9. Domain: 1 x 1, Range: 1# y
8. Domain: x 1, Range: y 0
1
#
1
#
426
"
x
"
y
"
x
f " (x)
13. Step 1: y x# 1 x# y 1 x y 1
Step 2: y x 1 f " (x)
14. Step 1: y x# x y, since x !.
Step 2: y x f " (x)
15. Step 1: y x$ 1 x$ y 1 x (y 1)"$
Step 2: y $x 1 f " (x)
16. Step 1: y x# 2x 1 y (x 1)# y x 1, since x 1 x 1 y
Step 2: y 1 x f " (x)
17. Step 1: y (x 1)# y x 1, since x 1 x y 1
Step 2: y x 1 f " (x)
18. Step 1: y x#$ x y$#
Step 2: y x$# f " (x)
19. Step 1: y x& x y"&
Step 2: y &x f " (x);
Domain and Range of f " : all reals;
&
"&
"%
"$
ax$ b
"$
"
#
x
"
#
7
#
"
xy
7
#
x 2y 7
Step 2: y 2x 7 f (x);
Domain and Range of f " : all reals;
f af " (x)b "# (2x 7) 7# x 7#
23. Step 1: y
Step 2: y
"
x#
x#
"
y
"
x
f " (x)
7
#
"
y
24. Step 1: y
"
x$
x$
"
x"$
"
Step 2: y
Domain of f
f af " (x)b
"
y
(c)
26. (a) y
"
5
"
$
ax"$ b
"
x"
2,
df "
dx x1
x7
df
dx x1
(c)
x since x 0
"
y"$
"
5
"5 ,
"
df
dx
4,
df "
dx x3
x"
"
(b)
x
#
3
#
xy7
x$%&
"$
"
#
"
(b)
(x) 5x 35
27. (a) y 5 4x 4x 5 y
x 54 y4 f " (x)
df
dx x1#
"
"x
: x 0, Range of f " : y 0;
x 5y 35 f
(c)
25. (a) y 2x 3 2x y 3
x y# 3# f " (x)
df
dx x1
"
x"#
"
4
(b)
5
4
x
4
427
428
df
dx x&
"
2
(b)
y f
"
(x)
x#
4xk x5 20,
df "
dx x&0
"
# 2
x"#
x50
"
#0
$
$
29. (a) f(g(x)) $x x, g(f(x)) x$ x
(b)
"
3
"
4
(4x)"$ $ x,
k(h(x)) 4
(c) hw (x)
w
k (x)
x$
4
"$
(b)
3x
w
w
4 h (2) 3, h (2)
4
#$
kw (2) "3 ,
3 (4x)
3;
kw (2)
x$
4
"
3
at (! !);
3x# 6x
31.
df
dx
33.
df "
dx x 4
df "
dx x f(3)
df "
dx x f(2)
35. (a) y mx x
"
m
y
m
"
df
dx
x2
"
df
dx
x3
"
3"
y f " (x)
"
"
9
"
m
2x 4
32.
df
dx
34.
dg"
dx x 0
b
m
dg"
dx x f(0)
"
dg
dx
x0
"
df
dx
x5
"
6
"
2
df "
dx x f(5)
f " (x)
"
m
x
b
m;
"
m.
"
m
and y-intercept mb .
39. Let x" x# be two numbers in the domain of an increasing function f. Then, either x" x# or
x" x# which implies f(x" ) f(x# ) or f(x" ) f(x# ), since f(x) is increasing. In either case,
f(x" ) f(x# ) and f is one-to-one. Similar arguments hold if f is decreasing.
40. f(x) is increasing since x# x"
"
3
x#
5
6
"
3
x" 56 ;
df
dx
"
3
81x#
"
df
dx
"
81x# 13 x"$
"
9x#$
"
9
df "
dx
"
3
df
dx
24x#
df
dx
"
24x# 12 1x"$
"
3
x"$ ;
x#$
"
"3
"
6(" x)#$
"
#
"
#
(1 x)"$ ;
"6 (1 x)#$
43. f(x) is decreasing since x# x" (1 x# )$ (1 x" )$ ; y (1 x)$ x 1 y"$ f " (x) 1 x"$ ;
df
dx
3(1 x)#
df "
dx
"
3(1 x)# 1cx"$
&$
5
3
x#$
df "
dx
5
3
"
x#$ x$&
3
5x#&
"
3x#$
"3 x#$
&$
3
5
x#&
45. The function g(x) is also one-to-one. The reasoning: f(x) is one-to-one means that if x" x# then
f(x" ) f(x# ), so f(x" ) f(x# ) and therefore g(x" ) g(x# ). Therefore g(x) is one-to-one as well.
46. The function h(x) is also one-to-one. The reasoning: f(x) is one-to-one means that if x" x# then
f(x" ) f(x# ), so f(x"" ) f(x"# ) , and therefore h(x" ) h(x# ).
47. The composite is one-to-one also. The reasoning: If x" x# then g(x" ) g(x# ) because g is one-to-one. Since
g(x" ) g(x# ), we also have f(g(x" )) f(g(x# )) because f is one-to-one. Thus, f g is one-to-one because
x" x# f(g(x" )) f(g(x# )).
48. Yes, g must be one-to-one. If g were not one-to-one, there would exist numbers x" x# in the domain of g
with g(x" ) g(x# ). For these numbers we would also have f(g(x" )) f(g(x# )), contradicting the assumption
that f g is one-to-one.
