Dewey Decimal Classification 21st Edition A Study Manual and Number Building Guide

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DeweyDecimalClassification,21stEdition
AStudyManualandNumberBuildingGuide
MonaL.Scott
1998
LibrariesUnlimited,Inc.
Englewood,Colorado
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Thisbookisdedicatedto
JohnPhillipComaromi,
theeditorofthe20theditionoftheDeweyDecimalClassification,
aswellastheAbridged12thedition,
thepreviouseditionofthismanual,anddozensofotherworksontheDDC.
Copyright1998MonaL.Scott
AllRightsReserved
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,
recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.
LIBRARIESUNLIMITED,INC.
P.O.Box6633
Englewood,CO801556633
18002376124
www.lu.com
DeweyDecimalClassification,Edition21
1996byOCLCForestPress,excerptsreprintedwithpermission.
ProductionEditor:StephenHaenel
CopyEditor:EloiseL.Kinney
Proofreader:LoriKranz
Typesetter:MichaelFlorman
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Scott,MonaL.
Deweydecimalclassification,21stedition:astudymanualand
numberbuildingguide/MonaL.Scott.
ix,198p.1725cm.
ISBN1563085984
1.Classification,DeweyDecimal.I.Title.
Z696.D7S361998
025.4'31dc21986948
CIP
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Contents
Preface
ix
Chapter1DDC:HistoryandCurrentStatus
TheModernHistoryofDDC
ForestPress/OCLCandtheEditorialPolicyCommittee
DeweyDecimalActivitiesattheLibraryofCongress
DDC'sInternationalPresence
Conclusion
LiteratureCited
Chapter2GeneralAspectsoftheDeweyDecimalClassification
13
Introduction
13
TheManual
18
TypesofChangesFoundinDDC21
19
LiteratureCited
24
Chapter3PrinciplesofNumberBuilding
25
Introduction
25
PrinciplesofBookClassification
25
TheTheoryofNumberBuilding
26
Conclusion
33
LiteratureCited
33
Chapter4TheTables
35
Introduction
35
Table1.StandardSubdivisions
36
Table2.GeographicAreas,HistoricalPeriods,Persons
40
Table3.SubdivisionsfortheArts,forIndividualLiteratures,forSpecific
LiteraryForms
46
Table4.SubdivisionsofIndividualLanguagesandLanguageFamilies
47
Table5.Racial,Ethnic,NationalGroups
47
Table6.Languages
47
Table7.GroupsofPersons
49
LiteratureCited
50
Chapter5Class000Generalities
11
51
Introduction
51
OutlineandDetailsofClass000
51
TheNumberBuildingProcess
53
DDC21Revisions
55
ExercisesintheUseofClass000
61
LiteratureCited
61
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Chapter6Class100Philosophy,ParanormalPhenomena,Psychology
Introduction
63
63
66
DDC21Revisions
68
69
Chapter7Class200Religion
71
Introduction
71
72
74
DDC21Revisions
77
88
LiteratureCited
88
Chapter8Class300SocialSciences
89
Introduction
89
90
93
DDC21Revisions
94
107
LiteratureCited
107
Chapter9Class400Language
109
Introduction
109
109
110
DDC21Revisions
112
114
Chapter10Class500NaturalSciencesandMathematics
115
Introduction
115
115
118
DDC21Revisions
120
129
LiteratureCited
129
Chapter11Class600TechnologyandAppliedSciences
63
131
Introduction
131
132
135
DDC21Revisions
137
150
LiteratureCited
150
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Chapter12Class700TheArtsFineandDecorativeArts
Introduction
151
152
154
DDC21Revisions
156
160
LiteratureCited
160
Chapter13Class800Literature(BellesLettres)andRhetoric
161
Introduction
161
162
163
DDC21Revisions
165
167
LiteratureCited
167
Chapter14Class900Geography,History,andAuxiliaryDisciplines
169
Introduction
169
169
170
DDC21Revisions
172
174
Chapter15BookNumbers
151
177
Introduction
177
TheFunctionsofBookNumbers
177
BookNumberSchemes
178
Conclusion
181
LiteratureCited
181
SelectBibliography
183
Appendix:AnswerstotheExercises
187
Index
191
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Preface
ThisworkisacomprehensiveguidetoEdition21oftheDeweyDecimalClassification(DDC21).ThepreviouseditionwaseditedbyJohnPhillipComaromi,who
alsowastheeditorofDDC20andthuswasabletoimpartinitspagesinformationabouttheinnerworkingsoftheDecimalClassificationEditorialPolicyCommittee,
whichguidestheClassification'sdevelopment.ThemanualbeginswithabriefhistoryofthedevelopmentofDeweyDecimalClassification(DDC)uptothisedition
anditsimpactinternationally.ItcontinuesontoareviewofthegeneralstructureofDDCandthe21steditioninparticular,withemphasisontheframework
("HierarchicalOrder,""CenteredEntries")thataidstheclassifierinitsuse.
AnextensivepartofthismanualisanindepthreviewofhowDDCisupdatedwitheachedition,suchasreductionsandexpansions,anddetailedlistsofsuchchanges
ineachtableandclass.Eachcitationofachangeindicatesthepreviouslocationofthetopic,usuallyinparenthesesbutalsointextualexplanations("movedfrom
248.463").Abriefdiscussionofthetopicmovedoraddedprovidessubstancetowhatotherwisewouldbelistsofnumbers.Wherethechangesaresodramaticthata
newclassordivisionstructurehasbeendeveloped,ComparativeandEquivalenceTablesareprovidedinvolume1ofDDC21(suchasLifesciencesin560590)
anysuchlistinthismanualwouldonlyberedundant.Inthesecases,theonlyreferencestochangesinthisworkarethosetopicsthatweremovedfromotherclasses.
Besidesthesecitationsofchanges,eachclassisintroducedwithabriefbackgrounddiscussionaboutitsdevelopmentorstructureorbothtofamiliarizetheuserwithit.
AnewaspectinthiseditionoftheDDCstudymanualisthatitiscombinedwithMartyBloombergandHansWeber'sAnIntroductiontoClassificationand
NumberBuildinginDewey(LibrariesUnlimited,1976)toprovideacompletereferencefortheapplicationofDDC.Detailedexamplesofnumberbuildingforeach
classwillguidetheclassifierthroughtheprocessthatresultsinclassificationsforparticularworkswithinthatclass.Inaddition,attheendofeachchapter,listsofbook
summariesaregivenasexercisesinnumberanalysis,withLibraryofCongressassignedclassificationstoprovidebenchmarks.
Thelastchaptercoversbook,orauthor,numbers,whichcombinedwiththeclassificationandoftenthedateprovideuniquecallnumbersforcirculationandshelf
arrangement.GuidelinesintheapplicationofCuttertablesandLibraryofCongressauthornumberscompletethiscomprehensivereferencetotheuseofDDC21.
Aswithallsuchworks,thiswasatremendousundertaking,whichcoincidedwiththeauthorcompletinganeweditionofConversionTables:LCDewey,DeweyLC
(LibrariesUnlimited,forthcoming).Helpinghandsarealwayswelcomeinourhumanexistence,andthisbookisnoexception.GratefulthanksareextendedtoJane
Riddle,attheNASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenterLibrary,andtoDarrylHines,atSANADSupportTechnologies,Inc.,fortheirkindassistanceinthecompletion
ofthisstudymanual.
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1
DDC:HistoryandCurrentStatus
Edition21oftheDeweyDecimalClassification(DDC)displaysthecontinuousrevitalizationeffortsthathavekeptitcontemporarythroughoutthetwentiethcentury.
Progressinscience,technology,andeventhoughtandcultureisconsistentlyreflectedwithintheclassification.Forthisreason,itsusebycatalogerscontinuestogrow
nationallyandinternationally.(Table1.1attheendofthischapterchartsthegrowthoftheunabridgedDDC'selements.)
TheModernHistoryofDDC
ThequartercenturyfollowingMelvilDewey'sdeathin1931wasoneof"changeanduncertainty"(Comaromi1976,339).After60yearsofclosepersonalinteraction,
Dewey'sloyaleditorialteamdissolvedalmostsimultaneouslywithpublicationofDDC13(1932).Thateditioncontinuedthetrendtowardenumerativeexpansionupon
existingnumberassignments.Nearlyonethirdlargerthanitspredecessor,vilifiedforitscorpulence,itstillmissedtheequitablegrowthofallsectionsthatmanyusers
wanted.
Afterconsiderablejockeyingforcontrol,aneweditortookchargehalfwaythroughpreparationsforDDC14(1942),buthelastedonlyuntilitwaspublished.
Questionsofcopyright,spelling,scheduleproliferation,andcooperationwiththeInternationalInstituteofBibliographyshadowedthatwork.Itsexpressgoalwasto
developallasyetunexpandedportions.Demandwasgrowingfora"standard"editionthatcouldservetheneedsofanaveragesizedlibraryoffewerthan200,000
volumes.Itwouldbridgethegapbetweenanintricatelydetailedbibliographiceditionforlargeinstitutions,orforindexingpurposes,andanabridgededitionforschool
andsmallpubliclibraries.DDC14wasintendedtoprovideacomprehensivesupportforthecontrolledreductionsanticipatedintheforthcomingstandardedition.It
misseditspublicationdeadlinebyayear,stillfallingtoprovidecompleteanduniformexpansion.Nevertheless,itwasapopular,unexpectedlylonglivededition.
However,whatDDC17called"slotification,"or"classificationbyattraction,"reacheditszenithintheenumerationsofDDC14(Butcher1979,8).Subsequent
editionsincreasedsyntheticmodulardevicessuchasauxiliaryandprecedencetables.Partlybecauseoftheenormousgrowthoffactualknowledge,
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simpleenumerationcouldnotsatisfytherequirementsofliterarywarrant(Matthews1971,57277).TheDDCGlossarynotesthatfacetsarebasedoncharacteristics
ofdivision.
Whenthestandardeditionappearedin1951itwas,atbest,aqualifiedsuccess.Theoristssaiditabandonedorobscuredthelogicalprincipleofdevelopmentfromthe
generaltothespecific.Itsindexwasdrasticallyreduced.IthadlessincommonwithDDC14thanwaspredicted.Ontheotherhand,itcutoutmuchdeadwood,
curtailedthetroublesomesimplifiedspelling,andintroducedwelcomemodernterminology.ArevisedDDC15appearedin1953withexpandedformdivisions,a
considerablylengthenedindex,andothermodifications.Butirreversibleantipathycurtailedsales,andacceleratedthetrendtoreclassifyfromDDCtotheLibraryof
Congressscheme.
Caughtinacutefinancialdistress,theLakePlacidClubEducationFoundationappealedto"outsiders"tohelpitsprograms.Forinstance,itsolicitedboththeAmerican
LibraryAssociationandtheLibraryofCongressforprofessionalinput.Inlate1953,theForestPress,itsoperationalbranch,contractedtheLibraryofCongressto
dotheeditorialworkonschedule,andaccordingtopredeterminedcriteria.Ausesurveywasmade
todeterminewhetherlibrarianspreferredintegrityofnumbers(fourteenthedition)orkeepingpacewithknowledge(fifteenthedition)fortheirbasicpolicyofclassificationandto
seewhathadbeendoneinthecasesof316specificrelocations(Comaromi1976,419).
TheresultledtoputtingDDCnumbersfrombotheditionsonLCprintedcards,andsetamoreorlessconsistentpolicyforfuturedevelopment(Bulletin1951,1).The
resuscitationwaspartlytheworkofneweditorBenCuster.However,mostbasicpolicydecisionshadbeenmadewhenheassumedchargeinSeptember1956.
ThemodernhistoryofDDCisgenerallydatedfrom1958,withpublicationofarefocussedEdition16thatemphasizedcontinuityanddisciplinaryintegrity.Changes
werekepttoaminimum,reflectingonlythosemosturgentlyneededtoaccommodateexistingknowledgeandliterarywarrant.Whereverpossible,specificnumbers
wereleftvacantwhendiscontinued.Onlythe546547(InorganicandOrganicchemistry)sectionswerefullyrecast,inauguratingtheoverhaulineachsuccessive
editionoflimitedportionsthatwereespeciallyinadequateorunpopular(Dewey1958,23).Dewey'sidiosyncraticspellingalmostdisappeared.Instructionalnotes
werepolishedandmultiplied.
Critics,especiallyinforeigncountries,stillfoundfault.TheAmericanProtestantbiasremained,althoughtheeditorshadworkedtoreduceit.Enumerationprevailed
overrudimentaryfacetingforcompositesubjects.Usershadtroubleclassingcomprehensiveworks,especiallywherethedecimalnotationnolongerreflected
hierarchicalsubdivision.Nevertheless,theproofofthepuddingwasinthemarketing.DDC16maynothavebeenaclassifier'snirvana,butitsoldlikehotcakes,
assuringthesolvencyofForestPressandensuringasystematicproductionscheduleforlatereditions.Aseventoeightyearrevisioncyclewasestablished.DDC17
cameoutin1965.Itseditor'sintroductionemphasized
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neworrenewedemphasisonsubjectintegrityandsubjectrelationships,onthefundamentalprocessofclassificationasdistinctfromwhathasbeencalled"slotification."
EncouragedbyMelvilDewey'snotablepreferenceforpracticalityovertheoryinallactivities,misledbythecommonAmericanviewofclassificationaslittlemorethanasystem
forassigningeachbookaconvenientaddressor"slot"atwhichitcanbestoredandfromwhichitcanberetrieved,influenst[sic]bythefailureofearliereditionsoftheDDCto
provideundereverydisciplineanexpansionasfullaswaswarrantedbytheliteratureacquiredbylibraries,classifiersofthepastmanytimesunwittinglyabandonedthemost
fundamentalfeatureofthesystem....Unfortunately...Edition16affirmedforthefirsttimevariouspracticesthathadgrownupcontrarytotheconsistentdevelopmentof
subjectsbydiscipline(Dewey1965,43,46).
Whilecontinuingtocallitsapproachenumerative,DDC17tookalongsteptowardfacetednumbersynthesisbyexpandingthetableofformdivisions,renamingitthe
"TableofStandardSubdivisions,"andaddingan"AreaTable"whichfreedclass900fromitsburdenofenumerativedetail,liberatinggeographicandpolitical
specificationsfromtheirtraditionalAmericandistortion."Dividelike"and"Addareanotation''instructionsdirecteduserstonumbersequenceswhereestablished
patternsofsubdivisioncouldbeappliedtodifferentbutrelateddisciplines.Thenumberofrelocationswasagainreduced,althoughitstillexceededtheannounced
limitationof500.Asfor"completelyremodeledschedules,"theonlyexplicitonewas150(Psychology),whichincorporatedmuchofthematerialformerlylocatedin
class130.Incidentally,theeditorelsewherecitedSections614(Publichealth)and616(Medicine)asareasofmajorrelocationactivity(Custer1965,557).
TheIndexgavetrouble.Itrepresenteda40percentreductionofclassnumberentries,butanenormousincreaseincrossreferences.Theeditorlatersaidofit:
Previousindexeshadcontainedentrieschieflyforthosetopicsthatwerenamedintheschedules,plussignificantsynonymsandsubtopics,buthadsuppliednumbersonlyfor
thoseaspectswherethetopicswerenamed,makingnoefforttoguidetheclassifiertothevasthiddenresourcesofthesystem....Thenewseventeenthindexprovidedfull
informationforonlyalimitednumberofbroadcoreconcepts,referredtothesefrommorespecifictopics,andmademany"scatter"referencestoremindtheclassifierofother
aspects....Thisprocedurecalledattentiontomanypossibilitiesoftenpreviouslyoverlooked,butfrequentlyitdidnotsupplyaprecisenumberthatcouldbeusedwithoutclose
scrutinyoftheschedules.Becauseofthescarcityofexactnumbersthisindexprovedtobedifficultandtimeconsumingtouse,andwasreplacedin1967byaconventionalindex
(Custer1972,135).
Reminiscentofeffortstosalvagetheoldstandardedition,thenewindexwassentfreewithanapologytopurchasersoftheoriginalDDC17.
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PreparationofthisnewindextoEdition17isanemergencymeasuredesignedtomeettheobjectionsexpressedinreviews,andiswithoutprejudicetotheformthatmaylaterbe
decideduponfortheindextoEdition18(Custer1967,59).
Evenso,DDC17wasthoughtdifficulttouse.Theeditor'sintroduction,designedtoreplacetheGuidetoUseofDeweyDecimalClassificationthataccompanied
DDC16,wasmurky(LibraryofCongress,1962).Instructionnoteswithinthescheduleswereinadequate.Centeredheadings,meanttoshowthehierarchy,were
confusing.Theuseofmultiplezerosinsyntheticnumbersseemedimpracticaltomany.Yetwithallitsshortcomings,realorimagined,salestoppedthoseofDDC16
by23percent.
Problemsofprecedence,sequence,andrelationshipamongtopicsrepresentedbythenotationareinevitableinalinearclassification.BenjaminA.Custer'sreemphasis
onhierarchicaldevelopmentbroughtrenewedconcernforconsistenthandlingofnucleartopicsortheirfacetswithrespecttotheirdisciplinesorsubjects.TheEditor's
introductioninDDC17carriedanewSection3.354on''PrioritiesofArrangement."ItscorrespondingSection3.555inDDC18adoptedthemorecurrentname
"Citationorder"andcardedawholesequenceofhintsonmodesofchoice.ThegeneralizedinstructionscarriedoverintoSection8.55ofDDC19withonlyminor
revisionsandexpansions.Theystartwitharemindertocheckspecificscheduletablesandnotes.
DDC17tookalongsteptowardsolutionsatspecificschedulepointsbyintroducing"TablesofPrecedence."Theywereinfrequentandexperimental,butthe
operationprovedsuccessful,eventhoughafew"patientsdied."
DDC19convertedsomeminortablesinto"orderofprecedence"notes.Thenumberofsuchinstructionshassteadilyincreased,withelaborateschemanowappearing
intheSchedulesproper,inauxiliarytables,andintheManual.Theyaredistinctivelyformattedwithclassnumberstotherightoftheheadings.
TheprovisionofoptionsinDDCisalongstandingtradition.Dewey'sintroductiontoDDC12(1927),whichwasreprintedinlatereditionsthroughthe18th,carried
somesuggestedvariationsthatcouldbeappliedtoconformtolocalneeds.
DDC18,publishedin1971withanimprovedthreevolumeformat,introducedtheterm"phoenixschedule"foritsfullyrevisedclasses340(Law)and510
(Mathematics).Forreadyreference,areworkededitor'sintroductiongotitsownindex,andallrelocationsanddiscontinuednumbersweretabulated.Fivemore
auxiliarytablesmaterialized.Theolder"Dividelike"and"Add"noteswereconsolidatedandsimplifiedbylistinga"basenumber"towhichtheextensioncouldbe
added.Tablesofprecedencehelpedusersdeterminecitationorderwhenbuildingnumbers.TheIndexcurtaileditsentrieswithclassnumbers,andincreaseditscross
references,butitwasbetterreceivedthantheDDC17Index.
Plansfortheeighteentheditionincludedanenlargedindexwithallthetraditionalvirtuesplusamultiplicityofguidestohiddenresources,thereforecombiningthegoodfeatures
andeliminatingasfaraspossiblethedeficienciesofthetwoseventeentheditionindexes(Custer1972,7:140).
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Foreignsalesandtranslationssteadilyincreased,whiletheflightfromDDCtoLCmoderated.Dewey'sbrainchildhadnotyetexhausteditsninelives.Alreadyin
1973,twoyearsafterpublication,morecopiesofDDC18hadbeensoldthanofanypreviousedition.Edition20'searlysalessurpasseventhoseofEdition18.
DDC19continuedthestructure,style,andgoalsofDDC18.TheIndexwasdifficulttouseandusuallyunproductive.Therevisionof301307Sociologywasmetby
astormofcriticism.ForestPressbroughtoutarevisedandexpandedversionof301307in1982toplacatethecritics.AtthesametimethePresspublishedthe
ManualontheUseoftheDeweyDecimalClassification:Edition19,whichwashighlypraisedbythefewwhoreadit.(ItwouldlaterbecomeapartofEdition
20.)
DDC20continuedthestructureandgoalsofDDC19.ItsIndexwasnotsodifficulttouseasitspredecessor,butwasusuallyasunproductive.Therevisionof780
Musicwasmetbydiscordantmurmursandwidespreadrejection.Thecompletelyrevisedintroductionwasappreciatedbyteachersandtrainers.Thiseditionwasthe
firsttobeeditedandavailableinamachinereadableform.
TheappearanceofDDC20differedfromthatofimmediatelyprecedingeditions,chieflyinitsnumberofvolumes(four)anditscompressedlayout.Increasingcostsof
paperandbinding,togetherwithagradualbutsignificantgrowthinthetotalnumberofentries,stimulatedthesearchforamorecompactproduct.
DDC21continuestoreflecttheneedsofitsusers,especiallythoseinforeigncountrieswherecriticismoftheProtestant,Christianbiasspurredmajorrevisionsin
Religion.TremendousstridesweremadeinthisdirectionbytheconsolidationofChristianaspects,thusbringingtheclassificationmoreinlinewiththatofother
religions.Theeditionalsocontinuesthemovementtowardthestructuralemphasisontopics,asinPublicadministrationandmilitaryscience,whichwasrevisedto
reflecttheemphasisoffirstthetopic,thenthedomain,ratherthanpreviously,wherethedomainwasthestructuralemphasisunderwhichthetopicswerefound.The
sameisfoundinLifesciences,wherethemovementwasfrom"organism/processtoprocess/organism."AlsoinLifesciences,notationsaresimplifiedwith"more
specificandshorternumbersforfishesandmammals"(Dewey1996,1:xxiii).
Anincreaseinculturalandsocialsensitivityresultedinchangesinlanguageusedtodescribevariouspeoples,suchasthosewithdisabilities.Thepersonprecedesthe
affliction,where"physicallyhandicappedpersons"isreplacedby"personswithphysicaldisabilities"(Dewey1996,1:xx).
Thereisalsoanewnumberfor"Collectedpersonstreatmentofmembersofspecificracial,ethnic,nationalgroups"(Dewey1996,32).Areasinwhichchangestake
placerapidly,suchascomputerscienceandcountrytables,arerevisedand/orexpandedtodepictthedifferences.
Lastly,DDC21continuestobecomemoreuserfriendly,withstrategicallyplacedinformation,headingsthatarebothmoresuccinctandhelpful,andtheenlargedand
enhancedRelativeIndexandManualtoassistintheselectionofappropriatenotations.
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ForestPress/OCLCandtheEditorialPolicyCommittee
Asinthepast,theDecimalClassificationEditorialPolicyCommitteedirectedthecourse,and,undercontract,theDecimalClassificationDivisionoftheLibraryof
Congresscompletedtheactualrevisionsoftheclassification.TheCommittee,composedofleadersinthefieldofclassificationfromvariousbackgroundsaswellas
fromseveraldifferentcountries,providedtheexperienceandwisdomthatpropelledtheinnovationsfoundinmajorsectionssuchasReligion,Education,Public
administrationandmilitaryscience,andLifesciencesintheDDC21.
ThedaytodayeditingcontinuestobedoneoncontractintheDecimalClassificationDivisionoftheLibraryofCongress.BenjaminA.Custer,chiefofthedivision
andeditorofeditions16through19andabridgededitions8through11,andtowhomthe21steditionisdedicated,wasastrongforceintherevitalizationofDDC.
HissuccessorforEdition20,JohnPhillipComaromi,continuedtheprocessof"deslotification"thathehadbegun,repudiatingDewey'scynicismregardinglogical
structureanditsdependenceonverbalindexing.Thisconceptsupplementsenumerationwithstructuredcitationordersandfacetanalysis(Custer1980,102)
techniquesthathaddevelopedchieflyinIndiaandtheUnitedKingdom.
DeweyDecimalActivitiesattheLibraryofCongress
TheLCdecisioninthe1890snottousetheDeweyDecimalsysteminreorganizingitscollectionshasbeenwelldocumented.WhetherDeweyhimself,throughhis
refusaltopermitmodifications,surrenderedthebalanceofinfluencetoCutter'sExpansiveClassificationisstillbeingdebated.Atanyrate,theshrewdDewey
decidedthathisschemeshouldhaveitsnumbersprintedonLCcards.Earlyin1925,hestartedacampaigntogetthemthere.Theofficialsatfirstdraggedtheirfeet,
partlybecauseoffinancialhurdles.However,Dewey'saversionfor"no"and"impossible"finallycooptedtheAmericanLibraryAssociation,theCarnegie
Corporation,andeventheLibraryofCongresstohelpsupplythemoney.
TheworkofassigningclassnumbersbeganonApril1,1930,andcardswithnumbersonthembegantoappearbytheendofthesecondweekinApril.ByAug.1astaffofthree
begancarryingoutaprogramevenbroaderthananticipated....
ThefollowingclassesofbookscurrentlycatalogedbytheLibraryofCongressarebeingassignedDecimalClassificationnumbers:
(a)AllbooksinEnglish,withtheexceptionofcitydirectories,telephonedirectories,andnearlyallcurrentfiction.
(b)Someforeignbooks,asmanyasthetimeofthepresentstaffwillpermit.
(c)Nearlyallserialpublications(D.C.Numbers1930,78687).
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ButtheFederalConnectionwasstillalongwayfromsatisfactory.AfterConstantinMazneywasdismissedin1942,theeditorshipfellbetweentheDecimal
ClassificationSectionofLC'sSubjectCatalogingDivisionandtheEditorialOffice,nowalsolocatedinWashington,D.C.Weakfinancialsupportwasprobablya
result,ratherthanacause,ofdifferencesoverdevelopingtheschemeasawhole,andoverthekindsandquantityofmaterialsforwhichLCwouldsupplyDDC
numbers.Atlonglast,in1958,thetwounitsmerged(Bulletin1958,1).Still,therelativelylowpercentageofcatalogrecordscarryingDDCnumbersdecreased
furtherduringtheearly1960s,whenbookpublishingandlibrarybudgetsacceleratedmoreexuberantlythandidthepersonnelavailableforprocessing.Asecond
majorinfluenceintheflightfromDeweywasthecostofdeterminingDDCclassandbooknumberslocally,ascomparedtoadoptingLC'sreadymadecallnumbers.
In1967,anLCProcessingDepartmentreorganizationelevatedtheDecimalClassificationOfficetodivisionstatus,withacorrespondingincreaseinstaffand
production.
AddingspectacularlytoitsdirectservicetolibrariesasacentralsourceofDCnumbersforspecificworks,theDivisionclassed74,335titles,comparedwith59,799in1967and
35,000in1966.The1968coverageincludedalltitlescatalogedfortheMARCprogram,allcurrent(19661968)titlescatalogedinEnglish,andthemoreimportantanddifficult
currenttitlescatalogedintheothermajorwesternEuropeanlanguages,andreceivedthroughtheNationalProgramforAcquisitionsandCataloging(Welsh1969,189).
AtafiftiethanniversarypartyinMay1980,itwasannouncedthat2,253,731titleshad"receivedDDCnumbersforusebylibrarieseverywhereandofeverykindand
size"(LibraryofCongressInformation1980,243).RecordswithDDCnumbersnowrunconsistentlyover100,000peryear.
TheeditingofallDDCeditionsafterthe15thhasbeencontractedtotheLibraryofCongress.AcopyoftheagreementforproducingDDC16waspublishedin
CatalogingService,tomakeusersawareofdevelopments(Bulletin1954,110).TheLibrary'srecordofitsDeweyassignmentsistheclosestthingtoaworking
shelflistthatDDCeditorshave.
Alleditorialdevelopmentworkofthepasttwentyyears,coveringEditions16through19,hasincludedacarefulcheckoftheLibraryofCongress'sDeweyclassedcatalogtosee
thetrendsintheliteraturethatrequireprovision,andalso,equallyimportant,toseeifthetextualprovisionsofearliereditions,i.e.,headings,definitions,scopenotes,instructions,
andthelike,havebeenclearlyenoughexpressedtobefullyunderstood(Custer1978,84).
Functioningasanationallibrary,LCcanexchangeinformationandenterintomutuallybeneficialagreementswithforeignDDCusers,asthefollowingreportshows.
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BecausethousandsofusersfromJapantoIsraelandBraziltoMauritiusutilizetheDeweydecimalclassificationthereiswideinterestinitseditorialdevelopmentandin
standardizingitsapplication.Since1969theDecimalClassificationDivisionhasengagedinalivelyexchangeofinformationwiththeBritishNationalBibliography,notonly
throughtransatlanticmail,whichoftenmovesweeklyineachdirection,butalsothroughasixweekinterchangeofdecimalclassificationspecialistsin1972aswellasotherswith
theAustralianNationalBibliographyandCanadiana,thenationalbibliographyofCanada.Theresulthasbeenacommonunderstandingofeditorialpolicy,progresstoward
standardizedinterpretationoftheschedules,andavigorousexpressionofopinionandmuchgiveandtakeamongfourofthemostimportantusersofDewey.
RecentlytheinterchangewithGreatBritainenteredanewdimensionwhenBritishlibrarians,includingthestaffofBNB,undertookdevelopmentofnewschedules,subjecttothe
guidanceandreviewoftheDecimalClassificationDivision.ThefirstundertakingwasthescheduleforthenewlocaladministrativedivisionsoftheUnitedKingdomthatwentinto
effectinApril1974.ItwillbefollowedbyarevisionoftheDeweydecimalschemeformusic.Thistypeofdialoguehasprovedmostusefulandshouldbeextendedsincethroughit
overseasusersobtainamorecompleteunderstandingofofficialDeweypolicyandpractice.Inturn,theyprovideexpertiseinthedevelopmentandapplicationoftheclassification
infieldsofmajorconcerntothem(LibraryofCongress1975,23).
TheseriallypublishedDeweyDecimalClassification:Additions,NotesandDecisions,usuallycalled"DC&,"continuesitssupplementalupdatingservicesfor
Edition21.
DDC'sInternationalPresence
TheearlyAmericanWASPbiasinDeweyclassificationiswellknown.Itwasmoreorlessinevitable,andevenjustifiable,inviewofitsclienteleandtheliterary
warrantofthetime.Butsocialchangeandthegrowinguseofthesystemabroadsparkedeffortstobroadenitsoutlook.Thedecadeofthemid1960stomid1970s
sawthreemajorsurveysoftheimpactofDDCoutsideNorthAmerica,plusoneonitsuseintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Thesesurveyswerevariouslyencouraged
andpartiallyfinancedbytheForestPress,theInternationalRelationsOfficeofALA,theLibraryAssociation,theAsiaFoundation,andtheCouncilonLibrary
Resources.Amongotherthingstheyfound:
1.Approvaloftechniquestogivepreferredtreatmenttolocal/nationalmaterials
2.Lackofenthusiasmformixednotation
3.ConcernoverDDC'sindifferencetothe"cutteringconcept"ortheuseofbooknumbers
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4.Somedissatisfactionwiththeorderofthemainclasses
5.Criticismofnumbers(usuallysynthetic)suppliedintheindexthoughnotintheschedules
6.LackoffamiliaritywithDC&andconsequentignoranceofschedulerevisionspriortopublicationofeachnewedition
7.DesireformoreinformationonDDCpoliciesandrevisionplans
ConcernforthenonEnglishspeakinguserdealtthecoupdegrcetosimplifiedspelling.DDC19announced:
areturntoconventionalAmericanspellingfromtheresidualsimplerspellingsofEditions1618,e.g.,divorst,publisht,whichgreatlyfrustratedthosewhosenativetongueisnot
English(Dewey1979,1:xxiii).
CelebrationoftheDeweyCentennialin1976stimulatedavarietyofcrossculturalactivitiessuchastheEuropeanCentenarySeminaratBanbury,England.British
classificationists,whohavelongbeeninterestedinAmericanschemes,havecontributedpenetratingcommentary.TheBritishserialCatalogue&Index,theEnglish
languageInternationalClassification(publishedinGermany),andvariousforeignlibraryassociationjournals,particularlythoseinCanada,Australia,India,and
SouthAfrica,carryarticlesfromtimetotimeonDDC.WesternEuropeanwritersareparticularlyfondofcomparingittoitsFIDsponsoredoffspring,theUniversal
DecimalClassification(UDC).ThestudiesdonotusuallyredoundtothepraiseofDDC,buttheyshowmorerespectthantheyoncedid.
TheappearanceofDDCtranslations,sometimesabridged,orjustasoftenlocallyexpanded,isfurtherevidenceofDDC'sinternationalheadway.Withorwithout
authorization,editionsareavailableinsuchnonEuropeanlanguagesasHebrew,Thai,andVietnamese.
Conclusion
TheDeweyDecimalClassificationistheprotgofaseriesofstrongpersonalitieswhosuccessivelypouredtheirenergiesintoitsinfancy,development,maturity,and
perpetuation.MelvilDewey,Evelyn(May)Seymour,DorkasFellows,MiltonFerguson,DavidHaykin,andBenCusterstillcastatavisticshadowsoverDDC20,
shapingitsinnerconsciousnessanditsouterpresence.TheadvisoryactivitiesoftheEditorialPolicyCommitteeandthecontractualservicesofLC'sDecimal
ClassificationDivisionhavenotessentiallyalteredthispaternalisticaspect.Bycontrast,theLibraryofCongressClassification,althoughoriginatinginmuchthesame
socialandintellectualclimate,istheproductofaseriesofsubjectspecialists.TheindividualstampofaPutnam,aMartel,oraCutterisvisibleonafewgeneral
featuresandspecificschedules,butthetotaleffectofspecialinterestscompetingforaviablecompromiseisreminiscentofmuchAmericangovernmentalendeavor.
Thesederivationssubtlyaffectpublicreactiontothetwosystems.TheLCclassificationseldominspirestheenthusiasticpersonalcommitmentwhichisfrequently
accordedDDC.Proponentsofthelatterabsorbeditsrudimentsintheir
Page10
schoollibraries,exploringitsidiosyncrasiesandlearningtolivewiththemaspublicorcollegelibrarypatrons.Theyareconditionedtoitsmnemonic,practical
comprehensibility,anditsbroadcomprehensiveness.LCadvocatesaregenerallymoreobjectiveandsophisticated.Theyhavelikelycometolearnthesystemasa
kindofsecondlanguage.Theymayknowandpreferspecificparts,butitssprawlingmultiplicity,itslooseinterrelations,anditslackofcloseintegrationthrougha
comprehensiveindexleavethemwithlittlefeelingofoverallfamiliarityoridentification.
Asthepresentworkwillshow,Edition21continuesthepatternofdevelopmentsetbyCusterwithEdition17.
Table1.1
GrowthoftheUnabridgedDDC'sElements*
Edition
Date
TablePages
SchedulePages
IndexPages
TotalPages
Editor
1876
10
18
42
M.Dewey
1885
176
86
314
M.Dewey
1888
215
185
416
M.Dewey
1891
222
186
471
M.Seymour
1894
222
186
471
M.Seymour
1899
255
241
612
M.Seymour
1911
408
315
779
M.Seymour
1913
419
332
850
M.Seymour
1915
452
334
856
M.Seymour
10
1919
504
358
940
M.Seymour
11
1922
539
366
990
D.Fellows
12
1927
670
477
1243
D.Fellows
13
1932
890
653
1647
D.Fellows
14
1942
1044
749
1927
C.Mazney
15
1951
467
191
716
M.Ferguson
15r
1952
457
400
927
G.Dewey
16
1958
1313
1003
2439
B.Custer
17
1965
249
1132
633
2153
B.Custer
17r
1967
249
1132
940
2439
B.Custer
18
1971
325
1165
1033
2718
B.Custer
19
1979
452
1574
1217
3385
B.Custer
20
1989
476
1804
726
3388
J.Comaromi
21
1996
515
2205
899
4037
J.Mitchell
AlthoughthetableishelpfulinseeingtheprogressionofDDC,explanationsarenecessarytounderstandthe
figurescompletely.Forexample,theamountofinformationperpagewasnotconsistentEdition15'spageswere
spare,butEdition14'swerefullandevencompactattimes.Edition14alsowasoutsizedonpurposetoallowfor
thedistillationofitfortheStandardEdition.Theeliminationof"seereferences"reducedtheindexpagesin
Edition20considerably.Theinclusionoflongerintroductionsandmoreandfullertables,theincorporationofa
manual,andotherchangesresultedinonlythreeadditionalpagesbecauseitwasfarmorecompactthanits
predecessor.
Page11
LiteratureCited
Bulletin.1951.CatalogingService25:1.
1954.CatalogingService32:110.
.1958.CatalogingService51:1.
Butcher,Peter.1979.Dewey?Wesuredo!Catalogue&Index55:8.
Comaromi,JohnPhillip.1976.TheeighteeneditionsoftheDeweyDecimalClassification.Albany,NY:ForestPressDivision,LakePlacidEducation
Foundation.
Custer,BenjaminA.1965.Dewey17:Apreviewandreporttotheprofession.WilsonLibraryBulletin39(7):557.
.1967.Deweylives.LibraryResources&TechnicalServices11(1):59.
.1972.DeweyDecimalClassification.InEncyclopediaoflibraryandinformationscience.Vol.7.NewYork:MarcelDekker.
.1978.TheresponsivenessofrecenteditionsoftheDeweyDecimalClassificationtotheneedsofitsusers.InGeneralclassificationsystemsinachanging
world.TheHague:FdrationInternationaledeDocumentation(FID).
.1980.Theviewfromtheeditor'schair.LibraryResources&TechnicalServices24(2):102.
D.C.numbersonL.C.cards.1930.LibraryJournal55(17):78687.
Dewey,Melvil.1958.DeweyDecimalClassificationandrelativeindex.16thed.LakePlacidClub,NY:ForestPress.
.1965.DeweyDecimalClassificationandrelativeindex.17thed.LakePlacidClub,NY:ForestPress.
.1979.DeweyDecimalClassificationandrelativeindex.19thed.Vol.1.Albany,NY:ForestPress.
.1996.DeweyDecimalClassificationandrelativeindex.21sted.Vol.1.Albany,NY:ForestPress.
LibraryofCongress.1975.AnnualreportoftheLibrarianofCongressforthefiscalyearendingJune30,1974.Washington,DC:LibraryofCongress.
.DecimalClassificationOffice.1962.GuidetouseofDeweyDecimalClassification,basedonthepracticeoftheDecimalClassificationOfficeatthe
LibraryofCongress.LakePlacidClub,NY:ForestPress.
LibraryofCongressinformationbulletin.1980.39(28):243.
Matthews,W.E.1971.Dewey18:Apreviewandreport.WilsonLibraryBulletin45(6):57277.
Welsh,WilliamJ.1969.TheProcessingDepartmentoftheLibraryofCongressin1968.LibraryResources&TechnicalServices13(2):189.
Page13
2
GeneralAspectsoftheDeweyDecimalClassification
Introduction
AdiscussionofDDCmustbefromtwodifferentpointsofview.One,puretheory,ishowDDClooksattheworld(knowledge)andthenarrangesitintoalogical
organization.Thesecondisthephysicalstructureoftheclassification,whichsupportsthetheorybehindtheorganizationofknowledge.
DDC'sTheoryofKnowledge
ThetheorybehindtheDeweyDecimalClassificationisdividedintofourparts:
Therealmofreason(whereinthemindattemptstounderstanditselfandthespiritualandphysicalworldoutsideitself):thesciencesandthearts
Therealmofimagination(whereinthemindproducesliteraryinventionsregardinglife,nomatterhowmuchbasedinfact):belletristicliterature,imaginative
literature
Therealmofmemory(whereinthemindrecordseventsandconditionsregardingthelifeoftheplanetandofhumanity):geography,biography,history
Generalia(allothertopicsnotincludedinthethree"realms")
Ingeneral,the800stakeprecedenceovertherestoftheclassificationthatis,anovelaboutconditionsinthemeatpackingindustryofChicago(e.g.,TheJungleby
UptonSinclair)isclassedinthe800s,notinmeatpackinginthe660s.KingHenryVgoesinEnglishdrama,notinEnglishhistory.ButadialoguebyPlatoisclassed
inPhilosophyinthe100sanexpositorypoemonthecirculationoftheblood,inHumanphysiologyacountingbookinrhyme,inarithmetic.Itisimportanttobe
carefulinthisfirstsortingofthenatureofawork,especiallywhendealingwithworksforchildren.
