln 0.4
ln 0.2
14. (a) e001t 1000 ln e001t ln 1000 (0.01t) ln e ln 1000 0.01t ln 1000 t 100 ln 1000
"
(b) ekt 10
ln ekt ln 10" kt ln e ln 10 kt ln 10 t lnk10
"
#
(c) eln 2t
t
15. e
t
eln 2 2" 2t 2" t 1
t
x# ln e
ln x# t 2 ln x t 4(ln x)#
#
16. ex e2x1 et ex 2x1 et ln ex 2x1 ln et t x# 2x 1

17. y e5x yw e5x
d
dx
18. y e2x3 yw e2x3
(5x) yw 5e5x
d
dx
19. y e57x yw e57x

#
d
dx
2x
yw
3
2
3
e2x3
(5 7x) yw 7e57x
#
20. y e4xx yw e4xx
d
dx
4x x# yw 2 2x e4xx#
x
21. y xex ex yw aex xex b ex xex

22. y (1 2x) e2x yw 2e2x (1 2x)e2x
d
dx
(2x) yw 2e2x 2(1 2x) e2x 4xe2x
23. y ax# 2x 2b ex yw (2x 2)ex ax# 2x 2b ex x# ex

24. y a9x# 6x 2b e3x yw (18x 6)e3x a9x# 6x 2b e3x
d
dx
(3x) yw (18x 6)e3x 3 a9x# 6x 2b e3x
# 3x
27x e
25. y e) (sin ) cos )) yw e) (sin ) cos )) e) (cos ) sin )) 2e) cos )

26. y ln 3)e) ln 3 ln ) ln e) ln 3 ln ) )
#
27. y cos e)
dy
d)
28. y )$ e#) cos 5)
sin e)
dy
d)
d
d)
dy
d)
"
)
e) sin e) e)
a3)# b e#) cos 5) a)$ cos 5)b e#)
)# e#) (3 cos 5) 2) cos 5) 5) sin 5))

29. y ln a3tet b ln 3 ln t ln et ln 3 ln t t
dy
dt
"
t
d
d)
d
d)
a)# b 2)e) sin e)
(2)) 5(sin 5)) )$ e#)
1t
t
1
30. y ln a2et sin tb ln 2 ln et ln sin t ln 2 t ln sin t
1
dy
dt
1 sin" t
d
dt
(sin t) 1
cos t sin t
sin t
31. y ln
e)
1 e)
ln e) ln 1 e) ) ln 1+e)
dy
d)
1 1 " e)
d
d)
1 e) 1
e)
1 e)
"
1 e)
cos t
sin t
Section 7.3 The Exponential Function 441

32. y ln
)
1 )
ln ) ln 1 )
"
"
"
1 ") #
)
# )
)
33. y ecos tln t ecos t eln t tecos t

34. y esin t aln t# 1b
35.
'0ln x sin et dt
dy
dt
"
)
1 ) )
dy
dt
2) 1 )
d
d)
) 1 ")
"
#) 1 )
ecos t tecos t
d
dt
d
d)
1 )
"
#) a1)"# b
(cos t) (1 t sin t) ecos t
esin t (cos t) aln t# 1b 2t esin t esin t aln t# 1b (cos t) 2t
yw sin eln x
d
dx
36. y 'e4x ln t dt yw aln e2x b

e2x
dy
d)
(ln x)
d
dx
sin x
x
ae2x b ln e4x
d
dx
e4x (2x) a2e2x b 4x e4x
d
dx
4x
4xe2x 4x e4x 2x 4xe2x 8e4x

37. ln y ey sin x y" yw ayw ey b (sin x) ey cos x yw y" ey sin x ey cos x
yw 1 yey sin x ey cos x yw
y
38. ln xy exy ln x ln y exy

yw 1 ye
y
xy
xex y "
x
yw
yey cos x
1 yey sin x
"
x
y" yw a1 yw b exy yw y" exy exy
y axex y "b
x a1 yex y b
39. e2x sin (x 3y) 2e2x a1 3yw b cos (x 3y) 1 3yw

w
"
x
2e2x
cos (x 3y)
3yw
2e2x
cos (x 3y)
1
2e2x cos (x 3y)

3 cos (x 3y)
40. tan y ex ln x asec# yb yw ex

41.
' ae3x 5ex b dx e3
43.
"
x
yw
axex "b cos# y

x
42.
' a2ex 3e2x b dx 2ex #3 e2x C
'lnln23 ex dx cex d lnln 32 eln 3 eln 2 3 2 1
44.
'lnln32 ex dx cex d 0 ln 2 e! eln 2 1 2 1
45.
' 8ex1 dx 8ex1 C
46.
' 2e2x1 dx e2x1 C
47.
'lnln49 ex2 dx 2ex2 lnln 94 2 eln 92 eln 4)2 2 eln 3 eln 2 2(3 2) 2
48.
'0ln 16 ex4 dx 4ex4 ln0 16 4 eln 164 e0 4 eln 2 1 4(2 1) 4
3x
5ex C
49. Let u r"# du "# r"# dr 2 du r"# dr;