429
430
49. The first integral is the area between f(x) and the x-axis
over a x b. The second integral is the area between
f(x) and the y-axis for f(a) y f(b). The sum of the
integrals is the area of the larger rectangle with corners
at (0 0), (b 0), (b f(b)) and (0 f(b)) minus the area of the
smaller rectangle with vertices at (0 0), (a 0), (a f(a)) and
(0 f(a)). That is, the sum of the integrals is bf(b) af(a).
50. f w axb
ad bc
.
acx db#
1 at# a# b f w (t); also S(t) 21f(t)'a x dx 21'a xf(x) dx c1f(t)t# 1f(t)a# d 21'a xf(x) dx
t
Sw (t) 1t# f w (t) 21tf(t) 1a# f w (t) 21tf(t) 1 at# a# b f w (t) Ww (t) Sw (t). Therefore, W(t) S(t)
for all t [a b].
53-60. Example CAS commands:
Maple:
with( plots );#53
f := x -> sqrt(3*x-2);
domain := 2/3 .. 4;
x0 := 3;
Df := D(f);
# (a)
plot( [f(x),Df(x)], x=domain, color=[red,blue], linestyle=[1,3], legend=["y=f(x)","y=f '(x)"],
title="#53(a) (Section 7.1)" );
q1 := solve( y=f(x), x );
# (b)
g := unapply( q1, y );
m1 := Df(x0);
# (c)
t1 := f(x0)+m1*(x-x0);
y=t1;
m2 := 1/Df(x0);
# (d)
t2 := g(f(x0)) + m2*(x-f(x0));
y=t2;
domaing := map(f,domain);
# (e)
p1 := plot( [f(x),x], x=domain, color=[pink,green], linestyle=[1,9], thickness=[3,0] ):
p2 := plot( g(x), x=domaing, color=cyan, linestyle=3, thickness=4 ):
p3 := plot( t1, x=x0-1..x0+1, color=red, linestyle=4, thickness=0 ):
p4 := plot( t2, x=f(x0)-1..f(x0)+1, color=blue, linestyle=7, thickness=1 ):
p5 := plot( [ [x0,f(x0)], [f(x0),x0] ], color=green ):
display( [p1,p2,p3,p4,p5], scaling=constrained, title="#53(e) (Section 7.1)" );
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and x0 may vary)
If a function requires the odd root of a negative number, begin by loading the RealOnly package that allows Mathematica
to do this. See section 2.5 for details.
<<Miscellaneous `RealOnly`
Clear[x, y]
431
432
4
9
"
#
3
4
ln 3 ln 4 ln 3 ln 2# ln 3 2 ln 2
ln 4 ln 9 ln 2# ln 3# 2 ln 2 2 ln 3
ln 1 ln 2 ln 2
(d) ln $9 "3 ln 9
(e) ln 32 ln 3 ln 2"# ln 3 "# ln 2
(f) ln 13.5 " ln 13.5 " ln 27 " aln 3$ ln 2b " (3 ln 3 ln 2)
(c) ln
2. (a) ln
"
125
(e) ln 0.056 ln
ln 35 ln
ln 25
"
7
7
125
3
#
"
#
2
3
ln 3
(b) ln 9.8 ln
49
5
ln 7# ln 5 2 ln 7 ln 5
ln 7 ln 5$ ln 7 3 ln 5
ln 5 ln 7 ln 7
# ln 5
ln 3#
ln 7
"
#
ln 1 3 ln 5 3 ln 5
(c) ln 77 ln 7$#
(f)
"
3
sin )
sin5 )
"
(b) ln a3x# 9xb ln 3x
ln 3x 3x 9x ln (x 3)
ln 5
1)
ln (t 1)
1
5. y ln 3x yw 3x
(3)
7. y ln at# b
9. y ln
3
x
10. y ln
10
x
t"# (2t)
dy
dt
ln 3x"
dy
dx
ln 10x"
11. y ln () 1)
13. y ln x$
dy
dx
dy
d)
17. y
x%
4
ln x
dy
dt
8. y ln t$#
2
t
dy
dx
dy
dx
" 3 "#
t$#
# t
3
2t
dy
dt
12. y ln (2) 2)
14. y (ln x)$
3
x
dy
dt
x"$ a3x# b
"
#(ln t)"#
x%
16
"
6. y ln kx yw kx
(k) x
) " 1 (1)
"
x
d
dt
x$ ln x
x%
4
"
x
4x$
16
d
dt
x$ ln x
2t ln t
t
dy
dx
dy
d)
#) " 2 (2)
3(ln x)#
(ln t)# 2 ln t
t(ln t)"#
#t
d
dx
"
)1
(ln x)
3(ln x)#
x
x$
3
ln x
x$
9
19. y
ln t
t
20. y
" ln t
t
21. y
ln x
1 ln x
yw
22. y
x ln x
1 ln x
yw
dy
dt
x# ln x
dy
dx
dy
dt
"
x
3x#
9
x# ln x
1 ln t
t#
x$
3
" 1 ln t
t#
"
x
lnt# t
lnxx lnxx
(1 ln x)#
"
x(1 ln x)#
(" ln x)# ln x
(1 ln x)#
1
ln x
(1 ln x)#
"
x ln x
d
dx
"
ln (ln x)
"
ln x
(ln x)
d
dx
"
x (ln x) ln (ln x)
dy
d)
sin (ln )) cos (ln )) cos (ln )) sin (ln )) 2 cos (ln ))
26. y ln (sec ) tan ))
dy
d)
"
x x 1
"
#
27. y ln
28. y
"
#
29. y
1 ln t
1 ln t
ln
1x
1x
ln x
"
#
dy
dt
"
#
(1 ln t)#
"
t"#
"
#
sin ) cos )
1 2 ln )
"
#
"#
dy
dt
#" t"#
dy
d)
"
#
"
#
"
t
"
#
(1 ln t)#
ln t"# "#
"
#
1x1x
(1
x)(" x)
2
t(1 ln t)#
ln t"#
"
#
ln t"# "#
d
d)
d
dt
"
t"#
d
dt
t"#
"
sec (ln ))
d
d)
dy
d)
"
#
(ln ))
)
cos
sin )
tan (ln ))
)
sin )
cos )
2
)
1 # ln )
"
#
ln (1 x) yw
52x
x# 1
[5 ln (x 1) 20 ln (x 2)] yw
"
#
x 5 1
20
x#
5
#
10x
x# 1
"
#(1 x)
4(x 1)
(x(x2)1)(x
2)
2
5# (x 3x1)(x
#)
35. y 'x#2 ln t dt
x#
"
1 x#
4
)(1 2 ln ))
&
34. y ln (x(x2)1)#!