Therealmofreason(science)unfoldsintophilosophy,thesourceofsystemsforallotherfieldsandthemostgeneralfieldofstudy.Theology,thescienceofthe
absoluteandtheultimatefieldofphilosophy,comesnext.Religion,whichisnotscientificbutistributarytotheology,isincludedintheology.Ashumankindachievesits
mostspiritualrolewithinsocietyandinrelationtothestate,thesocial
Page14
andpoliticalsciencesarelogicallythenextfieldsofstudy.Thepoliticalsciencesarejurisprudenceinwhichsocietyputsconstraintsupontheindividualand
politicsinwhichtheindividualreactsagainsttheconstraintsoflaw,therebyperhapsproducinganinstanceforanalterationofthepracticalwill.Thesocialsciences
arepoliticaleconomy,wherebyincombinationhumankindgainsascendancyovernatureandusesitforpersonalends,andeducation,bywhichhumankindisinitiated
intothesociety'smodusoperandi.Placedattheendofthesocialandpoliticalsciencesisphilology,asitistheresultofselfconsciousthought,asociety'sbestrecord
ofitself,andtheconnectinglinkbetweenthespiritualandthenatural.Thenaturalsciencesnowfollow,andthesearefollowedbytheusefulandfinearts.Thefirst
unfoldthelawsofnaturethenextappliesthemtosocialuses.Thepointoftransitionbetweenthemismedicine,whichispartscienceandpartart.Thisbringstoan
endthesubjectswhosemajormodeoftreatmentisthescientific.
Thesecondrealmcollectsworksoftheimagination:poetry,prosefiction,andsoon.
Thelastrealmisthehistorical.Historycomprisesgeographyandtravels,civilhistory,andbiographyandcorrespondenceheraldryandgenealogyfallhere.
Atopicmayfallintoanyofthethreerealms.Consider,forinstance,theLibraryofCongress.Onecouldwriteaboutitscientifically,explainitspresentandfuturerole
inintelligencegathering,estimatethedateuponwhichitwillbefilledfromtoptobottom,delineateitseffectupontheartisticlifeofAmerica,describethericherlifeof
thosewhobenefitfromitsprogramoftalkingbooks,andsoon.Onemaysaythatthesearenotallscientificsubjects.Theassertionisuncontestableandinappropriate.
Itisthemodeofdiscussionthatisscientific,notthesubject.OnecouldwriteabouttheLibraryofCongresshistorically:examineitspastroleinintelligencegathering,
investigatehowlongittooktobuildtheLibraryofCongressThomasJeffersonBuilding,listwhohelpedinitsconstruction,explainthesourceofthestonethatmakes
upitswalls,andsoon.And,lastly,onecouldwriteabouttheLibraryofCongressartistically:deviseanovelinwhichadescriptivecatalogerspendshisorherdaysin
remembranceofthingspast,andissubsequentlyfiredorpenapoemabouttheinstitution,whichbringsanartisticaspect.
DDC'sStructure(TheSchedules)
AbasicpremiseofDDCisthatitisarrangedbydisciplineandnotbysubject.Thisfrequentlypresentsproblemsinclassifyingmaterials,buttheRelativeIndex'sjobis
toalleviatesuchdifficulties.
Thenextbasicpremiseisthatof''tens."TheSchedulesarearrangedintenclasses,whichareorganizedintotendivisions,eachofwhichisdividedintotensections.
Eachnotationismadeupofthreebasicnumbers,whichrepresentaparticularplaceintheSchedules.Thefirstdigitindicatesoneofthetenclasses.Theseconddigit
representsoneofthetendivisionswithintheclass.Thethirddigitdistinguishesoneofthetensections.Mostnotationsrequirefurtherrefinement,soadecimalis
insertedfollowingthisthreepartnumbertobefollowedbymoredigitsrepresentingaspecificelementofthetopic.
Page15
DDCnotationremainstraditionallypure.Thatis,itconsistsonlyofthearabicdigits0through9,plusthedecimalpoint.Theshortestpossiblenumberisthreedigits
long,becauseleadzerosarewrittenoutinclass000.
Numbercolumns,Schedules,Index,andTablenumbersareprintedingroupsofthree,forexample,629.133340422(Privateairplanes),and77233
(VanderburghCounty,Indiana).Thegroupingsmerelyfacilitatereading.Incommonpractice,thespacesareremovedwhenwritingthenumbersasclassifications.
Bracketsindicaterecentlyorpermanentlyvacatedlocations.
HierarchicalOrder
Afterthe''slotificationcrisis"ofEdition16,theeditorialpolicyhasstresseddisciplinaryintegrity,largelythroughtheuseofhierarchicalsubordination,orthelogical
progressionfromthegeneraltothespecific.
TheDDCisahierarchicalclassification,whichmeansthatitdevelopsprogressivelyfromthegeneraltothespecificindisciplinaryandsubjectrelationships.Evenso,theoverall
arrangementisnotnecessarilytheoreticalorlogical.TheDDCisbuiltonthepremisethatnooneclasscancoverallaspectsofagivensubject(BloombergandWeber1976,17).
Thissuggeststhatthehierarchicalstructureisnotnecessarilyalinearone.TheeditorsofDDC20claimthatanyspecificclasshastwoorthreesetsofrelationships:
coordinate,subordinate,andsometimessuperordinate(Dewey1989,1:xxviiixxix).However,thisisbasicallyahierarchicalsystem,whichismoreeasilyseeninthe
pureandappliedsciencesandislessevidentingeneralities,thehumanities,orthesocialsciences.
Thishierarchicalor"tree"structureisechoedinthenotation.Withinthisbasicstructure,thefirstlevelintheclassificationofanitemisthefirstdigit(MainClass)the
secondlevelofsubdivisionistheadditionoftheseconddigit(Division).Thethirdlevelofsubdivision(Section)isprovidedbytheadditionofthethirddigitaddedto
thetwopreviouslyselecteddigits.
3[00]
Socialsciences
(MainClass)
34[0]
Law
(Division)
342
Constitutionalandadministrativelaw
(Section)
Atthispoint,Summarytablesprovideoverviewsofthehierarchies.
342.001.009
Standardsubdivisionslaws,regulations,cases,procedures,courts
.02
Basicinstrumentsofgovernment
.03
Revisionandamendmentofbasicinstrumentsofgovernment
.04
Structure,powers,functionsofgovernment
.05
Legislativebranchofgovernment
.06
Executivebranchofgovernment
.07
Electionlaw
.08
Jurisdictionoverpersons
Page16
.09
Localgovernment
.1
Socioeconomicregions
.39
Specificjurisdictionsandareas
CenteredEntries
VarioussubjectswithintheSchedulesareencompassedinrangesofnumbers.TheseentriesarecalledCenteredEntriesbecausetherangeofnumbersiscenteredon
thepage,witha>attheleftmargin.
>342349Branchesoflawlaws(statutes)...
TheseCenteredEntriesaredividedcategories(facets),whicharefurtherdividedbyvariouscharacteristics.Eachfacet'sspecificnotationisinitiatedbyadigit,suchas
0,whichoftenprecedesastandardsubdivision.(Historical,geographic,personstreatmentisastandardsubdivision.)
342.009
Historical,geographic,personstreatment
342.04
342.041
Powersandfunctionsofgovernment
342.0418
Policepowers
Theasterisk(*)besidethetopicintheSchedulesleadstheusertoanoteatthebottomofthepage:
*
Addasinstructedunder342347
BroadandCloseClassification
OneofthemostnotablefeaturesofDDCisitsadaptabilitytolibrariesofeverysize.Smallerlibrariesmayshortentheirnotationswheretheyfinditprudentby
eliminatingdetailedsubdivisionsandretainingonlythemainclassesandsubdivisions,whichisreferredtoasbroadclassification.Largerlibrarieswithmoreextensive
collectionsgenerallyusecloseclassificationanduseallofthedetailedsubdivisionsthatareapplicable.
Librariesmayuseanymethodofshorteningthenotations,buttheacceptedoneisthatofferedbytheLibraryofCongress,whichsegmentsthenumberswithmarks
indicatingappropriatebreaksforshortenednotations.
RelativeIndex
Althoughboththeschedulesandtheindexofaclassificationsystemmatchlinguisticwithnotationalrepresentationsoftheconceptsoractuallyofthelibrary
materialsbeingclassified,theyhavereciprocalfunctions,offeringdifferentinsights.Schedulesgraphordelineatethestructure,usingnotationtoaccentsymmetries,
analogies,andhierarchies.TheIndexoffersrandomaccessthroughalphabetizedprimaryandsubordinatedterms.BloombergandWeber(whoquotetheeditorsof
DDC18)offerthefollowingevaluation:
Page17
NootherfeatureoftheDDCismorebasicthanthis:thatitscatterssubjectsbydiscipline(DDC,Vol.1,p.18).TheEditor'sIntroductiontotheDDCfurtherstates
that"theprimarybasisforDDCarrangementanddevelopmentofsubjectsisbydiscipline...whilesubject,strictlyspeaking,issecondary"(DDC,Vol.1,p.17).
Oneofthefunctionsofclassificationistobringtogetherontheshelvesmaterialsonthesamesubjectandonrelatedsubjects.Itneedstobeemphasized,however,that
noclassificationaccomplishesthatfunctionperfectly.Itisimportanttorememberthatallmaterialonasubjectisseldomifeverclassedtogether....Thus,throughout
theDDCvariousaspectsofatopicordisciplinemaybeplacedindifferentnumbers....Noattemptismadetoplaceallaspectsofatopicinonenumberinthe
schedule....ThedevicethatbringstogetherthevariousaspectsandrelationshipsofatopicistheRelativeIndex(1976,20).
Forexample,AgricultureislistedintheRelativeIndexasfollows:
Agriculture
630
appliedscience
630
economics
338.1
enterprises
338.763
law
343.076
publicadministration
354.5
AlthoughallofthelastfourentriesarerelatedtoAgriculture,theyareactuallyinanotherclass.
ThebackboneoftheDDCSchedulesarethedisciplines,whichare"organizedfieldsofstudyorbranchesofknowledge"(Dewey1996,1:lix).Thesemaybeaclass
ofDDC,suchasReligion(200),oradivision,suchasPsychology(150).Asillustratedabove,thevarioussubjects,ortopics,arefoundintheScheduleswithinthe
disciplines.TheRelativeIndexisaguidetosubjectsortopicsassociatedwithdisciplines.
TheRelativeIndexbringstogetherthevariousaspectsandrelationshipsofatopic.ItisanalphabeticallistingofallthemainheadingsintheDDCschedules,showingalso
synonymsand,toalargedegree,therelationofeachsubjecttoothersubjects.TheDDCdefines"relativity"as"thatpropertyoftheindexwhichreversesthesubordinationof
subjecttodiscipline,thusbringingtogetherfromalldisciplinesthevariousaspectsofindividualsubjects"(DDC,Vol.1,p.60).EarlieritwaspointedoutthattheDDCscatters
aspectsofsubjectsbydisciplinethroughouttheschedules.TheRelativeIndexbringstogetherthevariousaspectsofatopic(BloombergandWeber1976,33).
IntheIndex,subjectsarelistedinalphabeticalorder,withlistsofdisciplinesunderwhichthesubjectsarefound.
Law
340
informationsystems
025.0634
literature
808.80355
Page18
ManyclassnumbersintheIndexarenotspelledoutintheSchedulesbecausetheyhavebeen"synthesized,"orbuilt,fromAddinstructions.Usingtheexampleabove,
wefind025isOperationsoflibraries,archives,informationcenters.Lookingfurtherwefindthefollowing:
.06
Informationstorageandretrievalsystemsdevotedtospecificdisciplinesandsubjects
Classheredocumentationofspecificdisciplinesandsubjects
[.060001.060009]
Standardsubdivisions
.06001.06999
Donotuseclassin025.0401025.0409
Specificdisciplinesandsubjects
Addtobasenumber025.06notation001999...
Thereisno.0634indicated,butitseemstobeincludedin.06001.06999.Instructionsindicatehowtoaddnumbersforthespecificdisciplinesandsubjects.Inthis
case,34isaddedfromtheSchedules,indicatingLaw(340).
ThesearchforaclassnumberbeginswiththeRelativeIndex,whichlistssubjectsinalphabeticalorderwithdisciplinesidentifiedunderneath(withtheirnotations).Not
alltopicsintheSchedulesareintheIndex,norareallofthetopicsintheIndexintheSchedules.Theyareimplied,becausetheSchedulesarenotexhaustive.Some
namesfromTable2areincluded(countries,states,andprovincesofmanycountries,U.S.counties,capitals,andotherimportantcities,importantgeographic
characteristics)andheadsofstatethatareoftenusedtonotehistoricalperiods.
UsersarewarnedagainstassigningclassnumbersdirectlyfromtheIndexwithoutexaminingtheirplacementintheSchedules.Forasatisfactorysubjectclassification,it
isnecessarytoverifythenumberwithinthecontext.
WhenMelvilDeweyproducedthefirsteditionoftheDDC,hecalledtheIndexa"SubjectIndex,"andthatisexactlywhatitwas.Itwasnotanindexoftheterms
foundintheSchedulesitwasalistoftopicshethoughttobeimportanttothestudentsandfacultyofAmherstCollege.
AnumberonthesamelineasanIndextermwouldnaturallybethoughttobeforthetopicgivenandthusforthesubjectbeingdiscussedinthework.Thismayor
maynotbetrue.TheRelativeIndexisgenerallynotasubjectindexinDewey'ssenseofthephraseanditshouldnotbeconfusedwithit.
TheManual
TheManualsharesthelastvolumewiththeRelativeIndex,andbothassistclassifiersintheirsearchforpropernotations.TheManualisarrangedinthesameorderas
theSchedules,althoughnotallnumbersarefoundtherebecauseitspurposeistoprovidefurtherexplanationsabouttheproperuseofnumbersthatmaypresent
problemsinunderstandingtheiruse.Someexamplesfollow:
Page19
362.1042vs.368.382
Socialaspects[ofhealthservices]vs.Healthinsurance
570
590
Biology Numberbuilding
Thefirstexampleguidestheuserindecidingunderwhichofthetwosubjectstheworkbeingclassifiedfits.At362.1042and368.382intheSchedules,thereare
instructionsto"SeeManualat362.1042vs.368.382."
Thesecondexampleispagesofinstructionsabouthowtoaddfacetnumbers,ornumbersforthevariousaspectsofbiology.Followingtheintroductorynotesafter
"570LifesciencesBiology"intheSchedules,thereisareferenceto"SeeManualat560590alsoat570590:Numberbuildingalsoat578vs.304.2,508,
910."ItisalwaysimportanttorefertotheManualwheninstructionsunderanumberindicatethatthereisanexplanationinthenumberrangetheclassifieruses.Thisis
theonlyguaranteethatthenotationchosenwillbetheappropriateone.
TypesofChangesFoundinDDC21
Controlledexpansion,reduction,andrelocationconstitutetheprimarymodesofchange.DDCeditorsoftencombinetheminvaryingformatstomakethesystemmore
responsivetocontemporaryneedsortoimplementthegoalofsubjectintegrityfromamodernperspective.Whatseemstobeasmallreadjustmentmaymmouttobe
nearlyasfarreaching,orjustascontroversial,asasuddenlargeone.CompletelyrecastSchedulesappeartobemostrevolutionary,buttheydifferonlyindegree,not
inkind.
TinkeringwiththeSchedulesisnottheonlywaytomodifyaclassificationscheme.Thesemantic,andeventhestructural,peculiaritiesofthemediatinglanguagehave
theirownlawsandposetheirownproblemsofchange.Insucceedingchapters,weshallexaminesyntacticandsyndeticadjustmentsmadeinDDC21.
Below,thetypesofexpansions,reductions,andrelocationsarediscussedandexamplesofeachtypearepresented.
Expansions
Expansionsintroducenewnumbers,oronesthathadnotbeenusedrecently,foroneofsixpurposes.
1.SubdivisionofaClassNumber
Aspecifictopicmayhavebeenincludedunderabroadheading.Thegrowthofknowledgeortheincreaseinmaterialswrittenonthesubjectnowwarrants
givingitaplaceofitsown.
Multimediasystemswasshiftedfrom006.6,andassigned006.7,anewnumber.
Page20
2.ExtendedMeaningsforStandardSubdivisions
DeviationsfromTable1usageareoftenaccompaniedintheSchedulesbynotesreferringtoothersectionsoftheSchedules.
Organizationsunderreligionweremovedfrom[.6]to291.65.
3.StandardSubdivisionScatter
Toimprovesubjectintegrity,materialsformerlygroupedtogetherbecauseofacommonaspectarerelocatedthroughouttheSchedulesbyuseofastandard
subdivision.
Safetymeasuresforparticularexcavationtechniquesweremovedtotheparticulartechniquein622.22.29,withnotation0289fromTable1added.
4.TablesofPrecedence
Thesetableshelpuserschooseamongcompetingconceptsinthecourseofsynthesizing(building)numbers.
ATableatthebeginningofEducation(370)offerstheseinstructions:
Unlessotherinstructionsaregiven,observethefollowingtableofpreference,e.g.,special
educationatelementarylevel371.90472(not372).
Publicpolicyissuesineducation
Specialeducation
Specificlevelsofeducation
379
371.9
372374
5.Multiple0sforSubdivision
Insomeareas,thesinglezerosareusedforotherkindsofsubdivisions,soadditionalzerosareaddedtothestandardsubdivisions.
UnderOrientalphilosophy(181),thestructureis
.001.008
.009
.04.09
Historicaltreatment
Philosophiesbasedonspecificreligions
6.NewConcepts
Thegrowthofknowledge,orlibrarymaterialsonasubjectnotpreviouslyavailable,resultsinnewnumbersaddedtotheSchedules.
004.678isanewnumberfortheInternet.
Reductions
Areductionresultsfromshiftingoneormoretopicstoanumbershorterthantheoldbutotherwisenotdifferingfromit.Therearethreereasonsthatthismayoccur.
Page21
1.DiscontinuedNumber,orTotalReduction
Ifaneweditionremovedtheentirecontentsofanumbertoamoregeneralnumber,theoriginalnumberis"discontinued."IntheSchedulesandTables,the
"reduced"numbersarebracketedwiththenote,"Numberdiscontinuedclassin....''Thesuperordinatenumbermayormaynotnametheoldcaptionina
note.
GeographicdistributionofLaborforcewasmovedfrom
[331.111]to331.1109.
2.MeaninglessContent
Thismayoccurwhenatopicnolongerhasanymeaningwithinitscontext.ThreearelistedinEdition21.
SpecialtopicsunderReligion[204]wasdiscontinuedbecauseitiswithoutmeaninginthecontextofReligionhere.
3.PartialReduction
Thisresultswhenanumberlosesonlypartofitsmeaningbutisretainedwithinthisedition'sSchedules.Thesenumbersarenotbracketedbutwillhave
instructionsconcerningthenonuseofthenumberforthegiventopic,includingdirectionsaboutwheretoclassit.
ElectionprocedureswaslocatedunderVotingproceduresat342.075butwasmoved"upward"inthehierarchy:
.075
Votingprocedures
Useofthisnumberforelectionproceduresdiscontinuedclassin342.07
Thenumberisnotbracketedandisretainedforothermeanings,suchas"absenteevoting."
Relocations
Arelocationoccurswhenatopicisshiftedtoanumber(otherthantoasuperordinatenumberorinanexpansionofthetopicuponthesamebasenumber).Theold
numbermaybebracketed,indicatingthatitisvacatedanditsusediscontinuedinthisedition.TheseshiftsmayresultinconsternationbytheusersoftheSchedules,
andsotheyarenotdonelightly."Relocations...aremadeforvariousreasonsinDDC,tokeeppacewithnewknowledgeortorectifysomeofthestructural
irregularitieswhichhavedevelopedinthesystemovertheyears"(Chart1973,38).
Figuresindicatingthenumberofrelocationsinpreviouseditionsrangefrom100inEdition2to1,098inthetwentieth.Buttherehasbeennoconsistentmethodof
countingthembecausewithsystematicfacetingtheexacttotalofdiscontinuednumbersandrelocationscannotbepreciselystated,andthetotalisoftendisputedby
evensuchauthoritiesasBenjaminA.CusterandJohnPhillipComaromi.Inthiswork,noeffortismadetodevelopatotalnumberofrelocationsbecausethatnumber
ismeaninglessinrelationtotheeffectonthevariouscollectionsaroundtheworld.Somelibraries,becauseoftheirfocus,willexperiencelittleimpact,but
Page22
othersmayrequirethereclassingofvastsectionsoftheirholdings.Inlaterchapterstheserelocations,aswellasotheralterationstotheDDC20Schedules,willbe
discussedindetailtoassisttheusersinreconcilingtheircollections.Theselocationsaredoneineightinstances.
1.TotalRelocation
Thisoccurswhenanumberhaslostallofitsmeaninginitscontextthenitappearsinthiseditioninbracketswithanotebeginning,''formerly...."
ArmorialbearingsandComprehensiveworksoncoatsofarmswerebothformerly929.82,butarenowfoundat929.6underHeraldry.
2.RelocatedSpan
Insomecases,notjustasinglenumberbutawholespanofnumbersmayberelocated.
IntheoverhaulofLifesciences,manywholespansweremovedenmasseforexample,Naturalhistoryoforganismsandrelatedsubjectswasmovedfrom
574to578.
3.RelocationofSplitMeanings
Topicswithsinglenumbersorspansmaybediscontinuedtohavetheirmeaningsdistributedelsewhere.Thesewillbeindicatedwithaseriesofrelation
notesseparatedbysemicolons.
Managementofpersonnelofspecificagesandsexes(658.3042)isnolongerusedandallits"parts"movedelsewhere.("Managementofmenrelocatedto
658.30081,managementofwomenrelocatedto658.30082,"etc.)
4.PartialRelocation
Thisresultswhentheoriginalnumberretainssomeofitsmeaning,losingonlyparttoadifferentclassnumber.Instructionsattheoldlocationrefertheuser
tothenewone,whichisannotatedbyabracketednotebeginning"formerly...."
Acidrainwasmovedto344.046336from344.04634,Pollutionofspecificenvironments,whichisretainedintheSchedules.
5.SplitRelocation
Insomeinstancesonlypartofthemeaningofatopicwillbeshiftedtovariousotherplaces,leavingthetopicalsoinitsexistingplace.
FinancialadministrationofagenciessupportingpubliceducationbadbeenincludedunderSupportofpubliceducation(379.11)butwasmovedto
353.824,leavingtherestofSupportofpubliceducationinitsformerplace.
Page23
6.SplittingOutComprehensiveWorks
"Comprehensiveworks"areoftenshiftedtoasuperordinatenumberorrelocatedcompletelytootherhierarchiesorotherportionsoftheiroriginal
hierarchy.
Comprehensiveworksonmammalswasmovedfrom333.959to333.954(samehierarchy).
7.ScatterRelocation
Whenthemeaningofthediscontinuedheadingisdissipatedsowidelythatfullenumerationofitsrelocationswouldbeimpracticable,ageneralscatternote
oritsequivalentisgiven.Scatteringisdonetoimprovesubjectintegrity.
InstructionalfacilitiesforteachingspecificsubjectswasunderLaboratories(371.6234)butisnow"Relocatedtospecificsubject,e.g.,language
laboratories407.8,chemicallaboratories542.1."
8.HierarchicalForceofRelocation
Ifatopicwithsubdivisionsisrelocated,thesubdivisionsarealsorelocatedordiscontinuedaltogether.Usuallythehierarchyisretained,althoughnot
necessarilyinthepreviousform.
IntherevampingofReligion(200),allofthestandardsubdivisionsweremovedenmassefromthefirstdivision(201,202,etc.)tothethird(230).
OverviewofDDC21Revisions
Asindicatedinchapterl,Edition21continuesanevolutionarypathofgradualchangestokeeppacewiththerapidgrowthofknowledgeaswellastheshrinkingofthe
worldthatresultsfromtheswiftexchangeofinformationnowcapablethroughtechnologyandtheeasymovementofpeople.Inadditiontothosediscussedinthelast
chapter,significantchangesweremadeinthefollowingareas.
Education(370)hasmanyrevisions,includingtherevisionandexpansionofthesubdivisions.TheEducationofwomen(376)andSchoolsandreligion(377)are
nowsubdivisionsunder371.Homeschoolsandschoolingwasalsomovedfrom649.68to371.042.
Insurance(368)wasanalyzed,revised,andexpanded.
SubdivisionsforChristianity(201209)weremovedto230270incontinuinganefforttoreduceChristianbias.
Judaism(296)wasrevisedandexpanded.OptionsprovideforthearrangementofthebooksofTanakhaccordingtoJewishtradition.
Islamwasalsorevisedandexpanded.
Theseandotherchangesarefounddetailedinsucceedingchapters.
Page24
LiteratureCited
Bloomberg,Marty,andHansWeber.1976.AnintroductiontoclassificationandnumberbuildinginDewey.Ed.JohnPhillipImmroth.Littleton,CO:Libraries
Unlimited.
Chan,LoisMai.1973.ThetenthabridgedDDC...andchildren'sroom/schoollibrarycollections.SchoolLibraryJournal20(1):38.
Dewey,Melvil.1989.DeweyDecimalClassificationandRelativeIndex.20thed.Vol.1.Albany,NY:ForestPress.
.1996.DeweyDecimalClassificationandRelativeIndex.21sted.Vols.1,2.Albany,NY:ForestPress.
Page25
3
PrinciplesofNumberBuilding
Introduction
Often,thesubjectofaworktobeclasseddoesnotappearineithertheRelativeIndexortheSchedulesthus,itisoftennecessarytobuildtherequirednumberfor
theclassificationofthework.Theprocessbeginswiththebasenumber,whichisthenaddedtoaccordingtoinstructionsfoundintheSchedules.''Adding"numbers
comefromthesevenTables,AddTablesintheSchedulesandotherpartsoftheSchedules.Table1(StandardSubdivisions)notationscanbeaddedtoanynumberin
theSchedulesunlesstherearespecificdirectionsnottousethestandardsubdivisions.
Whenmorethanonefacet(aspect)isneededtoclassawork,aseriesofaddednumbersmayberequired.Thesenumbersareaddedin"citationorder"takenfroma
wholesequenceofhintsintheSchedulesonmethodologiesofchoosingtheorderof"adds."Wheretherearenoinstructionsforaddingmorethanoneaspect,
"preferenceorder"isused.Thisistheorderindicatedin''preference"notes,orinstructionsintheSchedulesproper,auxiliaryTables,andintheManual.
PrinciplesofBookClassification
Classifyingbookshasbeendefined"astheartofassigningbookstotheirproperplacesinasystemofclassificationinwhichthevarioussubjectsofhumaninquiry,or
thedescriptionsofhumanlifeinitsvariousaspects,aregroupedaccordingtotheirlikenessorrelationtooneanother"(Merrill1939,1).Inpractice,however,thisis
notaneasytask.CatalogersusethefollowingninegeneralprincipleswhenselectingaDDCnumber:
1.Classabook,oranyothermaterial,whereitwillbemostusefultothepatron.Thiscanusuallybeaccomplishedbyplacingsimilarmaterialstogether.Thismay
alsobeaccomplishedbytheuseofbroadorcloseclassification,dependingonlibraryneeds.
2.Classabookfirstbysubjectandsecondbyform,exceptinthefieldofliterature.Forexample,anencyclopediaofartwillbeclassedinartandnotwith
generalencyclopedias.Thesubject,art,ismoreimportantthantheform,anencyclopedia.
Page26
3.Classaworkofliteraturefirstbyitsoriginallanguageandsecondbyitsform.Forexample,aworkonFrenchpoetrytranslatedintoEnglishwillbeclassedin
thenumberforFrenchpoetry,notforEnglishpoetry,becausetheoriginallanguageisFrench.Aftertheoriginallanguageoftheworkhasbeendetermined,itis
thenclassedbyform(drama,poetry,fiction,essays,speeches,andletters).
4.Classabookthatcoverstwoorthreesubjectsunderthefirstsubjecttreatedunlessanothersubjectreceivesmoreprominentattention.Abookthattreatsfirst
chemistryandthenphysicsbutthatgivesequaltreatmenttoeachisclassedwiththefirstsubjecttreated,chemistry.
5.Classabookthatcoversmorethanthreesubjectsinageneralsubjectembracingallofthesubjects.Forexample,abooktreatingmathematics,astronomy,
physics,andchemistrywillbeclassedwithcomprehensiveworksonpurescience.Aworktreatingarithmetic,algebra,trigonometry,andgeometryisclassed
withcomprehensiveworksonmathematics.
6.Classabookinthemostspecificnumberpossibleintheclassificationscheme.Forexample,ahistoryoftheAmericanCivilWarwillbeclassedinaspecific
numberfortheCivilWarandnotinamoregeneralnumber.Aworkonthebanjoisclassedinthespecificnumberforthebanjoandnotinageneralnumberfor
stringinstruments.Classifyingabookintoogeneralanumberdefeatsthepurposeofclassification,becauseitplacesbooksonspecifictopicsinmeaningless
order.
7.Ingeneral,classabookfirstbysubjectifthereisachoicebetweensubjectandgeographicallocation.Forexample,abookonGermanarchitectureisclassed
inthenumberforarchitecture,notinthenumberforgeographyofGermany.
8.Classbiographies,autobiographies,diaries,andreminiscenceseithertogetherinageneralbiographynumberorwithspecificdisciplines.Forexample,a
biographyofalawyerisclassedeitherinageneralnumbercoveringbiographiesofpeopleregardlessofoccupationorinanumberinlawusedforbiographiesof
lawyers,judges,etc.
9.Classabookaccordingtotheauthor'sintentinwritingit.Forexample,ifanauthorproducesabookofdrawingsofdogs,thecatalogermustexaminethe
booktoseeifthebookismeanttoemphasizethedifferentbreedsortechniquesofdrawingdogs.Dependingontheauthor'sintent,thebookcouldbeclassedin
anumberfordogsoranumberfortechniquesofdrawing(BloombergandWeber1976,3940).
TheTheoryofNumberBuilding
Thefoundationofnumberbuildingisthebasenumber,whichisasequenceofnumbersthatdoesnotvarybutremainsthesamedigitsfromotherpartsoftheSchedule
orfromtheTablescanbeaddedasinstructed.Forexample,thebasenumberforalllanguagesis4,andallnumbersareaddedtobasenumber4.Thebasenumber
forTagalog(Filipino)is499.211.Instructionstelltheclassifierto"Addto499thenumbersfollowing99innotation991999fromTable6...then
Page27
tothenumberforeachlanguagelistedbelowaddnotation018fromTable4."Thus,inanysequencethebasenumberdoesnotvary(e.g.,DictionaryofTagalogis
499.2113,or499.211+3fordictionaries).Itisfromthebasenumbersthattheclassifierbuildsmorespecificnumbersforthematerialsbeingcataloged.Number
buildingistheprocessofdevelopinganumberbytheadditionofnumbersorsegmentsofnumbersfromotherpartsoftheSchedule,fromtheTables,orboth.
ScopeNotes,ClassHereNotes
A"scope"noteusuallyappearsafteramajorclassificationnumber,statingexactlywhatistobeclassedinthenumber.
543.0893
Ionexchangechromatography
Classhereionexchangeseparations
Classionexchangeseparationsinliquidchromatographyin
543.0894classionexchangeseparationsingas
chromatographyin543.0896
Thefirstnotedefinesthescopeofthesubjecttobeclassedinthenumber.Thesecondnotesuggestsalternativenumbersformorespecializedaspects.Another
exampleofa"scope"noteisfoundat333.954,thenumberforAnimalsasanaturalresourceunderEconomics.
333.954
Animals
Includingbiomassenergy,geneticresources,germplasm
Classherecomprehensiveworksonmammals[formerly339.959],onvertebrateswildlife
Thefirstnotelistsspecialtopicsalsotobeclassifiedinthenumber.Thesecondnoteisa"classhere"note,whichdirectstheclassifiertousethe333.954for
comprehensiveworksonmammals,vertebrates,andwildlife.
An"add"notegivesdirectionsforbuildingnumbersforspecializedsubtopics.
294.33
Mythology,socialtheology,interreligiousrelationsandattitudes
Addtobasenumber294.33thenumbersfollowing291.1in291.13
291.17,e.g.,socialtheology294.337
Intheexamplebelow,thefirstnotedefinestheterm,andthe"classelsewhere"notegivesdirectionsrelatingtomajoraspectsofabroadertopic.
331.22
Compensationdifferentials
Differencesamongindustries,occupation,regions
Includingcomparisonamongfirmsinthesameindustry
Classdeterminationofcompensation,factorsaffectingcompensationin331.215
AlwaysreadallthenotesbeforeusingaDDCnumber.Thenotesareessentialfornumberbuildingandfordeterminingwheretoclassifymaterials.Failuretoreadand
carefullyfollowthenotesintheDDCScheduleswillresultinincorrectclassificationorincorrectlybuiltnumbers.
Page28
Options
RecentemphasisontheinternationalappealofDDC,aswellasitsincreasedsensitivitiestovariouspeoples,hasexpandedthenumberofoptionsoffered.Theyare
oftenfoundinparenthesesatthebeginningofadiscipline.ForourexampleofLaw,threeseparateoptionsareavailable(under342349)togive"preferredtreatment
tothelawofaspecificjurisdiction,tojurisdictionsingeneral,tobranchoflawanditssubordinatesubjects,ortodisciplineorsubject."AnotherexampleisOptionB
under420490Specificlanguages,wherelettersofthealphabetcanbeusedtoshortenthenumberforaspecificlanguage.Options,however,arenotrecommended
unlessthelocalclassifierfindscogentreasonsforusingthem.
Adds
Facets,orcategories,aregovernedbynotesintheSchedulesto"Addto"or"Addfrom."''Addtos"replacethepreviouslyused''Dividelikes,"whichreferto
ScheduleshiftsratherthanTables.Anexamplefollows.
342.04*Structure,powers,functionsofgovernment
Theasterisk(*)besidethetopicintheSchedulesleadstheusertoanoteatthebottomofthepage:
*
Inthisparticularpartofthe300class,therearetwoTables:onefor342349inclusiveandanotherfor342347.Detailedinstructionsarefound:
>
Classherecomprehensiveworksonspecificsubjectsoflaw.
Exceptformodificationsshownunderspecificentries,addtoeachsubdivisionidentified
by*asfollows:
342347BranchesofLaw
01
Philosophyandtheory[Etc.]
"Addfroms"refertotheTablesfoundinVolume1.Goingbacktotheexampleabove,for342,Constitutionandadministrativelaw,thesummaryindicatesthe
following:
Standardsubdivisionslaws,regulations,cases,procedure,courts
.02
Basicinstrumentsofgovernment
.03
Revisionandamendmentofbasicinstrumentsofgovernment
.04
.05
Legislativebranchofgovernment
.06
Executivebranchofgovernment
.07
Electionlaw
.08
Jurisdictionoverpersons
.09
Localgovernment
342.001009
Page29
Thestandardsubdivision342.009isfortheHistorical,geographic,personstreatmentandreferstoTable1inVolume1.If05isaddedtothe.009,the21stcentury,
20002099,isindicated.
Tables
ThesevenTablesinthefullDDCareimportantdevicesthataidinnumberbuildingtheyserveamnemonic(memory)function.IntheDDCthemnemonicfeature
involvesusingthesamecombinationofnumberstorepresentthesametopicortohavethesamemeaningthroughouttheSchedules.Thus,05meansperiodicals
whereveritisadded,whichgivesaconsistencyinmeaninginvariouscontexts.ThenumbersfromtheTablesareneverusedalonebutalwaysinconjunctionwith
numbersfromtheclassificationSchedules.Adash()precedingthenumbersemphasizesthattheymustbeaddedtoanothernumber,butthedashisomittedwhen
addingtoanumber.
StandardsubdivisionscanbeaddedtoanynumberintheSchedulesunlessinstructionsintheSchedulesindicateotherwise.Thesesubdivisionsprovidenotationsto
identifyworksthatmaybeinaparticularformatorphysicalform(examplesoftreatmentbyformatorphysicalformaredictionaries,encyclopedias,andperiodicals),
ahistoricalorgeographicalapproach,oraphilosophicalortheoreticalperspective.
01
Philosophyandtheory
02
Miscellany
03
Dictionaries,encyclopedias,concordances
04
Specialtopics
05
Serialpublications
06
Organizationsandmanagement
07
Education,research,relatedtopics
08
Historyanddescriptionwithrespecttokindsofpersons
09
Morethanone0isoftenusedforastandardsubdivisionsuchas03,00.3,or0003.ThenumberofOsusedinastandardsubdivisionwillvarytoavoid
conflictingwithothernumbersintheSchedule.Ifmorethanone0isrequired,therewillalwaysbeappropriateinstructionsprovided.Eventhoughthestandard
subdivisionsgenerallycanbeusedwithanynumberintheSchedules,itisalwaysnecessarytochecktheSchedulestoseeiftherearespecialdirectionsforaparticular
classificationnumber,forexample,thestandardsubdivisionforPhilosophyandtheory,01:
Page30
200
Religion
200.1.9
210
Philosophyandtheoryofreligion
390
Customs,etiquette,folklore
390.001.009
.01.09
Standardsubdivisionsofcustoms
.1.4
Customsofspecificeconomic,social,occupationalclasses
Standardsubdivisionsofreligion
Thestandardsubdivisionsprovidepossibilitiesforfurtherdivisionwithineachsubdivision.Forexample,standardsubdivision01furnishesthefollowingmore
specializedsubdivisions:
01
Philosophyandtheory
011
Systems
012
Classification
013
Value
014
Languageandcommunication
015
Scientificprinciples
(016)
OptionalnumberforBibliographies,catalogs,indexes
019
Psychologicalprinciples
ThenotationsinthisTable,thelargestone,allowanumbertobeexpandedtoindicateageographicalsignificance.ThroughouttheDDCSchedules,thereare
instructionstoaddfromTable2tobuildamorespecificclassificationnumber.WherenospecificinstructionsaregivenintheSchedulesforaddingtheareanotation,
thestandardsubdivision09,forHistorical,geographic,personstreatment,canbeaddedtothebasenumber,andthentheareanotationaddedto09.Following
isasummaryoftheTable.
1
Areas,regions,placesingeneral
Persons
Theancientworld
EuropeWesternEurope
AsiaOrientFarEast
Africa
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
OtherpartsoftheworldandextraterrestrialworldsPacificOceanislands
Theareanotation1isusedforareasnotlimitedbycontinents,countries,orlocalities.Includedarethetreatmentofasubjectbyregion,areas,places,andgroups
ingeneral.Alsoincludedherearesuchgeographicalfeaturesasfrigidzones,landforms,oceans,andsocioeconomicregions.Areanotation2isusedfor
biographicalmaterials.
Page31
Table3.SubdivisionsfortheArts,forIndividualLiteratures,forSpecificLiteraryForms
ThenotationsinTable3areusedonlywithbasenumbersspecifiedin810890andwhereinstructedin700.4,791.4,and808809.TheTableconsistsofthree
subtables:
3
A
Description,criticalappraisal,biography,singleorcollectedworksofanindividualauthor
3
B
Description,criticalappraisal,biography,collectedworksoftwoormoreauthorsrhetoricinspecific
literaryforms
3
C
AdditionalelementsusedinnumberbuildingswithinTable3Bandasinstructedin700.4,791.4,808
809
Table3Acontainsthestandardmnemonicnotationforliteraryforms.
