Probabilityexperiment:Anexperimentortrialisanyprocedure
thatcanbeinfinitelyrepeatedandhasawelldefinedsetof
possibleoutcomes,knownasthesamplespace
Outcome:Apossibleresultofaprobabilityexperiment
Event:Twoeventsaredependentiftheoutcomeoroccurrenceof
thefirstaffectstheoutcomeoroccurrenceofthesecondsothatthe
probabilityischanged.
Samplespace:thesetofallpossibleoutcomesofthatexperiment.
Probabilityofanevent:definedasthenumberofoutcomes
favourabletoEdividedbythetotalnumberofequallylikely
outcomesinthesamplespaceSoftheexperiment
Theoreticalprobability:thenumberofwaysthattheeventcanoccur,
dividedbythetotalnumberofoutcomes.
Geometricprobability:probabilityofgeometricdistributions
Experimentalprobability:referstotheprobabilityofanevent
occurringwhenanexperimentwasconducted.
Independentevents:Twoevents,AandB,areindependentifthe
factthatAoccursdoesnotaffecttheprobabilityofBoccurring
Dependentevents:Theoutcomeofchoosingthefirstcardhas
affectedtheoutcomeofchoosingthesecondcard,makingthese
eventsdependent
Conditionalprobability:theprobabilityofanevent(A),giventhat
another(B)hasalreadyoccurred
Twowaytable:Atwowaytableofcountsorganizesdata
abouttwocategoricalvariables.Valuesoftherowvariable
labeltherowsthatrunacrossthetable,andvaluesofthe
columnvariablelabelthecolumnsthatrundownthetable
CompoundEvent:Probabilitiesoftwoormorethingshappeningat
once
OverlappingEvents:setsarethosewhichhavesomeelementsincommon
DisjointEvents:theprobabilitythateitheroftheeventsoccursisthe
sumoftheprobabilitiesoftheevents
Mutuallyexclusiveevents:Twoeventsaremutuallyexclusiveifthey
cannotoccuratthesametime
Permutation:relatestotheactofrearranging,orpermuting,allthe
membersofasetintosomesequenceororder
Nfactorial:thefactorialofanonnegativeintegern,denotedbyn!,
istheproductofallpositiveintegerslessthanorequalton
Combination:isawayofselectingseveralthingsoutofalargergroup,
whereorderdoesnotmatter
BinomialTheorem:aformulaforfindinganypowerofabinomialwithout
multiplyingatlength
RandomVariable:aquantityhavinganumericalvalueforeachmemberof
agroup,especiallyonewhosevaluesoccuraccordingtoafrequency
distribution.
ProbabilityDistribution:afunctionofadiscretevariablewhoseintegralover
anyintervalistheprobabilitythattherandomvariablespecifiedbyitwilllie
withinthatinterval.
ProbabilityoftheComplementofanEvent:consistsofalloftheoutcomesthat
arenotinacertainevent
ExperimentalProbabilities:theratioofthenumberoftimesanevent
occurstothetotalnumberoftrialsortimestheactivityisperformed.
ProbabilityofIndependentEvents:Twoevents,AandB,areindependentifthefactthat
AoccursdoesnotaffecttheprobabilityofBoccurring.Someotherexamplesof
independenteventsare:LandingonheadsaftertossingacoinANDrollinga5ona
single6sideddie.
ProbabilityofDependentEvents:Twoeventsaredependentiftheoutcomeor
occurrenceofthefirstaffectstheoutcomeoroccurrenceofthesecondsothatthe
probabilityischanged.
FindingConditionalProbabilities:conditionalprobabilitiescanbecomputeddirectly,by
effectivelyreducingthesamplespacetothegivenevent.Inothercases,theformulain
themathematicaldefinitionisbetter.Insomecases,conditional
probabilitiesareknownfrommodelingassumptions,andthenare
usedtocomputeotherprobabilities
MakingTwoWayTables:avisualrepresentationofthepossible
relationshipsbetweentwosetsofcategoricaldata
ProbabilityofCompoundEvents:relatingtothelikelinessoftwoindependent
eventsoccurring.Thecompoundprobabilityisequaltotheprobabilityofthefirst
eventmultipliedbytheprobabilityofthesecondevent.
Permutations:relatestotheactofrearranging,orpermuting,allthemembersofa
setintosomesequenceororder(unlikecombinations,whichareselectionsof
somemembersofthesetwhereorderisdisregarded).
Combinations:awayofselectingseveralthingsoutofalarger
group,whereorderdoesnotmatter.