sec )
"
4tln t
x 1b
33. y ln a
5 ln ax# 1b
1x
&
cot ) tan )
#
1) x
3x 2
ln (x 1) yw x" #" x " 1 2(x
2x(x 1) 2x(x 1)
ln t"# "#
32. y ln
cln (1 x) ln (1 x)d yw
30. y ln t ln t"#
"
)
dy
dx
ln x#
d
dx
ax# b ln x#
d
dx
x# 2x ln kxk x ln
kx k
2
433
434
36. y 'x ln t dt
$
$
ln
x
$x ln x
d
dx
d
dx
ln x
2 x
3 x#
ln $x
dy
dx
37.
2
'cc32 x" dx cln kxkd #
$ ln 2 ln 3 ln 3
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. Let u ln x du
'1
2 ln x
x
dx '0
ln 2
'2
dx
x ln x
'ln 2
ln 4
"
u
ln 2
'2
dx
x(ln x)#
'2
dx; x 2 u ln 2 and x 4 u ln 4;
#
"
x
dx; x 2 u ln 2 and x 4 u ln 4;
ln 4
46. Let u ln x du
16
"
x
4
ln 2
2 ln 2 ln 2
du cln ud lnln 42 ln (ln 4) ln (ln 2) ln ln
ln 2 ln ln 2 ln ln 2
45. Let u ln x du
4
dx; x 1 u 0 and x 2 u ln 2;
44. Let u ln x du
4
"
x
dx
2xln x
"
#
'ln 2
ln 16
"
x
"
ln #
ln"##
"
ln 2
2 ln" #
"
ln #
"
# ln 2
"
ln 4
t
' 6 3sec
' duu ln kuk C ln k6 3 tan tk C
3 tan t dt
#
x
#
du "# sin
sin
'012 tan x# dx '012 cos
x
#
dx 2 du sin
1
)
3
cos t
sin t
du
1
4
du
u
dx; x 0 u 1 and x
c2 ln kukd 11
"
2
and t
1
#
"
dt '12 du
u cln kukd "# ln
1
"
3
1 2 cos
sin
dx 2 '1
x
#
x
#
x
#
cos
)
)
3
d) 6 du 2 cos
32
d) 6 '12
du
u
)
3
2 ln
"
2
2 ln 2 ln 2
u 1;
"
2
d) ; )
32
"
2
1
#
ln 2
1
#
6 cln kukd 12 6 ln
3
#
"
#
and ) 1 u
3
#
ln "# 6 ln 3 ln 27
'
'
dx
2x 2x
dx
;
2 x 1 x
du
u
2 cln kukd 11
let u 1 x du
"
# x
2 ln
"
2
"
2
ln 1 2 ln 2 ln 2
dx;
ln kuk C
du
u
ln 1 x C ln 1 x C
54. Let u sec x tan x du asec x tan x sec# xb dx (sec x)(tan x sec x) dx sec x dx
'
sec x dx
ln (sec x tan x)
'
du
uln u
"
x 1
"
#
dy
dt
"
#
"#
t t 1 "t
x
1
"
#
ln y
"
t1
"
#
dy
dt
x(x 1) (2x 1)
2x(x 1)
"
x1
dy
d)
" dy
y dt
dy
d)
62. y
dy
dt
x 2x 1
"t
"
x 1
a2x x 1b kx 1k
x 1 (x 1)
#
"
t1
" dy
y dt
[ln t ln (t 1)]
#" "t
"
t1
2t 1
2 at# tb$#
"
#
ln () 3) ln (sin ))
)
(tan )) 2) 1 sec
tan )
"
#) 1
asec# )b 2) 1
"
t1
"
t#
" dy
y d)
"
#() 3)
cos )
sin )
"t
"
t1
"
t#
ln (2) 1)
)5
) cos ) ln y ln () 5) ln )
dy
)5 ) " 5 ") tan )
d) ) cos )
" dy
y d)
sec# )
tan )
#" #) 2 1
tan )
2) 1
" dy
y dt
"
t
"
t1
"
t#
t(t 2) t(t 1)
t(t 1)(t 2) (t 1)(t t(t2)1)(t
3t# 6t 2
2)
ln y ln 1 ln t ln (t 1) ln (t 2)
"
t(t 1)(t 2)
"
#
"
t(t 1)(t #)
" dy
y dt
"t
t(t 2) t(t 1)
(t 1)(t t(t2)1)(t
2)
"
x
2
x1
at$3t3t#6t2t2b#
63. y
"
t(t 1)(t 2)
dy
dt
"
2t (t 1)$#
"
#
"
#
y
y
[ln t ln (t 1)]
"
#
2y
y
2x "
2x(x 1)
t t 1 t(t " 1)
"
"# t(t 1 1) t(t2t 1)
"
u
du
u ;
ln (cos ))
" dy
y d)
"
)5
"
)
sin )
cos )
"
t1
"
t#
435
436
64. y
) sin )
sec ) ln y
dy
) sin ) "
d) sec ) )
65. y
"
#
ln ) ln (sin ))
cot )
"
#
"!