1
Poetry
(821English,851Italian)
Drama
(822English,872Latin)
Fiction
(823English,863Spanish)
Essays
(824English,834German)
Speeches
(825English,815American)
Letters
(826English,846French)
Miscellaneouswritings
(828English,868Spanish)
ThenotationsinTable4areusedonlywhereindicatedwithbasenumbers420490.Thefollowingformdivisionsapplytoallnumbersdesignatedby*inthisclass:
0109
Writtensystems,phonology,phonetics
Etymology
Dictionaries
Grammar
Historicalandgeographicvariations,modernnongeographicvariations
Standardusage
ThenotationsinTable5areusedwhendirectedintheSchedules.ThesenotationscanbeaddedtobasenumbersintheSchedulesandtonotationsfromotherTables
(thisisjustlikeaddinggeographicalnotationsfromTable2tostandardsubdivision09fromTable1).AsummaryofthisTablefollows:
0304
Basicraces,mixturesofraces
NorthAmericans
British,English,AngloSaxons
Nordic(Germanic)people
modernLatinpeoples
Italians,Romanians,relatedgroups
(tablecontinuedonnextpage)
Page32
(tablecontinuedfrompreviouspage)
6
SpanishandPortuguese
OtherItalicpeople
Greeksandrelatedgroups
Otherracial,ethnic,nationalgroups
Table6.Languages
ThenotationsinTable6areusedasdirectedintheSchedules.ThesenotationscanbeaddedtobasenumbersintheSchedulesandtonotationsfromotherTables.
ThisTableisparticularlyimportantintheclasses400and800.Asummaryoftheselanguagesfollows:
1
IndoEuropeanlanguages
EnglishandOldEnglish(AngloSaxon)
Germanic(Teutonic)languages
Romancelanguages
Italian,Sardinian,DalmatianRomanian,RhaetoRomanic
Italiclanguages
Helleniclanguages
Otherlanguages
ThenotationsinTable7areusedasdirectedintheSchedules.ThesenotationscanbeaddedtobasenumbersintheSchedulesandtonotationsfromotherTables.
01
Individualpersons
02
Groupsofpersons
03
Personsbyracial,ethnic,nationalbackground
04
Personsbysexandkinshipcharacteristics
05
Personsbyage
06
Personsbymiscellaneoussocialcharacteristics
08
Personsbyphysicalandmentalcharacteristics
09
Generalistsandnovices
Personsoccupiedwithphilosophy,parapsychology,occultism,psychology
Personsoccupiedwithoradherenttoreligion
Personsoccupiedwithsocialsciencesandsocioeconomicactivities
Personsoccupiedwithlanguages,linguistics,lexicography
Personsoccupiedwithnaturalsciencesandmathematics
Personsoccupiedwithappliedsciences(Technologists)
PersonsoccupiedwiththeartsPersonsoccupiedwithfineanddecorativearts
Personsoccupiedwithcreativewritingandspeaking
Personsoccupiedwithgeography,history,relateddisciplinesandactivities
ThisTableisbasedonthetenmainclassesofDDCfrom09to9.
Page33
Conclusion
Throughthesedevices,classificationsarepossibleforaninfinitenumberofsubjects.Byusingaddsandoptions,itispossibletomakethenotationasspecificas
practicable.However,manyofthenumberswillbetoolongformanysmalllibraries.Librarieswithsmallercollectionshaveabuiltinoption.SegmentingofDDC
numbersisshownbyspacesbetweendigitsinnumbersDDCnumberscanbedividedattheseplaceswithoutlosingtheirmeaning.Thosethatappearinonesegment
shouldgenerallybeusedwithoutthisreduction.
LiteratureCited
Unlimited.
Merrill,WilliamStetson.1939.Codeforclassifiers:Principlesgoverningtheconsistentplacingofbooksinasystemofclassification.2ded.Chicago:
AmericanLibraryAssociation.
Page35
4
TheTables
Introduction
ThesevenTablesofDDCfaceting(establishingaspectsofsubjects)wereintroducedinEdition18,althoughapredecessortoTable1wasfoundinthefirstedition.It
wasnicknamed"Formdivisions,"despitethefactthatseveralfeatureswereinnowayexpressiveofphysicalformat,buteventuallytheobviousmisnomerwas
dropped.OtherprecursorsofthemodernTablesappearedanddisappearedabruptly.Edition2(1885)includedthreenewonescalled"Geographicaldivisions,"
whichwerelittlemorethanlistsoftopicsthatcouldbesubdividedbyregionandusedthehistorynumbersin930999twomoregavepatternlistsofclassnumbers
andsubjectdivisionsforthevariouslanguagesidentifiedinthe400class.Edition13(1932)introducedafifth,whichsubdividedliteraturesinthe800class.Allof
theseauxiliaryaidslasteduntilthesocalledStandardEdition15droppedeverythingexceptabriefintroductiontoamethodofsubdividing,"whereconsiderationof
theformorstyleinwhichthebookiswritten,aswellasthesubject,isimportant"(Dewey1951,xiii).
Edition16restoredtheformdivisionsinaseparatelistsimilartotoday'sTable1.Theold"GeographicTable"appearedasasequenceofnumbers"accompaniedby
instructionsintheSchedulesto'dividelike930999,'or'like940999'"(Dewey1958,2:2421).Edition17renamedthe"Formdivisions"andrestructuredthe
GeographicTableintoan"AreaTable"withallthecharacteristicsofthepresentTable2.Edition18reactivatedthediscontinuedTables3,4,and6forlanguageand
literature.Italsoaddedtwomore:Table5forracial,ethnic,andnationalgroupingsandTable7fordifferentiatinggroupsofpersons.
Table2isbyfarthelongest,occupying371pages(7morethanEdition20),ascontrastedwith31pagesforTable1(11morethanlastedition),31forTable3(5
more),7forTable4(1more),20forTable5(3more),26forTable6(9more),and27forTable7(3more).
Somewritersurgethat"theprincipleofseparatetablesforcertainsubjectsoughttobeextendedinfutureeditions"(Croghan1972,74:12021),muchliketheAdd
Tablesfoundinmanyoftheclasses.ThiswouldmeanAddinstructionsforusingnotationsfromotherpartsoftheScheduleandmakingalmostnouseoftheseTables
exceptforararereferencetoTable2foralocation.DDCeditorsseemmoreconcernedwithrefiningandexpandingtheexistingTables.Theyarealsoawarethat
facetinginevitablytemptsclassifierstousecloseclassificationto
Page36
thelimitsofitspracticability.WitnesstheexcessivelylongDDCnumbersoftenfoundinLibraryofCongressrecords.Theymaybejustifiedforindexinguses,suchas
theUniversalDecimalClassification(UDC)wasdesignedfor,buttheyareusuallymorebotherthanhelpattheshelves.
Fromthefirst,MelvilDeweyappliedarudimentarypatternfor"modeoftreatment"subdivisions.Edition2gaveitafixedform,reflectingtosomeextentnotable
featuresbuiltintotheScheduleproper.ThemorphologyofTable1haschangedlittleoverinterveningyears,althoughextensiveexpansionsandseveralsignificant
alterationstookplace.AlthoughtheSummariesshownochangesinacomparisonofTable1ofEditions20and21,onecanseethattheTableisstillevolving.
ScheduleManipulationofTable1Meanings
Table1facetsmayattachtoclassnumbersofanylength,forexample:
403
150.1
581.072
614.43205
Languagedictionaries,encyclopedias,concordances
Philosophyandtheoryofpsychology
Botanicalresearch
Aserialpublicationoninsectsasdiseasecarriers
ItistheonlyfullygeneralizedfacetingdeviceofferedinDDC,theonlytablebywhichclassnumbersmaybesubdividedwithoutspecificscheduleinstructions.
Conversely,itissubjecttospecialinstructions.Sometimesapplyingitisflatlyforbidden.Elsewhereitisconceptuallyornotationallydistorted,forexample:
508
Naturalhistory
Donotuseforhistoryanddescriptionofnaturalsciencesandmathematicswithrespectto
groupsofpersonsclassin500.8
SometimespartoftheTable1meaningsandnotationarerepeatedinthescheduleunderaparticularclassnumber.Primafaciethispracticeseemsredundant,but
closerexaminationshowsthatineverycasecertainssmeaningsareexpanded,negated,orsuperseded.
Standardsubdivision04(Specialtopics)isdesignedforlocalschedulemanipulation.InTable1itcarriesanotetouseonlywhen"specificallysetforthinthe
schedules."
Wehaveobservedthatfaceting,ornumberbuilding,oftenposescitationorderproblems.Dewey'sinterpositionofthe0infrontofhis"formdivisions"wastoensure
theirphysicalprecedenceoverallothersubdivisionsofgeneralclassnumbers.ByDDC14(publishedin1942),avarietyofothersubdivisioncategorieswereoften
neededtosectionabroadtopicadequately.Variationinthenumberofinterveningzeroswasthesolution.Standardsubdivisionnotation,
Page37
whichnormallydoesnotinvolveahierarchicalstructurebecauseitisdesignedtobeuniversallyapplicable,mustbeadjustedtoprovidenormalcitationorder.The
doublezeroisthecommonestwaytoachievethis.Morecomplicatedsituationsrequireathirdzerowhenthesecondoneis,ormaybe,preempted.
AgoodexampleoftheincreasinggeneralityofcontentthatmultiplezerosreflectcanbeseeninthesummaryforthehistoryofCentralEuropeGermany.Thefewerthe
zerosthemoreparticularthecontentofthenumber.Themostparticularplaceshavenozerosatall(e.g.,PolandandHungary).
943.0001.0009
.001.009
StandardsubdivisionsofGermany
.01.08
HistoricalperiodsofGermany
.1
NortheasternGermany
.6
AustriaandLiechtenstein
.7
CzechRepublicandSlovakia
.8
Poland
.9
Hungary
StandardsubdivisionsofcentralEurope
DDCplacesavirtualtabooonaddingonestandardsubdivisiontoanotherinthesamenumberunlesstherearespecificinstructionstodoso.Classifiersmayfind
themselvesinaquandarywhenmorethanoneappliestothesamework.ThereareinstructionsatthebeginningofTable1,atableofpreferencethatindicatesthe
citationorderforTable1.
Specialtopics
04
Persons
092
Auxiliarytechniquesandproceduresapparatus,equipment,materials
028
(except0288)
Draftingillustrations
0221
07
(except074,075,076,077)
Management
068
(Etc.)
Arestrictiononfreeuseofstandardsubdivisionsaffectsworksontopicsthatdonotapproximatethewhole,thatis,constitutenotquiteallbutthegreaterpartofthe
classatwhichitislocated.Suchtopicsarefoundin"including,""contains,""example,"and"commonname"notes.Howtodeterminewhetheratopicapproximatesthe
wholeofthecontentsofanumberisdiscussedatlengthintheManual.
Althoughthereisnogeneralauxiliarytablefortimedivisions,Tables1,2,and3arefrequentlyassociatedwithtemporalconcepts.Standardsubdivisions0901
0905(Historicalperiods)areacomprehensivespanoftimeperiodnumbers.UnlesstheSchedulegivesaspecificchronology,thesenumbersmaybeapplied,likeany
Table1aspect,withoutinstructions.Classes800and900containmanylocalchronologies.InternalPeriodTablesarefrequentlyusedwithauxiliaryTablestobuild
classnumberswheretimeisasignificant,butnottheonly,facet.
Page38
Table1DDC21Revisions
TheeditorshaveexpandedTable1byestablishingavarietyofnewnumbersthatadddepthandconsistencytoclassnumbers.Alsointheireffortto"ensure
sensitivity,"theyhaveexpandedpersonswithspecialsocialstatus(0869)withnewsubdivisionstogivemoreprecisenotationstovarioussocialgroups.Alistof
examples(withindentationsshowingexpansions)follows:
08691
Personswithstatusdefinedbychangesinresidence
08692
Antisocialandasocialpersons
086923
Juveniledelinquentsandpredelinquents
086927
Offenders
08693
Nondominantgroups
08694
Sociallydisadvantagedpersons
086941
Unemployedpersons
086942
Thepoor
086945
Abandonedchildren,abusedchildren,childrenbornoutofwedlock,
orphans
086947
Unmarriedmothers
086949
Victimsofwarandcrime
08696
Retiredpersons
08697
Veteransofmilitaryservice
Otherchangesfollow:
019
Psychologyoflearningspecificsubjects(also071)isnowlocatedhere.
021
ComprehensiveworksonTables(0212)nowusethisnotation.
0212
Formulasandspecificationsinspecifictimesandplaces(09)weremovedhere.
024
Worksforpersonsinspecificoccupationsinspecifictimesandplaces(09)arenow
foundhere.
0284
Apparatus,equipment,materialsisanewnumber.
0286
Wastetechnologyisanewnumber.
060109
Greeklettersocieties(371.854)andstudentorganizations(371.84)arenowlocated
here.
071
SchoolsandcoursesbecameEducationcurriculadirectedtowardspecificsubject
objectives(375.008)andcurriculainspecificsubjects(375.01.9)arenowfoundhere.
0711
Curriculadirectedtowardspecificsubjectobjectivesinhighereducation(378.1992
.1998)arenowhereunderHighereducation.
Page39
0712
Curriculadirectedtowardspecificsubjectobjectivesinsecondaryeducation(373.192
.198)arenowunderSecondaryeducation.
0715
Institutesandworkshops,radioandtelevisionclasses,correspondencecourses(
0715207154)nowarefoundhere.
0727
Statisticalmethodsusedinspecifickindsofresearch(07220724)arenowfound
hereunderStatisticalmethods,anewnumber.
0728
Presentationofstatisticaldataisanewnumber.
0785
Computerassistedinstructionisanewnumber.
08
Historyanddescriptionwithrespecttokindsofpersonshasanewtableandnow
includessubjectforpersonswithvariousnonoccupationalcharacteristics(02403
02408).
08341
Boyssixtoelevenisanewnumber.
08342
Girlssixtoelevenisanewnumber.
0842
Comprehensiveworksonyoungadults(0835)arenowfoundhere.
08421
Youngmenisanewnumber.
08422
Youngwomenisanewnumber.
086942
Vagrants(08692)isnowfoundherewithThepoor.
089
Comprehensiveworksonnondominantracial,ethnic,nationalgroups(08693)are
nowfoundhereunderRacial,ethnic,nationalgroups.
09005
SerialpublicationsunderHistorical,geographic,personstreatmentisanewnumber.
091
Maintenanceandrepairinareas,regions,placesingeneralisfoundhereand028is
added.Inspecificcontinents,countries,localitiesisnow093099(0288)plus
028notation.
0923
Collectedpersonstreatmentofmembersofspecificracial,ethnic,nationalgroups(
0922)isanewnumber.
0929
Personstreatmentofnonhumans,suchasabiographyofLassie,isanewnumber.
Page40
Geographicorpoliticalsubdivisionwaslongdependentonthehistorydivisions930990.Notonlyweresubdivisionsof910(Geographyandtravel)drawnfromthat
span,butregionaldivisioninanydisciplinewasbasedonDividelikeinstructionsreferringtothosenumbersforpatterns.Astimewenton,twoproblemsemerged.
First,theWASPbiasfromwhichtheDDCstillstragglestoextricateitselfdominatedthehistoryschedule,stressingpoliticalunits,especiallyinEuropeandtheUnited
States,overphysicalandotherregionalareas,thathadtobespelledoutastheywereneeded.Second,theDividelikeinstructionswerehardtofollow.DDC17
initiatedthenowfamiliarAreaTable,withasectionforregionsandplacesingeneral.Otherpartsofthetableexpandedjurisdictionalsequences,expandingthosefor
Asia,Africa,andOceaniaparticularly.AlthoughitretaineditsDividelikestociteotherschedulespans,thateditionreferredtoitsauxiliarytablesbymeansofAdd
notes.DividelikesgavewayentirelyinDDC18to''Addtos''(fromschedulespans)and"Addfroms"(forTables).
Thedemarcationbetweenareas3and49isnotalwayssoclearascouldbewished,especiallyinviewofthenoteunder3to"classaspecificpartofancient
worldnotprovidedforherein49"(v.1,p.27).ABritishclassifierofferedsomeadvice:
Under3"TheAncientworld"aregatheredthosepartsoftheworldmoreorlessknowntoclassicalantiquity,andconsideredonlyduringtheperiodof
"ancienthistory."Thesameareasinlatertimes,aswellasotherareassuchasAmericainbothancientandlatertimes,areclassedin49...(Trotter1980,
4).
Manyclassnumberscanbegeographicallydivided,withoutspecificinstructionsbygoingfirsttoTable1.Thess093099span(Treatmentbyspecificcontinents,
etc.)ismostfrequentlyused,buttwentyotherTable1entriessaytoaddnotationfromTable2.
Thediscussionofstandardsubdivisionsnotedthattwoarenotusedinthesamenumberexceptwhensoinstructed.Oneofthemostfrequentexceptionsisforcatalogs
ofexhibits(withgeographicalfacets)housedinmuseums(alsocharacterizedbygeographicalfacets).
InordertosimplifyinstructionsintheScheduleswherestandardsubdivision09hasbeendisplacedfromitsregularpositiontothepositionofalegitimatesubdivisionof
aclassnamely,to9,historicalperiodshavebeenaddedtoTable2.TheyarestillfoundinfullinTable1.
Page41
Persons(asindividualsorasindividualmembersofaclassofpeople)havebeenindicatedbymeansofeitherTable1or2forquiteawhile.Onehastobecareful
whendeterminingwhichofthetablesisthecorrectonetouseinanyparticularinstance.Forexample,elementaryschoolteachersis372.92,not372.092.
Standardsubdivisions0924forindividualpersonsand0926forcasehistoriesaregonefromTable1aswellasfromTable2.InTable2thecategorieshad
been24and26.
AtthebeginningofTable2andatarea4arefoundthefirstinstancesofthetwolevelsummary.
1
Areas,regions,placesingeneral
Persons
Theancientworld
EuropeWesternEurope
AsiaOrientFarEast
Africa
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
OtherpartsofworldandextraterrestrialworldsPacificOceanislands
ThereconfiguringofEuropefollowingthedemiseoftheSovietUnionhasresultedinsignificantchangesinTable2.EasternEuropeandRussia(47)wereaffected
tosuchanextentthatseparateTableswereconstructedtoassisttheuserinfollowingthesechanges.TheComparativeTableisorganizedbycountry,andthe
EquivalenceTableisbynotationnumberso,eitherwayclassifiersseektheinformation,itisreadilyavailable.BothTablesarefoundinthebackofVolumeI.
BesidesthesechangesfollowingthebreakupoftheSovietstates,otherpartsofTable2havealsoreceivedattention.Norwayhasbeenextensivelyexpanded,and
GreeceandBrazilhavebeenrevised.Jordan(whichnowincludestheWestBank),Nigeria,andHaitihavebeenrevisedandexpanded.Allplacesin93were
movedtomakeroomforNewZealandtobeexpanded.Therearenow61/2pagesofnewnumbersforNewZealandin93to9399,butonlyafewchangesare
includedhere.
AtlastithasbeenrecognizedthatdespitetheTurkishinvasionintheearly1970s,CyprusremainsanindependentstatebecauseofitslargeGreekpopulation.Thus,it
hasbeenmovedfrom5645,underTurkey,to569,withSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andJordan.
ThePanamaCanal,strangelyenough,hadbeenincludedundertheSoutheastPacificOcean(1641).Nowtheeditorsrecognizethatitismorelandthanwaterand
haveplaceditat72875,underPanama.CantheSuezCanalbefarbehind?TomakeroomforBulgariatomovefromitspreviouslocation(4977),SkyrosIsland
(49515),NorthernSporades(4954),ThasosIsland(4957),ComprehensiveworksontheAegeanIslands(4958),andtheCreteregion(4959)have
beenmovedfrom499.
Page42
InconsideringthemassivetransformationsintheEuropeanregionssinceEdition20,theeditorsshouldbeapplaudedintheintelligentandlogicalwaysthatSchedule
relocationshavebeenaccomplished.
Otherchangesfollow:
172
Socioeconomicregionsbydegreeofeconomicdevelopment(1723)isnowfound
here.
UnderNorway:
4821
Oslocounty(fylke)(4823)isnowhere.
4822
Akershuscounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4824
Hedmarkcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4825
Opplandcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4826
Buskerudcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4827
Vestfoldcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4828
Telemarkcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4831
AustAgdercounty(fylke)(482)isnowfoundhere.
4832
VestAgdercounty(fylke)(482)isnowfoundhere.
4833
Vestlandetisanewnumber.
4834
Rogalandcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4836
Hordalandcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4838
SognogFjordanecounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4839
MreogRomsdalcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4841
SrTrndelagcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4842
NordTrndelagcounty(fylke)isanewnumber.
4843
ComprehensiveworksonNorthernNorway,orNordNerge(4845),arenowfound
here.
4844
Nordlandcounty(fylke)(4845)isnowfoundhere.
4846
Finnmarkcounty(fylke)(4845)isnowatthisnumber.
UnderDenmark:
48914
Copenhagencounty(48913)hasbeenmovedhere.
UnderGreece:
49515
SkyrosIsland(499)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderCentralGreeceregion.
4954
NorthernSporades(499)isnowclassedhereunderThessalyregion.
Page43
4957
Drama,Kavalanomes(4956),andThasosIsland(499)arenowfoundhereunder
EasternMacedoniaandtheThraceregion.
4958
ComprehensiveworksontheAegeanIslands(499)arenowfoundhere.
4959
TheCreteregion(4998)isnowlocatedhere.
UnderBulgaria:
499
Bulgariawasmovedfrom4977.
UnderChina:
5129
HainanProvince(5127)isnowfoundhere.
UnderIran:
5527
MarkaziProvinceunderIran(5525)hasbeenrelocatedhere.
UnderMiddleEast:
5693
Cyprus(5645)isnowfoundhere.
UnderJordan:
5695
WestBankisfoundunderJordanat5695156953.
569567
TafilahProvinceisanewnumber.
56957
Ma'anProvinceisanewnumberalso,theeasternpartofformerKarakdistrict(
56956)isnowfoundhere.
56959
Zarqa'andMafraqprovincesisanewnumberalso,theeasternpartofformerIrbid
districtandSyrianDesertinJordan(56954)andnortheasternpartofformerAmman
district(56958)arenowlocatedhere.
569593
Zarqa'Province
569597
MafraqProvince
UnderNigeria:
66926
OsunState(66925)isnowfoundhere.
66928
OndoStateisanewnumber.
66932
EdoStateisanewnumber.
66936
DeltaStateisanewnumber.
66943
AkwaIbomState(66944)isnowfoundhere.
66945
AbiaState(66946)isnowfoundhere.
66949
EnuguState(66948)hasbeenmovedhere.
66956
TheeasternpartofformerKwaraState(66957)andthewesternpartofformer
BenueState(66954)areincludedhereunderKogiState.
66963
KebbiState(66962)isnowfoundhere.
Page44
66976
KatsinaState(66973)hasbeenmovedhere.
66977
JigawaState(66978)hasbeenrelocatedhere.
66987
YobeState(66985)isnowfoundhere.
66989
TarabaState(66988)hasbeenrelocatedhere.
UnderCanada:
71133
Langley(71137)isnowfoundhereunderGreaterVancouverRegionalDistrict.
71334
St.Thomas(71335)isnowincludedunderElginCounty.
71336
HaldimandCounty(71337)isnowfoundhereunderRegionalMunicipalityof
HaldimandNorfolk.
71338
LincolnCounty(7135l)isnowlocatedhereunderRegionalMunicipalityofNiagara.
71345
WaterlooCity(71344)isnowfoundhereunderKitchenerWaterloo.
71347
Brantford(71348)isnowincludedhereunderBrantCounty.
71356
OntarioCounty(71355)wasmovedhereunderRegionalMunicipalityofDurham.
71367
Peterborough(71368)isnowfoundhereunderPeterboroughCounty.
71373
GrenvilleCounty(71374)isnowfoundhereunderUnitedCountiesofLeedsand
Grenville.
71375
GlengarryCounty(71377)andStormontCounty(71376)arenowfoundhere
underUnitedCountiesofStormont,Dundas,andGlengarry.
71385
PrescottCounty(71386)wasmovedhereunderUnitedCountiesofPrescottand
Russell.
UnderPanama:
72875
PanamaCanal(1641)isnowfoundhereunderCanalArea.
UnderDominicanRepublic:
729377
MontePlata(729374)isnowfoundhere.
729381
HatoMayor(729384)hasbeenmovedhere.
UnderHaiti:
72943
NordandNordEstdpartementswasonlyNorddpartement.
729432
Norddpartementisanewnumber.
729436
NordEstdpartementisanewnumber.
Page45
729442
Centredpartementisanewnumberalso,Ouestdpartement(72945)andNord
dpartement(72943)arenowfoundhereunderCentredpartement.
729446
Artibonitedpartementisanewnumber.
72945
OuestandSudEstdpartementswereonlyOuestdpartement.
729452
Ouestdpartementisanewnumber.
729456
SudEstdpartementisanewnumber.
72946
SudandGrand'AnsedpartementswerejustSuddpartement.
729462
Suddpartementisanewnumber.
729466
Grand'Ansedpartementisanewnumber.
UnderBrazil:
8111
Rondniastate(8175)hasbeenmovedhere.
8117
Tocantinsstate(8173)isnowlocatedhere.
8134
FernandodeNoronhaArchipelagostate(8136)hasbeenmovedhere.
UnderPeru:
8544
Loreto(8543)isnowfoundhere.
UnderColombia:
86166
Guaviare(86165)hasbeenmovedhere.
UnderNewZealand:
93
Comprehensiveworksonspecificislands(931)arenowlocatedhere.
931
NorthIsland(9312)isnowfoundhere.
9312
FormerAucklandProvince(93122)hasbeenmovedhere.
9346
FormerHawkesBayProvince(93125)isnowfoundhereunderHawke'sBay
Region.
9348
FormerTaranakiProvince(93123)isnowclassedhereunderTaranakiRegion.
936
FormerWellingtonProvince(93127)isnowfoundhereunderWellingtonRegion.
937
SouthIsland(9315)isnowlocatedhere.
9396
StewartIsland(931575)isnowlocatedhereunderSouthlandDistrict.
9399
Outlyingislands(9311)hasbeenmovedhere.
Page46
UnderSolomonIslands:
95936
IsabelProvince(95935)isnowfoundhere.
95938
MakiraandUlawaProvince(95939)isnowlocatedhere.
9712
SouthGeorgiaandSouthSandwichIslands(9711)axenowfoundhere.
989
BritishAntarcticTerritory(9711)isnowfoundhereunderAntarctica.
Table3.SubdivisionsfortheArts,forIndividualLiteratures,forSpecificLiteraryForms
ThethirdTableisforapplicationwith700.4,791.4,and808809,accordingtoinstructions.Itisdividedintothreeparts:
A:description,criticalappraisal,biography,singleorcollectedworksofanindividualauthor
B:fortwoormoreauthorsandrhetoricinspecificliteraryforms
C:additionalelementsusedinnumberbuildingwithinTable3B
UseoftheTablesmaybedifficultfornovices,soassistanceisprovidedfor3Ainfourstepinstructions3Band3Chaveeightstepsforapplicationeach.Inaddition,
flowchartsareavailableintheManualtoassistclassifiersinusingtheTables.
AlterationsinTable3axefew,butoneisfairlysignificant.In3C,Artsandliteraturedealingwithspecificthemesandsubjects(3)hasbeenexpandedandmodified
forapplicationwith700.4.
OtherchangesinEdition21follow:
Table3B
2
Miscellaneousdrama(2057)isnowfoundhere.
Table3C
Artsandliteraturedisplayingspecificqualitiesofstyle,mood,viewpointhasbeen
expandedwithnewnumbersunder11and16.
9399
Literatureforandbypersonsofracial,ethnic,nationalgroupsincontinents,countries,
andlocalitieswherethegroupspredominate(8)wasmovedhere.
Page47
Table3isforapplicationwithliteratures,andTable4isforusewith400Languageandlanguagefamilies.
TherewasonechangeinthefourthTable:
81
Spellers(31)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderWords.
ThefifthTableincludesRacial,Ethnic,NationalGroups,whichmaybeusedwith089fromTable1ordirectlyappliedtonumberswheredirected.
Anewnumber,9594,hasbeendevelopedunderEastandSoutheastAsianpeoplesMundasforMiao(Hmong)andYaopeoples.Also,theeditorscreatednew
subdivisionsunderOtherIranianpeoples(9159):forKurds(91597)andBaluchi(91598).
OtherchangesinEdition21follow:
9149
Nuri(91499)isnowincludedhereunderOtherIndicpeoples.
9157
Tajik(9159)isnowfoundhere.
9186
Moravians(9187)hasbeenmovedhere.
92
Chaldeans(921)isnowfoundhereunderSemites.
9279
Maltese(9277)hasbeenmovedhere.
Table6.Languages
WhilemostlibrariesusingDDCseldomneedtosubdividebylanguage,itisafacetthatshouldberecognizedinanyfullydevelopedclassificationscheme.For
instance,certainclassicworksareheldinavarietyoftranslationsbyspeciallibraries,orincomprehensivecollections.Table6stemsfromclass400,althoughitwarns
thatitsnotationdoesnotnecessarilycorrespondtotheschedulespans420490and810890.UsesofTable6areillustratedbythefollowingexamples:
Page48
305.721052
EnglishspeakingpeopleofJapan
305
Socialgroups
.7
Languagegroups
.72
.721
English
.7210
[geographicindicator]
.72105
Asia
.721052
Japan
897.5
Cherokeeliterature
897
LiteraturesofNorthAmericannativeLanguages
.5
Cherokee[from975inTable6]
AlotofworkhasbeendoneonTable6,withmanycategoriesexpanded.ExamplesareTurkic(943),NigerCongo(963),NorthAmericannative(97),
Polynesianlanguages(994),Caucasian(Caucasic)languages(999),andQuechan(Kechuan),Aymaran,Tucanoan,Tupi,Arawaken(983).
Otherchangesfollow:
39
ComprehensiveworksonOldLowGermaniclanguages(391)wererelocatedhere.
391
Yiddish(37)isnowfoundhereunderOtherGermaniclanguages.
392
OldFrisian(391)isnowfoundherewithFrisian.
3931
OldLowFranconian(391)isnowfoundhereunderDutch.
394
OldLowGermanandOldSaxon(391)arenowlocatedhereunderLowGerman
(Plattdeutsch).
491
Langued'oc(41)isnowclassedhereunderProvenal.
9149
Nuristani,Kafiri(91499),isnowlocatedhere.
91497
Romany(91499)wasmovedhere.
9156
Dari(9155)isnowfoundhere.
9157
Tajik(9159)hasbeenmovedhere.
9159
Pamirlanguages(91593)isnowlocatedhere.
9186
Moraviandialects(9187)isnowlocatedhereunderCzech.
928
Argobba(9287)hasbeenrelocatedhere.
9511
Beijingdialect(9517)isnowfoundhereunderMandarin.
954
Himalayanlanguages,otherthanKirantilanguagesandNewari(9549),arenowfound
here.
963977
Ndebele,SouthAfrica(96398),isnowlocatedhereunderSothoTswanagroup.
Page49
98
Yaruro(983)wasmovedhere.
98324
Aymaranlanguages(98323)wererelocatedhere.
Table7maybeusedaccordingtoinstructionsatspecificschedulelocations,orinothertables.Examplesfollow:
741.9088616
741
Drawinganddrawings
Acollectionofdrawingsmadebyphysicians
.9
Collectionsofdrawings
.908
Historyanddescriptionwithrespecttokindsofpersons[08fromTable1]
.9088
Occupationalandreligiousgroups
0080908899Specificoccupationalandreligiousgroups
Addtobasenumber088notation0999fromTable7
.09886
Personsoccupiedwithappliedsciences[6fromTable7]
.098861
Personsoccupiedwithmedicalsciences
.0988616
Withspecificmedicalspecialties
03
Comprehensiveworksonmembersofnondominantracial,ethnic,nationalgroups(
0693)weremovedhere.
0562
Comprehensiveworksonyoungadults(055)arenowfoundhereunderYoungadults.
Comprehensiveworksonmembersofnondominantreligiousgroups(0693)were
movedhere.
2999
Theosophy(291)isnowclassedherewithReligionsofotherorigin.
309
Educationalsociologists(37)isnowfoundhereunderPersonsoccupiedwith
sociologyandanthropology.
351
Headsoflocalgovernments(354)andSpecifickindsofheadsofgovernments(
3511through3518)arenowfoundhereunderHeadsofgovernmentandtheir
deputies.
352
Administratorsandcommissioners(3523)arenowfoundhereunderOther
governmentpersonnel.
3527
Localgovernmentworkers(354)arenowlocatedhereunderCivilservice
personnel.
55
Oceanography(553)isnowfoundhereunderPersonsoccupiedwithearthsciences.
57
Comprehensiveworksonbiology(574)arenowfoundhereunderPersonsoccupied
withlifesciences.
577
Ecology(574)isnowfoundhere.
Page50
579
Microbiology(574),fungiandalgae(58),Bacteriology(589),andProtozoology
(593)arenowconsolidatedhereunderMicrobiology.
599
Physicalethnology(572)andPhysicalanthropology(573)arenowfoundhere.
63
Fanning(631)isnowlocatedhereunderPersonsoccupiedwithagricultureand
relatedtechnologies.
792
Drama(7921)isnowfoundhereunderStagepresentations.
LiteratureCited
Croghan,Antony.1972.TheDeweyDecimalClassificationanditseighteenthedition.LibraryAssociationRecord74(7):12021.
Dewey,Melvil.1951.DecimalClassification.15thed.LakePlacidClub,NY:ForestPress.
.1958.DeweyDecimalClassificationandRelativeIndex.16thed.Vol.2.LakePlacidClub,NY:ForestPress.
Trotter,Ross.1980.Dewey19Asubjectiveassessment.Catalogue&Index59:4.
Page51
5
Class000
Generalities
Introduction
ThisclassborenonameinDewey'sfirstedition(1876),butithaslongbeencalledthe''Generalworks''or"Generalia"class.Asindicatedbyitsname,itisamixture
ofrelatedandonlyvaguelyrelatedsubjects,theleastofwhichisLibraryandinformationsciences(020).ButitalsocontainsNewsmedia,journalism,publishing
(070),Knowledge(001),Thebook(002),Systems(003)(nottobeconfusedwithcomputersystems),DataprocessingComputerscience(004),Computer
programming,programs,data(005),andlastly,Specialcomputermethods(006).Somehavedoubtsaboutthismixture,suchasBloombergandWeber(1976,43),
whoremarkedthat070,Newsmedia,journalism,publishing,mightbetterbelocatedwiththedisciplinarymaterialinsectionsforspecifickindsofcommunication,such
aspostalandtelecommunications(383384).
000
Generalities
010
Bibliography
020
Libraryandinformationsciences
030
Generalencyclopedicworks
040
[Unused]
050
Generalserialpublications
060
Generalorganizationsandmuseology
070
Newsmedia,journalism,publishing
080
Generalcollections
090
Manuscriptsandrarebooks
Page52
Division000:
Inthefirstsubdivisionoftheschedulesthetrue"generalities"oftheclassreside,including
broad,fundamentalconceptsoflearning,culture,andresearchaswellasdisputableor
questionableinformationsuchasUFOs(001).Thesecondsectioncontainsgeneral
conceptsandinterdisciplinarypiecesaboutmonographs(002),followedbygeneral
conceptsofprediction,computerizedrepresentations,intercourse,andinformation,and
theoriesofmakingdecisions(003).Needingagoodhome,thetopicsofdataprocessing
andcomputersciencefoundthisawelcomingplacewithplentyofroomtogrowandone
thateliminatestheneedtodecidetheargumentofwhethercomputersshouldbe
consideredmoresciencethantechnology,orwhetherthemachinesshouldbeplaced
withtheirapplications(004006).
Division010:
Thenextdivisionisreservedforbibliographiesorlistsoftitlesthatmayappearinany
formatoraparticularformat,onaparticularsubject,orfromaparticularplace(010
016).Alsofoundherearesuchlistsasspecificcollectionsorcatalogs,includingthe
catalogsoflibraries(017019).
Division020:
Thethirddivisionintheschedulescontainsallinformationinvolvinglibrariesandrelated
disciplines(020027)andonesectionontheuseofinformationalmaterialsandreading
asanactivity(028).
Division030:
Encyclopediasthatincludeinformationonbroadlydiversetopicsarefoundinthefourth
division.Thefirstsectionisforbooksofgeneralfactsandstandardsubdivisionsofthe
division(030),followedbyencyclopediasorganizedbylanguage(031039).
Division040:
Unusedinthisedition.
Division050:
Allpublicationsthatareperiodicallyissuedarefoundinthisdivisionandarearrangedlike
030withgeneralpublicationsandstandardsubdivisionsforthedivisionfirst(050)
followedbyworksorganizedbylanguage(051059).
Division060:
Organizationsthatarenotrelatedtoaspecificfieldordisciplinearelocatedinthis
divisionwithanarrangementsimilarto030and050withgeneralorganizationsand
standardsubdivisionsofthedivisionfirst(060),thenworksarrangedbycountry(061
068).Museums,becausetheyareconsideredgeneralorganizations,orperhapsbecause
therewasnootherlogicalplacetoputthem,concludethedivision(069).
Division070:
Journalisminallforms,includingnewspapers,periodicals,motionpictures,and
broadcastmedia,isinthisdivision.Itisorganizedlikethepreviousthreedivisionswith
generalaspects(070.1.4)andstandardsubdivisions(070.01.09)forthedivisionfirst
(070),thentheremainingsectionsarearrangedbylocation(071079).Historicaland
personstreatmentofjournalismandnewspapers(070.9)arefoundseparatefromthis
geographic
Page53
treatment.Allaspectsofpublishing,includingbookpublishing,arealsoincludedinthe
firstsection(070.5).TheHistorical,geographic,personstreatmentofpublishing
(070.509)isseparatedfromthatofjournalism.
Division080:
Asintheprecedingdivisions,collectionsofaddresses,lectures,essays,interviews,
graffiti,andquotationsingeneralandthestandardsubdivisionsforthedivisionarefirst
(080)andsuchcollectionsgroupedbylanguagefollow(081089).Worksthat
emphasizetheliteraryformandqualityoftheseformatsarenotincludedinthisdivision
butareplacedwithliterature.
Division090:
Manuscripts(091)andrarematerialsorworksthatareunusualforsomereason,suchas
throughtheirownershipororigin,andtitlesthatareforgeriesorhoaxesareinthe
concludingsectionsofthefirstclassoftheschedules(092099).
Example1.AbibliographyofChineselegalliteratureinEnglish.
Areviewofthedivisionsummationsaboveindicatesthatbibliographiesarefoundin011019,withbibliographiesandcatalogsofworksfromspecificplacesfoundin
015.However,thisworkisaboutChineselegalliteraturebutnotwritteninChinese.Lookingfurther,016isBibliographiesandcatalogsofworksonspecific
subjectsorinspecificdisciplines,inthiscase,legalsubjectmatter.
016
Lookingunder016wefind"Addtobasenumber016notation001999"and"Addtothevarioussubdivisionsof016notation0109fromTable1asrequired."
ReviewingthesummariesfoundatthefrontofVolume2,the"HundredDivisions''showlawisfoundin340,andthe"ThousandSection"indicateLawofspecific
jurisdictionsandareasisfoundin349.
016.349
Under349intheSchedulewefind:
.1
Lawofspecificsocioeconomicregions
.4.9
Lawsofspecificjurisdictionsandareasofmodernworld
Addtobasenumber349.1thenumbersfollowing17innotation171177from
Table2...
Addtobasenumber349notation49fromTable2...
LookingintheTable2Summary,Asiaisfoundat5,andChinaat51.
016.34951ChineseLaw,PastandPresent:ABibliographyofEnactmentsandCommentariesinEnglishText.
Page54
Example2.Aworkoncomputerusetraining.
TheRelativeIndexhasnolistingsforcomputertraininghowever,computersarefoundin004.
004
TheSummaryfor004follows:
004.01.09
.1
Generalworksonspecifictypesofcomputers
.2
Systemsanalysisanddesign,computerarchitecture,performance,evaluation
.3
Processingmodes
.5
Storage
.6
Interfacingandcommunications
.7
Peripherals
.9
Nonelectronicdataprocessing
Theworkwouldseemtofallineither004or004.1,dependingonwhetheritisabouttrainingincomputeruseingeneralorforaspecifictypeofcomputer.Reviewing
thepiecemoreclosely,wefindthatitisaboutmicrocomputer,orPC,training.