' err dr ' er"# r"# dr 2 ' eu du 2eu C 2er"# C 2er C
50. Let u r"# du "# r"# dr 2 du r"# dr;
' err dr ' er"# r"# dr 2 ' eu du 2er"# C 2er C
442
51. Let u t# du 2t dt du 2t dt;
' 2tet
dt ' eu du eu C et C
"
4
52. Let u t% du 4t$ dt
'
t$ et dt
"
x
53. Let u
' ex
1x
"
4
' eu du 4" et
du t$ dt;
C
du x"# dx du
dx;
dx ' eu du eu C e1x C
54. Let u x# du 2x$ dx
' ex
"
x#
dx ' ex x$ dx
1x#
#
"
#
"
#
du x$ dx;
' eu du "# eu C "# ex
55. Let u tan ) du sec# ) d); ) 0 u 0, )
'0
1 4
1 etan ) sec# ) d) '
14
1
4
#
C
"
#
e1x C
u 1;
sec# ) d) '0 eu du ctan )d 0

1
1 4
ceu d "! tan 14 tan (0) ae" e! b
(1 0) (e 1) e
56. Let u cot ) du csc# ) d); )
'14 1 ecot ) csc# ) d) '14

1 2
12
1
4
u 1, )
1
2
u 0;
csc# ) d) '1 eu du c cot )d 14 ceu d !" cot 12 cot 14 ae! e" b

0
12
(0 1) (1 e) e
57. Let u sec 1t du 1 sec 1t tan 1t dt
' esec 1t sec (1t) tan (1t) dt 1" ' eu du e1
du
1
sec 1t tan 1t dt;
C
esec a1tb
1
C
58. Let u csc (1 t) du csc (1 t) cot (1 t) dt;
' ecsc 1t csc (1 t) cot (1 t) dt ' eu du eu C ecsc 1t C
59. Let u ev du ev dv 2 du 2ev dv; v ln
1
6
u 16 , v ln
1
#
u 1# ;
'lnln1162 2ev cos ev dv 2 '1162 cos u du c2 sin ud 1126 2 sin 1# sin 16 2 1 "# 1
#
60. Let u ex du 2xex dx; x 0 u 1, x ln 1 u eln 1 1;

ln 1
'0
2xex cos ex dx '1 cos u du csin ud 1" sin (1) sin (1) sin (1) 0.84147
#
61. Let u 1 er du er dr;
' 1 e e
dr '
dx '
62.
' 1 " e
x
let u e
63.
"
u
du ln kuk C ln a1 er b C
ecx
ecx 1
dx;
1 du ex dx du ex dx;
'
ecx
ecx 1
dx '
dy
dt
et sin aet 2b y ' et sin aet 2b dt;
"
u
du ln kuk C ln aex 1b C
let u et 2 du et dt y ' sin u du cos u C cos aet 2b C; y(ln 2) 0
Section 7.3 The Exponential Function 443

cos eln 2 2 C 0 cos (2 2) C 0 C cos 0 1; thus, y 1 cos aet 2b
64.
dy
dt
et sec# a1et b y ' et sec# a1et b dt;
let u 1et du 1et dt 1" du et dt y 1" ' sec# u du 1" tan u C
1" tan a1et b C; y(ln 4) 12 1" tan 1eln 4 C 12 1" tan 1 4" C 12
1" (1) C
65.
d# y
dx#
2ex
x
y 2e
66.
dy
dx
2
1
C 13 ; thus, y
2ex C; x 0 and
3
1
dy
dx
"
1
tan a1et b
0 0 2e! C C 2; thus
dy
dx
x
2x 1 2 aex xb 1
2x C" ; x 0 and y 1 1 2e C" C" 1 y 2e
d# y
dy
" 2t
" #
2t
dy
dt# 1 e
dt t # e C; t 1 and dt 0 0 1 # e C
dy
" 2t
" #
" #
" 2t
" #
dt t # e # e 1 y # t 4 e # e 1 t C" ; t 1 and y
"
" #
" #
" 2t
"
#
C" # 4 e y # t 4 e # e 1 t #" 4" e#
2ex 2
"
#
e# 1; thus
"
#
1 "
4" e# #" e# 1 C"
67. f(x) ex 2x f w (x) ex 2; f w (x) 0 ex 2 x ln 2; f(0) 1, the absolute maximum;

f(ln 2) 2 2 ln 2 0.613706, the absolute minimum; f(1) e 2 0.71828, a relative or local maximum
since f ww (x) ex is always positive.
68. The function f(x) 2esin x2 has a maximum whenever sin
x
#
1 and a minimum whenever sin
x
#
1.
Therefore the maximums occur at x 1 2k(21) and the minimums occur at x 31 2k(21), where k is any
integer. The maximum is 2e 5.43656 and the minimum is 2e 0.73576.
69. f(x) x# ln
"
x
f w (x) 2x ln
"
x
x# "" ax# b 2x ln
x
"
x
ln x "# . Since x 0 is not in the domain of f, x e"#

f w (x) 0 for x
"
e
of f assumed at x
. Therefore, f "e
"
e
"
e
ln e
"
e
x x(2 ln x 1); f w (x) 0 x 0 or

"
e
. Also, f w (x) 0 for 0 x
ln e"#
"
#e
ln e
"
#e
"
e
and
is the absolute maximum value
70. f(x) (x 3)# ex f w (x) 2(x 3) ex (x 3)# ex