&
"
#
&
2)
67. y x(x
x 1 ln y
$
2) "
x(x
x# 1
x
"
3
yw
"
3
1b
2
3
ln (x 1)
"
3
1)(x 2) "
ax(x
x# 1b (2x 3) x
"
3
cos )
sin )
(sec ))(tan ))
2 sec )
y
y
"
x
y
y
5
x1
x
x 1
#
2
3(x 1)
5
2x 1
5
2x 1
1)(x 2)
68. y ax(x
x# 1b (2x 3) ln y
yw
")
(x 1) 5
yw (2x
x1
1)
"!
" dy
y d)
tan )
x x# 1
ln y ln x "# ln ax#
(x 1)#
#
yw x(x x1)#$1 "x x# x 1 3(x 2 1)
(x 1)
66. y (2x
1) ln y
ln (sec ))
y
y
"
3
"x
"
x#
2x
x 1
#
2x
x# 1
"
x#
2x
x# 1
2
2x 3
sin x
1
w
w
69. (a) f(x) ln (cos x) f w (x) cos
x tan x 0 x 0; f (x) 0 for 4 x 0 and f (x) 0 for
0 x 13 there is a relative maximum at x 0 with f(0) ln (cos 0) ln 1 0; f 14 ln cos 14
1
3
"
#
sin (ln x)
x
0 x 1; f w (x) 0 for
"
#
cos ( ln 2) cos (ln 2) and f(2) cos (ln 2). Therefore, the absolute minimum occurs at x
x 2 with f "# f(2) cos (ln 2), and the absolute maximum occurs at x 1 with f(1) 1.
"
#
and
70. (a) f(x) x ln x f w (x) 1 "x ; if x 1, then f w (x) 0 which means that f(x) is increasing
(b) f(1) 1 ln 1 1 f(x) x ln x 0, if x 1 by part (a) x ln x if x 1
71.
72. A
'c014 tan x dx '013 tan x dx '014 cossinxx dx '013 cossinxx dx cln kcos xkd !1% cln kcos xkd !1$
ln 1 ln
"
2
ln
"
#
ln 1 ln 2 ln 2
12
"
y 1
cos x
sin x
3
#
ln 2
1#
dx 1 cln (sin x)d 1' 1 ln 1 ln "# 1 ln 2
75. V 21'12 x x"# dx 21 '12 x" dx 21 cln kxkd #"# 21 ln 2 ln #" 21(2 ln 2) 1 ln 2% 1 ln 16
2
437
x#
8
'4
#
ln x 1 ayw b# 1 x4 x" 1 x 4x 4 x 4x 4 L '4 1 ayw b# dx
8 #
x 4
(b) x
4x
y4 #
2
ln y4
dx
dy
y
8
2
y
'
L '4 1 dx
dy dy 4
#
12
y
y
2
1 dx
dy 1 8 y 1
12 #
y 16
8y
y
dy '4 y8 2y dy 16
2 ln y
12
16
8y
"#
%
16
8y
(9 2 ln 12) (1 2 ln 4)
8 2 ln 3 8 ln 9
78. L '1 1
2
"
x#
dx
dy
dx
"
x
y ln kxk C ln x C since x 0 0 ln 1 C C 0 y ln x
" "
79. (a) My '1 x x" dx 1, Mx '1 2x
x dx
2
My
M
"
ln 2
1.44 and y
Mx
M
"4
ln 2
"
#
'12 x"
"
dx 2x
4" , M '1
"
"
x
0.36
(b)
16
'
cln kxkd "'
" ln 4, M 1
16
"
#
"
x
2
3
"
"
x$# "' 42; Mx ' #
x x dx
"
1
16
"'
dx 2x"# " 6 x
My
M
7 and y
Mx
M
"
#
'116 x" dx
ln 4
6
"
"
4
' $# dx
(b) My '1 x "x 4x dx 4'1 dx 60, Mx '1 #
x x x dx # 1 x
16
16
16
y
81.
dy
dx
82.
d# y
dx#
Mx
M
1
"
x
16
16
"
x
16
dx c4 ln kxkd "'
" 4 ln 16 x
My
M
15
ln 16
and
3
4 ln 16
sec# x
dy
dx
dy
dx
"
1x x0
1 L(x) ln 1 1 x L(x) x
"
(b) Let faxb lnax "b. Since f ww axb ax"
! on ! !", the graph of f is concave down on this interval and the
b#
largest error in the linear approximation will occur when x !". This error is !" lna""b !!!%'* to five
decimal places.
438
d ln a
x
dx c
1
a
x
xa2 1x and
d
ln a
dx c
ln x d 0
1
x
the same derivative, then ln xa ln a ln x C for some constant C. Since this equation holds for all positve values of x,
it must be true for x 1 ln 1x ln 1 ln x C 0 ln x C ln 1x ln x C. By part 3 we know that
ln 1x ln x C 0 ln xa ln a ln x.
85. y ln kx y ln x ln k; thus the graph of
y ln kx is the graph of y ln x shifted vertically
by ln k, k 0.
87. (a)
(b) yw
cos x
asin x .