004.1
Lookingunder004.1intheSchedule,wefindthesechoices:
.11
Digitalsupercomputers
.12
Digitalmainframecomputers
.14
Digitalminicomputers
.16
Digitalmicrocomputers
Classherelaptop,notebook,palmtop,pen,personal,pocket
computers:personaldigitalassistants,workstations,comprehensive
worksonminicomputersandmicrocomputers.
.19
Hybridand
analogcomputers
SeeManualat004.11004.16
The"SeeManual"referenceat004.11004.16instructiondirectstheclassifierasfollows:
Usethesenumbersandtheanalogousengineeringnumbers(621.3911.3916)withcaution:usethemonlyforworksthatemphasizethespecifictypeofcomputer,notforworks
thatmayrefermostofthetimetoaparticulartypeasanillustrationofwhatcomputersingeneraldo.
Clearly,thisworkisaboutmicrocomputertrainingspecifically,andsowefeelmoreconfidentofthisnumber.
004.16
Nowfortraining,werefertothestandardsubdivisionsinTable1.TrainingisrelatedtoEducation,whichisfoundat07with"researchandrelatedtopics."The
Summaryat07indicatesthateducation(training)isfoundat071.
004.16071TheComputerTrainingHandbook
Page55
DDC21Revisions
DDC21haslittlechangeinthebroadoutlineoftheclass.Becauseofitsnature,GeneralitieshasalwaystendedtobefairlystableyetbeingthehomeofData
processingComputerscience,itwillexperienceagreaternumberofchangesasitandrelatedtechnologiesprogressrapidlyinthenextcentury.
TheSummariesofEditions20and21displayonlyoneminorchangeintheheadings.Despitethissmallchange,theclassasawholehasundergoneagreatdealof
evolutionarychange,especiallyinDataprocessingComputerscience.
050
Generalserialsandtheirindexes
Summary(DDC20)
050
Summary(DDC21)
Generalserialpublications
Computersandrelatedtopicsfoundtheirhomeatlastintheareasof004006withEdition20.Dataprocessingandcomputersciencehavewanderedthroughoutthe
Schedules,appearingin001.64aslateasEdition19andinvariousplacesin600inEdition14.Computationinstrumentsandmachineswerefoundat510.78in
Edition15,althoughotheraspectsremainedin651.26and621.34.Edition16splitthetopicsamong510.78,681.14,and651.2.Edition17foundthemachinesand
theirusescatteredaroundthe600mainclassofTechnology,although510.78wasretainedformathematicsandcomprehensiveworks.Edition18moveddata
processing(itsgeneralparts)to001.6,butofficeapplicationsremainedat651.8.ThesevariousaspectsremainedseparatedinEdition19withfewchanges.
By1983,theeditorpointedoutthedifficultiesinthissituationtotheDecimalClassificationEditorialPolicyCommittee(EPC),whichquicklydecidedtoputthis
probleminorder.By1985thepublicationofDeweyDecimalClassification:004006DataProcessingandComputerScienceandChangesinRelated
Disciplines,producedprimarilybyassistanteditorJulianneBeall,wasreleasedwithanenthusiasticresponsefromusers.However,evenwiththisimprovement,651.8
continuedtobeusedforofficefunctions,andwordprocessingwasfoundin652.5.
Itisnotsurprisingthatdataprocessingandcomputerscience(004006)havebeenrevisedandexpanded,withmanynewnumbersand"newspecialprovisionsfor
processingmodes,operatingsystems,anduserinterfaces"(Dewey1996,1:xxv).TheRelativeIndexindicateshowcomputertopicsaredistributed.
Computerarchitecture
004.22
engineering
Computercommunications
621.392
004.6
communications 384.3
services
engineering
621.3981
programming
005.711
programs
005.713
Computercontrol
629.89
Computerengineering
621.39
Page56
Computergraphics
006.6
engineering
621.399
instructionaluse
371.33466
statisticalpresentation
001.4226028566
Computergraphicsprograms
006.68
Computerhardware
004
621.39
engineering
Computerhumaninteraction
004.019
621.3984
engineering
Computerinputdevices
004.76
621.3986
engineering
Computerinputoutputdevices
004.75
621.3985
engineering
Computerinterfacing
004.6
programming
005.711
programs
005.713
Computerinterfacingequipment
004.64
621.3981
engineering
Computerlanguages
005.13
005.6
microprogramming
Computerliteracy
004
Computermice
004.76
Computernetworkresources
025.04
Computernetworks
004.6
communicationsservices
384.3
processingmodes
004.3
Computeroutputdevices
004.77
621.3987
engineering
Computeroutputprinters
004.77
Computerperipherals
004.7
621.3984
engineering
Computerprogramming
005.1
Computerprograms
005.3
Computerscience
004
Computersoftware
005.3
Computersystems
004
engineering
621.39
networksprocessingmodes
004.3
Computerterminals
004.75
621.3985
engineering
005.84
Computers
004
accesscontrol
005.8
658.478
engineering
Computerviruses
management
621.39
Page57
Thetopicsarecomfortablysituatedin004006,forsoftwareorusers'aspects,and621.39(+)forengineeringandmanufacturing.Applications,suchascomputer
networkresources(025.04)andstatisticalpresentations(001.4226028566),areclassedinthedisciplineoftheapplication.
WithintheGeneralitiesclass,DataprocessingComputerscience(004)includeshardware(exceptforrepair,whichisin621.39)andprogramsanddatathatrelate
directlytothehardware,suchasinterfacingandcommunications.The005classincludesprogramming,programs,anddataonlyandspecialcomputerapplications,
suchasartificialintelligenceandcomputergraphics,arelocatedin006.
Recognizingthecomplexityofthesubject,theeditorsprovidedextensivedirectionintheapplicationoftheSchedules,devotingnearly20fullpagesoftheManualto
guidelinesandexamples.Aseriesof"Keyquestions"providespathwaystotheappropriateplacesintheSchedules.Sampletitles,theirclassnumbers,andthe
reasoningbehindtheclassassignmentsshouldansweranyfinalquestionsabouthowtoclassacomputersciencetitle.
Asdiscussedabove,aninventoryofchangesintheGeneralitiesclassshowsthatmostactivityoccurredincomputerscience.
004
Interactive,online,realtimedataprocessing,whichinvolvesimmediateresults(004.33),
isnowfoundhereunderDataprocessingComputerscience.
004.019
PsychologicalprincipleswasHumancomputerinteraction.
004.3
ProcessingmodesnowincludesMultiprogrammingorMultitasking(004.32).
004.338
Systemsanalysisanddesign,computerarchitecture,performanceevaluationofrealtime
computersisanewnumber.
004.357
Specificmultiprocessorcomputersisanewnumber.
004.358
Systemsanalysisanddesign,computerarchitecture,performanceevaluationof
multiprocessorcomputersisanewnumber.Comprehensiveworksonthesesubjectsare
nowin004.3581.3584.
004.3585
Systemsanalysisanddesign,computerarchitecture,performanceevaluationofspecific
multiprocessorcomputersisanewnumber.
004.5
Virtualmemory(004.54)isnowfoundhereunderStorage.
004.563
Magneticdisksisanewnumber.
004.565
Opticalexternalstorageisanewnumber.
Page58
004.678
Thefastgrowingmethodforcomputerbasedcommunication,theInternet,hasnow
foundauniquenumberhereunderDataprocessingComputerscience.Butclassworks
abouttheInternethereonlyiftheydealwithaconsiderableamountofcomputerscience
ingeneralandsomecomputerhardwareinparticular.Otherwise,classitemsdealingwith
communicationssoftwarein005.713,withsearchandretrievalin025.04,orin384.33,
forthosedealingwiththeeconomicsandpoliciesoftheInternet.
004.718
Peripheralsforcomputersdistinguishedbyprocessingmodesisanewnumber.
004.719
Peripheralsforhybridandanalogcomputersisanewnumber.
005.114
Functionalprogrammingisanewnumber.
005.115
Logicprogrammingisanewnumber.
005.117
Objectorientedprogrammingisanewnumber.
005.118
Visualprogrammingisanewnumber.
005.2
Specificmachineandassemblylanguages(005.136)arenowfoundhereunder
Programmingforspecifictypesofcomputers,etc.
005.268
Programmingforspecificoperatingsystemsisanewnumber.
005.269
Programmingforspecificuserinterfacesisanewnumber.
005.27
Programmingforprocessingmodesisanewnumber.
005.273
Programmingforrealtimecomputersystemsisanewnumber.
005.275
Programmingformultiprocessorcomputersisanewnumber.
005.276
Programmingfordistributedcomputersystemsisanewnumber.
005.28
Programmingforspecificoperatingsystemsandforspecificuserinterfacesisanew
number.
005.282
Programmingforspecificoperatingsystemsisanewnumber.
005.284
Programmingforspecificuserinterfacesisanewnumber.
005.304
SpecialtopicsunderProgramsisanewnumber.
005.3042
Specificprogramsisanewnumber.
005.368
Programsforspecificoperatingsystemsandforspecificuserinterfacesisanewnumber
underdigitalmicrocomputers.
005.3684
Programsforspecificuserinterfacesisanewnumber.
005.422
Systemsprogrammingforspecifictypesofcomputers,forspecificoperatingsystems,for
specificuserinterfacesisanewnumber.
Page59
005.424
Processmanagementprogrammingisanewnumber.
005.425
Memorymanagementprogrammingisanewnumber.
005.426
Filesystemmanagementprogrammingisanewnumber.
005.428
Programmingofuserinterfacesisanewnumber.
005.432
Specificoperatingsystemsisanewnumber.
005.434
Comprehensiveworksonmultiprogramming,ormultitasking(004.32),areconsolidated
herewithProcessmanagementprograms,anewnumber.
005.435
Comprehensiveworksonvirtualmemory(004.54)weremovedhereunderMemory
managementprograms,anewnumber.
005.436
Filesystemmanagementprogramsisanewnumber.
005.437
Userinterfacesisanewnumber.
005.438
Specificuserinterfacesisanewnumber.
005.741
Sortingandmerging(005.748)isnowfoundhereunderFileorganizationandaccess
methods,anewnumber.
005.752
Flatfiledatabasesisanewnumber.
005.7525
Specificflatfiledatabasemanagementsystemsisanewnumber.
005.757
Objectorienteddatabasesisanewnumber.
005.7575
Specificobjectorienteddatabasemanagementsystemsisanewnumber.
005.758
Distributeddatafilesanddatabasesisanewnumber.
005.759
Fulltextdatabasemanagementsystemsisanewnumber.
005.7592
Hypertextdatabasesisanewnumber.
005.7598
Specificfulltextdatabasemanagementsystemsisanewnumber.
005.84
Computervirusesisanewnumber.
005.86
Databackupandrecoveryisanewnumber.
006.32
Perceptrons(006.42)isnowfoundclassedherewithNeuralnetsornetworks,anew
number.
006.331
Knowledgeacquisitionisanewnumber.
006.332
Knowledgerepresentationisanewnumber.
006.333
Deduction,problemsolving,andreasoningisanewnumber.
006.336
Programmingforknowledgebasedsystemsisanewnumber.
006.3363
Programminglanguagesforknowledgebasedsystemsisanewnumber.
Page60
006.337
Programmingforknowledgebasedsystemsforspecifictypesofcomputers,operating
systems,anduserinterfacesisanewnumber.
006.338
Programsforknowledgebasedsystemsisanewnumber.
006.425
Handwritingrecognitionisanewnumber.
006.663
Programminglanguagesforcomputergraphicsisanewnumber.
006.6633
Specificprogramminglanguagesforcomputergraphicsisanewnumber.
006.69
Specialtopicsincomputergraphicsisanewnumber.
006.693
Threedimensionalgraphicsisanewnumber.
006.696
Computeranimationisanewnumber.
006.7
ThisisanewnumberforMultimediasystemsandInteractivevideo,whichweremoved
from006.6.Comprehensiveworksoncomputergraphicsandcomputersoundsynthesis
alsomergedherefrom006.6.
006.72
Hardwareisanewnumber.
006.76
Programmingformultimediasystemsisanewnumber.
006.77
Multimediasystemsprogrammingforspecifictypesofcomputers,operatingsystems,
anduserinterfacesisanewnumber.
006.78
Programsformultimediasystemsisanewnumber.
Otherchangesinthisclassweremuchlessdramatic.ResearchandStatisticalmethodsshowsomereductionsandrelocations.
001.422
Tabulationandanalysisofdata(001.42244225)hasbeenabsorbedbyStatistical
methods.
001.433
TheCollectionofdata(001.4222)inResearchwasconsolidatedherewithDescriptive
method.
Librariesforeducationalinstitutionsfindsconsolidationsformaterialsthatarecomprehensiveworks.
027.7
Collegeanduniversitylibrariesnowincludescomprehensiveworksoninstructional
materialscenters(027.8and371.3078)
027.8
Schoollibrariesnowalsoincludescomprehensiveworksonschoolresourcecenters
(371.3078).
Page61
ThefollowingexercisesaregivenforpracticeininterpretingandassigningDDCnumbers.TheworkshavebeenselectedfromLibraryofCongress(LC)andother
librariestodemonstratethenatureandrelativequantityofDDCclassification.Theclassnumbersareassignedbytheselibraries,asareallexamplesinthiswork,and
arenottheauthor'sresponsibility.UsingallSchedules,Tables,andmethodologiesdiscussedinpreviouschapters,assignclassnumbers,thencheckthemagainstthe
numbersfoundin''AnswerstotheExercises"intheappendix.
1.AworkonhowtoassignDDCclassificationnumbers.
2.AworkonlistsofAmericanbooksthatareavailabletopurchasefromthepublishers.
3.AworkonHomePagesandtheWorldWideWeb.
4.Aworkonhowtochargeforelectronicservices.
5.AworkonlistsofBritishbooksthatareavailabletopurchasefromthepublishers.
6.Aworkonthestepsinvolvedinbringingupcirculationsystems.
7.AworkonprogrammingforWindows(computerapplication).
8.Aworkonsoftwaredevelopment.
9.AworkonprogramminginDylan(computerlanguage).
10.AworkoncreatinggraphicsprogramsforWindows(computerapplication).
LiteratureCited
Unlimited.
Dewey,Melvil.1996.DeweyDecimalClassificationandRelativeIndex.21sted.Vol.1.Albany,NY:ForestPress.
Page63
6
Class100
Philosophy,ParanormalPhenomena,Psychology
Introduction
Thetraditionalbranchesofphilosophyaresituatedindivisionsofthe100classhowever,Aestheticsisfoundunderthedivisionofmetaphysicsat111.85.
Metaphysics
thestudyofthesourceandsubstanceofreality(110)
Epistemology
thestudyofwhatonecanknowaboutreality(120)
Logic
thestudyofvalidinference(160)
Ethics
thestudyofproperconduct(170)
Aesthetics
thestudyofbeauty(111.85)
ThespecificphilosophicalschoolsareseparatedfromtheotherelementsofphilosophyononesidebyParanormalphenomena(130)andtheotherbyPsychology
(150).ParanormalphenomenabeganinEdition1asAnthropology,thenchangedtoMindandbodyinEdition2.Classedherewerethemanifestationsofthephysical
worlduponthemind,includingthebrain.
Psychology(150)wasoriginallyknownasMentalfaculties,whichwerecompletelyseparatefromphysicalconsiderations.Aspectsincludewhattheminddoes,such
asthinkandfeel,soPsychologyappearstobesituatedintheproperplace,amidstothersubjectsthatdealwiththemind.
100
Philosophyandpsychology
110
Metaphysics
120
Epistemology,causation,humankind
130
Paranormalphenomena
Page64
140
Specificphilosophicalschools
150
Psychology
160
Logic
170
Ethics(Moralphilosophy)
180
Ancient,medieval,Orientalphilosophy
190
ModernwesternandothernonOrientalphilosophy
Division100:
Onlythestandardsubdivisionsforphilosophyingeneralarefoundinthefirstsection
(101109).
Division110:
MetaphysicsisfoundinthefirstofthebranchesofphilosophyintheSchedules,and
includesontology(111)thecharacteroftheuniverseincludingtheoriginandnatureof
life,orcosmology(113)andphysicalconceptsoftheuniversesuchasthecorrelationof
spaceandmatter(114)eternity,therelationshipbetweentimeandmotion(115)
evolution,motion,andprocess(116)matter,form,order,andchaos(117)powerand
force(118)andconceptsofquantity(119).
Division120:
Thisdivisionalsocontainsphilosophicalworks.Theseincludephilosophicalaspectsof
knowledge,faith,andvalues,orepistemology(121)chance,cause,purpose,and
freedomofwill(123124).Alsofoundinthisdivisionarefeaturesofthehumanrace
suchasaspectsofperception(126127)andworksonattributesofhumanlifeincluding
emotionsandhumansouls(128129).
Division130:
Thefourthdivisionmovesawayfromthedisciplineofphilosophyandcontainsworkson
thesupernaturalandtopicsthatareoutsidescientificallyknownphenomena.Themes
foundhereincludewaystoachieveasuccessfullifethatareoutsideofnaturallaworare
intherealmofthesupernatural(131).However,thesewouldbe''secularphenomena"as
opposedtothatinvolvedinareligiousexperience,whichisfoundin200.Nextcome
ghostsandhauntedplaces(133.1)variousmethodsoffortunetelling(133.3)devil
worship,witchcraft,andmagic(133.4)astrology(133.5)palmistry(133.6)psychic
phenomena(133.8)andspiritualism(133.9).Othersuchphenomenaare
nonpsychologicalaspectsofdreams(135),andunusualmethodsofascertaining
characterandmentalabilitiessuchashandwriting(137)analysisofphysicalfeatures
(138)andtheskull(139).
Division140:
Thisdivisionreturnstothedisciplineofphilosophyandcontainsspecificschoolsand
viewpoints.Theseincludeidealismandrelatedtopics(141)criticalphilosophy(142)
Bergsonismandintuitionism(143)humanismandrelatedtopics(144)sensationalism
(145)naturalismandrelatedtopics(146)pantheismandrelatedtopics(147)
dogmatism,eclecticism,liberalism,syncretism,andtraditionalism(148).Other
philosophicalschools,suchasrealismandmysticismconcludethedivision(149).
Page65
Division150:
TheSchedulesleavephilosophyagaininthisdivision,whichisusedforthedisciplineof
psychology.Thefirstsectioncontainsonlythestandardsubdivisionsofpsychology
(150.1.9).Aspectsofpsychologyfollow,suchassensation,movement,emotions,and
drives(152)intellectualprocesses(153)andaspectsoftheconsciousmind(054).
Applicationsofpsychologyconcludethedivision.Thesearethestudyofgrowthand
individualization(155)thepsychologicalcomparisonofhumansandotherliving
organisms(156)andtheapplicationofpsychologytoeffectindividualimprovement
(158).
Division160:
Thisdivision,whichcontainslogic,isshortaspagesgobutisfilledwithideasand
theories.Theimportantprinciplesoftion(161)anddeduction(162)leadoff,followed
byerrorsandticinductions(165)syllogisms(166)hypotheses(167)controversy,
debate,andinfluencingbyreason(168)andendingwithanalogy(169).
Division170:
Thisdivision,usedforethics,returnstophilosophybecauseethicsisthesameasmoral
philosophy.Thefirstsectionisusedforstandardsubdivisionsofethics(170.1.9),with
thespecialtopicsofmetaethicsandnormativeethics(170.4).Varioussystemsofethics
arenext(171),withtheremainingsectionnumbersusedforthevariouscategoriesof
ethics.Theseareethicsinvolvingthepoliticalstate(172)followedbyethicswithinthe
family(173)ethicsofworkorprofessions(174)socialactivities,amusement,and
entertainment(175)ethicsinvolvingprocreationandothersexualactivities(176)ethics
involvedinsocialrelationships(177)theethicsofgluttony,greed,andtheuseof
addictivesubstances(178)thetreatmentandrespectforotherlife,foulspeech,vices,
andvirtues(179)concludethedivision.
Division180:
Thisdivisionisusedforancient,medieval,andOrientalphilosophy.Thefirstsection
containsonlythestandardsubdivisionsforthedivision(180.01.09),andforancient
philosophy(180.1.9).Orientalphilosophyfollows(181)withthestandardsubdivisions
ofOrientalphilosophy(181.001.009)andphilosophiesbasedonspecificreligions
(181.04.09),followedbythephilosophiesofvariousgeographicalareas(181.1.9).
Theancientphilosophies,includingpreSocratic(182),Sophistic,andSocratic
philosophies(183),Platonic(184),Aristotelian(185),skepticandneoplatonic(186),
Epicurean(187),andstoic(188)comenext.Medievalwesternphilosophiesconclude
thedivision(189).
Division190:
ThelastdivisionoftheclassisforpostMedievalwesternandallotherphilosophies
arrangedbygeographiclocation(191199).
Page66
Example1.AworkonthepsychologicalandanthropologicalaspectsofthepeopleofFiji.
Analyzingthework,wefindthatitisaboutthepsychologicaldevelopmentoftheindividualsinFiji.LookingintheRelativeIndexwefind:
Development
biology
571.8
economics
338.9
sociology
303.44
Developmentalabnormalities
571.938
Developmentalbiology
571.8
humans
612.6
microorganisms
571.8429
Developmentaldisabilities
571.938
Developmentalgenetics
571.85
Developmentalimmunology
571.9638
Developmentallinguistics
401.93
Developmentalpsychology
155
Wefindpossibilitiesin571.8forphysicaland155formentaldevelopment.Under571.8wefindnotations.84Reproductionandgrowthofcells,and.876
Developmentindistinctstageswhichexaminesdevelopmentinmicrotomacroviews.Thematerialisaboutthementaldevelopmentratherthanphysicaldevelopment
ofchildren.Turningtomentaldevelopmentwefind155isDifferentialanddevelopmentalpsychology,whichisrightontarget.
155
Now,howtogettheracialoranthropologicalaspectsofmentaldevelopment?Checkingunder155wefindthefollowingfacetsoraspectslistedinthesummary:
.2
Individualpsychology
.3
Sexpsychologyandpsychologyofthesexes
.4
Childpsychology
.5
Psychologyofyoungpeopletwelvetotwenty
.6
Psychologyofadults
.7
Evolutionalpsychology
.8
Ethnopsychologyandnationalpsychology
.9
Environmentalpsychology
Theobviousselectionwouldbe.8tobringintheethnicandnationalaspectsofthesubject.
Page67
155.8
Under155.8wefindthefollowing:
.81
Nonliteratepeoples
.82
Racialandethnicdifferences
.84
Specificracialandethnicgroups
.89
Nationalpsychology
Theworkisaboutaspecificethnicgroup(Fijian),sothenextpartofthecallnumberis155.84.
155.84
Under.84wefindthefollowing:
Addtobasenumber155.84notation03099fromTable5...
InTable5,Fijiansareincludedinthe"other"groupin9,wherewefind995forFijians.SincethisworkisaboutFijiansintheirhomeland,nofurthernotationis
required.
155.84995Body,Self,andSociety:TheViewfromFiji.
Example2AworkonEuropeanwitchcraftinthefifteenthcentury.
TheRelativeIndexindicatesthatwitchcraftisfoundat133.43.Turningto133.43intheSchedules,wefindthefollowing:
.43
Magicandwitchcraft
Standardsubdivisionsareaddedforeitherorbothtopicsinheading.
.4309
Historicalgeographic,personstreatment
Classherehistoryofwitchcrazes
ThisworkisdefinitelyaHistorical,geographic,personstreatment,andgaugingbytheera,"witchcrazes"isquiteappropriate.
133.4309
Nowthatwehavedesignatedthetopicofwitchcraft,thenexttaskistoestablishtheplace(Europe)andtime(fifteenthtoeighteenthcenturies),butwhichcomesfirst?
LookinginthetableofpreferenceatthebeginningofTable1,wefindTreatmentbyspecificcontinents,countries,localitiesextraterrestrialworlds(093099)
comesbeforeHistoricalperiods(09010905).So,wemustfirstestablishthenumberforthelocation.InTable1under093through099,wefindthe
following:
TurningtoTable2(Areas,Periods,Persons),wefindEuropeislistedas4.
Page68
133.43094
InTable1wefindhistoricalperiodsare09010905,withthefifteenthcenturyat09024.
133.4309409024EarlyModernEuropeanWitchcraft(14001700)
DDC21Revisions
Therehasbeennochangeinthebroadoutlineofclass100.Philosophycontinuesratherstable,withjustaminorrelocationfromLogictoEpistemology,causation,
humankind.Paranormalphenomenahadaminorreduction,andAstrology(133.5)wasexpanded.TherewerealsosomeminorshiftsinEthics(Moralphilosophy)and
Ancient,medieval,Orientalphilosophy.
121.68
Reference(160)wasmovedherefromLogictojoinSemanticsunderMeaning,
interpretation,andhermeneutics.
133.323
Telediesthesia(Distantprospection)(133.3239)wasrelocatedhereunderDowsing.
ExpandedAstrology:
133.50882
Historyanddescriptionwithrespecttospecificreligiousgroupsisanewnumber.
133.5089
Historyanddescriptionwithrespecttospecificracial,ethnic,nationalgroupsisanew
number.
133.509
Historical,geographic,personstreatment,andTreatmentbyspecificcontinents,
countries,localities,extraterrestrialworlds(133.5093.5099)arealsonewnumbers.
133.526
Thefirstsixsignsofthezodiacarein.5262.5267,newnumbers.
133.527
Thesecondsixsignsofthezodiacarein.5272.5277,newnumbers.
133.5304
SpecialtopicsincludeHouses(.53042)andAspects(.53044),newnumbers.
133.531
Theplanets,sun,moon,andasteroidsarelocatedin.531.5398,newnumbers.
133.59
Schoolsofastrologyarefoundin.59.594,newnumbers.
Psychologycontinuestobethemostdynamicpartofthe100class.RevisionsinitbeganinEdition17(1965)andhavecontinued,butataslowerpace.Dianetics
(158.9)wasmovedfromitsformerpositioninSystemsandschoolsofappliedpsychologytoComparativeandnonChristianreligionsunderScientology(299.936).
WiththerelocationinEdition20ofAbnormalandclinicalpsychology
Page69
toMedicine(616.89),150doesnotencompassanydiseasedstatesormentaldisorders,althoughCounselingandinterviewing(158.3)isfoundunderApplied
psychology.Thuspsychologyencompassesthefunctionsofthemindorbrain,notthedysfunctions.Threeofthechangeslistedbelowdealwithpsychologyasit
relatestospecificgroupsofpeople(childrenandyoungadults).
152.182
Itchandtickle(152.1828)wasmovedhereunderCutaneous(Tactile)perception.
155.456
Childpsychologyoftheupperclasses(155.4562)wasrelocatedhereunderChildren
distinguishedbysocialandeconomiclevels,bylevelofculturaldevelopment.
155.4567
Migrantchildren(155.45675)isnowfoundhereunderSociallyandculturally
disadvantagedchildren.
155.65
Comprehensiveworksonyoungadults(155.5)havebeenmovedhereunderYoung
adults.
158
CooperationunderAppliedpsychology(158.5)isnowlocatedhereunderApplied
psychology.
175
Ethicsofspecifictypesofrecreation(175.1.9)hasbeenrelocatedhereunderEthicsof
recreation,leisure,publicperformances,communication.
179.3
Ethicsofhunting(175)wasmovedhereunderTreatmentofanimals.
180
ThephilosophyofancientandmedievalGreece(180.938)hasbeenrelocatedhere
underAncient,medieval,Orientalphilosophy.
181.112
ConfucianphilosophynowincludesinterdisciplinaryworksonConfucianism(299.512).
Utilizingthefollowingbriefsummaries,testyourskillsatnumberbuildingthen,compareyourclassificationwiththeclassnumbersfoundin"AnswerstotheExercises"
intheappendix.
1.Apoppsychologyworkonastandardofethicsindailyliving.
2.Aworkonhowpeopleinsomeoccupationscommercializetheirfeelings.
3.AworkonYoga.
4.AFreudiananalysisofthesituationofhumanityafterEden.
5.Aworkonmotivationandpersonalimprovementthroughmeditation.
6.ApsychologicalstudyofayoungHungarianJewishgirlduringWorldWarII.
Page71
7
Class200
Religion
Introduction
CriticismsofDewey'spersonalreligiousbiasesandoftheshortcomingsofclass200arenotwanting.Theyaroseearlyon,frommosttypesoflibrariesandmostfaiths,
e.g.RomanCatholicism,ChristianScience,Mormonism,Judaism,andtheOrientalreligions.Doctrinal,textual,philosophic,psychological,andsocialaspectswere
interminablyshuffledandrebalancedinsuccessiveDDCeditions.Accordingtoonevoiceofreason:
TheresurelyhavebeeninadequaciesandreligiousbiasesinDewey'sDecimalClassification.SomeofthesefaultsareattributabletothepersonalpeculiaritiesofDeweyhimself
sometothekindsoflibrariesforwhichearlyeditionsofthesystemweredesignedandsometothelatereditorsofthescheme.Mostofthesebiasesareforgivablebecausethey
wereinevitableoratleasthuman.
Probablyanygenerallibraryclassificationismorelikelytobeorseembiasedinreligionthaninanyotherdiscipline.Severalfactorsaccountforthiswarpage:thelargenumber
ofmaterialstobeclassifiedtheparochialandcontroversialveinofmanybooksinthefieldthefactthat,traditionally,peoplearelikelytobenarrowmindedinreligionnot
consideringbeliefsotherthantheirowntobeparticularlyimportant.Anyhierarchicalclassificationis,aswehavebeenremindedsooften,alwaysunsatisfactorytomostusers,
butitsfaultsarelikelytobemagnifiedwhenitisexaminedbyreligionists.Onthewholethen,itseemsfairtoconcludethattheDecimalClassification'ssectionsdevotedtoreligion
havestoodupreasonablywellagainstchargesofopponents(Broadus1970,57478).
Thereisnopointtoponderbelief.AbatteryoftechniqueswassuppliedinDDC18toallowpreferredtreatment,withshorternumbers,foranybelief.Theoptionsare
summarizedinBloombergandWeber(1976,59).Theyincludetwopermanentlyunassignednumbersforlocaluse:289.2and298.
Page72
Terminologychangesshowupregularlythroughouttheclass,sometimessignifyingconceptualshifts,butatothertimesmerelyconformingtomodernusage.
Mainclass200shouldbelabeledTheology,asDeweydidinthefirstedition.Religionistheworshipofagodorgodstheology,theirstudy.Manythingsotherthan
godsareworshipped.
WedonotwishtoleaveDeweytoheavenforthesinofplacingthestandardsubdivisionsofChristianityatthemainclassstandardsubdivisionpositions,i.e.,at201
209.Heerredwhenhediditsubsequenteditorshaveperpetuatedtheerror.(AllsaveMarySouth,thatis,editoroftheDeweyDecimalClassificationforSchool
Libraries[apublicationdirectedtowardtheUnitedKingdom],whoplacedthestandardsubdivisionsofChristianityin230,alongwithgeneralworksonChristianity.)
200
Religion
210
220
Bible
230
ChristianityChristiantheology
240
Christianmoralanddevotionaltheology
250
LocalChristianchurchandChristianreligiousorders
260
Christiansocialandecclesiasticaltheology
270
Historical,geographic,personstreatmentofChristianityChurchhistory
280
DenominationsandsectsofChristianchurch
290
ComparativereligionandreligionsotherthanChristianity
Division200:
Thisdivisionisusedforthestandardsubdivisionsofreligioningeneral(200.1.9).
StandardsubdivisionsofChristianityhavebeenmovedfromthisdivisioninto230,260,
or270inthecontinuingefforttoremovetheChristianbiasintheSchedules.
Division210:
Thisdivisionisusedforthephilosophyandtheoryofreligionandcontainsthoseworksin
whichreligiousconvictionsorviewpointsareachievedthrough"reason,observationof
nature,andspeculationinsteadofrevelation"(BloombergandWeber1976,69).A
furtheranalysisofthebreadthofthedivisionshowsthatitincludestheconceptsof
naturalandphilosophicaltheology.Thestandardsubdivision,theoryofphilosophyof
religion(210.1),isfoundinthissectionthen211219areconcernedwithconceptsand
characteristicsofGod,includingsuchdisparate"isms"aspolytheism,monotheism,
humanism,andskepticisminadditiontocreation,scienceandreligion,theodicy,and
humankind.
Page73
Division220:
TheBible,theholyscripturesusedbyJudaismandChristianity,isfoundinthisdivision.
Standardsubdivisions(220.01.09)andgeneralities,suchassourcesandverification
(220.1),arefoundinthisverycrowdedsection,followedbyversionsandtranslations
(220.4.5)introductionstothescriptures,literaryandhistoricalcriticism(220.6)
commentaries(220.7)nonreligioussubjectsinthescriptures(220.8)andendingthe
sectionwithgeography,history,chronology,personsofbiblicallandsandtime(220.9).
TheOldTestament,orTanakh,iscoverednextwithgeneralworks(221)followedby
thehistoricalbooks(222),poeticbooksandwisdomliterature(223),andprophetic
books(224).TheManualsuggestsanoptionalarrangementfortheTanakh,orJewish
scriptures,whichincludestheTorah(222),Ketuvim(223),andNevi'im(224).[The
ManualindicatestheseasNevi'im(223)andKetuvim(224).]Christianity'sNew
Testamentisnextwithgeneralaspectsfirst(225),followedbytheGospelsandActs
(226),theEpistles(227),Revelation(228),andconcludingthedivisionwithApocryphal
ornoncanonicalworks(229).
Division230:
GeneralaspectsofChristianityandChristiantheologyarefoundinthisdivision.Standard
subdivisionsofChristianityarefirst(230.002.007),followedbystandardsubdivisions
ofChristiantheology(230.01.09),anddoctrinesofspecificdenominationsandsects
(230.1.9).AspectsofChristiantheologyincludeGod(231)andJesusChristandhis
family(232).Inaddition,thisdivisionscovershumanbeingsandtheirplacein
Christianity,includingthecreation,originalsin,goodandevil(233)salvationandgrace
(234)saints,angels,anddevils(235)humankind'spurposeanddestiny(236)creeds
(238)endingwithargumentsindefenseofpreceptsofChristianityandattacksuponits
detractors(239).
Division240:
Christianmoral(241)anddevotionaltheologyarefoundinthisdivision.Includedare
meditationsandprayersfordevotionaluse(242)evangelicalworks(243)artin
Christianity(246)churchfurnishing(247)spirituality,worship,andChristianlifeand
practices(248249).
Division250:
ThisdivisionisforthelocalChristianchurchandthereligiousorders.Standard
subdivisionsarefirst(250.1.9),thenfollowingareallaspectsofthelocalchurch
includingpreachingandsermons(251252)pastorallife,duties,andadministration
(253254,259)andReligiousorders(255).
Division260:
ThisdivisioncoversChristiansocialandpoliticalroles(261)churchorganizationand
government(262)religiousobservancesandworship(263265)missions(266)
organizationsthatarepartofChristianitybutnotnecessarilyChristianorganizations
(267)religiouseducation(268)andevangelismandpentecostalismendthedivision
(269).
Page74
Division270:
Thisdivisionisusedforthechurchhistory(271273)andgeographicaltreatmentof
Christianity(274279).
Division280:
DenominationsandsectsoftheChristianchurchareinthisdivision,withthestandard
subdivisions(280.01.09)andbranches(280.2.4)first,followedbyearlyandEastern
churches(281)RomanCatholicChurch(282)Anglicanchurches(283)andProtestant
denominationsandothersects(284289).
Division290:
Thelastdivisionofthisclasscontainscomparativereligion(291)andallotherreligious
faithswithclassicalreligionsfirst(292)germanicreligions(293)Buddhism,Jainism,
Hinduism,andSikhism(294)Zoroastrianism(295).Theothertwogreatreligionsthat,
besidesChristianity,recognizetheOldTestament'sAbrahamareJudaism(296)and
Islam,whichsharesasectionwithBabismandBahaiFaith(297).Allotherreligionsare
crowdedinto299,arrangedbyethnicorientation(299).
Example1.AworkonCalvinisticBaptistmissionaries.
TheRelativeIndexlistsMissionariesat291.72092andChristianmissionariesat266.0092.BecausethispieceisaboutaspecificChristiandenomination,thebase
numbermustbe
266
ThenextstepistolookintheSchedulesunder266.
266
.009
Missions
Donotuseforforeignmissionsoriginatinginspecificcontinents,
countries,localitiesclassin266.023.Donotuseforhistorical
geographic,personstreatmentofmissionsofspecific
denominationsandsectsclassin266.1266.9.
Theworkisnotaboutaforeignmissionfromaspecificlocationhowever,itisaboutmissionsfromaspecificdenomination.
.1.9
Missionsofspecificdenominationsandsects
Addtobasenumber266thenumbersfollowing28in281289,e.g.,Anglican
missions266.3AnglicanmissionsservingAfrica266.36.
Sections281289areforspecificdenominationsandsectsoftheChristianchurch.Baptistchurchesarefoundat286.1.5.
286
Baptist,DisciplesofChrist,Adventistchurches
.1
Regular(Calvinistic)Baptists
.2
FreewillBaptists
Page75
.3
SeventhDayBaptists
.4
OldSchoolBaptists
.5
OtherBaptistchurchesanddenominations
ThenotationforCalvinisticBaptistsis286.1.Followingtheinstructions,wedrop28andaddtherest(61)to266.
266.61
Becausethisworkisaboutindividualsinthemissionratherthanthemissionitself,Table1(StandardSubdivisions)notationsarenowapplied.Theworkisaboutmore
thanonemissionary,soitisaCollectedpersonstreatment.
0922
Collectedpersonstreatment
266.610922TheDreamBuilders
Example2.Aworkonreligionandanabusedwife.
Thisisamoredifficultconcepttoclass.TheRelativeIndexhasnoreferenceforabusedwivesbutdoesforabusedchildren:
Abusedchildren
305.906945
pediatrics
618.92858223
socialgroup
305.906945
Socialtheology
291.1783271
261.83271
socialwelfare
Christianity
362.76
Reviewingtheworkoncemore,wefindthespecifictopictobeChristianity'ssuggestionsorhelptoabusedwives.Obviously,261lookscloser,andwefindtherethe
following:
261
Socialtheologyandinterreligiousrelationsandattitudes
.8
Christianityandsocioeconomicproblems
.832
Socialwelfareproblemsandservices
.8327
Abusewithinthefamily
.83271
Childabuseandneglect
.83272
Sexualabuse
.83273
Adultswhowerevictimsofabuseaschildren
.833
Crime
.834
Relationsofagegroups,thesexes,socialclasses,languagegroups,ethnicgroups
.835
Sexualrelations,marriage,divorce,family
.836
Ecologyandpopulation
Eventhoughtheabuseofwivesisconsideredasocialproblem,thesechoicesaremoreinthenatureoftheChristianattitudetowardwifeabuse,whichisreallynotthe
subjectmatterofthebook,sononeofthesewouldbeappropriate.Retreatingtotheoutlineof200,apossibilityisfoundin240,Christianmoralanddevotional
theology.
Page76
241
Moraltheology
242
Devotionalliterature
243
Evangelisticwritingsforindividualsandfamilies
246
UseofartinChristianity
247
Churchfurnishingsandrelatedarticles
248
Christianexperience,practice,life
249
Christianobservancesinfamilylife
Studyingthedivisionbreakdowns,Christianexperience,practice,life(248)maybeappropriate.
248
LookingthedivisionupintheSchedules,wefindthefollowing:
248
Christianexperience,practice,life
.2
Religiousexperience
.3
Worship
.4
Christianlifeandpractice
.5
Witnessbearing
.6
Stewardship
.8
GuidetoChristianlifeforspecificclassesofpersons
.82
Children
.83
Adolescentsandcollegestudents
.84
Adults
.843
Women
.8432.8439
Addtobasenumber248.843thenumbersfollowing865innotation
0865208659fromTable1,e.g.,guidesforwives248.8435.