(x 3) ex (2 x 3) (x 1)(x 3) ex ; thus
f w (x) 0 for x 1 or x 3, and f w (x) 0 for
1 x 3 f(1) 4e 10.87 is a local maximum and
f(3) 0 is a local minimum. Since f(x) 0 for all x,
f(3) 0 is also an absolute minimum.
71.
'0ln 3 ae2x ex b dx e#
72.
'02 ln 2 ex2 ex2 dx 2ex2 2ex2 20 ln 2 2eln 2 2e ln 2 a2e! 2e! b (4 1) (2 2) 5 4 1
2x
73. L '0 1
1
ex
4
dx
ex
dy
dx
ln 3
0
ex2
#
e # eln 3 e# e! 9# 3 "# 1
2 ln 3
8
#
22
y ex2 C; y(0) 0 0 e0 C C 1 y ex2 1
444
74. S 21'0 e
ln 2
21'0
ln 2
dy
75. (a)
1# "# e2y
1 "
# # 4
1 ey #ecy # dy 21 '
0
ecy
#
ecy
#
ln 2
ey #ecy # dy 21 '0ln 2 e
(b) average value
"
e 1
'1
"
x
"
e1
(e e 1)
76. average value
"
2 1
e cy
#
e cy #
#
ln 2
2y "# e2y 0 1# "# e2 ln 2 2 ln
2 ln 2 "# 4" 1# 2 8" 2 ln 2
(x ln x x C) x
d
dx
1 "4 ae2y 2 e2y b dy
dy
2 "#
1 15
16
1
#
' ln 2 ae2y 2 e2y b

0
2 ln 2
"# 0 "#
ln 2
ln x 1 0 ln x
ln x dx
"
e1
cx ln x xd e1
"
e1
[(e ln e e) (1 ln 1 1)]
"
e1
'12 "x dx cln kxkd #" ln 2 ln 1 ln 2
77. (a) f(x) ex f w (x) ex ; L(x) f(0) f w (0)(x 0) L(x) 1 x

(b) f(0) 1 and L(0) 1 error 0; f(0.2) e0 2 1.22140 and L(0.2) 1.2 error 0.02140
(c) Since yww ex 0, the tangent line
approximation always lies below the curve y ex .
Thus L(x) x 1 never overestimates ex .
78. (a) ex ex exx e! 1 ex

x" x#
(b) y ae b
"
ex
ex"
ex#
for all x;
ex" e"x# ex" ex# ex" x#
ln y x# ln e x# x" x" x# eln y ex" x# y ex" x# aex" bx# ex" x#

x"
79. f(x) ln(x) 1 f w (x)
"
x
x n 1 xn
ln (xn ) 1
x1
n
xn1 xn c2 ln (xn )d . Then x" 2
x# 2.61370564, x$ 2.71624393 and x& 2.71828183, where we have used Newton's method.
80. eln x x and ln aex b x for all x 0
81. Note that y ln x and ey x are the same curve; '1 ln x dx area under the curve between 1 and a;
a
'0ln a ey dy area to the left of the curve between 0 and ln a.

a
ln a
'1 ln x dx '0 ey dy a ln a.
The sum of these areas is equal to the area of the rectangle
82. (a) y ex yww ex 0 for all x the graph of y ex is always concave upward
(b) area of the trapezoid ABCD 'ln a ex dx area of the trapezoid AEFD
ln b
'ln a ex dx e
ln b
Me
ln aln b2
ln a
(ln b ln a). Now
"
#
(AB CD)(ln b ln a)
(AB CD) is the height of the midpoint
since the curve containing the points B and C is linear eln aln b2 (ln b ln a)
'ln a ex dx e
ln b
e
#
ln b
"
#
ln a
eln b
(ln
#
b ln a)
'ln a ex dx cex d lnln ba eln b eln a b a, so part (b) implies that

ln b
(c)
eln aln b2 (ln b ln a) b a e

eln a2 eln b2
ba
ln b ln a
ab
#
ln a
eln b
(ln
#
b ln a) eln aln b2
eln a eln b
ba
ln b ln a
ab
#
ba
ln b ln a
ab
ab
#
ba
ln b ln a
ab
#
Section 7.4 ax and loga x

7.4 ax and loga x
1. (a) 5log5 7 7
(b) 8log8
2 2
(e) log3 3 log3 3"#
(d) log4 16 log4 4 2 log4 4 2 1 2

(f) log4 "4 log4 4" 1 log4 4 1 1 1
2. (a) 2log2 3 3
(c) 1.3log1 3 75 75
(b) 10log10 12
(d) log11 121 log11 11# 2 log11 11 2 1 2

(e) log121 11 log121 121"# "# log121 121 "# 1
(f) log3 "9 log3 3# 2 log3 3 2 1 2
"
#
log3 3
"
#
"
#
"
#
0.5
(c) 1log1 7 7
"
#
3. (a) Let z log4 x 4z x 22z x a2z b# x 2z x