(b) y x ln x yw
"
# x
"
x
yww 4x"$#
"
x#
"
x#
x
4
1 0 x 4 x 16.
Thus, yww 0 if 0 x 16 and yww 0 if x 16 so a point of inflection exists at x 16. The graph of
y x ln x closely resembles a straight line for x 10 and it is impossible to discuss the point of
inflection visually from the graph.
7.3 THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
#
(b) e ln x
2. (a) eln ax y b x# y#
(b) e ln 03
"
eln x#
"
eln 03
"
x#
"
0.3
x
y
1x
#
(b) ln aln ee b ln (e ln e) ln e 1
(c) ln e2 ln x ln eln x ln x# 2 ln x
5. ln y 2t 4 eln y e2t4 y e2t4
1
9. ln (y 1) ln 2 x ln x ln (y 1) ln 2 ln x x ln y 2x
x eln
y1
2x
ex
y 1 2xex y 2xex 1
#
y1
#x
ex
10. ln ay# 1b ln (y 1) ln (sin x) ln yy 1" ln (sin x) ln (y 1) ln (sin x) eln y1 eln sin x
y 1 sin x y sin x 1
11. (a) e2k 4 ln e2k ln 4 2k ln e ln 2# 2k 2 ln 2 k ln 2
(b) 100e10k 200 e10k 2 ln e10k ln 2 10k ln e ln 2 10k ln 2 k
(c) ek1000 a ln ek1000 ln a
12. (a) e5k
"
4
k
1000
ln e ln a
k
1000
ln a k 1000 ln a
ln 2
10
439
440
ln 0.4
ln 0.2
14. (a) e001t 1000 ln e001t ln 1000 (0.01t) ln e ln 1000 0.01t ln 1000 t 100 ln 1000
"
(b) ekt 10
ln ekt ln 10" kt ln e ln 10 kt ln 10 t lnk10
"
#
(c) eln 2t
t
15. e
t
eln 2 2" 2t 2" t 1
t
x# ln e
ln x# t 2 ln x t 4(ln x)#
#
d
dx
(5x) yw 5e5x
d
dx
d
dx
2x
yw
3
2
3
e2x3
(5 7x) yw 7e57x
#
d
dx
4x x# yw 2 2x e4xx#
x
d
dx
d
dx
# 3x
27x e
dy
d)
sin e)
dy
d)
d
d)
dy
d)
"
)
dy
dt
"
t
d
d)
d
d)
1t
t
1
1
dy
dt
1 sin" t
d
dt
(sin t) 1
cos t sin t
sin t
31. y ln
e)
1 e)
ln e) ln 1 e) ) ln 1+e)
dy
d)
1 1 " e)
d
d)
1 e) 1
e)
1 e)
"
1 e)
cos t
sin t
)
1 )
ln ) ln 1 )
"
"
"
1 ") #
)
# )
)
'0ln x sin et dt
dy
dt
"
)
1 ) )
dy
dt
2) 1 )
d
d)
) 1 ")
"
#) 1 )
ecos t tecos t
d
dt
d
d)
1 )
"
#) a1)"# b
yw sin eln x
d
dx
dy
d)
(ln x)
d
dx
sin x
x
ae2x b ln e4x
d
dx
d
dx
4x
xy
xex y "
x
yw
yey cos x
1 yey sin x
"
x
y axex y "b
x a1 yex y b
"
x
2e2x
cos (x 3y)
3yw
2e2x
cos (x 3y)
1
43.
"
x
yw
42.
44.
45.
46.
47.
'lnln49 ex2 dx 2ex2 lnln 94 2 eln 92 eln 4)2 2 eln 3 eln 2 2(3 2) 2
48.
3x
5ex C
442
' 2tet
"
4
'
t$ et dt
"
x
53. Let u
' ex
1x
"
4
' eu du 4" et
du t$ dt;
C
du x"# dx du
dx;
' ex
"
x#
1x#
#
"
#
"
#
du x$ dx;
'0
1 4
14
1
4
#
C
"
#
e1x C
u 1;
1 4
(1 0) (e 1) e
56. Let u cot ) du csc# ) d); )
12
1
4
u 1, )
1
2
u 0;
12
(0 1) (1 e) e
57. Let u sec 1t du 1 sec 1t tan 1t dt
du
1
C
esec a1tb
1
C
1
6
u 16 , v ln
1
#
u 1# ;
'lnln1162 2ev cos ev dv 2 '1162 cos u du c2 sin ud 1126 2 sin 1# sin 16 2 1 "# 1
#
'0
2xex cos ex dx '1 cos u du csin ud 1" sin (1) sin (1) sin (1) 0.84147
#
' 1 e e
dr '
dx '
62.
' 1 " e
x
let u e
63.
"
u
du ln kuk C ln a1 er b C
ecx
ecx 1
dx;
'
ecx
ecx 1
dx '
dy
dt
"
u
du ln kuk C ln aex 1b C
dy
dt
let u 1et du 1et dt 1" du et dt y 1" ' sec# u du 1" tan u C
1" tan a1et b C; y(ln 4) 12 1" tan 1eln 4 C 12 1" tan 1 4" C 12
1" (1) C
65.
d# y
dx#
2ex
x
y 2e
66.
dy
dx
2
1
C 13 ; thus, y
2ex C; x 0 and
3
1
dy
dx
"
1
tan a1et b
0 0 2e! C C 2; thus
dy
dx
x
2x 1 2 aex xb 1
d# y
dy
" 2t
" #
2t
dy
dt# 1 e
dt t # e C; t 1 and dt 0 0 1 # e C
dy
" 2t
" #
" #
" 2t
" #
dt t # e # e 1 y # t 4 e # e 1 t C" ; t 1 and y
"
" #
" #
" 2t
"
#
C" # 4 e y # t 4 e # e 1 t #" 4" e#
2ex 2
"
#
e# 1; thus
"
#
1 "
x
#
x
#
1.