.85
Personsinlateadulthood
.86
Personsexperiencingillness,trouble,bereavement
.88
Occupationalclasses
.89
Religiousgroups
Womenbymaritalstatus
Thebestchoice,closebutnotexact,seemstobeWomenbymaritalstatus,at.8432.8439.AftertheAddinstructions,wefindthefollowinginTable1:
08652
Singlepersons
08653
Separatedanddivorcedpersons
08654
Widowedpersons
08655
Marriedpersons
08659
Polygamouspersons
Theobviouschoiceis08655,forMarriedpersons.Asdirected,weuseonlythenumberfollowing865,whichis5,andaddittothebasenumber248.843toget
thefollowing:
248.8435HeHits
Page77
DDC21Revisions
Extensiveworkhasbeendoneinthe200classtoreducetheWesternChristianbiasinreligion,whichmaycontinueinneweditionsbecauseoftheincreasinguseof
theSchedulesbyabroaderrangeoflibraries.Manysubdivisionshavebeendiscontinuedinfavorofunitingaspectsunderabroaderheading.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
210
Naturaltheology
210
230
Christiantheology
230
ChristianityChristiantheology
250
Christianordersandlocalchurch
250
LocalChristianchurchandChristian
religiousorders
260
Christiansocialtheology
260
Christiansocialandecclesiasticaltheology
270
Christianchurchhistory
270
Historical,geographic,personstreatmentof
ChristianityChurchhistory
280
Christiandenominations
280
Denominationsandsectsofandsects
Christianchurch
290
Otherandcomparativereligions
290
Comparativereligionandreligionsother
thanChristianity
Specialtopics(204)hasbeendiscontinuedbecauseoflackofmeaninginthiscontext.StandardsubdivisionsofreligionhavebeenrevisedtoreducetheChristianbias
andtorecognizetheirmoregeneralapplications.Manyaspectsunder200.1(.11Systems,.13Values,.15Scientificprinciples,and.19Psychologyofreligion)now
includewhatwasformerlyNaturaltheology(210).However,Classification(.12)andLanguageandcommunication(.14)aremergedunderPhilosophyandtheoryof
religion,now210.
200
Publicrelationsforreligion(659.292)isnowfoundhere.
200.11
Systemswasconsolidatedherefrom210.11and291.011.
200.13
Valuehasbeenconsolidatedherefrom210.13and291.013.
200.15
Scientificprincipleswasunitedherefrom210.15and291.015.
200.19
ThePsychologyofreligionfrom210.19and291.019weremergedhere.
200.2.3
StandardsubdivisionsforMiscellanyandDictionaries,encyclopedias,andconcordances
weremergedherefrom291.02.03,Comparativereligion.
200.5
Serialpublicationswasconsolidatedherefrom291.05.
Page78
200.7
Education,research,andrelatedtopicsofComparativereligion(291.07)was
consolidatedhere.
200.8
HistoryanddescriptionwithrespecttokindsofpersonsfromComparativereligion
(291.08)wasmergedhere.
200.9
Historical,geographic,personstreatmentofComparativereligion(291.09)hasbeen
consolidatedhere.
Philosophyandtheoryofreligion(210)encompassesthosebeliefsthatfindtheirjustificationinthenaturalworld,ratherthanfromrevelationortheteachingof
scriptures.Naturalandphilosophicaltheologiesarefoundinthisclass.Facetsfromboth200,Religion,and291,Comparativereligion,havebeenconsolidatedhere.
MuchofScienceandreligion,215,hasbeenreducedorrelocated.ManyofthesubdivisionshavebeendiscontinuedinfavorofusingthebroaderclassofScienceand
religion(Mathematics,.1Lifeonotherworldsandspaceflight,.24.25Chemistryandgeology,.4.5andArchaeologyandtechnology,.8.9).
210
Philosophyandtheoryofreligionwasmovedfrom200.1andjoinedwiththatof
Comparativereligion(291.01)toencompassallnonChristianaspects.
210.14
TheLanguageandcommunicationofreligioningeneral(200.14)andComparative
religion(291.014)arenowcombinedhereunderPhilosophyandtheoryofreligion.
214
Conceptsofgoodandevil(216)wereshiftedhereunderTheodicy,''vindicationof
God'sjusticeandgoodnessinpermittingexistenceofevilandsuffering.''
215.7
Paleontology(215.6)wasmovedhereunderLifesciences.Thesubdivisionsfor
anthropology,ethnology,biology,andnaturalhistory(215.72.74)arealso
encompassedbythisnumber.
InkeepingwithageneralChristianemphasis,onewholedivision(220)isdedicatedtotheBible,withitsapocryphalworks,versions,andcommentaries.Other
religiousworksareallcrowdedintodivision290.TheseparationoftheOldTestament(Tanakh)(221),fromsourcesofJudaism(296.1)hasbeenunfortunate
however,thereisareferencetosee221"ForTorahandsacredscripture(Tanakh,OldTestament)."DDC21hasonlyminorchangesinthedivisionfortheBible.
223
Ketuvim(Hagiographa,Writings)wasrelocatedtothePoeticbooksoftheOld
TestamentfromtheOldTestamentingeneral(221.042).
229.6
SongoftheThreeChildren(229.5)hasbeenmovedherewithPrayerofManasseh,and
Susanna,BelandtheDragon.
ComprehensiveworksonChristianityweremovedfrom200andintegratedwithChristiantheologyheretoproduceamorecohesiveandorderlyarrangementofthe
subject,aswellastoreducetheChristianemphasisintheSchedules.Christian
Page79
mythology(204.5)wasrelocatedherealso.StandardsubdivisionsofChristianitywereformerlysections,butinthedrivetoreducetheChristianemphasis,thesehave
beenshiftedhere:Miscellany,202to230.002Dictionaries,encyclopedias,concordances,203to230.003Serialpublications,205to230.005andEducation,
researchandrelatedtopicsofChristianity,207to230.007.
230.01
ThePhilosophyandtheoryofChristianitywasrepositionedfrom201.
230.01
StandardsubdivisionsofSpecifictypesofChristiantheology(230.0401.0409)and
Specificschoolsandsystemsoftheology(230.04601.04609)arenowmergedunder
thebroadercategoryofChristianity.
230.071
EducationinChristianity(207.1)isnowfoundhere.
230.0711
HighereducationinChristianityinspecificcontinents,countries,andlocalitiesinthe
modernworld(207.4.9)havebeenshiftedto230.07114.07119.
232.91
Sanctity,virtues,andspiritualpowers(232.915.916)havebeenmovedhereunder
Mary,motherofJesus.
232.92
Circumcision,massacreofinnocents,andtheflightintoEgypt(232.924.926)arenow
foundhereundertheBirth,infancy,andchildhoodofJesus.
234.13
GiftsofandbaptismintheHolySpirit(234.12)hasbeenshiftedhereunderSpiritual
gifts.
234.132
Speakingintongues,orGlossolalia(248.29),hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderSpiritual
gifts.
236.4
Limbooffathersandinfants(236.6,.7)aremergedhereundertheIntermediatestate.
239.01
StandardsubdivisionsofApologeticsandpolemicshavebeenshiftedherefrom
239.001.009.
239.7
Polemicsagainstdeists(239.5),encyclopedists(239.6),scientistsandmaterialists
(239.8),andsecularhumanists(239.9)aremergedhereunderPolemicsagainst
rationalists,agnostics,apostates,andatheistsinpostapostolictimes.
ThedivisionsforChristianmoralanddevotionaltheology(240)andLocalChristianchurchandChristianreligiousorders(250)havenotbeenmodifiedinDDC21.
Therehavebeensomerevisionsinthesectionsandsubdivisionsbutnothingofgreatsubstance.Activitiesofthelocalchurch(259)hasbecomethePastoralcareof
families,specifickindsofpersonsandhasbeenexpanded.
Page80
241.3
SinsagainsttheHolySpirit(241.32)nowisincludedhereunderSinandvices.
241.5
Preceptsofthechurch(241.57)isdiscontinuedandincludedinthismoregeneralaspect,
Codesofconduct.
242.36
AscensionDay(242.37)movedherelogicallyundertheEasterseason.
242.6
Prayersandmeditationsforchurchyear,otherChristianfeastandfastdaysforspecific
classesofpersons(242.3),andPrayersandmeditationsfordailyuseforspecificclasses
ofpersons(242.2)aremergedhere.
242.72
Prayersofpraise(Doxologies,242.721)andprayersoffaith,thanksgiving,penitence,
petition(242.723.726)arenowfoundhereunderSpecifictypesofprayers.
252.63
TextsofsermonsforAscensionDay(252.67)arenowfoundhereundertheEaster
season.
253.7
Pastoralmethodsnowencompassesthosespecifictypesofactivitiesformerlyfoundin
259.8andoutdoorpastoralmethods(253.73).
259
Pastoralcareoffamilies,ofspecifickindsofpersonswasActivitiesofthelocalchurch.
Thissectionhasalsobeenexpanded.
259.088
OccupationalandreligiousgroupsunderHistoryanddescriptionwithrespecttokindsof
personsisanewnumber.
259.12
Familycounselingisanewnumber.
259.13
Premaritalcounselingisanewnumber.
259.14
Marriagecounselingisanewnumber.
259.25
Pastoralcareofyoungadultsisanewnumber.
Christiansocialtheology(260)hasbeenbroadenedtoincludeEcclesiasticaltheology,whichhasresultedinmanychanges.Facetshavebeenmovedherefromother
places,andtherehasbeenmuchshiftingaboutwithinthedivision.Inaddition,TheYoungMen'sandWomen'sChristianAssociationshavebeenthoroughlyrevised.
Stiffanddepartments(267.34.35and267.54.55),Programandobjectives,andbuildingsandequipment(267.31.32and267.51.52)areconsolidatedunder
267.3and267.5respectively.Organizationsandmanagement(267.306and267.506)nowincludeOrganizationandmanagement,formerlyat267.33and267.53.
Historical,geographic,personstreatment(267.309and267.509)aremovedto267.39and267.59.
260
OrganizationsofChristianity(206)arenowfoundhere.
263.041
Pilgrimagesweremovedherefrom248.463.
Page81
263.3
Sundayobservance(263.4)hasbeenrelocatedhere.
263.93
AscensionDay(263.97)ismergedwithEasterseasonhere.
264
Creeds,confessionsoffaith,sermons,exhortations,instructions(264.5.6)arenow
incorporatedhereinPublicworship.
264.03
Rubrics(264.032)andTextsofordinal,articles,creeds(264.037)areconsolidatedhere
underPublicworshipintheAnglicanchurches.
264.032
Textsoflectionarynowincludesthetextsofepistles,Gospels(264.036).
264.23
Hymnsnowincludesthosehymnsfordevotionaluseofindividualsandfamilies(245).
267
Pioussocieties,sodalities,andconfraternitiesmovedhereunderAssociationsfor
religiousworkfrom248.06.
267.3
Programandobjectives,buildingsandequipment(267.31.32)andStaffand
departments(267.34.35)ofYMCAweremovedhere.
267.306
OrganizationsandmanagementofYMCA(267.33)wereconsolidatedhere.
267.39
Historical,geographic,personstreatmentofYMCA(267.309)wasshiftedhere.
267.5
Programandobjectives,buildingsandequipment(267.51.52)andStaffand
departments(267.54.55)ofYWCAweremovedhere.
267.506
OrganizationsandmanagementofYWCA(267.53)wereconsolidatedhere.
267.59
Historical,geographic,personstreatmentofYWCA(267.509)wasshiftedhere.
267.61
YoungPeople'sSocietyofChristianEndeavor(267.613)isnowfoundhereunder
Interdenominationalandnondenominationalassociations.
268.6
TheValueanduseoftextbooks,textbookmethod(268.61.62)aswellasLaboratory
methods(268.68)areconsolidatedhereunderMethodsofinstructionandstudy.
269
Pentecostalism(269.4)isnowfoundhereunderSpiritualRenewal.
TheHistorical,geographic,personstreatmentofChristianity(209)isnowfoundin270alongwithChurchhistory,whichissimilartoEdition19,inwhichtheHistory
andgeographyofthechurchwerealsofoundhere.Historicalperiodsarefoundin270.1.8Treatmentbycontinent,country,locality,formerlyfoundin270.093
.099,hasbeenmovedto274279.
Page82
270SUMMARY
271
Religiouscongregationsandordersinchurchhistory
272
Persecutionsingeneralchurchhistory
273
Doctrinalcontroversiesandheresiesingeneralchurchhistory
274279
Treatmentbycontinent,country,locality
Christianitywithrespecttokindsofpersonshasbeenmovedfrom208andisnowfoundin270.08withChurchhistorywithrespecttokindsofpersons.The
Historical,geographic,personstreatmentofspecificdenominationsandsectsarefoundin280,DenominationsandsectsofChristianchurch.Therehavebeentwo
relocationsinthisdivision:
280.042
TheEcumenicalmovement(270.82)wasshiftedhereunderRelationsbetween
denominations.
287.99
ChurchoftheNazarene(289.9)isnowlistedhereunderChurchesrelatedto
Methodism.
Byfar,mostofthechangesinReligionarethoseinthedivisionforComparativereligionandreligionsotherthanChristianity(290).Theseoccurinallsections,withthe
mostfoundin296,Judaism.ManyoftheminvolvetherelocationsofManagementandOrganizations.
Comparativereligionchangesfollow:
291.14
Classificationofreligionsisconsolidatedherefromboth200.12and210.12.
291.351
PilgrimageshasbeenmovedhereunderPublicworshipfrom291.446,Individual
observances.
291.44
Guidestoreligiouslife(291.448)hasbeenconsolidatedunderReligiouslifeandpractice.
291.6
Management(200.68)wasshiftedhereunderLeadersandorganization.
291.61
Leadersandtheirworknowincorporatespersonsendowedwithsupernaturalpower
(291.62),divinelyinspiredpersons(291.63),andinterpretersofreligion(291.64).
291.65
Organizations(200.6,291.06)areintegratedhere.
OrganizationsandmanagementforReligionsotherthanChristianity,292299,havebeenrelocatedfrom06to6formanagementand65fororganizations.
Classical(GreekandRoman)religionchangesfollow:
292.65
Organizationswasmovedfrom292.006.
Page83
ReligionsofIndicoriginchangesfollow:
294.36
ManagementunderBuddhismwasshiftedherefrom294.306.
294.365
UnderBuddhism,Organizationsweremovedfrom294.306.
294.56
ManagementunderHinduismwasshiftedherefrom294.506.
294.565
UnderHinduism,Organizationsweremovedfrom294.506.
Judaism(296)hasbeenrevisedandexpanded,whichoftenresultsinasimplifiednotation.Organizationsarefoundin.67ratherthan.65,whichisSynagoguesand
congregations.Anoptionalnumber,296.11,isprovidedfortheBooksofTanakh,whichcanbearrangedtoreflecttheJewishorder.
296.09
Historiesofspecificsynagogues(296.8)arenowfoundhere.
296.09013
EarliestJudaism,to586B.C.,nowincludes999586B.C.,whichwas296.09014.
296.09014
TheSecondTempleperiod,586B.C.70A.D.,nowincludes170A.D.,whichwas
296.09015.
296.12
TherehavebeenanumberofadditionsunderTalmudicliteratureincluding.120092
personsandordersofMishnah,whicharenowin296.1231.1237,newnumbers.
296.124
IndividualordersandtractatesunderPalestinianTalmudareat296.1241.1247,new
numbers.
296.125
IndividualordersandtractatesunderBabylonianTalmudareat296.1251.1257,new
numbers.
296.162
Zoharisanewnumber.
296.18
Halakhah(Legalliterature)nowincludesEarlyrabbinicallegalwritingsand
comprehensiveworksonrabbinicalwritingsto1400(296.17).Inaddition,personsare
nowfoundat296.18092,anewnumber.
296.181
LegalwritingofMaimonidesisanewnumber.
296.1812
MishnehTorahisanewnumber.
296.311
UnderGodtherearenowaseriesofnewnumbers,from296.3112.3118.
296.336
Messianismisanewnumber.
296.35
Apologeticsandpolemicsisanewnumber.
296.36
Ethicshasbeenrelocatedhere,anewnumber,from296.385.
296.37
Judaismandseculardisciplinesweremovedhere,anewnumber,from296.3875.There
isalsoaseriesofnewnumbersfrom296.371.377foraspectsofthissubject.
Page84
296.38
Socialtheology(296.387)hasbeenrelocatedhereunderJudaismandsocialsciences.
296.382
Judaismandpolitics(296.3877)isnowlocatedhere,anewnumber.
296.3827
Internationalaffairs,warandpeace(296.38787),havebeenrelocatedhere,anew
number.
296.383
Judaismandeconomicswasmovedtothisnewnumberfrom296.38785.
296.39
Judaismandothersystemsofbeliefwasshiftedtothisnewnumberfrom296.3872.
296.396
JudaismandChristianityisanewnumber.
296.397
JudaismandIslamisanewnumber.
296.412
ProhibitedactivityontheSabbathisanewnumber.
296.4315
RoshHashanah(NewYear)isanewnumber.
296.4391
Festivals,holydays,fastsassociatedwiththelandofIsraelisanewnumber.
296.4434
Batmitzvahisanewnumber.
296.4443
Interreligiousmarriageisanewnumber.
296.4444
Divorceritesandtraditionsisanewnumber.
296.446
Synagoguededicationisanewnumber.
LiturgyandprayersfortheSabbath(296.41)havebeenrelocatedto296.45underLiturgyandprayers,ashavecomprehensiveworksonworship(296.72).Liturgy
andprayersforoccasionsthatgenerallyoccuronceinalifetime(296.4344)havebeenmovedto296.453.454.
296.45
TherearenewnumbersunderLiturgyandprayersfrom296.4504454.
296.46
Useoftheartsandsymbolismnowincludenewnumbersrangingfrom296.461.462.
296.47
Sermonsandpreaching(Homiletics)hasbeenmovedhere,anewnumber,from
296.42.
296.48
Pilgrimagesandsacredplaces(through296.483.489)nowarenewnumbers.
296.49
Traditions,rites,publicservicesofancientJudaismto70A.D.includesnewnumbers
through296.495.
296.61
Personstreatmentofwritersonleadersandtheirwork(296.61092)isnowfoundhere.
Page85
296.67
OrganizationsunderJudaism(296.06)andYoungMen'sandWomen'sHebrew
Associations(296.673.675)arenowfoundhere.
296.69
OutreachactivityforthebenefitofconvertsandnonobservantJewsisanewnumber.
296.7
Religiouslifeandpractice(296.74)isnowfoundhereunderReligiousexperience,life,
practice.
296.7086
Personsbymiscellaneoussocialcharacteristicsisanewnumber.
296.714
Conversionisanewnumber.
296.715
ReturnofJewsfromnonobservancetoreligiousobservanceisanewnumber.
296.74
Socialtheologyofmarriageandfamilywasmovedherefrom296.387835.
296.742
Observanceoflawsoffamilypurityisanewnumber.
296.75
Ritualbath(Mikveh)isanewnumber.
296.8
DenominationsandmovementshavenewnumbersforSadducees(.813),Essenes
(.814),Samaritans(.817).
296.8341
ReformJudaismwasshiftedhere,anewnumber,from296.8346.
Alotofattentionhasbeengiventorevisingandexpanding297,Islam,Babism,Bahaifaith.ThelogicoftheDeweysystemissoevidentthatWilliamCollinscreated
anarrangementfortheBaha'iWorldCentreLibrary'scollectioninHaifa,Israel,inwhichheused"standardDeweydevices,"suchastheTables,becausemanyother
Baha'ilibrariesalreadyusedtheDeweysystem(Collins1993,104).
Organizationsweremovedto.65,andManagementmovedto.6from297.06.Mythology(297.19)wasdiscontinuedbecauseithasnomeaninginitscontext,
SourcesofIslam.
297.1
SourcesofIslamwasalsosocialtheology,relations,attitudesofIslam.Also,oral
traditions(297.13)arenowfoundhereunderSourcesofIslam.
297.12
TherearenowaseriesofnewnumbersunderKoranandHadith,from.12203
to.1228999.
297.1226
Interpretationandcriticism(Exegesis)nowincludesSymbolism,typology,harmonies,
andliterarycriticism(297.12264.12266)andMythological,astronomical
interpretations(297.12268).
Page86
297.14
Fiqhinrelationtoreligiousandceremoniallawsanddecisions(340.59)isnow
consolidatedhereunderReligiousandceremoniallawsanddecisions.
297.18
Stories,legends,parables,proverbs,anecdotestoldforreligiousedificationisanew
number.
297.21
Godandspiritualbeingsincludesaseriesofnewnumbersthrough.2118.
297.22
Humankindincludesnewnumbersthrough.227.
297.24
Otherdoctrineshavenewnumbersthrough.2465.
297.26
Islamandseculardisciplineswasrelocatedhere,anewnumber,from297.197.In
addition,therearenewnumbersunderthissubjectthrough.267.
297.27
Islamandsocialservicesisanewnumber.Inaddition,therearemorenewnumbers
underthetopicthrough.273.
297.28
Islamandothersystemsofbeliefwasmovedhere,anewnumber,from297.197.There
arealsonewnumbersforaspectsofthistopicthrough.289.
297.29
Polemicsagainstpagansandheathens(297.291),againstotherreligions(297.295),and
againstrationalists,agnostics,andatheists(297.297)arenowincludedhereunder
Apologeticsandpolemics.
297.3
IslamicworshipwasIslamicpublicworshipandotherpractices.Comprehensiveworks
onIslamicworship,nonSufiworship,Islamicprivateworship,nonSufiprivateworship
(297.43)wererepositionedhere.
297.31
PillarsofIslamwasmovedtothisnewnumberfrom297.5.
297.34
Shahadawasshiftedtothisnewnumberfrom297.51.
297.35
NonSufipilgrimagesandcomprehensiveworksonIslamicpilgrimages(297.446)and
ritesandceremoniesassociatedwithsacredplacesandpilgrimages(297.38)were
mergedhereunderSacredplacesandpilgrimages.
297.351
Mosquesisanewnumber.
297.352
Hajj(pilgrimagetoMecca)wasmovedtothisnewnumberunderIslamicworshipfrom
297.55.
297.353
Sacredplacesandpilgrimagestreatmentbyspecificcontinents,countries,localities
(297.35093.35099)arenowfoundinnewnumbersherethrough297.359.
297.36
Ritesandceremoniesassociatedwithspecialdaysandseasons(297.38)are
consolidatedhere.
Page87
297.362
SawmRamadan(annualfastofRamadan)(297.53)isnowconsolidatedhere,anew
number.
297.37
Sermonsandpreachingisanewnumber.
297.382
Prayerandmeditationisanewnumber.
297.3822
Salat(Prayerfivetimesdaily)(297.52)isanewnumber.
297.3824
Textsofprayersandmeditationsisanewnumber.
297.39
Divinationandoccultism(297.32.33)arenowfoundunderthisnewnumber.
297.4
Sufismhasaseriesofnewnumbersfortopicsunderitfrom.41through.482.Specific
aspectsofSufism(297.1.3,.5.7)aswellasSufireligiousexperience(297.42)are
nowlocatedhere.
297.435
Sufipilgrimageswasmovedherefrom297.446.
297.44
GuidestoSufireligiouslife(297.448)hasbeenmovedhere.
297.446
NowincludesSufiasceticpractices(297.447).
297.45
Sufifastingwasmovedherefrom297.447.
297.5
Islamicmoraltheologyandreligiousexperience,life,practicehasaseriesofnew
numbers,from.56through.577.
297.57
NonSufiandcomprehensiveworksonIslamicreligiousexperience,life,practice
(297.4)andNonSufiandcomprehensiveguidestoreligiouslife(297.448)were
consolidatedhere.
297.577
Islamicsocialtheologyofmarriageandfamily(297.1978358)hasbeenmovedhere
underReligiousexperience,life,practice.
297.61
CaliphateandImamate(297.24and297.65)andPersonswhostudyandwriteabout
therole,function,dutiesofreligiousleaders(297.61092)arenowlocatedhereunder
Leadersandtheirwork.
297.63
MuhammadtheProphethasnewnumbersfrom.63092through.635.
297.64
Muhammad'sfamilyandcompanionshasbeenexpanded,withnewnumbersfrom.642
through.648.
297.65
OrganizationsofIslamweremovedherefrom297.06.
297.7
ProtectionandpropagationofIslamhasbeenexpanded,withnewnumbersfrom.74
through.77083.
297.833
Ibaditesisanewnumber.
297.834
Motazilitesisanewnumber.
Page88
OtherchangesintheclassofReligionfollow:
ReligionsoriginatingamongBlackAfricansandpeopleofBlackAfricandescent:
299.64
Practices(299.65)wereconsolidatedhere.
Religionsofotherorigin:
299.936
Dianetics(158.9)wasrelocatedherewithScientology.
Answerstotheseexercisescanbefoundintheappendix.
1.AworkontheeffectthatevangelismhashadontheSouth.
2.AncientDaoistscripturestranslatedintoEnglish.
3.AworkonaJapanesereligiousritualforabortedfetuses.
4.AworkonHindugoddessesrelatedsexualityandviolence.
5.Aworkonthereligioustheoriesofcreation.
6.AworkontheTaoistreligion.
LiteratureCited
Unlimited.
Broadus,RobertN.1970.Deweyandreligion.LibraryResources&TechnicalServices14(4):57478.
Collins,W.P.1993.ClassificationformaterialsontheBaha'iReligion:A''B200schedulebasedontheDeweyDecimalClassification.Cataloging&Classification
Quarterly16(4):1032118(2):7186.
Dewey,Melvil.1996.DeweyDecimalClassificationandRelativeIndex.21sted.Vol.2.Albany,NY:ForestPress.
Page89
8
Class300
SocialSciences
Introduction
Socialsciencesisawiderangingclassthatincludessuchdiversesubjectsasgeneralstatistics,law,militaryscience,andetiquette.Onemaysaythatitisacatchallfor
categoriesnotcoveredbytheothernineclasses.ItrankssecondinsizetoTechnology(Appliedsciences),butincomplexityitranksfirst.
PlacingEconomics(330)betweenPoliticalscience(320)andLaw(340)anddistantfromCommerce,communications,transportation(380)isregrettable,butit
wouldnotserveausefulpurposetorevampthedivisions(andputtheusersinatizzy)torectifythepredicament.Situatingpublicadministrationandmilitarysciencein
thesamedivisionisalsopuzzlingandalmostamusing.Isitacommentonourcivilizationthatimpliesthatifthegovernmentdoesnotfunctionproperly,themilitarywill
stepinandassumetheauthority,aswellasthereverse,wheremilitaryjuntasareoverthrownandconstitutionalgovernmentsinstated?Aparallelparadoxisfiguringout
ifsocialproblemsandservicesarethesameasassociations(360).Andwhatrelationshipistherebetweenpenalinstitutionsandinsurance,orsocialproblemsand
clubs?
Customs,etiquette,folklore(390)istheoddestoftheDDCdivisions.Customsisapartofcultureandconsequentlybelongsin306,Cultureandinstitutions.Costume
andpersonalappearancebothbelonginthe640s,Homeeconomicsandfamilyliving.Folkloreisalsoculture,butFolkliteraturebelongsinliterature,nottheSocial
sciences,foritisacompendiumofliteraryworksoftheimagination.Etiquette(littleethics)belongswith''bigethics,"170.AndtheCustomsofwaranddiplomacyare
hereratherthanwithwarin355anddiplomacyin327.
Allandall,itisastrangeandbadlyconceivedclass.Valianteffortshavebeenmadetofixtheproblems,butthesehavealwaysfailed,perhapsbecauseoftheimpact
upontheusers.EvenwhentheredoubtableBenjaminA.Custertriedtoremovefolkliteraturetothe800s,hewasunabletowinthebattle.Theonlyexplanationfor
theseparadoxesisthatthisistherestinggroundforthemisfitsthatdonotbelonginotherclassesandhavesomesortofrelationshiptosociety,thuscreatingthis
strangemlangeoftopicsthataremergedtogetherlikeadoptedchildreninacomfortablehomeofdisparatemembers.
Page90
300
Socialsciences
310
Generalstatistics
320
Politicalscience(Politicsandgovernment)
330
Economics
340
Law
350
Publicadministrationandmilitaryscience
360
Socialproblemsandservicesassociations
370
Education
380
Commerce,communications,transportation
390
Customs,etiquette,folklore
Division300:
Asusual,thestandardsubdivisionsofsocialsciencesarefoundinthefirstdivision
(300.1.9)followedbybooksinsociologyandanthropologythataregeneralinnature
(301).Morespecifictopicscomenext,suchasinterpersonalandsocialrelationships,
andnontechnicalconceptsofcommunication(302)socializationbyvariouspartsof
societyandstudiesonallaspectsofsocialchange(303)naturalanddemographicfactors
impactingsociety,domesticemigrationandmigration(304)specificgroupsthatmakeup
societies(305)thebeliefs,values,mores,andinstitutionsthatmakeupsocieties(306)
andthestudyofcommunities(307).
Division310:
Thisdivisioncontainsbooksonthevariousstatisticsofsocieties,suchascensuses.
StatisticsofspecificsubjectsarefoundwiththesubjectplusthenotationfromTable1
forstatistics(021),butstatisticaldatanotrelatedtoaspecifictopicarefoundhere
(310)followedbygeneralstatisticsofspecificlocationsinthemodernworld(314319).
Division320:
Thisdivisionisusedforpoliticalscience,orthestudyofpoliticsandgovernment.The
firstsectioncontainsstandardsubdivisions(320.01.09),andgeneralaspectsofthe
discipline,suchasthestructureandfunctionsofgovernment,andpoliticalconditions
(320.1.9).Thevarioustypesofgovernmentarefoundinthenextsection(321)
followedbyrelationshipofthegovernmenttoitsgovernedpeoples(322)andtheirrights
(323).Booksonpoliticalpartiesandelectionsarenext(324)followedbythe
internationalmovementofpeoples,includingcolonization(325)politicalaspectsof
slaveryandemancipation(326)relationshipsbetweencountries(327)concludingthe
divisionarebooksaboutlaws,lawmaking,andthegovernmentalbodiesthatare
responsibleforthem(328).
Page91
Division330:
Thisdivisionisusedforeconomics,thefirstsectionbeingreservedforstandard
subdivisions(330.01.09).The"systems"partofthefirststandardsubdivision(011)
isinaseparatesection(330.1)asarethegeographicandhistorictreatmentsofeconomic
conditions(330.9).Thenextsectionisreservedfortopicsconcerningtheworkforce
(331),followedbybooksonbankingandmoney(332).Thenextsectionisusedfor
economicaspectsofnaturalresources,includinglandandformsofenergy(333),then
varioustypesofeconomiccooperationinbanking,housing,andotherforms(334)and
alltypesofsocialism(335).Financeofgovernmentsisinthenextsection(336),followed
byinternationaleconomiccooperationofgovernments,policies,andrelations(337).All
typesofeconomicproductionareinthenexttolastsection(338),andthedivisionends
witheconomicsonamoreuniversalscale,suchasthedistributionofwealthandaspects
ofthenationalproduct,macroeconomics(339).
Division340:
Thenextdivisionisusedforlaworjurisprudence,andlikethepreviousdivision,the
standardsubdivisions(340.02.09)areinthefirstsection.However,philosophyand
theoryoflawisseparate(340.1)andfoundwithgeneralaspects(340.2.9).Thenext
sectionisreservedforinternationallaw(341)andtheremainingsectionsencompass
specifickindsoflaw:lawsthatareconstitutionallybasedandthosedealingwith
governmentdutiesandresponsibilities(342)militarylaw,publicproperty,taxlaw,law
ofcommerce(343)lawconcerningtheworkforce,education,andothersocialand
culturalactivities(344)allaspectsofcriminallaw(345)noncriminallawinvolving
persons(346)civiltrialsandprocedures(347)statutesandregulations(348)andthe
divisionendswithlawsandregulationsofspecificareas(349).
Division350:
Thisdivisionholdssuchunlikelycompanionsastheexecutivebranchofgovernment,civil
service,andmilitaryandnavalsciences.Standardsubdivisionsofpublicadministration
arefoundin351(351.01.09),followedbyadministrationofareasingeneral(351.1)
andspecificareas(351.3.9).Finances,personnel,andotheraspectsofpublic
administration(352354)areinthenextsection(352),followedbyadministrationof
specificservicesorfunctions(353)andoftheeconomyandenvironment(354).Military
scienceingeneralisinthenextsection(355),followedbylandbasedservicesand
warfareincludingtheinfantry(356.1)cavalriesandmountedforces(357)missileand
armedforces(358.1)engineeringservices(358.2)airandspacewarfareandforces
(358.4and.8)completethesection.Thelastsectionisusedforseaforcesandwarfare
(359),includingmarineforces(359.96).
Page92
Division360:
Thisdivisionisreservedforsocieties'problemsandservicesavailable(361365)and
associations(366369).Inthefirstsection,standardsubdivisionsforsocialproblems
andservices(361.001.008)arefollowedbyfreeandfeebasedservices,thenmaterial
andguidanceassistance(361.02.06).Generalaspectsoftheseservices,suchassocial,
private,governmental,andcommunityactions(361.1.9)concludethesection.Illnesses,
disabilities,thepoor,theaged,andothergroupsareinthenextsection(362),followed
bypublicsafety,housing,environmental,andpopulationproblems(363)andcrime,its
prevention,andthetreatmentofcriminalsareinthenexttwosections(364365)
associationsbeginwithphilanthropicandsocialorganizations(366367),followedby
insurance,whichisatypeofmutualhelpassociation(368)andthedivisionendswith
patriotic,military,racial,ethnic,andclubsforyouths(369).
Division370:
Educationisfoundinthenextdivision,standardsubdivisionsbeinginthefirstsection
(370.1.9),followedbyschools,includingteachers,students,thephysicalplant,and
specialeducation(371).Fouroutofthenextfivesectionscontainworksaboutthelevels
ofeducation,beginningwithelementaleducation(372),thensecondaryeducation(373),
andadulteducation(374).Generalaspectsofcurriculaarefoundnext(375),followed
byhighereducation(378),andthedivisionconcludeswithfinancialandpolicyissues
(379).
Division380:
Thenexttolastdivisionisusedfortrade,communications,andtransportation.Thefirst
sectionisreservedforstandardsubdivisions(380.01.09)andbooksontradeingeneral
(380.1),followedbydomestictrade(381),andtradebetweencountries(382)to
concludethatsubject.Thenextsectionbeginscommunicationwithintercoursebymail
(383),thencommunicationbywire(384.1,.3,.6),wirelessmethods(384.5),and
motionpictures(384.8).Railroads(385)begintransportation,followedbyinlandwater
transportation(386)marine,air,andspacetransportation(387)roads,local
transportation,andpipelines(388)andconcludingthedivisionwithsystemsof
measurementandstandardization(389).
Division390:
Thefinaldivisionisreservedforpractices,manners,andconventionsthatarecommonto
societies,inadditiontotradition,lore,andfolktalescommontoaculture.Thefirst
sectioncontainsthestandardsubdivisionsforthedivision(390.001.009)andfor
customs(390.01.09),followedbypracticesandconventionsofsocialclassesand
thoseofoccupations(390.1.4).Worksthatareconcernedwithpeople'sclothingand
otherwaysthattheyadornthemselvesareinthesecondsection(391),followedby
practicesandconventionsconcerningthestagesoflifefrombirthtomarriageandhome
(392),andtodeath(393).Conventionsinvolvingsuchdiverseactivitiesasconsumption
offood,drink,anddrugs,
Page93
holidaysandotherspecialdays,recreation,suicide,andcannibalismareallinthenext
section(394).Mannerscomesnext(395),followedbyfolkliterature,riddles,proverbs,
andrhyminggames(398).Customsofwaranddiplomacyconcludetheclass.
Example1.AworkondivorceinVirginia.
TheRelativeIndexshowsthatdivorceisclassedin306.89.However,thisbookismoreaboutdivorcelaw,solookingfurtherintheindexwefinddivorcelawat
346.0166.Reviewingthescheduleswefind:
346.0166
Divorce,annulment,separationSubdivisionsareaddedfordivorce,annulment,separation
togetherfordivorcealone
Lookingundertheaddinstructionswefindthefollowing:
093099
Treatmentbylimitedareawithinajurisdiction
Lawlimitedtospecificjurisdictionorareaisclassedunderthejurisdictionbeforeindicatingthe
subjectofabranchoflaw,e.g.,criminalcourtsofAustralia345.9401,not345.01094.Further
instructionsaregivenunder342349
Nowmovingtotheinstructionunder342349wefindthefollowing:
Toshowaspecificbranch,aspecificsubject,orakindoforiginalmaterialarrangetheelementsasfollows,usingcriminalcourtsofAustraliaasanexample:
Basenumber:34
Branchoflaw:Criminallaw,5
Jurisdictionorarea:Australia,94
Facetindicator:0*
Subordinatesubjectinbranchoflaw:Courts,1
Thecompletenumberis345.9401
*
Add00forstandardsubdivisionsseeinstructionsatbeginningofTable1
Followingthesedirectionswebuildthenumber.
Basenumber:34
Branchoflaw:Privatelaw,6
Jurisdictionorarea:Virginia
LookingupVirginiainTable2wefindthatitis755.
Page94
346.755
Facetindicator:0*
BecausewearenotaddingStandardsubdivisionsweignoretheinstructionat*.
346.7550
Subordinatesubjectinbranchoflaw:Divorce,.[0]166
346.7550166DivorceinVirginia
Example2.AworkabouttheU.S.Marines.
TheRelativeIndexindicatesthattheMarines(Armedforces)isfoundat359.96.
359.96
ReviewingtheSchedules,wefindthefollowing:
Addtobasenumber359.96thenumbersfollowing355in355.1355.8...
Examiningthepiece,wefindthatitisonlyabouttheU.S.Marines.Whenwereview355intheSchedules,wefindthefollowingSummary:
.1
Militarylifeandcustoms
.2
Militaryresources
.3
Organizationandpersonnelofmilitaryforces
.4
Militaryoperations
.5
Militarytraining
.6
Militaryadministration
.7
Militaryinstallations
.8
Militaryequipmentandsupplies(Matriel)Weapons(Ordnance)
BecausethisisageneralworkabouttheU.S.MarinesCorps,noneofthenotationsareappropriate,sothenextstepwouldbetommtotheTables,whichcanbe
addedtoanybasenumberexceptwhereforbidden.WefindinTable1thatTreatmentbyspecificcontinents,countries,localitiesextraterrestrialworldshasthe
notations093through099.And,aswefoundabove,thenotationforUnitedStatesis73.
359.960973Warriors:TheU.S.Marines
DDC21Revisions
InMarch1976theDecimalClassificationEditorialPolicyCommittee(DDC)reviewedasurveyreportpinpointing11areasinneedofextensiverevisions,morethan
half(six)ofwhichwereinclass300(Comaromi1977,21:94).Edition20beganthismissionwithvastchanges,butmanywereleftforsucceedingeditions.Significant
effortshavebeenmadeinEdition21tocompletelyrevisePublicadministration,351354,andEducation,370.Insurance(368)alsocontainsnotablemodifications,
and
Page95
therewasmuchshiftingaroundin324,Thepoliticalprocess.ThechangesinPublicadministrationandEducationhavebeensoextensivethatdetailedComparative
andEquivalenceTablesarefoundinthebackofVolume1ofEdition21.ThecomparisonoftheSummariesofEditions20and21beliestheextentoftherevisionsin
theclass.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
320
Politicalscience
320
Politicalscience(Politicsand
government)
350
Publicadministration
350
Publicadministrationandmilitary
science
360
Socialservicesassociations
360
Socialproblemsandservices
associations
380
Commerce,communications,transport
380
Commerce,communications,
transportation
Socialsciences(300)hasseensimilarchangesappearinEditions19and20.SimilartoEdition20,thesehavebeenfocusedinthe305306area,whichcontinuedto
presentdifficultiestoDDCusers.Manytopicshavebeenmovedfrom370,Education,intherevampingofthatdivision.AsseenintheSummaries,anthropologyhas
beenreturnedtoitspreEdition20statewithgeneralaspects(orcomprehensiveworks)in301withSociology,andspecifictopicshavebeenmixedandblended
throughout302307.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
301
Sociology
301
Sociologyandanthropology
304
Relationofnaturalfactors
304
Factorsaffectingsocialbehavior
305
Socialstratification
305
Socialgroups
Socialinteraction,orbehavior,withinandbetweengroupsisfoundin302.Socialworkingsthatarenecessaryforthecontinuationofsocietyarefoundin303.The
advancementofsocietiesasaffectedbytheenvironmentisfoundin304.Peopleinclassesorthosethatformasociety,itsculture,andinstitutionsarefoundin305.