(b) Let z log3 x 3z x a3z b# x# 32z x# 9z x#
(c) log2 aeln 2 sin x b log2 2sin x sin x
4. (a) Let z log5 a3x# b 5z 3x# 25z 9x%
(b) loge aex b x
x
x
x
x
(c) log4 2e sin x log4 4e sin x# e sin
#
5. (a)
(c)
6. (a)
(b)
(c)
log2 x
ln x
ln x
ln x ln 3
ln 3
log3 x ln # ln 3 ln # ln x ln 2
logx a
ln a
ln a
ln a ln x#
2 ln x
logx# a ln x ln x# ln x ln a ln x
(b)
ln b
ln a
ln a
ln b
ln b
ln a
ln b
ln a
b
ln
ln a
ln x
ln #
ln x
ln 8
ln x
ln #
ln 8
ln x
3 ln 2
ln 2
log9 x
ln x
ln x
ln x
ln 3
1
log3 x ln 9 ln 3 2 ln 3 ln x 2
log10 x
"# ln 2
ln x
ln x
ln x
log2 x ln 10 ln 2 "# ln 10 ln x
loga b
logb a
log2 x
log8 x
ln 2
ln 10
7. 3log3 7 2log2 5 5log5 x 7 5 x x 12

8. 8log8 3 eln 5 x# 7log7 3x 3 5 x# 3x 0 x# 3x 2 (x 1)(x 2) x 1 or x 2
#
9. 3log3 ax b 5eln x 3 10log10 2 x# 5x 6 x# 5x 6 0 (x 2)(x 3) 0 x 2 or x 3

10. ln e 42 log4 x
#
"
x
log10 100 1 4log4 ax
c# b
"
x
log10 10# 1 x# x" (2) 1
"
x#
2
x
x 2x 1 0 (x 1) 0 x 1
12. y 3cx yw 3cx (ln 3)(1) 3cx ln 3
11. y 2x yw 2x ln 2
13. y 5s
#
14. y 2s
dy
ds
dy
ds
5s (ln 5) "# s"# 2ln5s 5s

#
2s (ln 2)2s aln 2# b s2s (ln 4)s2s
15. y x1 yw 1x11
17. y (cos ))
dy
d)
2 (cos )) 2c1 (sin ))
16. y t1e
dy
dt
(1 e) te
445
446
18. y (ln ))1
1(ln ))11 ")
dy
d)
1(ln ))11
)
19. y 7sec ) ln 7
dy
d)
a7sec ) ln 7b(ln 7)(sec ) tan )) 7sec ) (ln 7)# (sec ) tan ))
20. y 3tan ) ln 3
dy
d)
a3tan ) ln 3b(ln 3) sec# ) 3tan ) (ln 3)# sec# )
21. y 2sin 3t
dy
dt
a2sin 3t ln 2b(cos 3t)(3) (3 cos 3t) a2sin 3t b (ln 2)
22. y 5c cos 2t
dy
dt
a5c cos 2t ln 5b(sin 2t)(2) (2 sin 2t) a5c cos 2t b (ln 5)
23. y log2 5)
ln 5)
ln #
24. y log3 (1 ) ln 3)
25. y
ln x
ln 4
26. y
x ln e
ln #5
ln x#
ln 4
ln x
2 ln 5
ln (1 ) ln 3)
ln 3
2
ln x
ln 4
ln"# 5") (5)
dy
d)
x
# ln 5
ln x
ln 4
ln x
2 ln 5
"
) ln #
ln"3 1 )" ln 3 (ln 3)
dy
d)
yw
ln x
ln 4
"
1 ) ln 3
3
x ln 4
# ln" 5 (x ln x) yw # ln" 5 1 "x
x1
2x ln 5
27. y log2 r log4 r lnln #r lnln 4r
ln# r
(ln 2)(ln 4)
dy
dr
"
"
(ln 2)(ln
4) (2 ln r) r
2 ln r
r(ln 2)(ln 4)
28. y log3 r log9 r lnln 3r lnln 9r
ln# r
(ln 3)(ln 9)
dy
dr
"
"
(ln 3)(ln
9) (2 ln r) r
2 ln r
r(ln 3)(ln 9)
1
29. y log3 xx
1
ln 3
dy
dx
"
x1
"
x1
30. y log5 3x7x 2
"
#
ln 7x
"
#
1
ln xx b
c1
ln 3
ln 3
ln 52
log5 3x7x 2
ln 5
ln (3x 2)
)
32. y log7 sin e) #cos
)
)
dy
d)
cos )
(sin ))(ln 7)
33. y log5 ex
ln ex
ln 5
# #
2
x ln 2
dy
dx
"
t(ln t)(ln #)
7
27x
dy
d)
ln 3x7x 2
ln 52
ln 5
3
2(3x 2)
ln#5
(3x 2) 3x
2x(3x 2)
ln 3x7x 2
ln 5
dy
dt
4(x 1) x
2x(x 1)(ln 2)
"
#
ln 3x7x #
"
x(3x 2)
2)
"
ln 5
2 ln x 2 ln 2 "# ln (x 1)
ln 2
3x 4
2x(x 1) ln #
c3ln tln 2 (ln 3)d t ln" 2
3 ln (log2 t)
ln 8
ln )
ln ) ) ln" 7 sin (log7 ))
sin ln
7 ) cos ln 7
ln x# ln e# ln 2 ln x 1
ln 2
35. y 3log2 t 3ln tln 2
yw
"
# (ln 2)(x 1)
36. y 3 log8 (log2 t)
1
ln xx
1 ln (x 1) ln (x 1)
ln (sin )) ln (cos )) ln e) ln 2)
)) ) ) ln 2
ln (sin )) ln (cos
ln 7
ln 7
sin )
"
ln 2
"
(cos ))(ln 7) ln 7 ln 7 ln 7 (cot ) tan ) 1 ln
x
ln 5
34. y log2 2x xe 1