Therefore the maximums occur at x 1 2k(21) and the minimums occur at x 31 2k(21), where k is any
integer. The maximum is 2e 5.43656 and the minimum is 2e 0.73576.
69. f(x) x# ln
"
x
f w (x) 2x ln
"
x
x# "" ax# b 2x ln
x
"
x
"
e
of f assumed at x
. Therefore, f "e
"
e
"
e
ln e
"
e
ln e"#
"
#e
ln e
"
#e
"
e
and
71.
'0ln 3 ae2x ex b dx e#
72.
2x
73. L '0 1
1
ex
4
dx
ex
dy
dx
ln 3
0
ex2
#
e # eln 3 e# e! 9# 3 "# 1
2 ln 3
8
#
22
444
74. S 21'0 e
ln 2
21'0
ln 2
dy
75. (a)
1# "# e2y
1 "
# # 4
1 ey #ecy # dy 21 '
0
ecy
#
ecy
#
ln 2
ey #ecy # dy 21 '0ln 2 e
"
e 1
'1
"
x
"
e1
(e e 1)
"
2 1
e cy
#
e cy #
#
ln 2
2y "# e2y 0 1# "# e2 ln 2 2 ln
2 ln 2 "# 4" 1# 2 8" 2 ln 2
(x ln x x C) x
d
dx
dy
2 "#
1 15
16
1
#
2 ln 2
"# 0 "#
ln 2
ln x 1 0 ln x
ln x dx
"
e1
cx ln x xd e1
"
e1
[(e ln e e) (1 ln 1 1)]
"
e1
(b) y ae b
"
ex
ex"
ex#
for all x;
"
x
x n 1 xn
ln (xn ) 1
x1
n
x# 2.61370564, x$ 2.71624393 and x& 2.71828183, where we have used Newton's method.
80. eln x x and ln aex b x for all x 0
81. Note that y ln x and ey x are the same curve; '1 ln x dx area under the curve between 1 and a;
a
82. (a) y ex yww ex 0 for all x the graph of y ex is always concave upward
(b) area of the trapezoid ABCD 'ln a ex dx area of the trapezoid AEFD
ln b
'ln a ex dx e
ln b
Me
ln aln b2
ln a
"
#
(AB CD)(ln b ln a)
since the curve containing the points B and C is linear eln aln b2 (ln b ln a)
'ln a ex dx e
ln b
e
#
ln b
"
#
ln a
eln b
(ln
#
b ln a)
(c)
ba
ln b ln a
ab
#
ln a
eln b
(ln
#
b ln a) eln aln b2
eln a eln b
ba
ln b ln a
ab
#
ba
ln b ln a
ab
ab
#
ba
ln b ln a
ab
#
(b) 8log8
2 2
(c) 1.3log1 3 75 75
(b) 10log10 12
"
#
log3 3
"
#
"
#
"
#
0.5
(c) 1log1 7 7
"
#
log2 x
ln x
ln x
ln x ln 3
ln 3
log3 x ln # ln 3 ln # ln x ln 2
logx a
ln a
ln a
ln a ln x#
2 ln x
logx# a ln x ln x# ln x ln a ln x
(b)
ln b
ln a
ln a
ln b
ln b
ln a
ln b
ln a
b
ln
ln a
ln x
ln #
ln x
ln 8
ln x
ln #
ln 8
ln x
3 ln 2
ln 2
log9 x
ln x
ln x
ln x
ln 3
1
log3 x ln 9 ln 3 2 ln 3 ln x 2
log10 x
"# ln 2
ln x
ln x
ln x
log2 x ln 10 ln 2 "# ln 10 ln x
loga b
logb a
log2 x
log8 x
ln 2
ln 10
"
x
c# b
"
x
"
x#
2
x
x 2x 1 0 (x 1) 0 x 1
12. y 3cx yw 3cx (ln 3)(1) 3cx ln 3
11. y 2x yw 2x ln 2
13. y 5s
#
14. y 2s
dy
ds
dy
ds
15. y x1 yw 1x11
17. y (cos ))
dy
d)
16. y t1e
dy
dt
(1 e) te
445
446
dy
d)
1(ln ))11
)
19. y 7sec ) ln 7
dy
d)
20. y 3tan ) ln 3
dy
d)
21. y 2sin 3t
dy
dt
22. y 5c cos 2t
dy
dt
23. y log2 5)
ln 5)
ln #
24. y log3 (1 ) ln 3)
25. y
ln x
ln 4
26. y
x ln e
ln #5
ln x#
ln 4
ln x
2 ln 5
ln (1 ) ln 3)
ln 3
2
ln x
ln 4
dy
d)
x
# ln 5
ln x
ln 4
ln x
2 ln 5
"
) ln #
dy
d)
yw
ln x
ln 4
"
1 ) ln 3
3
x ln 4
x1
2x ln 5
ln# r
(ln 2)(ln 4)
dy
dr
"
"
(ln 2)(ln
4) (2 ln r) r
2 ln r
r(ln 2)(ln 4)
ln# r
(ln 3)(ln 9)
dy
dr
"
"
(ln 3)(ln
9) (2 ln r) r
2 ln r