Thebasis,oressence,ofsociety,itsinstitutions,andculturearefoundin306.Populationsthatexistinaspecificgeographicallyconfinedareaandareconsideredasa
wholearefoundin307.Massmedia'seffectonspecificsubjects,otherthansocialgroups(302.23),isnowfoundwiththesubject.
Otherchangesfollow:
303.4
Disruptivechanges,whethergradual(evolutionary)orabrupt(revolutionary)(303.42
.43),arenowfoundhere.
304.6
PopulationhasbeenmergedwithPopulationsizeandcomposition(307.2).
305.242
Comprehensiveworksonyoungadults(305.235)arenowfoundhere.
Page96
305.8
Racial,ethnic,nationalgroupsassociatedwithaspecificlanguage(305.7)arenowfound
here.
306
Popularculture(306.1and.4)hasbeenshiftedhere.Comprehensiveworksoncultural
institutionsunder306.4hasbeendiscontinued306isnowusedinstead.
306.43
Educationasaspecificaspectofculturehasmovedherefrom370.19.
306.432
SchoolandsocietynowincludesinterdisciplinaryworksonRelationsofteachersand
society(371.104)andRelationsofcollegesanduniversitieswithsociety(378.103).
306.848
GaymarriagewasmovedhereunderMarriageandfamilyfrom306.738.
Division310,Collectionsofgeneralstatistics,hasnomodificationsinEdition21.ThebigchangeheretookplaceinEdition20whentheheadingbecameGeneral
statistics,suchasacensus,whichclearlyindicatesthescopeasitnowexists.Statisticsofpopulations,ordemography,isnowfoundscatteredwiththesubjects,with
theadditionof021.Demographyingeneralisfoundin304.6.
Politicalscience(320)wasadivisioncitedasbeinginneedofrevisioninthe1974surveyoftheDDCintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Thepoliticalprocessor
decisionsregardingwhoistowieldpowerunderwentacompleterevisionforEdition19,additionalchangesinEdition20,andrathersubstantialchangesinEdition21.
Otherchangesfollow:
321.00902
Medievalsystemsofgovernmentwasmovedherefrom321.14.
321.0093
Ancientsystemsofgovernmentwasmovedherefrom321.14.
321.1
Systemsofgovernmentamongnonliteratepeople(321.12)isnowfoundhereunder
Familybasedgovernment.
321.8
Puredemocracy(321.4)isnowfoundhereunderDemocraticgovernment.
323.42
Comprehensiveworksonproceduralrights(323.422)havebeenmovedhereunder
Equalprotectionoflaw.
323.60715
Citizenshipprogramsinadulteducation(374.012)havebeenmovedhereunder
Citizenship.
324
Theearlyterminationofthechiefexecutivebeforetheexpirationofhisterm(351.0036)
andMethodofselectionofthechiefexecutive(321and351.0034)weremergedhere
underThepoliticalprocess.
Page97
324.24.29
Thenotations01(Generaltopics)and08(Otherrecentparties)havebeenaddedtothe
tablesforPartiesinspecificcountriesinthemodernworld.Auxiliarypartyorganizations
(324.3094.3099)isnow014.Otherchangesinthetableare:Nominatingparty
candidates(324.5094.5099)isnow015Nominatingbycaucuses(324.52094
.52099)isnow0152Nominatingbyprimaries(324.54094.54099)isnow0154and
Nominatingbyconventions(324.56094.56099)isnow0156.
324.63
SelectingpresidentsandgovernorsintheUnitedStates(321.80420973)andinthe
specificstates(321.80420974.80420979,.804209969)areconsolidatedhereunder
324.630973.630979,Electoralsystems.
325.3
Colonialpolicy(325.31)isnowfoundunderColonization.
327.11
SpecifictopicsofInternationalrelationsforspecificnations(327.3.9)weremovedhere
through.17.
327.174
Disarmament(355.03)andarmscontrolareconsolidatedhere,aswellasProblemsof
armslimitationandofverifyingarmscontroltreatyprovisionsforspecifickindsof
weapons(355.82).
327.1743
Problemsofarmslimitationsandofverifyingarmscontroltreatyprovisionsforspecific
kindsofnavalweapons(359.82)arenowfoundhereunderconventionalweapons
limitation,anewnumber.
327.1745
Chemicalandbiologicaldisarmamentisanewnumber.
327.1747
Nucleardisarmamentisanewnumber.
328
Legislativebodies(328.3)havebeenmovedhereunderThelegislativeprocess.
328.0601
Interparliamentaryunions(328.30601)hasbeenrelocatedunderInternational
organizations.
328.3
Specifictopicsoflegislativereform(328.304)arenowfoundhere.
328.304
Legislativereform(328.4042)hasbeenmovedhere.
328.3347
Proportionalrepresentation(324.63)wasconsolidatedhere.
328.36
Auxiliaryorganizations(oflegislativebodies)havebeenmovedhereunderInternal
organizationanddiscipline,from328.361.
328.37
Enactingpubliclaws(328.378)arenowincludedhereunderEnactmentoflegislation.
328.378
EnactmentofspecialtypesoflegislationnowincludesProceduresforlegislative
enactmentofbudgets(351.7223).
Page98
Inthepreviouseditionofthisbook,JohnPhillipComaromilistedEconomics(330)asneedingrevisionssecondonlytosections301307.Manychanges,some
sweepinginscope,weremadeinbothEditions20and21,especiallysection333,whichwaschangedfromLandeconomicstoEconomicsoflandandenergyand
333.95Biologicalresources,whichwasrevisedandexpanded.
330
Interdisciplinaryworksoneconomicfights(323.46)isnowfoundhereunderEconomics.
331.011
Employmentrights(323.46)isnowmergedhereunderRightsandpositionoflabor.
331.1109
TheGeographicdistributionoftheLaborforceandmarket(331.111)hasbeenmerged
herewiththeHistoricandpersonstreatment.
332.042
Internationalcapitaltransactions(382.173)andInternationalcurrencymovements
(382.174)areconsolidatedhereunderInternationalfinance.
332.67208
Domesticinvestmentbyspecifickindsofindividuals(332.67255)isnowfoundhere.
333.95
Biologicalresourceshasexpandedtolistthedifferentspeciesinnewnumbers,
from.9522through.9592.9598.
333.954
Comprehensiveworksonmammals(333.959)weremovedhereunderAnimals.
333.956
Marinebiologicalresources(333.952)isnowfoundhereunderFishes.
334.0601
Internationalassociationsofcooperatives(334.0919)hasbeenmovedhere.
338.06
Industrialproductivity(338.09)isnowfoundhereunderProductionefficiency.
338.52
Pricedeterminationininternationalmarkets(382.1044)wasmovedhereunderPrices.
338.91
Internationaldevelopmentandgrowth(337)isnowfoundonlyhere.
339.01
Philosophyandtheory(339.3)isnowfoundhereunderMacroeconomicsandrelated
topics.
TherehavelongbeenquestionsaboutthestructureofLaw(340),andindecisionhaswreakedhavoconthedivision.
Whenworkonthe340sbegan,itwasthoughtthattherewerethreewaystoarrangethematerialsinit.UsingtraditionalDeweypractice,jurisdictioncouldbe
attachedtotypeoflawbymeansof09.Thus,345.0973wouldbeusedforaworkoncriminallawintheUnitedStates.Asecondmethodwastoadd
jurisdictiondirectlyto34,thusgatheringlawbooks
Page99
togetherfirstbyjurisdictionandthenbytypeoflaw,aslawisgenerallystudied[i.e.,347.305wouldbethenumberofcriminallawintheUnitedStates].A
thirdwaywastoaddjurisdictiondirectlytotypeoflaw[i.e.,345.73forthesamesubjectasabove].Thiswouldbefollowedbystandardsubdivisionsorthe
specialsubdivisionspeculiartothattypeoflaw.Ofthethreeways,thethirdwasthesecondchoiceoflibrariansintheUnitedStates,whopreferred
arrangementbythe09method,andoflibrariansinGreatBritainandelsewhereoutsidetheUnitedStates,whopreferredarrangementbyjurisdictionfirst.
Britishlawlibrariansinparticularcalledforacitationorderthatreflectedthewaylawwasactuallystudiedfirstbyjurisdiction,thenbytypeoflaw.The
opinionofAmericanlawlibrarianswhousuallydonotusetheDDCandofAmericanlibrariansofgeneralcollectionsinwhichlawisofsecondary
importanceweighedequally,however,inthescalesofjudgment.Hopingtoalienatenoone,theDecimalClassificationDivisionoptedforeveryone'ssecond
choice,namely,numberthree.Theeditorsreasonedthatinthiswaynoonewouldbeoffendedbyhavingsomeoneelse'sfirstchoiceallowed.Itappears,
however,thattwosecondchoicesdonotmakeafirst,formanyBritishlibrarianshavecalledforreversalofthedecisioninfavorofthesecondmethod.The
Americanshavesaidlittleonthematter(Comaromi1976,594)
TheBritisheventuallybrokewiththeDeweypreferredpracticetheychosetheoptionputtingjurisdictionbeforetypeoflaw.Edition20,underComaromi'sguidance,
putinplacetheDivisionpolicyofassigningintheclassificationlegalmaterials,boththeBritishfirstchoice(whichtheBritishNationalBibliographyuses)andthe
Americansecondchoice.TheAmericanfirstchoicewasneverhonored.
Severalsignificantchangeswithinthedivision340werenotjustlocalineffect.Proceduralrightshavebeenmovedfrom323.422(Specificcivilrightslimitationand
suspensionofcivilrights)tothespecificsubjectinlawinthissection.ThelawofspecificSocioeconomicregions(340.0917)hasbeenchangedtothevariousregions
(thenthesubject)fromthesubject(thentheregion).AndMalpracticeinaspecificprofession(346.033)isnowfoundwiththeprofessionin342347.Finally,the
Instructionsfornumberbuildingweremovedfrom340(Law)to342347orBranchesoflawlaws(statutes),regulations,caseslawofspecificjurisdictions,areas,
socioeconomicregions.
Otherchangesfollow:
340.524
Lawoftraditionalsocietiesinthemodernworld(340.52094.52099)isnow
consolidatedherethrough340.529.
340.59
Sharia(297.14)isnowfoundherewithfiqhunderIslamiclaw.
341.66026
TheTextoftreatieslimitedtoterminationofwar(341.026)wasmovedhereunder
Treatiesandcases.
341.751
Counterfeiting,forgery,alteration(Internationalfinanciallaw)wasmovedherefrom
341.7519.
Page100
342.0412
Annexationofterritory(342.0413)isnowfoundhereunderConductofrelationswith
foreigngovernments.
342.0664
Provisionalcourts(342.062)arenowfoundhereunderAdministrativecourtsand
regulatoryagencies.
342.068
Impeachment(351.993)hasbeenmovedhereunderOfficialsandemployees.
342.07
Electionprocedures(342.075)arenowfoundhereunderElectionlaw.
342.1
Socioeconomicregions(342.00917)andspecificsubjectsinthem(342.02.09)are
nowconsolidatedhere.
343.05242
WagesandsalariesnowincludesSocialsecuritytaxes(344.02).
343.077
Comprehensiveworksonmining(343.0775)havebeenmovedhereunderMineral
industries.
343.1
Socioeconomicregions(343.00917)andspecificsubjectsinthem(343.01.09)have
beencombinedhere.
344.0411
Medicalmalpractice(346.0332)isnowfoundhere.
344.04633
Pollutionofspecificenvironmentsbyspecificpollutants(344.04634)isnowmergedhere
underPollutants.
344.046336
Acidrain(344.04634)hasbeenmovedhere.
344.047
Comprehensiveworksonpublicsafety(344.05)wereconsolidatedhereunderSafety.
344.078
Academicfreedom(342.0853)isnowlocatedhereunderTeachersandteaching.
344.0791
Programsforexceptionalstudents(344.0769)isnowlocatedhereunderEducationof
studentsbelongingtospecificgroups.
344.099
Comprehensiveworksongambling(344.0542)arenowfoundhereunder
Amusements.
344.1
nowcombinedhere.
345.1
346.0166
Maritalproperty(346.04)isnowfoundhereunderDivorce,annulment,separation.
346.042
Jointtenancy(346.0432)hasbeenmergedhereunderKindsofinterestinproperty.
346.1
Socioeconomicregions(346.00917)andSpecificsubjectsinthem(346.01.09)are
Page101
347.1
348.1
349.1
Lawofsocioeconomicregions(340.0917)isnowfoundhere.
TherewerefewchangesinPublicadministration(351354)inEdition20however,thereisnosimilaritytothedivisioninEditions20and21.Thescheduleis
completelynewwithnumbersreusedfordifferentpurposes.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
350
350
Publicadministrationandmilitaryscience
351
Ofcentralgovernments
351
352
Oflocalgovernments
352
Generalconsiderationsofpublic
administration
353
OfU.S.federalandstate
governments
353
Specificfieldsofpublicadministration
354
Ofspecificcentralgovernments
354
Publicadministrationofeconomyand
environment
ThefocushasmovedfromtheemphasisfirstonwhichgovernmenttothetopicsunderPublicadministration,orfromplacetowhat.Thischangeinfocushasresulted
inthereductionofthe''UnitedStatesbias''inwhichthiscountry'sgovernmentswereinacompletelyseparatesection(353).Itisnowasubdivisionofoneofthe
sections,justlikeNewZealand.
Asindicatedabove,therevisionsaresoextensivethatTablesweredevelopedtoguidethelibrariansusingtheSchedulessoitisnotusefultorepeatthemhere.Afew
itemsweremovedcompletelyoutofPublicadministration,andthesearelistedatthebeginningof350.ThatleavesjustthosetopicsthatweremovedintoPublic
administrationtobelistedbelow.
Otherchangesfollow:
352.112
ManagementoftheLeagueofNationswasmovedherefrom341.22068and341.223.
352.113
TheSecretariat(341.2324)andManagement(341.233)oftheUnitedNationsarenow
consolidatedhere.
352.6211
Internationalpersonneladministration(341.22.24)isnowconsolidatedhere.
352.748
Publicrelations(659.2935)isnowfoundhereunderPublicityactivities.
353.15
Colonialadministration(325.31)wasmovedhereunderAdministrationofnonself
governingterritories.
Page102
353.824
Financialadministrationofagenciessupportingpubliceducation(379.11)isnowfound
hereunderFinancialadministrationofpubliceducation.
353.88284
Governmentcommissionsonstandardsandaccreditationinhighereducation(379.158)
wasmovedhereunderHighereducation.
TherehavebeensignificantrevisionstoMilitarysciencealso.
358
Summary(DDC20)
Otherspecializedforcesandservices 358
Summary(DDC21)
Airandotherspecializedandservices
forcesandwarfareengineeringandrelated
services
Likeitsciviliancounterpart,Militaryadministration(355.6)hasbeenrevisedandexpanded.Thetableforsections356359alsohasbeenchangedwithadministration
(6)nowincludingAdministrationofspecifickindsofequipmentandsuppliesandSupplyandequipmentmanagement(previously8and8068).
Standardsubdivisionsofweaponsweremovedto355.801.805from355.8201.8205underMilitaryscience,andto359.801.805from359.8201.8205in
Navalforces.
Otherchangesfollow:
355.07
ResearchinMilitaryscience(355.0072)andcomprehensiveworksonmilitaryaspects
ofresearchanddevelopmentofweapons(355.82)weremovedhere.
355.12068
Housingadministration(355.67)wasmovedhere.
355.342
Publicrelations(659.29355)wasconsolidatedhere.
355.43
StandardsubdivisionsofNuclearoperationsweremovedfrom355.43001.43009to
355.4301.4309.
355.52
Maneuversinvolvingcivilpopulations(355.58)wasmergedherewithManeuvers.
355.6091
Treatmentbyareas,regions,placesingeneralofMilitaryadministrationisanew
number.
355.614
Jobdescriptionsformilitarypersonnelisanewnumber.
355.619
Civilianworkersisanewnumber.
355.621
SupplyadministrationnowincludesAdministrationofspecifickindsofequipmentand
supplies(355.8),Supplymanagement(355.8068),andSupplymanagementofweapons
(355.82068).
355.6212
Contracts(355.6211)isnowfoundherewithProcurement.
355.62132
Inventorycontrolisanewnumber.
355.62137
Surplussuppliesandtheirdisposalisanewnumber.
Page103
355.68
Executivemanagementisanewnumber.
355.685
Inspection(355.63)hasbeenmovedhereunderExecutivemanagement.
355.8
Comprehensiveworksonordnance(355.82)wererelocatedhereunderMilitary
equipmentandsupplies(Matriel)Weapons(Ordnance).
355.806
Organizationsrelatingtoweapons(355.8206)isnowlocatedhere.
355.807
Educationandrelatedtopicsonweapons(355.8207)wasmovedhere.
356.11
Generaltopicsofinfantry(356.18)isnowlocatedhere.
356.16
Motorizedinfantry(356.11)hasbeenmovedhereunderTroopshavingspecialcombat
functions.
357.185
Cavalrytraining(357.2)wasconsolidatedhere.
357.5
Generaltopicsofmechanizedcavalry(357.58)wasshiftedhereunderMechanized
cavalry.
358.407
Airforceresearch(358.40072)isnowfoundhere.
359.07
Navalforcesresearch(359.0072)andcomprehensiveworksonnavalaspectsof
researchanddevelopmentofweapons(359.82)weremergedhere.
359.621
NavaladministrationnowincludesAdministrationofspecifickindsofequipmentand
supplies(359.8)andSupplymanagement(359.8068).
359.8
ComprehensiveworksonNavalordnance(359.82)arenowfoundhereunderNaval
equipmentandsupplies(Navalmatriel)NavalWeapons(Navalordnance).
The360divisionwaspinpointedbyaComaromisurveyasfourthamongthe300classneedingrevisions.Thewordassociationinthecaptionseemstopuzzleusers,
althoughitisignoranceofthepastthatleadstothepuzzlement.Whenonejoinsagroupthathasapurposeofsomesort,onehasassociatedhimselforherselfwithit.
Theassociationisvolitional,whichiswhysuchgroupsdonotfallin301307.
Manypeoplerefertothe360sasbeingappliedsociology,whichisamisnomer.Sociologycannotbeappliedanymorethaneconomics,politicalscience,orthelaw
can.Instead,exceptforassociations,thisdivisiontreatsendemicandpeculiarsocialproblems.
AlthoughthechangesintheSummarieswereminor,reallyjustashiftinawordortwo,thereweremanyrevisionshiddenbeneath.Insurance(368)underwentan
extensiveanalysisandchangetobringituptodate.Specificsocialproblemsandservicesin362363haveanupdatedAddTable,andthereisanewTablefor
servicestopatientsforspecificconditions(362.196.198).StandardsubdivisionsofOffensesagainstpublichealth,safetyandorderweremovedfrom362.1400to
364.140.
Page104
Otherchangesfollow:
361.06
Counseling(361.323)isnowfoundherewithguidance.
362
Comprehensiveworksonyoungmenandwomen(362.7083)arenowfoundhereunder
Socialwelfareproblemsandservices.
362.58
Interdisciplinaryworksonlegalaid(347.017)arenowfoundhereunderRemedial
measures,services,formsofassistance.
362.7
Classesofyoungpeople(362.79)havebeenshiftedhereunderProblemsofand
servicestoyoungpeople.
362.7083
Worksonyoungpeopletwelvetoseventeen(362.796)havebeenmovedhere.
362.708691
Immigrants(362.799)arenowfoundhereunderPersonswithstatusdefinedbychanges
inresidence.
362.7089
Youngpeopletwelvetoseventeen(362.796)andRacial,ethnic,nationalgroups
(362.797)areconsolidatedhere.
362.709
UrbanandRuralyouth(both362.799)arenowfoundat362.7091732(Urban)and
362.7091734(Rural).
363.1257
Schooltrafficsafetyprograms(371.7752)isnowincludedhereunderMeasuresto
prevent,protectagainst,limiteffectsofproblems.
363.147
Schoolathleticsafetyprograms(371.7754)isnowincludedhereunderMeasuresto
prevent,protectagainst,limiteffectsofproblems.
363.2068
Managementofpoliceservices(351.74)isnowfoundhere.
363.379
Firesafetyprogramsinschools(371.774)hasmovedhereunderFirehazardsinspecific
situations.
363.92
PopulationqualitynowincludesEugenicmeasurestocontrolpopulation(363.98).
366.1082
WomeninFreemasonry(366.18)isnowconsolidatedhere.
366.1083
YoungpeopleofFreemasonrynowincludestheOrderofDeMolayforBoys(366.17),
foundat366.108351,andbothInternationalOrderofJob'sDaughtersandInternational
OrderoftheRainbowforGirls(366.18)at366.108352.
368.094
Comprehensiveworksonbusinessinsurance(368.81)havebeenconsolidatedhere
underBusinessinsurance.
Thestructureofthe370sissopoorthatacompleterecastingofthedivisionwasdoneearlyinthedevelopmentofEdition20butshelvedforavarietyofreasons.This
driveforrenewingEducationwasresurrectedinthisedition,andmuch
Page105
ofitwasrevised,especially370.1,370.7,375377,and378.14.19.Majorchangesincludetherelocationof376(Educationofwomen)and377(Religious
schools)tosubdivisionsunder371.
Severalchangesinvolvescatteringaspectsundersubjectsthatwerepreviouslysituatedinoneplace.OnesuchtopicisInstructionalfacilitiesforteachingspecific
subjects(371.6234)Curriculaandcoursesinbibliography,libraryandinformationsciences,andencyclopedias(375.01.03)havebeenshiftedtospecificsubjectsin
010039andnotation071fromTable1added.Curriculaandcoursesinknowledge,systemsstudy,dataprocessing,andcomputerscience(375.04)havebeen
shiftedto001006andnotation071fromTable1added.Curriculaandcoursesofstudyinotherspecificsubjects(375.05.99)havebeenshiftedto050999and
notation071fromTable1added.TheSummariesillustratemanyofthesechanges.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
371
Schoolmanagementspecial
education
371
Schoolsandtheiractivitiesspecial
educationspecialeducation
376
Educationofwomen
376
Unused
377
Schoolsandreligion
377
Unused
379
Governmentregular,control,support
379
Publicpolicyissuesineducation
Althoughallchangesin370appearintheComparativeandEquivalenceTablesinVolume1,somearelistedbelow.
371.042
Homeschoolsandhomeschooling(649.68)arenowlocatedhere.
371.07
Religiousschools(377)havemovedhere.
371.223
Veterans'educationbenefits(362.8682)havebeenconsolidatedhereunder
Scholarshipsandfellowships.
371.30281
Techniquesforparents(649.68)hasmovedhereunderTechniquesofstudy.
371.822
Educationofwomen(376)isnowfoundhere.
372.4
Readinginstructioninhomeschools(649.58)hasbeenmergedhereunderReading.
378.32
Veterans'highereducationbenefits(362.8682)isnowintegratedhereunderStudent
aid.
TheSummaryof380showsnochangefromEdition20,andindeedtherearefewmodificationstothedivision,withjustfivelistedbelow.
382.17
Relationofmonetaryconditionstoworldtrade(382.174)hasbeenshiftedhereunder
Balanceofpayments.
Page106
384
Interdisciplinaryworksontelecommunication(004.6)wasconsolidatedhere.
384.554
Public(noncommercial)television(384.55065)hasbeenmovedhereunderGeneral
broadcasting(Freetelevision).
388.322
Comprehensiveworksonpassengerbusservices(388.3222)arenowfoundhereunder
Busservices.
389.109
Historical,geographic,personstreatmentofMetrology(389.15)wasmovedhere.
TheSummaryagainwouldindicatelittlechangein390(Customs,etiquette,folklore)however,itisdeceivingfortherehavebeenquiteafewchanges,especially
Holidays(394.26).IfCuster'sbattleovermovingFolkliteraturetootherliteraturesfailed,asmallskirmishwaswonherewithmanyrevisionswithinFolkliterature
(398.2).AnewAddTablehasbeendeveloped.TreatmentbyspecificlocationsandTalesfromspecificlocalities(398.21.27)havebeenmovedto398.2093
.2099.Otherchangesfoundinthetableinclude:Forecastingandforecasts(01)movedto001Statisticsandillustrations(02)movedto002serialpublications(05)
movedto005andMuseums(07)movedto007.
390.0846
PersonsinlateadulthoodofCustoms,etiquette,folklore(392.9)arenowlocatedhere.
394.26
Specifickindsofholidays(394.268),Seasonalholidays(394.2683),andPatriotic
holidays(394.2684)arenowconsolidatedhere.SpecificPatrioticholidays(394.2684)
andSeasonalholidays(394.2683)arefoundin394.261.264.
394.265
Religiousholidays(394.2682)arenowfoundhere.
394.266
Christianholidays(394.26828)havebeenmovedhere.
394.267
Jewishholidays(394.268296)havebeenmovedhere.
398
Specialtopicsunderfolklore(398.04)arenowfoundhere.
398.09
Historyandcriticismoffolklore(398.042)havebeenconsolidatedhereunderHistorical,
geographic,personstreatment.
398.2
Comprehensiveworksonfairytales(talesofparanaturalbeings)(398.21)arenow
foundunderFolkliterature.
398.21
Witches(398.22)arenowfoundhereunderTalesandloreofparanaturalbeingsof
humanandsemihumanform.
398.27
Comprehensiveworksonhistoricalandquasihistoricalevents(398.22)arenowfound
hereunderTalesandloreofeverydayhumanlife.
Page107
Herearetwelveexamplesofbookswrittenaboutsubjectsfoundinthe300class.Fromthesummaries,developclassificationsforeach.Then,checkthemagainstthe
answersfoundin"AnswerstotheExercises"intheappendix.
1.AworkstudyingtheeffectthatautomobileshavehadonAmericanculture.
2.Aworkontheslavetradeandslaveshipsintheseventeenthcentury.
3.Aguidetofinancialplanning.
4.Aworkoninterracialconflicts,suchasBlackKorean,inAmericansociety.
5.AworkonthewealthyinAmerica.
6.Aworkonsociety'sattitudeandresponsetoaccusationsofrapeinAmericansociety.
7.AworkonthepoweroftheformerSovietUnion'sspyagency,theKGB,inmodernRussia.
8.AworkontheevolutionofChinesecultureinthetwentiethcenturyasseenbyayoungChinesewoman,includingreflectionsonhergreataunt.
9.AworkontheseniorstaffattheU.S.DepartmentofJusticeheadquartersinWashington,D.C.
10.AworkbyanFBIagentwhostudiesserialkillers.
11.Aworkaboutfourmenwhoavengetheirabusiveimprisonmentaschildren.
12.Aworkonusingelectronicresourcesforresearchingacademicpapers.
LiteratureCited
Comaromi,JohnP.1977.DecimalClassificationEditorialPolicyCommitteereport.LibraryResources&TechnicalServices21(1):94.
.1976.TheeighteeneditionsoftheDeweyDecimalClassification.Albany,NY:ForestPressDivision,LakePlacidEducationFoundation.
Page109
9
Class400
Language
Introduction
JohnPhillipComaromi,amongothers,longfeltthatfundamentalchangesinthewaythatDDCviewslanguageshouldbereviewed.Aproposalwasforwardedtothe
editorfromanEditorialPolicyCommitteemembertoexpandGrammar(5)agreatdeal.Moreover,Comaromihadlongfeltthatthecompositionofalanguage,up
tothestageatwhichthecompositionmovesintotheliterary(808),belongedintheusageofaparticularlanguage.Indeed,theunderlyingstructureofDDCwith
languagesandliteratureseparatedbyachasmofscience,technology,andtheartscontinuestoperplexmany.
400
Language
410
Linguistics
420
430
Germanic(Teutonic)languagesGerman
440
RomancelanguagesFrench
450
Italian,Sardinian,Dalmatian,Romanian,RhaetoRomaniclanguages
460
SpanishandPortugueselanguages
470
ItaliclanguagesLatin
480
HelleniclanguagesClassicalGreek
490
Otherlanguages
Division400:
Thefirstdivisionisusedonlyforstandardsubdivisions(401409)withthespecialtopics
bilingualismandmultilingualism(404.2).
Page110
Division410:
Theseconddivisionisusedforworksonthestructureofspokenandwrittenlanguagein
general.ThestructurehereisthesameasinTable4andisfollowedbyallofthe
succeedinglanguages:writingsystems(1inTable4,411intheSchedules)etymology
(2,412)dictionaries(3,413)phonologyandphonetics(15,414)grammar(
5,415)slang,jargon,andthehistoryorevolutionoflanguage(7,417)standard
usageoflanguage(8,418)andthelastsectionislanguageotherthanthatspokenand
written,suchasfingerspelling(419),whichisnotduplicatedinthedivisionsforspecific
languages.
Divisions420
480:
Therestofthedivisionsareforspecificlanguages,eachofwhichisbasicallyorganized
asisthe410division.TheseareEnglishandOldEnglish(420)Germaniclanguages
(430)French,Provenal,FrancoProvenal,andCatalan(440)Italian,SardinLan,
Dalmatian,Romanian,andRhaetoRomanianlanguages(450)SpanishandPortuguese
(460)LatinandItalic(470)andGreek(480).
Division490:
Thelastdivisionencompassesallotherlanguages,whichareEastIndoEuropeanand
Celticlanguages(491)AfroAsiaticandSemiticlanguages(492)nonSemiticAfro
Asiaticlanguages(493),Altaic,Uralic,Hyperborean,Dravidianlanguages(494),
languagesofeastandsoutheastAsia,SinoTibetanlanguages(495),Africanlanguages
(496),NorthAmericannativelanguages(497),SouthAmericannativelanguages(498),
andNonAustronesianlanguagesofOceania,Austronesianlanguages,Esperantoand
Interlingua(499).
Example1.AworkonEnglishtouseinthebusinessworld.
TheoutlineaboveandRelativeIndexindicatethatEnglishisfoundin420.Reviewingthesections,wefindthefollowing:
421
Writingsystem,phonology,phoneticsofstandardEnglish
422423
EtymologyanddictionariesofstandardEnglish
425
GrammarofstandardEnglish
427
Historicalandgeographicvariations,modernnongeographicvariations
428
StandardEnglishusage(Prescriptivelinguistics)Appliedlinguistics
429
OldEnglish(AngloSaxon)
BecausethisworkisabouttheuseofEnglish,thecorrectnotationforthisworkwouldbethatforStandardEnglishusage.
Page111
428
Lookingfurtherunder428,wefindthefollowing:
Numberbuiltaccordingtoinstructionsunder420.1428.
Lookingunder420.1428,wefindthefollowing:
Exceptformodificationsshownunderspecificentries,addtobasenumber42notation018fromTable4...
Referringto8inTable4,wefindthefollowing:
8
Standardusageofthelanguage(Prescriptivelinguistics)Appliedlinguistics
81
Words
82
Structuralapproachtoexpression
83
Audiolingualapproachtoexpression
84
Reading
86
Readers
Meaning,pronunciation,spelling
Formal...presentationofgrammar,vocabulary...
BecausethisworkconcernstheproperuseofEnglish,theappropriatenotationshouldbe82,which,accordingtotheinstructionsabove,isaddedto42togetthe
following:
428.2
Thenextstepistobringintheaspectofbusiness.TodothiswegotoTable1(StandardSubdivisions),wherewefindthefollowing:
024
Thesubjectforpersonsinspecificoccupations
024090249
Specificoccupations
Obviously,thisworkaddressestheneedsofofficeworkers,bothclericalandmanagerial.IntheTablewefindthefollowing:
65
Personsoccupiedwithmanagerialservices
Takingour428.2,weadd024then,asinstructed,weaddthe65.
428.202465GrammarforBusiness
Example2.AworkcontainingtestquestionsonEnglishasasecondlanguage.
WelookoncemoreatEnglish.Referringtotheinstructionsfor420.1428,weturnimmediatelytoTable4.Again,82istheappropriatenotationbecauseitisa
"formal...presentationofgrammar,vocabulary...."
Page112
428.2
Lookingmorecloselyunder82,wefindthefollowing:
824
StructuralapproachtoexpressionforthosewhosenativeLanguageisdifferent...
Thisisobviouslythecaseinthisclassification,soweadd4toournumber.
428.24
Nowwehavenotationsforthelanguage(English,42)andtheaspectoflearningthelanguagebyanonEnglishspeakingperson(824).Thenextstepistoaddthe
aspectoftestquestions.ThiswouldbeaStandardsubdivision,soitisbacktoTable1.WebeginbylookingattheSummarytoleadus:
01
Philosophyandtheory
02
Miscellany
03
04
Specialtopics
05
Serialpublications
06
07
08
09
ThisworkisonlearningEnglish,sotheobviouschoiceis07.
428.2407
Wearegettingthere,butthisworkisactuallyontestsforEnglishasasecondlanguage.WhenwelookattheSummaryfor07,wefindthefollowing:
0710709
071
Education
072
Researchstatisticalmethods
074
Museums,collections,exhibits
075
MuseumactivitiesandservicesCollecting
076
Reviewandexercise
077
Programmedtexts
078
Useofapparatusandequipmentinstudyandteaching
079
Competitions,festivals,awards,financialsupport
Geographictreatment
Theobviouschoiceis076,soweadd6toournumber.
428.24076BreakingtheTOEFLBarrier
DDC21Revisions
AftertheextensiverevisionsinEdition20,Languagehaslainfallowthroughthisedition,forthemostpart.Class400anditsassociatedTable(4)haveveryfew
changes.
Page113
Changesfollow:
407.8
Languagelaboratories(371.6234)havebeenmovedhere.
410.151
Mathematicallinguistics(401.51)isnowfoundhereunderMathematicalprinciples.
410.285
Computationallinguistics(402.85)hasbeenrelocatedhereunderDataprocessing
Computerapplications.
419
Instructioninfingerspelling(371.9127)isnowconsolidatedhereunderStructured
verballanguageotherthanspokenandwritten.
419.071
Instructioninsignlanguages(371.9127)hasbeenconsolidatedhere.
439
ComprehensiveworksonOldLowGermaniclanguages(439.1)arenowfoundhere
underOtherGermanic(Teutonic)languages.
439.1
Yiddish(437.947)hasbeenmovedhereunderOtherGermanic(Teutonic)languages.
439.2
OldFrisian(439.1)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderFrisian.
439.31
OldLowFranconian(439.1)hasbeenmergedhereunderDutch.
439.4
OldLowGermanandOldSaxon(439.1)arenowcombinedhereunderLowGerman
(Plattdeutsch).
449
Langued'oc(447.8)wasconsolidatedhereunderProvenal(Langued'oc),Franco
Provenal,Catalan.
491.49
Nuristani(Kafiri)(491.499)isnowfoundhereunderOtherIndoAryan(Indic)
languages.
491.497
Romany(491.499)isnowfoundhere.
491.56
Dad(491.55)hasbeenmovedhere.
491.57
Tajik(491.59)hasbeenrelocatedhere.
491.59
Pamirlanguages(491.593)arenowlocatedhereunderOthermodernIranian
languages.
491.867
Moraviandialects(491.87)arenowfoundhereundervariationsofCzech.
492.79
Maltese(492.77)wasmovedhere.
492.8
Argobba(492.877)isnowlocatedhereunderEthiopianlanguages.
495.1
Beijingdialect(495.17)hasbeenmovedhereunderChinese.
Page114
495.4
Himalayanlanguages,otherthanKiranti(495.49),arenowlocatedhereunderTibeto
BurmanlanguagesTibetan.
Hereareeightexamplesofbookswrittenaboutsubjectsfoundinthe400class.Fromthesummaries,developclassificationsforeach.Then,checkthemagainstthe
classnumbersfoundin''AnswerstotheExercises''intheappendix.
1.AworkonthePortugueselanguageforEnglishspeakingpeople.
2.AworkonlearningRussian.
3.AworkonteachingyourselfSwahili.
4.AdictionaryofpronunciationsofEnglishlanguagenames.
5.AworkonpronunciationofAmericanEnglish.
6.Adictionaryofacronyms,initialisms,andabbreviationsintheEnglishlanguage.
7.AFrenchEnglishdictionary.
8.ARussianEnglishdictionary.
Page115
10
Class500
NaturalSciencesandMathematics
Introduction
Thewordsciencecontainstherootofthewordthatmeans"toknow."KnowinggoesonthroughouttheScheduleshowever,thewaysofknowingdifferfrommode
tomode,fromreasontoimaginationtomemory.The500classisnothingbutacollectionoftopicsthatWesterncivilizationhasdecidedtocall"science."Theeditors
havecorrectlysaidthatmathematicsshouldnotbeapartof500,thusitwasrenamedNaturalSciencesandMathematicsinEdition20.
ThelinearstructureofthenaturalsciencesintheDDCreflectsthenatureoftheuniverse(fromthebroadestscale)tothenatureofmatteratthemolecularlevel,which
wasthesmallestknownlevelin1876thenatureoforganiclifeatitsearliestlevelontheplanet(paleontologyandpaleozoologyin560)toitsmostrecentandmost
highlydevelopedlevelinthe590s.
Criticismsofthelifesciencedivisionshavelongbeenheard.Morethanthirtyyearsago,weweretold:
ThesciencesectionsintheDeweyClassification...withtheemphasisonpaleontology,fitAmericanscienceinthelater19thcenturylikeashoe.
Unfortunately,thecreaturewearingtheshoeturnedouttobeamillipedeasituationwithwhichDewey'ssuccessorswereneverabletocope(Richmond
1963,399).
500
Naturalsciencesandmathematics
510
Mathematics
520
Astronomyandalliedsciences
530
Physics
540
Chemistryandalliedsciences
550
Earthsciences
Page116
560
Paleontology
Paleozoology
570
Lifesciences
Biology
580
Plants
590
Animals
Division500:
Thefirstdivisionisusedforgeneralphysical(500.2)andspacesciences(500.5),and
naturalhistory(508).Thestandardsubdivisionsarealsofoundhere(501507,509),but
Historyanddescriptionwithrespecttokindsofpersonsisseparatedfromtherest
(500.8).
Division510:
Mathematicsisfoundinthisdivisionbeginningwithinductiveanddeductivemathematics,
machinetheoryandsimilaraspects,graphs,combinatorialanalysis,andmathematical
modelsinthefirstsection(511)followedbynumbertheoriesandalgebra(512)
arithmetic(513)topology(514)calculusandothernumericalanalysis(515)geometry
(516)andthelastsectionisforprobabilities(519.2)generalgametheorythatisnot
associatedwithaspecificapplication(519.3)theapplicationofnumericalanalysis
(519.4)samplingandstatistics(519.5)programming(519.7)queuingandother
applicationsofmathematics(519.8).
Division520:
Astronomyislocatedinthisdivisioninthesections521through525.Gravitation,orbits,
andsimilartopicsareinthefirstsection(521)andarefollowedbyfeaturesusuallyfound
inthestandardsubdivisionnotation028,whicharetechniques,procedures,apparatus,
equipment,andmaterials(inthiscase,observatories,telescopes,andsimilar
instruments).Thenextsectionisusedfortheuniverse,galaxies,andquasars(523.1)the
solarsystem(523.2)ourMoon(523.3)theplanetsinoursolarsystem(523.4)
meteorsandsolarwind(523.5)comets(523.6)oursun(523.7)stars(523.8)and
naturalsatellitesofotherplanets(523.9).Thenintheusualegocentricway,ourhome,
theEarth,isfoundinitsownsection(525).Thenextsectionisusedforcartography,
surveying,geodeticsurveying,andgeographicalpositions(526).Thenlocating,bothin
timeandplace,withcelestialnavigation(527),astronomicalandnauticalalmanacs(528),
andcalendars(529)endsthedivision.