yw
ln 3
2
(x 1)(x 1)
ln )
31. y ) sin (log7 )) ) sin ln
1
(ln 3) ln xx b
c1
3 ln lnln 2t
ln 8
dy
dt
"
t
alog2 3b 3log2 t
"
"
ln38 (ln t)/(ln
2) t ln #
3
t(ln t)(ln 8)
"
ln 7
cos (log7 ))

ln 8 ln tln 2
ln #
37. y log2 a8tln 2 b

38. y
t ln eln 3
sin t
ln 3
t ln 3sin t
ln 3
3 ln 2 (ln 2)(ln t)
ln #
3 ln t
t sin t
t(sin t)(ln 3)
ln 3
yw xx1 1
t
"
x
y
y
dy
dt
" dy
y dt
dy
dt
"
x
#" (ln t) #t "t
ln t
#
"
#
t ln# t "#
"#
"#
42. y tt tt ln y ln tt t"# (ln t)
yw (x 1)x x x 1 ln (x 1)
ln x
41. y t t"# tt# ln y ln tt# #t ln t
"
(x 1)
ln (x 1) x
y
y
ln x (x 1) x" ln x 1
40. y xx" ln y ln xx" (x 1) ln x
"
t
sin t t cos t
dy
dt
39. y (x 1)x ln y ln (x 1)x x ln (x 1)
dy
dt
" dy
y dt
t2
ln2
t t
t
43. y (sin x)x ln y ln (sin x)x x ln (sin x)

w
44. y xsin x ln y ln xsin x (sin x)(ln x)
y
y
"# t"# (ln t) t"# "t
ln t2
2 t
x
ln (sin x) x cos
yw (sin x)x cln (sin x) x cot xd
sin x
y
y
(cos x)(ln x) (sin x) x"
sin x x (ln x)(cos x)

x
yw xsin x sin x x(lnx x)(cos x)

45. y xln x , x 0 ln y (ln x)#
y
y
2(ln x) "x yw axln x b lnxx

#
46. y (ln x)ln x ln y (ln x) ln (ln x)
y
y
"x ln (ln x) (ln x) ln"x
d
dx
(ln x)
ln (ln x)
x
yw ln (ln xx) " (ln x)ln x

47.
' 5x dx ln5 5 C
49.
'01 2c
50.
'c02 5c
48.
d) '2 "5 d)
0
'1
52. Let u x"# du
'14 2x dx '14 2x
x
"#
"
#
"
#
ln "#
"
ln "#
ln 5"
#
x2ax b dx '1 "# 2u du
"5
51. Let u x# du 2x dx
"
"
#
ln "#
)
d) '0 "# d)
' (1.3)x dx ln(1.3)

(1.3) C
x
"
#
ln "#
"
2(ln 1 ln 2)
"
# ln 2
c#
#
"
ln 5"
5"
ln 5"
"
ln 5"
(1 25)
24
ln 1 ln 5
"
#
du x dx; x 1 u 1, x 2 u 2;
"
#
ln2 # # 2 ln" 2 a2# 2" b

"
u
x"# dx 2 du
dx
x
"
ln #
; x 1 u 1, x 4 u 2;
x"# dx 2'1 2u du 2ln # ln"# a2$ 2# b

2
u1 #
"
447
4
ln #
24
ln 5
"
x
448
53. Let u cos t du sin t dt du sin t dt; t 0 u 1, t
'0
12
7cos t sin t dt '1 7u du

0
7 !
ln 7 "
u
ln"7 a7! 7b
54. Let u tan t du sec# t dt; t 0 u 0, t

"
3
ln 3"
'014 3" tan t sec# t dt '01 3" u du

" du
u dx
55. Let u x2x ln u 2x ln x
"
1
4
1
#
u 0;
6
ln 7
u 1;
!
"
"
"
"
ln 3 3 3
2
3 ln 3
2 ln x (2x) x"
du
dx
2u(ln x 1)
x 2 u 2% 16, x 4 u 4) 65,536;
"
#
du x2x (1 ln x) dx;
'24 x2x (1 ln x) dx "# '1665 536 du "# cud 6516 536 "# (65,536 16) 65,520
32,760
#
"
x
56. Let u ln x du
'1
2 ln x
2
dx '0
ln 2
dx; x 1 u 0, x 2 u ln 2;
2u du ln2 # 0 ln"# a2ln 2 2! b

u
ln 2
2ln 2 "
ln #
57.
'
C
58.
' x2c1 dx x
59.
'03 2 1 x2 dx x2" $ 32"
60.
'1e xln 21 dx lnx # e1 e
61.
'
3x
3x 31
3 1
x "

dx ' lnln10
x dx; u ln x du
log10 x
x
"
x
C
ln 2
1ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
'14 logx x dx '14 lnln #x x" dx; u ln x du x" dx; x 1 u 0, x 4 u ln 4