r(ln 3)(ln 9)
1
29. y log3 xx
1
ln 3
dy
dx
"
x1
"
x1
"
#
ln 7x
"
#
1
ln xx b
c1
ln 3
ln 3
ln 52
log5 3x7x 2
ln 5
ln (3x 2)
)
32. y log7 sin e) #cos
)
)
dy
d)
cos )
(sin ))(ln 7)
33. y log5 ex
ln ex
ln 5
# #
2
x ln 2
dy
dx
"
t(ln t)(ln #)
7
27x
dy
d)
ln 3x7x 2
ln 52
ln 5
3
2(3x 2)
ln#5
(3x 2) 3x
2x(3x 2)
ln 3x7x 2
ln 5
dy
dt
4(x 1) x
2x(x 1)(ln 2)
"
#
ln 3x7x #
"
x(3x 2)
2)
"
ln 5
2 ln x 2 ln 2 "# ln (x 1)
ln 2
3x 4
2x(x 1) ln #
3 ln (log2 t)
ln 8
ln )
ln ) ) ln" 7 sin (log7 ))
sin ln
7 ) cos ln 7
ln x# ln e# ln 2 ln x 1
ln 2
yw
"
# (ln 2)(x 1)
1
ln xx
1 ln (x 1) ln (x 1)
ln (sin )) ln (cos )) ln e) ln 2)
)) ) ) ln 2
ln (sin )) ln (cos
ln 7
ln 7
sin )
"
ln 2
"
(cos ))(ln 7) ln 7 ln 7 ln 7 (cot ) tan ) 1 ln
x
ln 5
ln 3
2
(x 1)(x 1)
ln )
31. y ) sin (log7 )) ) sin ln
1
(ln 3) ln xx b
c1
3 ln lnln 2t
ln 8
dy
dt
"
t
alog2 3b 3log2 t
"
"
ln38 (ln t)/(ln
2) t ln #
3
t(ln t)(ln 8)
"
ln 7
cos (log7 ))
t ln eln 3
sin t
ln 3
t ln 3sin t
ln 3
3 ln 2 (ln 2)(ln t)
ln #
3 ln t
t sin t
t(sin t)(ln 3)
ln 3
yw xx1 1
t
"
x
y
y
dy
dt
" dy
y dt
dy
dt
"
x
ln t
#
"
#
t ln# t "#
"#
"#
42. y tt tt ln y ln tt t"# (ln t)
yw (x 1)x x x 1 ln (x 1)
ln x
"
(x 1)
ln (x 1) x
y
y
ln x (x 1) x" ln x 1
"
t
sin t t cos t
dy
dt
dy
dt
" dy
y dt
t2
ln2
t t
t
y
y
ln t2
2 t
x
ln (sin x) x cos
yw (sin x)x cln (sin x) x cot xd
sin x
y
y
y
y
y
y
d
dx
(ln x)
ln (ln x)
x
' 5x dx ln5 5 C
49.
'01 2c
50.
'c02 5c
48.
d) '2 "5 d)
0
'1
'14 2x dx '14 2x
x
"#
"
#
"
#
ln "#
"
ln "#
ln 5"
#
x2ax b dx '1 "# 2u du
"5
51. Let u x# du 2x dx
"
"
#
ln "#
)
d) '0 "# d)
"
#
ln "#
"
2(ln 1 ln 2)
"
# ln 2
c#
#
"
ln 5"
5"
ln 5"
"
ln 5"
(1 25)
24
ln 1 ln 5
"
#
du x dx; x 1 u 1, x 2 u 2;
"
#
x"# dx 2 du
dx
x
"
ln #
; x 1 u 1, x 4 u 2;
u1 #
"
447
4
ln #
24
ln 5
"
x
448
'0
12
7 !
ln 7 "
u
ln"7 a7! 7b
"
1
4
1
#
u 0;
6
ln 7
u 1;
!
"
"
"
"
ln 3 3 3
2
3 ln 3
2 ln x (2x) x"
du
dx
2u(ln x 1)
x 2 u 2% 16, x 4 u 4) 65,536;
"
#
du x2x (1 ln x) dx;
'24 x2x (1 ln x) dx "# '1665 536 du "# cud 6516 536 "# (65,536 16) 65,520
32,760
#
"
x
56. Let u ln x du
'1
2 ln x
2
dx '0
ln 2
dx; x 1 u 0, x 2 u ln 2;
ln 2
2ln 2 "
ln #
57.
'
C
58.
' x2c1 dx x
59.
60.
61.
'
3x
3x 31
3 1
x "
dx ' lnln10
x dx; u ln x du
log10 x
x
"
x
C
ln 2
1ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
"
#
64.
'1e 2 ln 10 x(log
65.
'02 logx (x # 2) dx ln"# '02 cln (x 2)d x " # dx ln"# (ln (x # 2)) # ln"# (ln#4)
10
x)
dx '1
(ln 10)(2 ln x)
(ln 10)
'11010 log
10
(10x)
x
dx
#
ln"010 4(ln#010)
(ln 2)#
#
"0
ln 10
3
#
"!
'11010 cln (10x)d 10x" dx ln"010 (ln (10x))
#0
#
""!
(ln 1)#
#
# ln 10
'09 2 logx (x1 1) dx ln210 '09 ln (x 1) x " 1 dx ln210 (ln (x# 1)) * ln210 (ln 210)
#
10
'23 2 logx (x1 1) dx ln22 '23 ln (x 1) x" 1 dx ln22 (ln (x#1)) $ ln22 (ln22)
2
(ln 2)#
#
ln 2
ln 10
68.
ln"# 4(ln# 2)
67.