Division530:
Thisdivisionisreservedforphysics,andthefirstsectioncontainsthestandard
subdivisions(530.01.09)plusgeneralaspectsofphysicsincludingrelativity,quantum,
andothertheories(530.1)solid,liquid,gaseousstatesofmatteringeneral(530.4)
instruments(530.7)andmeasurement(530.8).Thenextthreesectionsareusedfor
moredetailedworksonthestatesofmatter,whicharedynamics,massandgravityof
matter,aspectsofsolidstates,aswellasenergyingeneral(531)fluidsandtheir
properties(532)andthepropertiesofgases(533).Thenextsectionsarefor
Page117
specificformsofenergy,whichincludesound(534)light(535)heat(536)electricity
(537)magnetism(538)andthelastsectionisreservedforwhatiscalled"modern
physics,"whichreferstothestructureofmatter(539.1)radiation(539.2)atomsand
molecules(539.6)andatomicandnuclearphysics(539.7).
Division540:
Thissectionisusedforchemistry(541547),crystallography(548),andmineralogy
(549).Generaltopicsofchemistryareinthefirstsection,whicharethestandard
subdivisions(540.1.9),andlikeastronomy,chemistrybeginswithgeneralaspects,
whicharephysicalandtheoreticalchemistry(541),thencontinuesontothefeaturesof
Table1(028),techniques,procedures,apparatus,equipment,materials(542).
Specificbranchesofchemistryfollow:analyticalchemistry(543)qualitativeanalysis
(544)quantitativeanalysis(545)inorganicchemistry,whichencompassesspecific
elementsandcompounds(546)endingthechemistrysectionswithspecificelementsand
compoundsoforganicchemistry(547).
Division550:
Thedivisionisreservedfortheearthsciencesofgeology,hydrology,andmeteorology
(551),petrology(552),andgeologicmaterialswitheconomicvalue(553).Therestof
thedivision(554559)isusedforgeographiclocationsoftheearthsciences.
Division560:
Theseventhdivisionisusedforwhateuphemisticallycouldbecalledthe"oldlife"
sciencesofpaleontologyandpaleozoology,whichleadtothelifesciencesinthenext
division.Thefirstsectionhasthestandardsubdivisions(560.1.9),andstratigraphic
paleontology(560.17)andpaleoecology(560.45).Paleobotanyandfossil
microorganismsareinthenextsection(561),thenfossilinvertebrates(562)followedby
variousfossilmarineandseashoreinvertebrates(563)fossilmollusks(564)fossil
arthropoda(565)fossilchordates(566)andcontinuingtomoveuptheevolutionary
chainwefindfossilcoldbloodedvertebratesandfishes(567)fossilbirds(568)and
lastlyfossilmammals(569).Prehistoricmanisfoundattheendofthedivision(569.9).
Division570:
Thisdivisionisusedforthelifescienceswiththestandardsubdivisionsinthefirstsection
(570.1.9)andmicroscopy(570.282)underMiscellany.Sections571575areinternal
biologicalprocessesandstructures,withthefirsttwosectionscontainingprocesses
commontoallorganisms,whicharephysiology,diseases,reproduction,pathology
(571),andbiochemistry(572).Nextarespecificsystemsofanimalsandphysiology
(573)andthespecificpartsandsystemsofplants(575).Therestofthedivisionisfor
moregeneralaspectssuchasgeneticsandevolution(576)ecology(577)and
adaptation,harmfulorrareorganisms,andorganismsofspecificenvironments(578).
Thenextsectionbeginswiththosedevotedtothenaturalhistoryofspecificorganisms,
thefirstofwhicharemicroorganisms,fungi,andalgae(579),whichbridgeintothelast
divisions.
Page118
Division580:
Thisdivisionisusedforbooksonthestudyofplantswithstandardsubdivisionsinthe
firstsection(580.1.9),andgenetics,evolution,adaptation,andplantecologyinthenext
section(581),whichendswiththegeographictreatment(581.9)inthesecondsection.
Nextareherbaceousandwoodyplantsnotedfortheirflowers(582)followedby
floweringplants(583584)conifers(585)seedlessplants(586)vascularseedless
plants(587)andmossesandliverworts(588)concludingthedivision.
Division590:
Thelastdivisionoftheclassisusedforanimalsandisarrangedlikethedivisionabove.
Standardsubdivisions(590.1.9)arefirstfollowedbygenetics,evolutionandtheyoung
ofanimals(591.3)adaptation(591.4)behavior(591.5)beneficial,harmful,rare,and
endangeredanimals(591.6),animalecology(591.7),andthefamiliargeographic
locationsofanimals(591.9).Specificgroupsofanimalsfinishtheclassbeginningwith
invertebratessuchasflatworms,roundworms,andothertypesofworms(592)salt
waterinvertebrates(593)mollusks(594)shrimps,mites,spiders,scorpions,
centipedes,insects,andotherarthropods(595)chordates(596)coldblooded
vertebratessuchasfish(597)birds(598)andmovinguptheevolutionarychainto
mammals(599),withhumansatthetop(599.9).
Example1.Aworkontheblizzardof1996inNewYorkState.
Agoodbeginningshowssnowclassedin551.5784intheRelativeIndex.CheckingtheSchedules,wefindthatMeteorologyis.5underEarthsciencesin551.
.578409
Historicalandpersonstreatment
.57841.57843
Properties,geographicdistribution,variationsovertime
.57846
Snowcover
.578464
Ablation
.57847
Snowformations
.57848
Avalanches
Notations.57841.57843maybeapossibility.Lookingtherewefindthefollowing:
Addtobasenumber551.5784thenumbersfollowing551.577in551.5771551.5773...
Turningto551.577,ourchoicesareasfollows:
Properties
.5572
Geographicdistributionofprecipitation
.5573
Variationsovertime
.5571
Page119
Noneofthesequitefitwhattheworkisabout,whichissnowstorms.GoingbacktotheRelativeIndex,wefindStorms:
Storms
551.55
meteorology
551.55
socialservices
363.3492
weatherforecasting
551.645
weathermodification
551.685
Itlookslikethenextstopinourvoyageofdiscoveryis551.55.Althoughtheotheraspectswereprobablyinvolvedduringthestorm,thestormitselfisthetopicofthis
work.
.55
Atmosphericdisturbancesandformations
.551
Atmosphericformations
.552
Hurricanes
.553
Tornadoes
.554
Thermalconvectivestorms
.555
Snowstorms
.559
Otherstorms
Includingbuzzards
Includingdustandicestorms
Allofthesecategoriesinvolveunpleasantexperiences,butat.555wefindblizzardsundersnowstorms.
551.555
Wenowhavethenotationfortheeventandonlyneedtoaddthelocationandtimeperiod.Lookingunder551.555wefindnonotationpeculiaritiesindicated,sowe
returnto551.55andfindthefollowing:
Standardsubdivisionsareaddedforatmosphericdisturbancesandformationstogether,foratmosphericdisturbancesatone
ObviouslyournextstopisTable1(StandardSubdivisions).WefindintheSummaryfor09Historical,geographic,personstreatment:
09010905
Historicalperiods
...Classhistoricalperiodsinspecificareas,regions,placesingeneralin091crass
historicalperiodsinspecificcontinents,countries,localitiesin093099crass
comprehensiveworksin09
Theseinstructionssolvedtheproblemofchronology,sowegodirectlyto093099,wherewefind:
Page120
551.55509
Table2indicatesthatNewYorkStateisfoundat747.
551.55509747Blizzardof'96,January68,1996
Example2.AworkontheecologyofrainforestsinSouthAmerica.
IntheRelativeIndex,wefindthefollowingunderRainforests:
Rainforests
333.75
biology
578.734
ecology
577.34
Theobviousnumberis577.34.
577.34
CheckingtheSchedules,wefinda"dagger"referencebeforeRainforestecology,withthereferenceatthebottomofthepage:
**Addasinstructedunder577.3577.6
Theinstructionsgiventhereare:
>577.3577.6Ecologyofspecificnonmarineenvironments
Addtoeachsubdivisionidentifiedby**thenumbersfollowing577in577.01577.2...
Nowturningback,wefindthattheseare:
.01.08
.09
.1
Specificecosystemprocesses
.2
Specificfactorsaffectingecology
Becausethereisnopeculiarityforthelocalenotation(suchasaspecificnumberrange)weturntothestandardsubdivisions.ThisisnotaspecificplaceinSouth
Americahowever,itisaspecificcontinent.Thus,weshouldaddto09thenumberfromTable2forSouthAmerica,whichis8.
577.34098TheLandandWildlifeofSouthAmerica
DDC21Revisions
NaturalsciencesandmathematicshavelongbeenthefocusofattentionbyboththeEditorialPolicyCommitteeandtheeditors.Thelastthreeeditionshaveseen
extensiverevisions,andtheseendeavorshavecontinuedinthisedition.TheSummaries,however,donotgivetherevisionsofthisclassjustice.
Page121
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
570
Lifesciences
570
LifesciencesBiology
580
Botanicalsciences
580
Plants
590
Zoologicalsciences
590
Animals
AddingBiologytoLifesciences,andthesyntaxchangefromtheformalscientifictermsBotanicalandZoologicalsciencestothemorecommonPlantsandAnimals,
seemstoindicatestabilityintheclass,buttherealityisfarfromtheappearance.LifesciencesBiology(570)isacompletelynewschedulethatreusesnumbersfor
differenttopics.Also,severalnewnumberswerewarrantedbytheadvancementofknowledge.Revisionsinthestandardsubdivisionsandnaturalhistory(501509)
werefew.
502.82
Simplemicroscopes(502.822)andUltramicroscopes(502.824)arenowfoundhere
underMicroscopy.
508.2
ThisisanewnumberforSeasons.
Mathematics(510)wascompletelyrevisedinEdition18,buttheresultwasnottotallysatisfactorytotheusers.Edition19includedexpansions,butagainitwasnot
foundacceptabletoallofthelibrariansusingDDC.Edition20hadsomeminorchangesthemosteffectiveweretherelocationsdecimalnumbering(to513.55)and
Businessarithmetic(to650.01513).AlthoughthedivisionSummariesdisplaynochanges,thiseditioncontainsmanyrelocations,reductions,andnewnumberswithin
thesectionsandsubdivisions.
511.52
Thisisanewnumberfortreegraphs.
512.5
Algebrasdefinedbydimensionofspaceandothergeometricalgebras(512.53)isnow
foundhereunderlinear,multilineal,multidimensionalalgebras.
513.12
SeparateandcombinedtreatmentofArithmeticandalgebra(513.122.123)havebeen
relocatedhereunderArithmeticandalgebra.
513.13
SeparateandcombinedtreatmentofArithmeticandgeometry(513.132.133)have
beenrelocatedhereunderArithmeticandgeometry.
513.14
SeparateandcombinedtreatmentofArithmetic,algebra,geometry(513.142.143)
havebeenrelocatedhereunderArithmetic,algebra,geometry.
514.3
Topologicalmanifolds(514.233)isnowconsolidatedhereunderTopologyofspaces.
514.74
Globalanalysisandcomprehensiveworksonglobalanalysis(515)arenowlocatedhere
underAnalytictopology.
Page122
514.742
ThisisanewnumberforFractals.
515
Numericalanalysiswasaddedtothisclass.
515.38
Mixedequations(512.942)weremovedhere.
515.9
Abstractpotentialtheory(515.7)isnowfoundhereunderFunctionsofcomplex
variables.
515.93
Riemannsurfaces(515.223)wasmovedhereunderFunctionsofonecomplexvariable.
515.94
Analyticspaces(GeneralizationofRiemannsurfacestondimensionalspaces)(515.223)
isnowfoundhereunderFunctionsofseveralcomplexvariables.
516
Constructivegeometry(516.13)isnowlocatedhere.
516.36
Localandintrinsicdifferentialgeometry(516.363)hasbeenmovedhereunder
Differentialandintegralgeometry.
519.2
Probabilitiesoverrings,algebras,andotheralgebraicstructures(519.26)hasbeen
movedhereunderProbabilities.
AlthoughAstronomyandalliedsciencesentailedsubstantialchangesinEdition20,therewerefewerandlesssubstantialmodificationsinEdition21.
520
Space(523.111)isnowclassedin520.
522.68
Radarastronomy(522.684)hasbeenshiftedhereunderNonopticalastronomy.
523.1126
Darkmatter(523.1125)isnowfoundhere.
523.80216
Starcatalogs(523.80212)wereshiftedhereunderLists,inventories,catalogs.
523.841
Astrometricbinaries(523.843)isnowfoundhereunderBinaryandmultiplestars.
526.9
Land(boundary)surveying(526.92)hasbeenmovedhereunderSurveying.
527
Directionandcourse(527.5)arenowlocatedhereunderCelestialnavigation.
TheheadingsforPhysics(530)aswellasChemistryandalliedsciences(540)areessentiallythesame,yettherehavebeenmanymodificationswithinthedivisions.
Manyhavebeenreductions,orthevacatingofnotationsforparticularsubjects,whichoftenhavetheconsequenceofthenumberbeingdiscontinued.Onesuch
example,Cavitation(533.295),underVortexmotionofgasdynamics,hasbeendiscontinuedbecausethereisnomeaninginthissetting.Butinadditiontoeliminating
notations,therehavebeenexpansions,suchasLuminescence(535.35).
Page123
530.11
Conservationofmassenergy(531.62)isnowlocatedhereunderRelativitytheory.
530.133
BoseEinsteinandFermiDiracstatistics(530.1332.1334)arenowfoundhereunder
Quantumstatistics.
530.1423
ThisisanewnumberforSupergravity.
530.444
Ionizationofgases(530.43)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderPlasmaphysics.
530.801
Measurementtheory(530.16)hasbeenshiftedhereunderPhilosophyandtheoryof
measurement.
530.81
Tabulatedandrelatedmaterials(530.8021and530.81021)areconsolidatedhereunder
Physicalunitsandconstants.
531.16
Statics(531.162)arenowfoundhereunderParticlemechanics.
531.55
Trajectories(531.31)wasmovedhereunderProjectiles.
532
Mass,density,specificgravity(532.04)isnowlocatedhereunderFluidmechanics
Liquidmechanics.
532.0595
Rotationalflow(532.052)isnowfoundhereunderVortexmotion.
532.595
RotationalflowunderHydrodynamics(532.51)hasbeenmergedhereunderVortex
motion.
532.597
Cavitation(532.0595and532.595)isnowconsolidatedhere.
533.295
Rotationalflow(533.21)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderVortexmotion.
534.3
Frequencyandpitch(534.32)arenowfoundhereunderCharacteristicsofsound.
535.32
Rectilinearpropagation(535.322)isnowlocatedhereunderGeometricaloptics.
535.352
Fluorescenceisanewnumber.
535.353
Phosphorescenceisanewnumber.
535.355
Photoluminescenceisanewnumber.
535.356
Thermoluminescenceisanewnumber.
535.357
Electroluminescenceisanewnumber.
535.52
Planeandrotarypolarization(535.523.524)arenowfoundhereunderPolarization.
536.3
Reflection,refraction,radiation,absorption(536.31.34)arenowlocatedhereunder
Radiation.
536.4
StandardsubdivisionsofEffectsofheatonmatterweremovedfrom.4001.4009
to.401.409.
Page124
536.44
Sublimation(536.445)isnowlocatedhereunderVaporizationandcondensation.
536.50287
Resistancethermometry(536.53)isnowfoundhereunderTestingandmeasurementof
temperature.
537.1
Corpusculartheory(537.14)isnowlocatedhereunderTheories.
537.12
Specificwavetheories(537.123.125)arenowfoundhereunderWavetheories.
537.24
Pyroelectricity(537.2442)isnowlocatedhereunderDielectrics.
537.53
Thermionicemission(537.533)isnowfoundhereunderDischargethroughrarefied
gasesandvacuums.
537.6
Directcurrents(537.61)arenowlocatedhereunderElectrodynamics(Electriccurrents)
andthermoelectricity.
538.727
Paleomagneticsurveys(538.78)havebeenmovedhereunderPaleomagnetism.
538.74
Pulsations(538.744)isnowfoundhereunderTransientmagnetism.
538.79
Observationsofmagneticfieldsofsolidearthatobservatories(538.72)hasbeen
consolidatedhereunderMagneticobservationsatobservatories.
539.736
ThisisanewnumberforSupercolliders.
539.76
Chainreactions(539.761)arenowlocatedhereunderHighenergyphysics.
541.224
Atomicbondsandinteratomicforces(541.244.246)arenowfoundhereunder
Chemicalbonds,valences,radicals.
541.24
Spatialatomicarrangements(541.243)arenowlocatedhereunderAtomicstructure.
542.1
Chemicallaboratories(371.6234)hasbeenmovedhere.
542.4
Blowpipes(542.5)arenowfoundhereunderHeatinganddistilling.
544.95
Refractometricandinterferometricanalysis(544.953)isnowlocatedhereunderOptical
methods.
545.4
CombustionandblowpipeanalysesandPyrolysis(545.42.43)arenowlocatedhere
underThermalanalysis.
545.81
Refractometricandinterferometricanalysis(545.813)wasnowlocatedhereunder
Opticalmethods.
546.44
StandardsubdivisionsforTransuraniumelements(.44001.44009)arenowfound
in.4401.4409.
Page125
547.1223
Comprehensiveworksonstereochemistry(541.223)arenowfoundhere.
547.12252
Comprehensiveworksonisomers(541.2252)havebeenmovedhereunderPhysical
andtheoreticalchemistry.
548.84
Cleavage,cohesion,density,specificgravity(548.843.845)arenowlocatedhere
underMechanicalproperties.
549.11
Mineralsinplacers(549.113)arenowlocatedhereunderMineralsinspecifickindsof
formations.
Theinorganicandorganiccometogetheratthepointwherethe''dead''Earthandthedeadfossilsfoundinthe"dead"Earthcoalesce.Paleontologyandpaleozoology
areincludedunderLifesciences(560590)butactasabridgetoEarthsciencesin550.Onceagain,althoughthedivisionheadingsforEarthsciencesarebasicallythe
same,thedivisionhasreceivedagreatdealofattentionresultinginextensiverevisions,includingmanyreductionsandexpansionsinAtmosphereinteractionswith
earth'ssurface,Faultsandfolds,andSemipreciousstones.
551.11
Gutenbergdiscontinuity(551.115)andMohorovicicdiscontinuity(551.119)arenow
locatedhereundertheInteriorofGrossstructureandpropertiesoftheearth.
551.23
Volcanicvolatiles(552.2)hasbeenmovedhereunderThermalwatersandgases.
551.38
Nivation(551.383)isnowlocatedhereunderGeologicworkoffrost.
551.43
Comprehensiveworksonslopes(551.436)arenowlocatedhereunderElevations.
551.515
Staticsanddynamicsoftheatmosphere(551.5152.5153)arenowfoundhereunder
Dynamics.
551.524
WatertemperatureaffectingatmospherehasbeenchangedtoAtmosphereinteractions
withearth'ssurface.
551.5246
OceanandseashasbecomeOceanatmosphereinteractions.Specificoceansandseas
havebeenaddedat.52463.52467.
551.52509
Geographicdistributionatearth'ssurface(Temperatures)(551.5252)isnowfoundhere
underHistorical,geographic,personstreatmentoftemperatures.
551.527
Corpuscularradiation(551.5276)isnowlocatedhereunderRadiations.
551.5409
Geographicdistributionatearth'ssurfaceofAtmosphericpressure(551.542)isnow
foundhereunderHistorical,geographic,personstreatment.
Page126
551.55
Upperatmospherestorms(551.557)arenowlocatedhereunderAtmospheric
disturbancesandformations.
551.563
Electricityofaerosolsanddust(551.564)andSaintElmo'sfire(551.5633)arenow
shiftedhereunderAtmosphericelectricity.
551.571
VerticaldistributionintroposphereandHumidityinupperatmosphere(551.5714
.5717)arenowlocatedhereunderHumidity.
551.57109
Geographictreatmentintroposphereofhumidity(551.5712)isnowfoundhereunder
Historical,geographic,personstreatment.
551.574
Condensationsonobjectsinupperatmosphere(551.5747)arenowlocatedhereunder
Condensationofmoisture.
551.57846
Duration(551.578461)andFirnificationandstratification(551.578465.578466)are
nowlocatedhereunderSnowcover.
551.5787
Formationofhailstones(551.5747)isnowfoundhereunderHailandgraupel.
551.872
Faultsisanewnumber.
551.875
Foldsisanewnumber.
552.4
Serpentinites(552.58)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderMetamorphicrocks.
553.87
Jet(553.22)isnowfoundhereunderSemipreciousstones.
553.873
Opalsisanewnumber.
553.876
Jadeisanewnumber.
553.879
Amber(553.29)hasbeenmovedhere,anewnumber.
Lifesciences(560590)wereamongthosethathadsuchextensivechangesthatComparativeandEquivalenceTablesareprovidedtoDDCusers.Onlyafewofthe
changesinthesedivisionsarelistedheremainly,relocationsofsubjectsfromotherdivisions.TheSummariesofEditions20and21displaysomeofthese
modifications.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
561
Paleobotany
561
Paleobotanyfossilmicroorganisms,fungi,
algae
563
Fossilprimitivephyla
563
Miscellaneousfossilmarineandseashore
invertebrates
565
Otherfossilinvertebrates
565
FossilArthropoda
566
FossilVertebrata(FossilCraniata)
566
FossilChordata
567
Fossilcoldbloodedvertebrates
567
FossilcoldbloodedvertebratesFossil
Pisces(fishes)
568
FossilAves(Fossilbirds)
568
FossilAves(birds)
Page127
Otherchangesfollow:
569.9
Prehistorichumans,genusHomo(573.3),arenowfoundhereunderHominidae
(Humansandtheirforebears).
ThedissimilaritiesoftheSummariesof570demonstratetheextentoftherevisions.Thereislittleresemblancebetweenthetwo.Biologicalprocesses(571575)and
structuresinplantsandanimals(580590)arenowpartofthisrevampedschedule.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
571
[Unused]
571
Physiologyandrelatedsubjects
572
Humanraces
572
Biochemistry
573
Physicalanthropology
573
Specificphysiologicalsystemsinanimals,
regionalhistologyandphysiology
574
Biology
574
[Unused]
575
Evolutionandgenetics
575
Specificpartsofandphysiologicalsystems
inplants
576
Microbiology
576
Geneticsandevolution
577
Generalnatureoflife
577
Ecology
578
Microscopyinbiology
578
Naturalhistoryoforganismsandrelated
subjects
579
Collectionandpreservation
579
Microorganisms,fungi,algae
Otherchangesfollow:
579
Thallobionta(589)hasbeenmovedhereunderMicroorganisms,fungi,algae.
579.3
Prokaryotes(Bacteria)was589.9butisnowfoundhere.
579.4
Protozoa(593.1)hasbeenmovedhere.
Again,theEdition21Summaryof580showslittleresemblancetothatofEdition20.Sections581,583,andthesubdivisionsbasedonzerosareextensivelyrevised.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
580
Botanicalsciences
580
Plants
581
Botany
581
Specifictopicsinnaturalhistoryofplants
582
Spermatophyta(Seedbearingplants)
582
Plantsnotedforspecificvegetative
characteristicsandflowers
583
Dicotyledons
583
Magnoliopsida(Dicotyledons)
Page128
584
Monocotyledons
584
Liliopsida(Monocotyledons)
585
Gymnospermae(Pinophyta)
585
Pinophyta(Gymnosperms)Coniferales
(Conifers)
586
Cryptogamia(Seedlessplants)
586
Cryptogamia(Seedlessplants)
587
Pteridophyta(Vascularcryptogams)
587
Pteridophyta(Vascularseedlessplants)
589
ThallobiontaandProkaryotae
589
[Unused]
Otherchangesfollow:
580.282
Microscopyofplants(578)isnowfoundhere.
580.75
Collectingbotanicalspecimens(579)hasbeenshiftedhereunderMuseumactivitiesand
services,Collecting.
580.752
Preservingbotanicalspecimens(579)isnowfoundhere.
ThefewchangesseenintheSummariesbeliestheextentoftherevisionsin590.Sections591,597,599,andthesubdivisionsbasedonzerosareextensivelyrevised.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
590
Zoologicalsciences
590
Animals
591
Zoology
591
Specifictopicsinnaturalhistoryofanimals
593
Protozoa,Echinodermata,related
phyla
593
Miscellaneousmarineandseashore
invertebrates
595
Otherinvertebrates
595
Arthropoda
596
Vertebrata(Craniata,Vertebrates)
596
Chordata
597
ColdbloodedvertebratesFishes
597
ColdbloodedvertebratesPisces(Fishes)
Otherchangesfollow:
590.282
Microscopyofanimals(578)hasbeenrepositionedhere.
590.75
Collectingzoologicalspecimens(579)hasbeenshiftedhereunderMuseumactivitiesand
servicesCollecting.
590.752
Preservingzoologicalspecimens(579)isnowfoundhere.
591.5
Behavior(574.5)hasbeenconsolidatedhere.
591.562
Sexualselection(575.5)hasbeenmovedhereunderSexualbehavior.
Page129
599.9
Physicalanthropology(573)hasbeenmovedhereunderHominidae,Homosapiens.
599.97
Humanraces(572)arenowfoundhere.
599.98
Specificraces(human)hasbeenshiftedherefrom572.8.
BelowyouwillfindtensummariesofbooksinthesubjectareasofClass500.Applyyourskillsanddevelopclassificationnumbersforeachthen,checkyour
numbersagainstclassnumbersin"AnswerstotheExercises"intheappendix.
1.Aworkonearthquakesingeologicalperspective.
2.AworkonthestudyandteachingofscienceinsecondaryschoolsintheUnitedStates.
3.Aworkonsciencefairprojectsinthefieldsofspaceflightandastronomy.
4.Aworkontheprinciplesofscientificcommunication.
5.AworkonthescientificexplanationsfortheoriginofEarthanditslifeforms.
6.Aworkongorillas.
7.AserialonthebehaviorofanimalslivinginAfrica.
8.AworkonplantsinCalifornia.
9.Aworkonevolutionfromprimitiveformsoflife.
10.Aworkonthehistoryoftheillustrationofplants.
LiteratureCited
Richmond,PhyllisA.1963.Thefutureofgeneralizedsystemsofclassification.CollegeandResearchLibraries24(5):399.
Page131
11
Class600
TechnologyandAppliedSciences
Introduction
The600classisoneofthelargestofallclassesinnumberofentriesandembodiestheenormousgrowthoftechnologyduringthecenturysinceDeweyfirstdeveloped
hissystem.Onlyclasses610and620weretargetedforrevisionontheComaromisurvey,buttheyrankedsecondandthirdintheorderofurgency.Amajor
readjustmentwouldmovebothHumananatomy(611)andHumanphysiology(612)intoZoology(591),partiallytoliberatespaceinthe610sandtoaffirmtheir
relationshiptotheanatomyandphysiologyofanimals.However,theideawaswithdrawnafterreceivingextensivecriticism.
Muchlikeclass300,theproblemsofillogicalarrangement,disciplinaryoverlap,andovercrowdinginthisclassarewidelyrecognized.Accordingtooneclassifier,itis
"anunpredictabledisarrayof'disciplines'and/orsubjects...anarbitraryarrangementofaheterogeneousmass"(Kaltenbach1968,47).
Whattodoabouttheseproblemsislessobvious.Recentquestionsfromthefieldfocusonincreasingfinancialhazardsattachedtoissuingnewrevisions:
Isanewedition,onthelineswithwhichwearefamiliar,probable?Andifitis,dowewantit?Well,Ishouldthinkthatononeplane(nottheeconomicone,
thatis)wemostcertainlydo.Theclassificationhas(asanyclassificationwillhave)manyareaswhereradicalchangeisneeded.MedicalSciencescomeat
oncetomind,andtheFineArts....InhisrecentreviewofDDC19PeterButcherhasremindedusofthedifficultiesweexperiencewiththe
720/Architecture624/Civilengineering690/Buildingsplit(Ahugetask,this,torectifyandrationalizethisfieldbutonewhichshouldgivegreat
satisfactionwhendone).LifeSciences,560,70,80,and90plus611and612,standgreatlyinneedofrewriting(Jelinek1980,12).
If,when,andhowsuchrewritingwillbeaccomplishedcanbeseenonlyasthroughaglass,verydarkly.Meanwhile,600willremainastrangeamalgamationofparts
thatareshoehornedtogetherunderthecaptionofTechnology(Appliedsciences).
Page132
600
Technology(Appliedsciences)
610
MedicalsciencesMedicine
620
Engineeringandalliedoperations
630
Agricultureandrelatedtechnologies
640
Homeeconomicsandfamilyliving
650
Managementandauxiliaryservices
660
Chemicalengineeringandrelatedtechnologies
670
Manufacturing
680
Manufactureofproductsforspecificuses
690
Buildings
Division600:
Thefirstsectionisusedforstandardsubdivisions,whicharefoundin601609.Special
topics(604)isusedfortechnicaldrawing(604.2)methodsusedwithhazardous
materials(604.7)andhistoryanddescriptionwithrespecttokindsofpersons(604.8),
whichisusually08.Includingthesubjectherefrees608tobeusedforInventionsand
patents.
Division610:
Medicineisfoundinthisdivision.Standardsubdivisions(610.1.9)arejoinedby
nursing,whichsharesthenotationforeducationandresearch(610.7),andothermedical
personnelarefoundwithorganizationsandmanagement(610.6).Humananatomy,cell
andtissuebiologyareinthenextsection(611),followedbyothergeneralaspectsof
medicinesuchashumanphysiology(612)healtheducation(613)medicaljurisprudence
andpublicpreventivemedicine(614)pharmacology,varioustypesoftherapy,and
toxicology(615)andthevariousdiseases(616).Woundsandinjuries(617.1)arefound
inthenextsectionwithbranchesofmedicine,includingsurgeryandpracticeslimitedto
certainregionsofthebodysuchasotorhinolaryngology(617.51)dentistry(617.6)
ophthalmology(617.7)otologyandaudiology(617.8).Thenexttolastsectionisused
fortheremainingbranchesofmedicineincludinggynecology(618.1)obstetricsand
childbirth(618.2.8)pediatrics(618.92)andendingwithgeriatrics(618.97).
Experimentalmedicineconcludesthedivision(619).
Division620:
Thethirddivisionisusedforengineeringandbeginswithstandardsubdivisions
(620.001.009)withthespecialtopicsofEngineeringdesign,testing,andmeasurement
andquality(620.004).Othergeneralaspectsofengineeringarealsointhissection,such
asthemechanicsandmaterialsofengineering(620.1)soundand
Page133
similarvibrations(620.2)mechanicalvibrations(620.3)engineeringincertain
environments(620.4)technologythatworksontheatomicormolecularlevel(620.5)
concludingwithergonomicsandsafetyengineering(620.8).Thenextsectionisusedfor
engineeringinvolvingtheprinciplesofphysics,suchasenergy(621.042)plasma
(621.044)steam(621.1)hydraulics(621.2)electricalengineering(621.3)heat
(621.402)vacuumsandlowtemperatures(621.5)blowers,fans,andpumps(621.6)
machineengineering(621.8)andendingwithtools(621.9).Miningandoresareinthe
thirdsection(622)followedbymilitaryandnavalengineering(623)civilengineering
(624)railroadsandroads(625)hydraulicengineering(627)sanitaryandenvironmental
protectionengineering(628).Thefinalsectionofthedivisioncontinueswithother
branchesofengineeringincludingaerospace(629.1)alltypesoflandvehicles(629.2)
vehiclesthatrideoncushionsofair(629.3)astronautics(629.4)andconcludeswith
automaticcontrolengineering(629.8).
Division630:
MostofthisdivisionisreservedforAgriculture(630636)andbeginswiththeusual
standardsubdivisions(630.1.9)however,specifictechniques,apparatus,equipment,
andmaterialsthatwouldnormallybeat630.28areinthenextsection(631)inorderto
providesufficientroomforthedetailsrequiredforagriculture.Plantdamagebyinjury,
disease,orpestsisinthethirdsection(632)followedbylargescaleplantingsandcrops
(633)orchards,fruits(634.1.8)andforestry(634.9)gardeningandvegetables(635)
andagricultureendswithanimalhusbandry(636).Processingdairyandpoultryproducts
(637)comesnextfollowedbyinsectculture(638),whichshiftsfromagricultureand
agriculturalproducts,followedbyhunting(639.1)fishing(639.2)thecultureofvarious
aquaticanimals(639.3.8)andendingthedivisionwithconservation(639.9).
Division640:
Homeeconomicsandfamilycareareinthisdivision.Thestandardsubdivisionsareinthe
firstsection(640.1.9)includingspecialtopicsofhouseholdmanagement(640.4).Food
anddrinkareinthenextsection(641)followedbytheirconsumptionatmeals(642).
Aspectsofmanaginghouseholdscontinuethedivisionwithhousingandequipmentused
init(643)utilitiesused(644)andfurnishingsused(645).Clothing,sewing,cleanliness,
andguidestofamilyliving(646)beginanewgroupofsubjects,whichisfollowedby
institutionalhousekeeping(647)housekeepinginthehome(648)andthedivision
concludeswithchildrearing(649.1.7)andhomecareoftheillordisabled(649.8).
Division650:
Thisdivisionisusedforbusinessofficeactivities.Standardsubdivisionsarefoundfirst
(650.01.09),ofcourse,withpersonalsuccessinbusiness(650.1).Officeequipment,
management,communication,anddataprocessingareinthesecondsection
Page134
(651)followedbymethodsusedinwrittencommunication(652653).Aspectsof
businessaccountingareinthenextsection(657)andisfollowedbymanagementofthe
variousactivitiessuchastheorganizationanditsfinance(658.1)productionplants
(658.2)personnel(658.3)topandmiddlemanagement(658.4)production(658.5)
materials(658.7)andmarketinganddistribution(658.8).Advertisingandpublic
relationsconcludethedivision(659).
Division660:
Chemicalengineering,metallurgy,andsimilarsubjectsarefoundinthisdivision,which
beginswithstandardsubdivisions(660.01.09),andincludesbiotechnology(660.6)and
industrialstoichiometry(660.7).Theproductionofchemicalsusedasrawmaterialsorin
theproductionofothermaterialsisfoundinthesecondsection(661)andisfollowedby
thetechnologiesforexplosivesandfuels(662).Commercialmanufactureofbeverages
(663)andfood(664)arenextandarefollowedbythemanufactureofwaxes(665.1)
fatsandoils(665.2.4)petroleum(665.5)andgases(665.7.8).Thevariousceramic,
masonry,andbuildingmaterialsareinthenextsection(666).Cleaningandcoatingof
materialsarenext(667),whicharefollowedbyotherorganicbasedproducts,suchas
plasticsandperfumes(668),andmetallurgyconcludesthedivision(669).
Division670:
Manufacturingisinthisdivision,andstandardsubdivisionsinthefirstsection(670.1.9)
areaccompaniedbyfactoryoperationsengineeringasaspecialtopic(670.42).The
Manufactureofproductsfromspecificmaterialsarecoveredintherestofthedivision,
whicharemetal(671)ironandsteel(672)nonferrousmetals(673)lumber(674)
leatherandfur(675)pulp(676)textiles(677)rubberandsimilarmaterials(678)and
othermiscellaneousmaterials(679).
Division680:
Thisdivisionisreservedforthemanufactureofproductsforspecificuses.Thereareno
standardsubdivisionsforthisdivision.Thefirstsectioncoversprecisioninstruments
(681.1.4,.7)andprinting,writing,andduplicatingequipment(681.6)andendswith
musicalinstruments(681.8).Blacksmithingcomesnext(682),thenhardwareand
householdappliances(683)furnishingandhomeworkshops(684)leatherandfur
products(685)printing(686)andclothing(687).Themanufactureofotheritems
completesthedivision(688).
Division690:
Buildingsarefoundinthelastdivisionoftheclass.Standardsubdivisionsarefoundinthe
firstsection,asusual(690.01.09),withstructuralelements(690.1)general
constructionactivities(690.2)andspecifictypesofbuildings(690.5.8).Building
materialsareinthesecondsection(691)andarefollowedbyplans,drawings,and
contractingactivities(692).Typesofmaterialsusedinconstructionarenext(693694).
Aspectsofthebuildingprocessarefoundinthelastsectionsoftheclass(695698).
Page135
Example1.Aworkoncuringcancerusingnatural,dietarymethods.
TheRelativeIndexliststhefollowingunderCancer:
Cancer(Human)
362.196994
geriatrics
618.976994
incidence
614.59994
medicine
nursing
610.73698
pediatrics
618.92994
socialservices
362.196994
surgery
616.994059
616.994
seeManualat616.994vs.616.992
Theworkdoesnotdealwithanyoftheaspectsbutmedicine,sowechecktheManualasindicatedandfindthefollowing:
Cancersvs.Tumors
...beforeusing616.992,checktobesurethatbenigntumors(616.993)aresignificantlyrepresented.Ifindoubt,prefer616.994.
Becausethepiecedealssolelywiththedisease,cancer(.994),ratherthantumors(.992)thatmaybebenign(.993)ormalignant,theappropriatenotationis.994.
616.994
IntheScheduleswefinda"dagger"referenceinfrontofCancers,whichdirectstheuserto"**Addasinstructedunder618.1618.8."
WhenwelookintheSchedules,wefind"618.1618.8Gynecologyandobstetrics."Thisbranchofmedicineisignored,andtheaccompanyingtableisusedfor
cancersofalltypes,notjustgynecologicalandobstetrical.Aswereviewthetable,wefindthattheappropriatefacetshouldbeTherapyat06.
616.99406
Nowreturningtothetable,wehavetwochoicesoftherapy,DrugtherapyandOthertherapies.
06
Therapy
061
Drugtherapy
062069
Othertherapies
Addto06thenumbersfollowing615.8in615.82615.89...
Becausethisworkismoreorlessaboutalternative,nonstandardtherapies,theappropriatechoicewouldbe062069.Goingontothenextstepasinstructed,wefind
at615.8Specifictherapiesandkindsoftherapies.
Page136
.82
Physicaltherapies
.83
Therapiesoflight,heat,sound,climate,air,inhalation
.84
Radiotherapyandelectrotherapy
.85
Miscellaneoustherapies
.851
Mentalandactivitytherapies
.852
Religiousandpsychictherapy
.853
Hydrotherapyandbalneotherapy
.854
Diettherapy
.856
Controversialandspurioustherapies
.88
Empiricalandhistoricalremedies
.89
Othertherapies
.892
Acupuncture
.899
Ancientandmedievalremedies
SeeManualat615.854
Diettherapyat.854looksliketheappropriatechoice,sowelookupthereferenceintheManualandfindthefollowing:
Usewithcautionwhenasinglefoodelementisheavilyemphasized,diettherapymayamounttodrugtherapy...
Thisworkdealswithawideselectionoffoods,andthusthiswarningdoesnotapply.Taking615.854asinstructed,wedropthe615.8,leaving54,whichisaddedto
ournumbers.
616.9940654HowtoConquerCancer,Naturally
Example2.AworkonthedevelopmentofnationalagriculturalresearchcapacityinIndia.
TheoutlineaboveshowsthatAgricultureisfoundin630,whichisthebasenumbertouse.Researchisoneofthestandardsubdivisions,andtheSchedulesindicate
thatthesubdivisionsappearin.1.9.ReferringtoTable1,wefindresearchin072.
630.72
Now,howdoweaddthelocality,anothersubdivision?Checkingunder072,wefindthefollowing:
0720107209
Geographictreatmentofresearchandstatisticalmethodstogether,ofresearchalone
InTable2wefindthatIndia'snotationis54.