4
x "
' ln 4 ln"# u du ln"# #" u# ln0 4 ln"# #" (ln 4)# (ln2 ln4)# (lnln4)4 ln 4
'1 ln
ln #
x dx 0
2
"
#
(2 ln 2)# 2(ln 2)#
64.
'1e 2 ln 10 x(log
65.
'02 logx (x # 2) dx ln"# '02 cln (x 2)d x " # dx ln"# (ln (x # 2)) # ln"# (ln#4)
10
x)
dx '1
(ln 10)(2 ln x)
(ln 10)
x" dx c(ln x)# d e1 (ln e)# (ln 1)# 1

#
'11010 log
10
(10x)
x
dx
#
ln"010 4(ln#010)
(ln 2)#
#
"0
ln 10
3
#
"!
'11010 cln (10x)d 10x" dx ln"010 (ln (10x))
#0
#
""!
ln"010 (ln #100)

0
(ln 1)#
#
# ln 10
'09 2 logx (x1 1) dx ln210 '09 ln (x 1) x " 1 dx ln210 (ln (x# 1)) * ln210 (ln 210)
#
10
'23 2 logx (x1 1) dx ln22 '23 ln (x 1) x" 1 dx ln22 (ln (x#1)) $ ln22 (ln22)
2
(ln 2)#
#
ln 2
ln 10
68.
ln"# 4(ln# 2)
67.
4
x
"
"
x
# %
#
#
#
'14 ln 2 log
' 4 ln x
"
dx '1 lnx2 ln
x
ln # dx 1 x dx # (ln x) " # c(ln 4) (ln 1) d # (ln 4)
66.
2 1
ln 2
dx
63.
' lnln10x x" dx ln"10 ' u du ln"10 #" u# C 2(lnlnx)10 C
62.
3 dx
(ln ")#
#
(ln ")#
#
ln 2
"
ln #

69.
'
x" dx (ln 10) ' ln"x x" dx; u ln x du

' lnln10
x
dx
x log10 x
(ln 10) ' ln"x "x dx (ln 10) '
'
71.
'1ln x "t dt cln ktkd ln1 x ln kln xk ln 1 ln (ln x), x 1
72.
'1e "t dt cln ktkd e1
73.
'11/x "t dt cln ktkd 1"x ln x" ln 1 aln 1 ln kxkb ln 1 ln x, x 0
74.
"
ln a
(ln 8)#
dx
x #
x ln
ln 8
'
(ln x)#
x
dx
du (ln 10) ln kuk C (ln 10) ln kln xk C
70.
dx
x (log8 x)#
'
"
u
"
x
dx (ln 8)#
(ln x)"
1
C (lnln 8)x C
ln ex ln 1 x ln e x
'1x "t dt ln"a ln ktk x1 lnln xa lnln 1a loga x, x 0
75. A 'c2 1 2xx# dx 2'0

2
A 2'1
76. A '1
1
"
u
2x
1 x#
dx; cu 1 x# du 2x dx; x 0 u 1, x 2 u 5d
du 2 cln kukd &" 2(ln 5 ln 1) 2 ln 5
21x dx 2
'
" x
1 #
dx 2
"#
ln "#
"
ln2# "# 2 ln2# 3#
3
ln #
"
77. Let cH$ O d x and solve the equations 7.37 log10 x and 7.44 log10 x. The solutions of these equations
are 10($( and 10(%% . Consequently, the bounds for cH$ O d are c10(%% 10($( d .
78. pH log10 a4.8 10) b (log10 4.8) 8 7.32
79. Let O original sound level 10 log10 aI 10"# b db from Equation (6) in the text. Solving
O 10 10 log10 akI 10"# b for k 10 log10 aI 10"# b 10 10 log10 akI 10"# b log10 aI 10"# b 1
k
log10 akI 10"# b log10 aI 10"# b 1 log10 k log10 aI 10"# b 1 log10 k 1 lnln10
ln k ln 10 k 10
80. Sound level with 10I 10 log10 a10I 10"# b 10 clog10 10 log10 aI 10"# bd 10 10 log10 aI 10"# b
original sound level 10 an increase of 10 db
81. (a) If x cH$ O d and S x cOH d , then x(S x) 10"% S x
and
d# S
dx#
210"%
x$
10c"%
x
dS
dx
1
ln b
ln a
10"%
x#
0 a minimum exists at x 10(
(b) pH log10 a10( b 7

(c)
cOHc d
cH $ O d
Sx
x
x
10"%
x x
10"%
x#
the ratio
82. Yes, it's true for all positive values of a and b: loga b
cOHc d
c H $ O d
ln b
ln a
equals 1 at x 10(
and logb a
ln a
ln b
"
logb a
loga b
449
450
83. From zooming in on the graph at the right, we estimate

the third root to be x 0.76666
84. The functions f(x) xln 2 and g(x) 2ln x appear to

have identical graphs for x 0. This is no accident,
because xln 2 eln 2 ln x aeln 2 bln x 2ln x .
85. (a) f(x) 2x f w (x) 2x ln 2; L(x) a2! ln 2b x 2! x ln 2 1 0.69x 1

(b)
86. (a) f(x) log3 x f w (x)
"
x ln 3
, and f(3)
ln 3
ln 3
L(x)
"
3 ln 3
(x 3)
ln 3
ln 3
x
3 ln 3
"
ln 3
1
0.30x 0.09
(b)
87. (a) log3 8

(c) log20 17
ln 8
ln 3
17
ln
ln #0
1.89279
(b) log7 0.5
0.94575
(d) log0 5 7
(e) ln x (log10 x)(ln 10) 2.3 ln 10 5.29595