4
x
"
"
x
# %
#
#
#
'14 ln 2 log
' 4 ln x
"
dx '1 lnx2 ln
x
ln # dx 1 x dx # (ln x) " # c(ln 4) (ln 1) d # (ln 4)
66.
2 1
ln 2
dx
63.
62.
3 dx
(ln ")#
#
(ln ")#
#
ln 2
"
ln #
'
dx
x log10 x
'
71.
72.
73.
74.
"
ln a
(ln 8)#
dx
x #
x ln
ln 8
'
(ln x)#
x
dx
70.
dx
x (log8 x)#
'
"
u
"
x
dx (ln 8)#
(ln x)"
1
C (lnln 8)x C
ln ex ln 1 x ln e x
A 2'1
76. A '1
1
"
u
2x
1 x#
dx; cu 1 x# du 2x dx; x 0 u 1, x 2 u 5d
21x dx 2
'
" x
1 #
dx 2
"#
ln "#
"
3
ln #
"
77. Let cH$ O d x and solve the equations 7.37 log10 x and 7.44 log10 x. The solutions of these equations
are 10($( and 10(%% . Consequently, the bounds for cH$ O d are c10(%% 10($( d .
78. pH log10 a4.8 10) b (log10 4.8) 8 7.32
79. Let O original sound level 10 log10 aI 10"# b db from Equation (6) in the text. Solving
O 10 10 log10 akI 10"# b for k 10 log10 aI 10"# b 10 10 log10 akI 10"# b log10 aI 10"# b 1
k
log10 akI 10"# b log10 aI 10"# b 1 log10 k log10 aI 10"# b 1 log10 k 1 lnln10
ln k ln 10 k 10
80. Sound level with 10I 10 log10 a10I 10"# b 10 clog10 10 log10 aI 10"# bd 10 10 log10 aI 10"# b
original sound level 10 an increase of 10 db
81. (a) If x cH$ O d and S x cOH d , then x(S x) 10"% S x
and
d# S
dx#
210"%
x$
10c"%
x
dS
dx
1
ln b
ln a
10"%
x#
cOHc d
cH $ O d
Sx
x
x
10"%
x x
10"%
x#
the ratio
82. Yes, it's true for all positive values of a and b: loga b
cOHc d
c H $ O d
ln b
ln a
equals 1 at x 10(
and logb a
ln a
ln b
"
logb a
loga b
449
450
"
x ln 3
, and f(3)
ln 3
ln 3
L(x)
"
3 ln 3
(x 3)
ln 3
ln 3
x
3 ln 3
"
ln 3
1
0.30x 0.09
(b)
ln 8
ln 3
17
ln
ln #0
1.89279
0.94575
(d) log0 5 7
ln 10
ln #
d " #
dx # x
log10 x
ln 10
ln #
k x and
Since x
"
x
ln x
ln 10
d
dx aln
ln x
ln #
log2 x
ln 0.5
ln 7 0.35621
ln 7
ln 0.5 2.80735
ln a
ln b
loga x
ln a
ln b
ln x
ln a
ln x
ln b
x cb x" .
" for any x !, these two curves will have perpendicular tangent lines.
logb x
xn" xn
lnaxn b"
"
x8
451
xn" xn # lnaxn b.
Then, x1 2, x2 2.61370564, x3 2.71624393, and x& 2.71828183. Many other methods may be used. For example,
graph y ln x " and determine the zero of y.
92. (a) The point of tangency is ap ln pb and mtangent
"
p
since
dy
dx
equation of the tangent line is y "p x. The tangent line also passes throughap ln pb ln p "p p " p e, and
the tangent line equation is y "e x.
(b)
d# y
dx#
x"# for x ! y ln x is concave downward over its domain. Therefore, y ln x lies below the graph of
for x !, x e.
x
e
(c) Multiplying by e, e ln x x or ln x x.
e
(d) Exponentiating both sides of ln xe x, we have eln x ex , or xe ex for all positive x e.
(e) Let x 1 to see that 1e e1 . Therefore, e1 is bigger.
e
ln 0.99
1000
0.00001
dp
dh
ln (0.9)
0.00001
dy
dt
10,536 years
ln (90) ln (1013)
20
ln (1013) ln (900)
0.121
0.121
0.977 km
ln (0.8)
10
sugar that remains after time t. Thus after another 14 hrs, A 1000eln 081024 585.35 kg
5. L(x) L! ekx
L!
#
L! e18k ln
L!
10
"
#
18k k
ln 2
18
6. V(t) V! et40 0.1V! V! et40 when the voltage is 10% of its original value t 40 ln (0.1)
92.1 sec
7. y y! ekt and y! 1 y ekt at y 2 and t 0.5 we have 2 e05k ln 2 0.5k k
Therefore, y eln 4t y e24 ln 4 424 2.81474978 1014 at the end of 24 hrs
ln 2
0.5
ln 4.
8. y y! ekt and y(3) 10,000 10,000 y! e3k ; also y(5) 40,000 y! e5k . Therefore y! e5k 4y! e3k
e5k 4e3k e2k 4 k ln 2. Thus, y y! eln 2t 10,000 y! e3 ln 2 y! eln 8 10,000 8y!
y! 10,000
1250
8
9. (a) 10,000ek1 7500 ek 0.75 k ln 0.75 and y 10,000eln 075t . Now 1000 10,000eln 075t
0.1
ln 0.1 (ln 0.75)t t lnln0.75
8.00 years (to the nearest hundredth of a year)
(b) 1 10,000eln 075t ln 0.0001 (ln 0.75)t t
year)
ln 0.0001
ln 0.75