(g) ln x (log2 x)(ln 2) 1.5 ln 2 1.03972
88. (a)
89.
ln 10
ln #
d " #
dx # x
log10 x
ln 10
ln #
k x and
Since x
"
x
ln x
ln 10
d
dx aln
ln x
ln #
log2 x
ln 0.5
ln 7 0.35621
ln 7
ln 0.5 2.80735
(f) ln x (log2 x)(ln 2) 1.4 ln 2 0.97041

(h) ln x (log10 x)(ln 10) 0.7 ln 10 1.61181
(b)
ln a
ln b
loga x
ln a
ln b
ln x
ln a
ln x
ln b
x cb x" .
" for any x !, these two curves will have perpendicular tangent lines.
90. eln x x for x ! and lnaex b x for all x
logb x
Section 7.5 Exponential Growth and Decay

"
x
91. Using Newton's Method: faxb lnaxb " f w axb
xn" xn
lnaxn b"
"
x8
451
xn" xn # lnaxn b.
Then, x1 2, x2 2.61370564, x3 2.71624393, and x& 2.71828183. Many other methods may be used. For example,
graph y ln x " and determine the zero of y.
92. (a) The point of tangency is ap ln pb and mtangent
"
p
since
x" . The tangent line passes through a! !b the
dy
dx
equation of the tangent line is y "p x. The tangent line also passes throughap ln pb ln p "p p " p e, and
the tangent line equation is y "e x.
(b)
d# y
dx#
x"# for x ! y ln x is concave downward over its domain. Therefore, y ln x lies below the graph of
y "e x for all x !, x e, and ln x
for x !, x e.
x
e
(c) Multiplying by e, e ln x x or ln x x.
e
(d) Exponentiating both sides of ln xe x, we have eln x ex , or xe ex for all positive x e.
(e) Let x 1 to see that 1e e1 . Therefore, e1 is bigger.
e
7.5 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

1. (a) y y! ekt 0.99y! y! e1000k k
ln 0.99
1000
0.00001
(b) 0.9 e000001)t (0.00001)t ln (0.9) t

(c) y y! e20000k y! e02 y! (0.82) 82%
2. (a)
dp
dh
ln (0.9)
0.00001
kp p p! ekh where p! 1013; 90 1013e20k k
(b) p 1013e605 2.389 millibars

900
(c) 900 1013e0121h 0.121h ln 1013
h
3.
dy
dt
10,536 years
ln (90) ln (1013)
20
ln (1013) ln (900)
0.121
0.121
0.977 km
0.6y y y! e06t ; y! 100 y 100e06t y 100e06 54.88 grams when t 1 hr
4. A A! ekt 800 1000e10k k
ln (0.8)
10
A 1000eln (0810t , where A represents the amount of
sugar that remains after time t. Thus after another 14 hrs, A 1000eln 081024 585.35 kg
5. L(x) L! ekx
L!
#
L! e18k ln
is one-tenth of the surface value,
L!
10
"
#
18k k
ln 2
18
0.0385 L(x) L! e00385x ; when the intensity
L! ec00385x ln 10 0.0385x x 59.8 ft
6. V(t) V! et40 0.1V! V! et40 when the voltage is 10% of its original value t 40 ln (0.1)
92.1 sec
7. y y! ekt and y! 1 y ekt at y 2 and t 0.5 we have 2 e05k ln 2 0.5k k
Therefore, y eln 4t y e24 ln 4 424 2.81474978 1014 at the end of 24 hrs
ln 2
0.5
ln 4.
8. y y! ekt and y(3) 10,000 10,000 y! e3k ; also y(5) 40,000 y! e5k . Therefore y! e5k 4y! e3k
e5k 4e3k e2k 4 k ln 2. Thus, y y! eln 2t 10,000 y! e3 ln 2 y! eln 8 10,000 8y!
y! 10,000
1250
8
9. (a) 10,000ek1 7500 ek 0.75 k ln 0.75 and y 10,000eln 075t . Now 1000 10,000eln 075t
0.1
ln 0.1 (ln 0.75)t t lnln0.75
8.00 years (to the nearest hundredth of a year)
(b) 1 10,000eln 075t ln 0.0001 (ln 0.75)t t
year)
ln 0.0001
ln 0.75
32.02 years (to the nearest hundredth of a

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CHAPTER 7 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

7.1 INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

10. Domain: _ x _, Range: 1# y

11. The graph is symmetric about y x.

(b) y 1 x# y# 1 x# x# 1 y# x 1 y# y 1 x# f " (x)

Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

12. The graph is symmetric about y x.

f af " (x)b x"& x and f " (f(x)) ax& b

20. Step 1: y x% x y"%

f af " (x)b x"% x and f " (f(x)) ax% b

21. Step 1: y x$  1 x$ y 1 x (y 1)"$

f af " (x)b (x 1)"$  1 (x 1)  1 x and f " (f(x)) aax$  1b 1b

Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives

x and f " (f(x)) 2 "# x 7#  7 (x 7)  7 x

Domain of f " : x 0, Range of f " : y 0;

x and f " (f(x)) x"$

$ x" f " (x);

Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

28. (a) y 2x# x#

(c) f (x) 3x f (1) 3, f (1) 3;

(d) The line y 0 is tangent to f(x) x$ at (! !);

30. (a) h(k(x))

(d) The line y 0 is tangent to h(x)

the line x 0 is tangent to k(x) (4x)"$ at

(b) The graph of y f

(x) is a line through the origin with slope

the graph of f " (x) is a line with slope

37. (a) y x  1 x y 1 f " (x) x 1

Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives

41. f(x) is increasing since x# x" 27x$# 27x"$ ; y 27x$ x

y"$ f " (x)

42. f(x) is decreasing since x# x" 1 8x$# 1 8x"$ ; y 1 8x$ x

(1 y)"$ f " (x)

44. f(x) is increasing since x# x" x#

x" ; y x&$ x y$& f " (x) x$& ;

Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

acx  dba aax  bbc

Thus if ad bc !, f w axb is either always positive or always negative. Hence faxb is

either always increasing or always decreasing. If follows that faxb is one-to-one if ad bc !.

Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives

{a,b} = {2, 1}; x0 = 1/2 ;

Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

7.2 NATURAL LOGARITHMS

(d) ln 1225 ln 35# 2 ln 35 2 ln 5  2 ln 7

3. (a) ln sin ) ln sin5 ) ln

ln a4t% b ln 2 ln 4t% ln 2 ln 2t# ln 2 ln 2t# ln at# b

4. (a) ln sec )  ln cos ) ln [(sec ))(cos ))] ln 1 0

15. y t(ln t)#

10x"" a10x# b x"

(ln t)#  2t(ln t)

3x"" a3x# b x"

16. y tln t t(ln t)"#

(ln t) (ln t)# 

(ln t)"#  "# t(ln t)"#

(ln t) (ln t)"# 

Section 7.2 Natural Logarithms

(1  ln x) "x (ln x) x"

(1ln x) ln x x "x (x ln x) x"

t "t (ln t)(1)

23. y ln (ln x) yw ln"x "x

25. y )[sin (ln ))  cos (ln ))]

t "t (" ln t)(1)

24. y ln (ln (ln x)) yw

(ln (ln x))

21. Step 1: y x$ 1 x$ y 1 x (y 1)"$

f af " (x)b (x 1)"$ 1 (x 1) 1 x and f " (f(x)) aax$ 1b 1b

x and f " (f(x)) 2 "# x 7# 7 (x 7) 7 x

37. (a) y x 1 x y 1 f " (x) x 1

acx dba aax bbc

(d) ln 1225 ln 35# 2 ln 35 2 ln 5 2 ln 7

4. (a) ln sec ) ln cos ) ln [(sec ))(cos ))] ln 1 0

10x"" a10x# b x"

(ln t)# 2t(ln t)

3x"" a3x# b x"

(ln t) (ln t)#

(ln t)"# "# t(ln t)"#

(ln t) (ln t)"#

(1 ln x) "x (ln x) x"

(1ln x) ln x x "x (x ln x) x"

25. y )[sin (ln )) cos (ln ))]

[sin (ln )) cos (ln ))] ) cos (ln ))

1 " x 1 " x (1)

sec )(tan ) sec ))

(ln sin ) ln cos )) ln (1 2 ln ))

sec ) tan ) sec# )

' y 2y25 dy ln ky# 25k C

' 4r8r5 dr ln k4r# 5k C

'ln 2 u# du "u ln 2 ln"4

47. Let u 6 3 tan t du 3 sec# t dt;

48. Let u 2 sec y du sec y tan y dy;

' sec# ysectanyy dy ' duu ln kuk C ln k2 sec yk C

' 2x dx1 x '

55. y x(x 1) (x(x 1))"# ln y

56. y ax# 1b (x 1)# ln y

du 2(ln u)"# C 2ln (sec x tan x) C

ln (x(x 1)) 2 ln y ln (x) ln (x 1)

t(t 1)(t+2) "t

) 3 (sin )) 2() " 3) cot )

61. y t(t 1)(t 2) ln y ln t ln (t 1) ln (t 2)

60. y (tan )) 2) 1 (tan ))(2) 1)"# ln y ln (tan ))

59. y ) 3 (sin )) () 3)"# sin ) ln y

ax# 1b (x 1)# axx x1b (xx 1)1

cln ax# 1b 2 ln (x 1)d

58. y t(t 1 1) [t(t 1)]"# ln y

cln x ln (x 2) ln ax# 1bd

[10 ln (x 1) 5 ln (2x 1)]

cln x ln (x 1) ln (x 2) ln ax# 1b ln (2x 3)d

'15 (ln 2x ln x) dx '15 ( ln x ln 2 ln x) dx (ln 2)'15 dx (ln 2)(5 1) ln 2% ln 16

73. V 1'0 y2 1 dy 41 '0

dy 41 cln ky 1kd $! 41(ln 4 ln 1) 41 ln 4

271(ln 4 ln 9 ln 9) 271 ln 4 541 ln 2

dx '4 x4 "x dx x8 ln kxk (8 ln 8) (2 ln 4) 6 ln 2

at (" 3) y x ln kxk C; y 3 at x 1 C 2 y x ln kxk 2

tan x C and 1 tan 0 C

tan x 1 y ' (tan x 1) dx

ln ksec xk x C" and 0 ln ksec 0k 0 C" C" 0 y ln ksec xk x