630.72054TheDevelopmentofNationalAgriculturalResearchCapacity:India'sExperiencewiththeRockefellerFoundationandItsSignificancefor
Africa
Page137
DDC21Revisions
EventhoughmajorrevisionsrequiringreferencesinComparativeandEquivalenceTableshavenotbeenaccomplishedin600,theeditorswereverybusyupgrading
manyaspectsofthisclass.TheSummariesindicatelittlechangeintheheadingsbeyondaddedinclusivephrases,suchasrelated.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
630
Agriculture
630
Agricultureandrelatedtechnologies
640
Homeeconomicsandservices
640
Homeeconomicsandfamilyliving
660
Chemicalengineering
660
Chemicalengineeringandrelatedtechnologies
680
Manufactureforspecificuses
680
Manufactureofproductsforspecificuses
Withinthedivisions,manystandardsubdivisionshavebeenshiftedtoaccommodatetheuseofTables.Mostmaintenanceandrepairaspectsarenowfoundin0288
ofthesubjects.InterdisciplinaryworksonWastetechnologiesremainunder628.4,wheretheyweremovedinEdition20butspecificsubjectsarenowlocatedunder
thesubdivision0286.Apparatus,equipment,materialsofspecifictopicsarenowfoundin0284.
ManyaspectsofTechnologyhavebeenmodifiedtocorrespondwiththosein500class.SeveralsubdivisionsofHunting,fishing,conservation,andrelated
technologies(639.37and639.5.6)wereadjustedtomatchthosein590,andOtherMammals(636.9)wasrevisedtomatchrevisionsin599.
MedicalsciencesMedicine(610)isoneofthelargestofDDCdivisions,anditsupportswhatmustbeoneofthelargestbodiesofliteratureavailabletolibraries.The
Summariessuggesttheextensivechangesthatarefoundwithinthedivision.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
611
Humananatomy,cytology,histology
611
Humananatomy,cytology(cellbiology),
histology(tissuebiology)
614
Incidenceandpreventionofdisease
614
Forensicmedicine,incidenceofdisease,
publicpreventivemedicine
617
Surgeryandrelatedmedical
specialties
617
Miscellaneousbranchesofmedicine
Surgery
618
Gynecologyandothermedical
specialties
618
OtherbranchesofmedicineGynecologyand
obstetrics
Page138
Otherchangesfollow:
611.01816
Nucleicacids(612.01579)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderPhysiologicalgenetics.
612.014486
Cosmicrays(612.014487)arenowfoundhereunderParticleradiations.
612.0145
Effectsofsoundandrelatedvibrations,ofradiations,ofthermalforces,ofelectricityand
magnetism(612.01454.01457)arenowfoundhereunderExtraterrestrialbiophysics.
612.0154
Lipids,carbohydrates,proteins,pigments(612.01543.01547)havebeenrelocated
hereunderBiosynthesis.
613.2
Beverages(613.3)andcomprehensiveworksonnutritivevaluesofbeverages(641.2)
havebeenmovedhereunderDietetics.Appliednutrition(641.1)hasbeenconsolidated
here,also.
613.2082
Womenunderdieteticsisanewnumber.
613.2083
YoungpeopleandInfants(616.20832)underdieteticsarenewnumbers.
613.2085
Relatives,ParentsandMothers(616.20852)underdieteticsarenewnumbers.
613.23
Caloriesunderdieteticsisanewnumber.
613.7148
T'aichich'an(796.8155)hasbeenconsolidatedhere.
616.079
Immunityhasbeenexpanded,withInterferonsat.0791andnewnumbersfrom.0796
.07997forImmunogenetics.
616.0798
Antibodies(immunoglobulin)was616.0793butisnowfoundhereunderBcells,anew
number.
616.7
Nonsurgicalaspects,aswellascomprehensiveworksonorthopedics(617.3),arenow
foundhereunderDiseasesofmusculoskeletalsystem.
616.8526
Foodaddiction(616.39808)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderEatingdisorders.
616.8553
Agraphia(616.8552)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderWrittenlanguagedisorders.
616.8583
Homosexuality(616.85834)isnowlocatedhereunderSexualdisorders.
616.8584
Comprehensiveworksoncompulsivebehavior(616.85227)weremovedhere.
616.85841
Pathologicalgambling(616.85227)isnowfoundhere.
Page139
616.8900835
Youngpeopleagedtwelvetotwenty(616.89022)arenowfoundhere.
616.995
Pulmonarytuberculosis(616.99524)hasbeenrelocatedhereunderTuberculosis.
617.47
Orthopedicsurgeryofthemusculoskeletalsystem(617.3)wasmovedhereunder
Musculoskeletalsystemandintegument.
617.5
OrthopedicregionalmedicineandOrthopedicregionalsurgery(both617.3)were
consolidatedhereunderRegionalmedicineRegionalsurgery.
617.71909
Historical,geographic,personstreatmentofDiseasesofcorneasandscleras
(617.719009)hasbeenshiftedhere.
617.9
Orthopedicappliances(617.307)wasshiftedhereunderOperativesurgeryandspecial
fieldsofsurgery.
617.95
StandardsubdivisionsofCosmeticandrestorativeplasticsurgery,etc.(617.95001
.95009),havebeenshiftedto617.9501.9509.
618.2075
Diagnosisunderobstetrics(618.22)wasmovedhere.
618.31
StandardsubdivisionsofExtrauterinepregnancy(Ectopicpregnancy)arechangedfrom
618.310to618.3100.
618.326
Standardsubdivisions,microbiology,specialtopics,rehabilitation,specialclassesof
diseases,preventivemeasures,surgery,therapy,pathology,psychosomaticmedicine,
casehistories(.326001.32609)arenowfoundhereunderDiseasesofspecificsystems
andorgans.
619
Experimentalresearchondiseases(616.00724)hasbeenmovedhereunder
experimentalmedicine.
TheEngineering(620)Summariesindicatelittlechangeintheheadingsbeyondtheadditionof''Environmentalprotection''to628(Sanitaryandmunicipalengineering).
Themanynewnumbers,however,reflectadvancementsinthefieldsinceEdition20.Changesincludemanyreductions,whichhavemovedaspectsofasubjecttothe
mainnumberofthesubject.SafetymeasuresunderMinehealthandsafety(622.8)havebeensplitbetween622.20289forcomprehensiveworksandSpecific
excavationtechniques(622.22.29)andtheTable1notation0289added.Testsandmeasurements(629.1345)andMaintenanceandrepair(629.1346)of
specifictypesofaircraftarenowfoundunderthetypeofaircraft(629.1332.1333),withTable1notations0287(Testsandmeasurements)and0288
(Maintenanceandrepair)added.
Page140
Otherchangesfollow:
620.189
Miscellaneousraremetals(620.1899)arenowlocatedhereunderOthermetals.
620.5
Nanotechnologyisanewnumber.
621.16
Otherstationaryengines(621.166)arenowlocatedhereunderStationaryengines.
621.31933
Uninsulatedwires(621.31932)arenowfoundhereunderWires.
621.35
Superconductivityisanewnumber.
621.3694
Nonlinearopticsisanewnumber.
621.3821
Communicationsnetworksisalsoanewnumber.
621.3848
Stationsandscanningpatterns(621.38486.38488)arenowlocatedhereunder
Radar.
621.3886
Specifickindsofstations(621.38862.38864)arenowlocatedhereunderStations.
622.2
Comprehensiveworksonsafetymeasuresforexcavationtechniques(622.8)havebeen
movedto622.20289andComprehensiveworksonaspecificexcavationtechnique
(622.8)havebeenmovedto622.22through622.29.
623.26
Landandwatermines(623.262.263)arenowlocatedhereunderMinelayingand
clearance,demolition.
623.810287
Testing(623.819)isnowfoundherewithmeasurement.
624.0299
Estimatesoflabor,time,materialsinCivilEngineering(624.1042)arenowfoundhere.
624.1
SpecialtopicsofStructuralengineeringandundergroundconstruction(624.104)are
nowlocatedhereunderthebasenumber.
624.10299
Estimatesoflabor,time,materialsforstructuralengineeringandunderground
construction(624.1042)arenowlocatedhere.
624.2
Comprehensiveworksonconstruction(624.28)arenowfoundhereunderthebase
numberforBridges.
624.20288
Maintenanceandrepairofbridges(624.28)hasbeenmovedhere.
625.19
Modelsandminiaturesofrollingstockforroadswithtworunningrails(625.21.26)are
nowfoundhere.
625.7
SpecialtopicsofRoads(625.704)arenowlocatedherewithroads.
Page141
625.70289
Safetymeasuresofroads(625.7042)hasbeenshiftedhere.
627.13
Earthwork(627.132)andWatersupplyofcanals(627.134)arenowlocatedhereunder
canals.
627.3
Portbuildings(627.33)arenowlocatedhereunderPortfacilities.
627.8
Metalsdams(627.85)havebeenrelocatedhereunderDamsandreservoirs.
627.80284
Materialsofdamsandreservoirs(627.81)isnowfoundherewithApparatusand
equipment.
628.166
Defluoridation(628.1667)isnowlocatedhereunderChemicaltreatmentofthewater
supply.
628.167
Desalinizationbyfreezinganduseofgashydrates(628.1675.1676)arenowlocated
hereunderDesalinization.
628.1674
Electrodialysis(628.16742)andPiezodialysis(628.16746)havebeenconsolidatedhere
underMembraneprocesses.
628.1682
Countermeasuresfordetergentpollutionofthewatersupply(628.16823)isnowlocated
hereunderCountermeasuresfordomesticwastesandsewage.
628.23
Ventilatorsofsewers(628.25)arenowfoundherewithDeodorization.
628.44
SpecialtopicsofSolidwastes(628.4404)arenowlocatedhereunderSolidwastes.
628.96
PestcontrolofAquaticinvertebrates(628.963),Molluscoids(628.964),andCold
bloodedvertebrates(628.967)arenowconsolidatedhereunderPestcontrol.
628.969
Pestcontroloflandcarnivores(628.9697)isnowlocatedhereunderpestcontrolof
mammals.
629.1345
Measurements(629.13457)arenowlocatedherewithTests.
629.25
Partsandauxiliarysystemsofotherkindsofpowerplants(629.259)havebeen
relocatedhereunderEngines.
629.442
Spacelaboratories(629.445)arenowfoundherewithSpacestations.
629.454
SpecificactivitiesofCircumterrestrialandlunarflights(629.4542.4545)arenow
locatedhereunderthoseflights.
629.455
SpecificactivitiesofPlanetaryflights(629.45502.45505)arenowlocatedhereunder
thoseflights.
LikeEdition20,therehavebeenmanymodificationsto630inEdition21.AsintherestoftheTechnologyclass,manymodificationshavebeenreductionsofaspects
ofasubjecttothebasenumberofthesubject.Somedivisionheadingshavealsohadsomemodifications.
Page142
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
630
Agriculture
630
Agricultureandrelated
technologies
631
Techniques,equipment,
materials
631
Specifictechniquesapparatus,
equipment,materials
635
Gardencrops(Horticulture)
635
Gardencrops(Horticulture)
Vegetables
639
Hunting,fishing,conservation
639
Hunting,fishing,conservation,
relatedtechnologies
ThestandardsubdivisionsofFieldandplantationcrops(633)arenow.01.09ratherthan.001.009.Manysectionsof630haveundergonetremendousexpansions.
Groupingsofplantsbyclimaticfactor(635.952)Care,maintenance,andtrainingoflivestock(636.083)Feedinglivestock(636.084)Feedsandappliednutrition
andFieldcropfeeds(636.085.086)Specificbreedsorgroupofdogs(636.72.75)andOthermammals(636.9)allhavebeenexpanded.
Manyaspectsofasectionhavebeenmodifiedtoreflectthenumbersfoundin500Naturalsciences.Huntingspecifickindsofbirdsisnotatedbyaddingto639.128,
asabase,numbersfoundinNaturalsciencesunderAves,orBirds(598.3.9).Thecultureofspecifickindsoffishes(639.372.377)havebeenrelocatedusingthe
basenumber639.37andaddingthenumberdesignationsforthespecificfishfoundin500NaturalsciencesunderFishes597.2.7.
Otherchangesfollow:
631.52
Plantbreeding(631.53)hasbeenmovedhereunderProductionofpropagational
organismsandnewvarieties.
631.5233
Agriculturalgeneticsisanewlyassignednumber.
631.875
Convertedhouseholdgarbage(631.877)isnowfoundhereunderCompost.
632.3
Radiationinjury(632.19),Pathologicaldevelopment(632.2),andProtozoandiseases
(632.631)arenowconsolidatedhereunderDiseasesofplants.
632.5
TheduplicatenumberforWeeds(632.58)hasbeeneliminated.
632.95
Algicides(632.952)arenowlocatedhereunderPesticides.
632.9517
Insecticidesisanewlyassignednumber.
633.3
Comprehensiveworksonlegumes(635.65)havebeenmovedherewithLegumes,
foragecropsotherthangrassesandlegumes.
633.32
Trefoils(633.374)arenowfoundhereunderTrifoliumclovers.
633.366
Lotus(633.374)isnowfoundhereunderSweetclovers.
634.881
Soilworking(634.81)hasbeenmovedhere.
Page143
634.9565
Seedingatpermanentsite(634.9652)hasbeenmovedhereunderPropagationat
permanentsite.
634.974
Specificmonocotyledons(634.9741.9749)arenowconsolidatedhereunderthebase
number.
635.9
Comprehensiveworksongroupingsbymeansofpropagation(635.94),Plant
propagationfromseeds(635.942),andPlantspropagatedbyothermeans(635.946
.948)havebeenconsolidatedhereunderFlowersandornamentalplants.
635.9152
Nurserypractice(635.969)isnowfoundhere.
635.91532
Propagatingornamentalplantsbyspecificmeansotherthanbulbsandtubers(635.94)is
nowlocatedhere.
635.94
TheduplicatenumberforPlantspropagatedfrombulbsandtubers(635.944)hasbeen
eliminated.
635.9523
TropicalplantsunderGroupingsofplantsbyclimaticfactorisanewnumber.
635.9525
Succulentplants(635.955)isnowfoundhereunderDesertplants,anewnumber.
635.9528
Alpinegardens(635.9672)isnowfoundhereunderAlpineplants,anewnumber.
635.9678
Windowboxgardens(635.965)hasbeenmovedhere.
636
Interdisciplinaryworksonspeciesofdomesticmammals(599)havebeenshiftedhere
underAnimalhusbandry.
636.0811
Animalshowsandrelatedawards(636.0079)andShowanimals(636.0888)havebeen
consolidatedhereunderShowing.
636.082
Breedingstock(636.0881)havebeenmovedhereunderBreeding.
636.0824
Specificmethodsofbreeding(636.08241.08243)havebeenrelocatedhereunder
Breedingandreproductionmethods.
636.0843
Feedlotmanagementisanewnumber.
636.0845
Rangemanagement(636.01)hasbeenmovedhereunderGrazing,anewnumber.
636.085
Feedsandappliednutritionhasnewnumbersfornutrients,from.08521.08528.
636.0855
Specificfeeds(636.087)arenowfoundhereunderFeeds.
636.08556
Feedfromwastesisanewnumber.
636.086
Greenfodder(636.08551)andDryfodder(636.08554)arenowfoundhereunder
Fieldcropfeeds.
Page144
636.0862
Silage(636.08552)hasbeenmovedhereunderFieldcropfeeds,anewnumber.
AnimalsinAnimalHusbandry:
636.0888
Huntinganimals(636.0886)arenowfoundhereunderSportandstuntanimals.
636.109
AllbreedsofMiniaturehorses(636.11.17)arenowconsolidatedhere.
636.15
Comprehensiveworksonharnessanddrafthorses(636.14)havebeenmovedhere
underDrafthorses.
636.16
Specifictopicsinanimalhusbandryofponies(636.161)havebeenconsolidatedunder
thebasenumberforPonies.
636.175
Trotters(636.12)havebeenmovedhereunderStandardbredhorse.
636.4088
Swineforspecificpurposesotherthanfood(636.41)arenowfoundhere.
636.5
Interdisciplinaryworksonspeciesofdomesticbirds(598)arenowfoundhereunder
PoultryChickens.
636.69
Ratitesraisedforfeathers(636.61)weremovedhere.
636.72
NonsportingdogshavenewnumbersforSpecificbreedsorgroupsofdogs,from.728
through.7376.
636.82
ComprehensiveworksonAsianshorthaircats(636.825)andOthershorthaircats
(636.826)arenowconsolidatedhereunderShorthaircats.
636.822
Manxcats(636.823)isnowfoundhereunderCommonshorthaircats.
636.824
Burmesecats(636.825)hasbeenmovedhere.
636.9
TherearenewnumbersunderOthermammalsforplacentalmammals.93.98.
636.92
Marsupials(636.91)havebeenmovedhere.
636.929
Monotremes(636.91)havebeenmovedhere.
636.97
Animalsraisedforfurandfurfarming(636.08844)havebeenconsolidatedhere.
637.1
Comprehensiveworksonprocessingcow'smilk(637.14)havebeenrelocatedhere
underMilkprocessing.
637.20287
Qualitydeterminationsofbutterprocessing(637.22)arenowconsolidatedhereunder
Testingandmeasurement.
637.30287
QualitydeterminationsofCheeseprocessing(637.32)arenowconsolidatedhereunder
Testingandmeasurement.
Page145
637.5
Chickeneggs(637.54),Freshchickeneggs(637.541),andEggsotherthanchicken
eggs(637.59)havebeenconsolidatedhereunderEggprocessing.
637.54
Driedeggsandtheirparts(637.543.548)arenowlocatedhereunderDriedeggs.
638.1
Apiaryestablishment(638.11)hasbeenrelocatedhereunderBeekeeping
(Apiculture).
638.5
Resinanddyeproducinginsects(638.3)arenowincludedhereunderOtherinsects.
AnimalsinHunting:
639.12
Huntinglandbirds(639.122)hasbeenrelocatedhereunderHuntingbirds.
639.12841
Huntingwaterfowl(639.124)hasbeenmovedhereunderSpecifickindsofbirds.
639.31
Comprehensiveworksonfishcultureinnaturalandartificialponds(639.311)arenow
locatedhereunderFishcultureinfreshwaters.
639.34
Comprehensiveworksonfreshwateraquariums(639.344)havebeenrelocatedhere
underFishcultureinaquariums.
639.378
Amphibianfarming(639.376)isnowfoundhere.
639.4
OtherBivalviaculture(639.4811)isnowlocatedhereunderMolluskfisheriesand
culture.
639.46
Scallops(639.4811)arenowlocatedhere.
639.5
Specificcrustaceansotherthandecapods(639.54)arenowlocatedhereunder
Crustaceanfisheries.
639.54
TheduplicatenumberforLobstersandcrayfishesculture(639.541)hasbeen
eliminated.
639.56.58
Specificdecapodcrustaceansotherthanlobstersandcrayfishes(639.542.544)are
nowlocatedhere.
639.6
Crustaceanculture(639.5)hasbeenmovedhere.
639.7
TheharvestandcultureofProtozoa,Porifera,Cnidaria,Ctenophora,Echinodermata,
andHemichordata(639.73)arenowlocatedhereunderHarvestandcultureof
invertebratesotherthanmollusksandcrustaceans.
639.75
Thecultureofspecifickindsofworms(639.752.758)havebeenrelocatedhereunder
Worms.
639.9
Comprehensiveworksontheconservationofmammals(639.979)arenowlocatedhere
underConservationofbiologicalresources.
Page146
Cosmeticchangesinthe640Summaryareindicativeofthefewchangesinthedivisionsasawhole.However,thereisnowacomprehensivenumberforbaked
goods,641.815.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
646
Sewing,clothing,personalliving 646
Sewing,clothing,managementof
personalandfamilyliving
647
Managementofpublic
households
647
Managementofpublicholds
(Institutionalhousekeeping)
649
Childrearingandhomecareof
sick
649
Childrearinghomecareofpersons
withillnessesanddisabilities
Otherchangesfollow:
641.3
Mineralfood(641.309)isnowlocatedhereinFood.
641.552
Leftovers(641.6)arenowfoundhereunderMoneysavingcooking.
641.568
CookingforChristmas(641.566)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderCookingforspecial
occasions.
641.58
Cookingwithoil(641.583)isnowlocatedhereunderCookingwithspecificfuels,
appliances,utensils.
646.2
Comprehensiveworksonsewingforthehome(646.21)arenowfoundhereunder
Sewingandrelatedoperations.
646.32
Comprehensiveworksonclothingforyoungadultmen(646.308351)havebeenshifted
here.
646.34
Comprehensiveworksonclothingforyoungadultwomen(646.308352)havebeen
shiftedhere.
646.402
Comprehensiveworksonclothingforadultmen(646.4008351)havebeenshifted
here.
646.404
Comprehensiveworksonclothingforyoungadultwomen(646.4008352)havebeen
shiftedhere.
646.724
Hairdressing(646.7242)andHairstyling(646.7245)arenowlocatedhereunderCare
ofhair.
648.5
Dishwashing(648.56)isnowlocatedhereunderHousecleaning.
Page147
649.156
Upperclasses649.1562)hasbeenrelocatedhereunderChildrendistinguishedbysocial
andeconomiclevels,bylevelofculturaldevelopment.
649.1567
Migrantchildren(649.15675)arenowlocatedhereunderSociallyandculturally
disadvantagedchildren.
TheSummaryof650ManagementandauxiliaryserviceshasnotchangedfromthatinEdition20,whichisindicativeofthefewchangeswithinthedivision.
Otherchangesfollow:
651.2
StandardsubdivisionsofEquipmentandsuppliesofOfficeserviceshavebeenmoved
from651.2001.2009to651.201.209.
651.29
MaterialsofOfficeservices(651.028)arenowfoundhereunderFormsandsupplies.
651.74
StandardsubdivisionsofWrittencommunicationwereshiftedfrom651.74001.74009
to651.7401.7409.
658.30081
Managementofmen(658.3042)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderPersonnel
management.
658.30082
Managementofwomen(658.3042)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderPersonnel
management.
658.30083
Managementofyoungpeople(658.3042)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderPersonnel
management.
658.30084
Managementofpersonnelinspecificstagesofadulthood(658.3042)hasbeen
consolidatedhereunderPersonnelmanagement.
658.30087
Managementofpersonnelwithdisabilitiesandillnesses,giftedpersons(658.3045),has
beenmovedhere.
658.30089
Managementofpersonnelbelongingtonondominantracial,ethnic,ornationalgroups
(658.3041)hasbeenmovedhere.
658.312408
Trainingofspecifickindsofemployeesotherthanthoseoccupyingspecifictypesof
positions(658.31245)isnowconsolidatedhere.
658.325
Benefitsnotprovidedforelsewhere(658.3254)arenowlocatedhereunderEmployee
benefits.
658.54
Comprehensiveworksonworkstudies(658.542)arenowfoundhereunderWork
studies.
658.83408
Consumerresearchwithspecifictypesofconsumers(658.8348)isnowfoundhere.
Page148
TheSummariessuggestmorechangesin660Chemicalengineeringthanhaveoccurred.Modificationsareoftheminorcleanupkind.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
660
Chemicalengineering
660
Chemicalengineeringandrelated
technologies
661
Industrialchemicalstechnology
661
Technologyofindustrialchemicals
662
Explosives,fuelstechnology
662
Technologyofexplosives,fuels,
relatedproducts
665
Industrialoils,fats,waxes,
gases
665
Technologyofindustrialoils,fats,
waxes,gases
667
Cleaning,color,related
technologies
667
Cleaning,color,coating,related
technologies
However,onesignificantchangeinvolvesMethodsofapplyingaspecifickindofcoating(667.9),whicharenowfoundwiththekindofcoating,suchaspainting.
Otherchangesfollow:
660.65
Geneticengineering(575.10724)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderBiotechnology.
664.00286
Wastetechnology(664.096)hasbeenmovedhere.
664.09
Theduplicatenumberforpackaging(664.092)hasbeeneliminated.
664.1028
AuxiliarytechniquesandproceduresunderSugars,syrups,theirderivedproducts
(664.11)havebeenmovedhere.
664.10284
ApparatusandequipmentunderSugars,syrups,theirderivedproducts(664.11)have
beenmovedhere.
664.10286
WastetechnologyunderSugars,syrups,theirderivedproducts(664.119)hasbeen
movedhere.
664.36
Othersaladandcookingoil(664.369)isnowlocatedhereunderSaladandcooking
oils.
664.368
Soyoil(664.369)isnowlocatedhere.
664.72
Othercerealgrains(664.725)isnowlocatedhereunderMillingandmillingproducts.
664.724
Cornformilling(664.725)hasbeenmovedhere.
668.92
Polymerization(660.28448)isnowfoundhere.
669.141
Otherironalloypractices(669.1419)arenowlocatedhereunderProductionofiron.
Page149
Modificationsof670Manufacturing,680Manufactureforspecificuses,and690Buildingswerenotonlyminor,butfewinnumber.However,theSummariesdid
showthefewchangesseenbelow.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
671
Metalworkingandmetal
products
671
Metalworkingprocessesand
primarymetalproducts
680
Manufactureforspecificuses
680
Manufactureofproductsforspecific
uses
687
Clothing
687
Clothingandaccessories
693
Specificmaterialsandpurposes
693
Constructioninspecifictypesof
materialsandforspecificpurposes
Otherchangesfollow:
671.52
Flowwelding(671.529)isnowlocatedhereunderWelding.
673
Rareearthandactinideseriesmetals(673.29)arenowlocatedhereunderNonferrous
metals.
673.7
Mercury(673.71),Antimony,arsenic,bismuth(673.75),andMiscellaneousraremetals
andmetalloids(673.79)arenowconsolidatedhereunderOthernonferrousmetals.
673.72
Alkaliandalkalineearthmetals(673.725)arenowlocatedhereunderLight,alkali,
alkalineearthmetals.
677.0028
Auxiliarytechniquesandprocedures(677.028)isnowlocatedhere.
681.25
Polarimeters(681.416)andOpticaltesting,measuring,sensinginstruments(681.4)have
beenmovedhere.
681.761
Artificiallegsandcrutches(685.38)arenowfoundhereunderMedicalequipment.
697.07
Heatingapparatus(697.0028)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderHeatingequipment.
697.507
Steamheatingapparatus(697.50028)hasbeenconsolidatedhereunderequipment.
697.933
Unitaryandcombinationsystems(697.934)isnowfoundhereunderAirconditioning
systems.
698.1028
Maintenanceandrepairofdetailfinishing(698.10288)isnowlocatedhereunder
Auxiliarytechniques,etc.
Page150
Nowyoucantryyourhandatclassifyinginthe600classusingtheseeightsummariesofpublishedbooks.Checkyournumbersagainsttheclassnumbersinthe
''AnswerstotheExercises''sectionintheappendix.
1.Aworkonhowtoseemtobeincontrolattheoffice.
2.Aveterinarian'sdogstories.
3.Apopularguidetowomanmanrelations.
4.Aworkaboutsleep.
5.Aworkondiseasesduetotropicalclimates.
6.AworkonwinesfromsouthwestFrance.
7.Aworkonmigraines.
8.Aworkonmoderntechnologyandproduction.
LiteratureCited
Jelinek,Marjorie.1980.TwentiethDewey:Anexerciseinprophecy.CatalogueIndex58:12.
Kaltenbach,Margaret.1968.Problemsassociatedwithpresentingandteachingtheschedules:Science(500)andTechnology(600).InTheDeweyDecimal
Classification:Outlinesandpaperspresentedataworkshopontheteachingofclassification.NewYork:SchoolofLibraryScience,ColumbiaUniversity.
Page151
12
Class700
TheArtsFineandDecorativeArts
Introduction
TheDeweyDecimalClassificationisusedsuccessfullybyseverallargeartlibraries,althoughitisdesignedprimarilyasacomprehensiveschemeforgeneral
collections.Awellknownartlibrariansays:
WhileotherapproachestoclassificationsystemshavebeenpioneeredbyartlibrariansintheUnitedStatesandabroad,e.g.,thefacetedclassificationforfineartsdevisedby
PeterBroxisandspecialsystemspreparedbyotherEnglishartlibrarians,mostartlibrariesintheUnitedStatesusetheDeweydecimalclassificationsystem(DDC)ortheLibraryof
Congresssystem(LC),orsystemsmodifiedfromtheDeweyorLCsystems.Forexample,thesystemsusedinthelibrariesoftheMetropolitanMuseumofArtandtheArtInstitute
ofChicagoarederivedfromthenotationprinciplesusedinDewey....
DeweyremainsapopularsysteminAmericanlibraries,andmaybesatisfactoryinsmallerartlibrarycollectionswherecloseclassificationisnotconsideredanimportantfactor.
Neithersystemmaybeassuccessfulasfacetedclassificationsystemsinanalysingcomplexworks.However,asWolfgangFreitaghasobserved:"Adetailedenumerativesystem,
inspiteofallitserrorsandshortcomings,willmeetthepracticalrequirementsoflibrariesfarbetterthanthefewprinciplesandguidelinesprovidedinasystemoffaceted
classification"(Walker1975,652,469).
Theentire700classhasbeenfaultedforitsfragmentationandoverlapping,butcriticismstendtofocusonthefinaltwodivisions(Hickey1968,34).
Notethatby"arts"isnotmeantthemedicalarts,theengineeringarts,theagriculturalarts,thedomesticarts,themanagementarts,theindustrialarts,orthebuilding
artsbutlandscapingarts,architectural(building)arts,carvingarts,arts
Page152
intwodimensions,thephotographicarts(evenifhighlytechnicalasinthemakingofmotionpictures),andtheathleticartsaremeant.Youcanseeeasilyenough,we
believe,that"art"hasnomeaningintheDDC.
700
TheartsFineanddecorativearts
710
Civilandlandscapeart
720
Architecture
730
PlasticartsSculpture
740
Drawinganddecorativearts
750
Paintingandpaintings
760
GraphicartsPrintmakingandprints
770
Photographyandphotographs
780
Music
790
Recreationalandperformingarts
Division700:
Thefirstdivisionisusedfortwoseparatestandardsubdivisions:thefirst(700.1
.9)isusedfortheartsingeneral,ortousewhenmorethanonetypeofartis
discussed,andtheother(701708)isusedforfinearts,decorativearts,and
iconography.UnusualnotationsareHistoryanddescriptionwithrespecttokinds
ofpersonsusedinplaceofspecialtopics(704),whichleaves708forGalleries,
museums,andprivatecollectionsoffineanddecorativearts.Impermanent
collectionsandexhibitsareseparateinnotation707.4undereducationand
research.Iconographyisin704.9.
Division710:
Areaplanningisinthefirstsectionofthisdivision(711)andtherestaredevoted
tolandscaping.Landscapedesignisfirst(712),whichisfollowedbylandscape
ofroads(713).Thenextfoursectionscoverspecificelementsoflandscape
architecture,whicharewater,(714),woodyplants(715),herbaceousplants
(716),andstructures(717).Thedivisionfinisheswithlandscapedesignof
cemeteries(718)andnaturallandscapes(719).
Division720:
Thethirddivisionisreservedforarchitecture,whichencompassesarchitectural
structure(721)andhistoricalexamples(722724).Thenextfoursectionsare
usedforbuildingsorganizedbytheiruse,whicharepublic(725),religious(726),
educationandresearch(727),andresidential(728).Thelastsectiondealswith
theaccessoriesordecorationsofstructures(729).
Division730:
Sculptureisinthenextdivision,whichhasitsstandardsubdivisionsaloneinthe
firstsection(730.1.9),thenitcontinuesthrough735beginningwithmaterials,
equipment,techniques,
Page153
andformsofsculpture(731),thenhistoricalstylesofsculptureconcludethe
subject(732735).Relatedartsarefoundin736739withthestandard
subdivisionsfortheminthefirstsection(730.01.09).Thefirstoftheseartsis
carving(736),whichisfollowedbynumismaticsandsigillography(737),
ceramics(738),andendingwithartisticmetalwork(739).
Division740:
Drawingisinthefirstthreesectionswithvarioustypesofdecorativeart,which
completethedivision.Therearenostandardsubdivisionsforthedivisionasa
whole,butmanysubjectsbeginwiththeirowndistinctivestandardsubdivisions.
Thefirstsectionisusedfordrawing(741),followedbyaspectsofdrawing,
whichareperspective(742)anddrawingsorganizedbysubject(743).Antiques,
thedesignofmassproduceditems,thedesignofobjectsarraignedhistorically,
handicrafts,calligraphy,thedesignofheralds,decorativecoatings,dioramasand
similardisplays,andfloralarrangementsarefoundinthenextsection(745).
Thesearefollowedbyweaving,lacemaking,tapestries,needleworkand
embroideries,textiledyeingandprinting,fashiondesign,rugsandother
householdfurnishingsmadeoftextiles(746).Interiordecorating(747),various
decorativeusesofglass(748),andfurnitureandpictureframesconcludethe
division(749).
Division750:
Paintingisfoundinthisdivision,anditsstandardsubdivisionsareinthefirst
section(750.1.8)however,thehistorical,geographic,personstreatment(759)
andtechniques,procedures,apparatus,equipment,materialsandforms(751),
whichwouldusuallybewiththeotherstandardsubdivisions,areintheirown
sectionstoallowenoughnotationsfortheircomplexities.Theaspectofcolorin
paintingisfoundinthethirdsection(752)andisfollowedbyiconography,which
isfoundinthenextfivesectionsbeginningwithsymbolismandsimilarsubjects
(753),genrepaintings(754),andreligion(755).Thenfollowsubjectsof
paintings(757758),historical,geographic,personstreatmentofpaintingto
concludethedivision(759).
Division760:
Graphicartsandmethodsofmakingprintsareinthisdivisionwithstandard
subdivisionsandspecialtopicsofgraphicartsinthefirstsection(760.01.09)
andstandardsubdivisionsforprintmaking(760.1.8).Sections761767are
usedforvariousmethodsofprintmaking,andprintsarein769.
Division770:
Thisdivisionisusedforphotographywithitsstandardsubdivisionsinthefirst
section(770.1.9)exceptfortechniques,procedures,apparatus,equipment,
andmaterials,whichareintheirownsection(771),followedbyphotographic
processesin772774.Specialkindsofphotography,cinematography,video
production,andsimilaractivitiesarefoundnext(778).Photographsconcludethe
division(779).
Page154
Division780:
Music,itsstandardsubdivisions(780.1.9),anditsrelationtoothersubjects
(780.0001.0999)areinthefirstsection.Thegeneralprinciplesofmusicand
formsorkindsofmusicarenext(781),followedbyvocalmusic(782),and
musicforsinglevoicesandbooksonotheraspectsofthemusicalvoice(783).
Instrumentalmusicconcludesthedivisions(784788).Asanoption,composers
andtraditionsofmusicmaybeclassedin789,whichisnotregularlyused,rather
thanin780788.
Division790:
Recreationandperformingartsarecoveredinthelastdivision,beginningwith
standardsubdivisionsofrecreation(790.01.09),withrecreationalactivities
(790.1)andthegeneralaspectsofperformingarts(790.2)inthefirstsection.
Publicperformancessuchastravelingshows(791.1),circuses(791.2),motion
pictures(791.43),radio(791.44),television(791.45),puppetshows(791.5),
pageants(791.6),andanimalshows(791.8)areinthesecondsectionandare
followedbystagepresentations(792).Gamesaxeinthenextdivisions,which
areindooramusements(793),indoorgamesofskill(794),gamesofchance
(795),andathleticandoutdoorsports(796797).Recreationendswithfishing,
hunting,andshooting(799).
Example1.Aworkonshadeandurbanforestry.
WefindbothForestsandForestlandsintheRelativeIndexin333.75,whichwethenfindintheSchedules:
Classherenationalforestsjungles,rainforests,woodlandsoldgrowthforesttimberresources.
Notquitewhatwewant.Forestryislistedasfollows:
Forestry
634.9
publicadministration
354.55
Thisworkisnotatallaboutpublicadministration,sowenextlookunderForestry634.9.TheSummarylists:
634.92
Forestmanagement
.93
Accessandsafetyfeatures
.95
Silviculture
.96
Injuries,diseases,pests
.97
Kindsoftrees
.98
Forestexploitationandproducts
.99
Agroforestry
Page155
Noneoftheseapplytotheworkinquestion,solet'sturntotheurbanenvironmentasthekeytothiswork.TheRelativeIndexhasUrbanforestryclassedin635.977,
wherewefindthefollowing:
.977
Trees
Classhereurbanforestrypotted,shade,streettrees
Thislookslikeitmaybeanappropriatenotationuntilwereviewtheworkagainandfindthatitismoreabouttreesandshadeinlandscapedesignthanforestry.The
RelativeIndexshowsLandscapearchitectureandLandscapedesignin712however,thisismoreLandscapearchitectureingeneral,andthisbookisabouttrees
specifically.LookingthroughthespecificelementsinLandscapearchitecture,wefindWoodyplantsinlandscapearchitecturein715,withTreesat.2.
715.2
Nowforthelocationindicator.Therearenopeculiaritiesforstandardsubdivisionsmentionedinthesection,sowemmtotheTables.Table1indicatesthatTreatment
byareas,regions,placesingeneralarefoundin091.Underthatnotationwefindthefollowing:
Addtobasenumber091thenumbersfollowing1innotation1119fromTable2...
InTable2wefindUrbanregionsat1732.Accordingtoinstruction,weadd091,then732.
715.2091732ShadingOurCities:AResourceGuideforUrbanandCommunityForests
Example2.AcollectionofU.S.CivilWarphotographs.
TheRelativeIndexindicatesthatphotographsarefoundin779.
779
Under779wefindthefollowing:
Addtobasenumber779thenumbersfollowing704.94in704.942704.949...
Goingtothenextstep,wefindspecificsubjectsin704.942.949.
Humanfigures
.943
Natureandstilllife
.944
Architecturalsubjectsandcityscapes
.946
Symbolismandallegory
.947
Mythologyandlegend
.948
Religion
.949
Otherspecificsubjects
704.942
Page156
At704.949Otherspecificsubjectswefind:
Addtobasenumber704.949notation001999...
ItlooksliketheU.S.CivilWarwillbein.949.IntheRelativeIndexwefindthenotation973.7fortheCivilWar.Followingthedirections,weaddthistothebase
number704.949toget704.9499737.
Now,accordingtotheinstructionsunder779,wetakethenumbersfollowing704.94(99737)andaddthemto779.
779.99737TheCivilWar
DDC21Revisions
TheextensivechangesfoundinEdition20,especiallythatoftherecastingofMusic(780),whichdelayedtheplannedrevisionsofEducationandLifesciencestothis
edition,stillleftmoreworktobedoneinEdition21.TheSummariesshowonlyoneminormodificationinthe700heading.
700
Summary(DDC20)
Thearts
700
Summary(DDC21)
TheartsFineanddecorativearts
Manynewnumbershavebeenadded,mostlyinRecreationalandperformingartshowever,musicincludesthreenewtypesofmusic.Otherchangesincludethose
resultingfromapplicationsoralterationsofTables.Table1isnowappliedinthefollowingtopics:Auxiliarytechniquesandproceduresin28Routinemaintenance
andrepairin288andSafetymeasuresin289.
The721729tableforSpecificaspectsofarchitecturehasbeenaltered:Routinemaintenanceandrepair(0289)isnowunder0288withMaintenanceandrepair
Architecturewithrespecttokindsofpersonssuchaswithdisabilities(042),inlateadulthood(043),andwithillnesses(043)arenowfoundhereunder08(087,
0846,and0877,respectively).
ThetableforTextilearts(746)hasundergonesomerevisions:Conservation,preservation,restoration(0488)isnowfoundunder0288Costume(746.92)under
0432Pictures,hangings,tapestries(746.3)arenow0433andInteriorfurnishings(746.94.98)are04340438.Finally,inTextileproductsandprocesses(746.1
.9),thepreferredordernowputstheprocessbeforetheproduct.
Manyofthesectionheadingshavebeenalteredtoreferencemorespecificallythesubject(e.g.,"Waterfeatures"added"inlandscapearchitecture")ortobemore
inclusive(e.g.,"Sculpturetoca.500''hasbecome''Sculpturefromearliesttimestoca.500,sculptureofnonliteratepeoples").ThefollowingSummarieslistthe
changesinthesectionheadings.
Page157
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
712
Landscapearchitecture
712
Landscapearchitecture(Landscape
design)
714
Waterfeatures
714
Waterfeaturesinlandscape
architecture
715
Woodyplants
715
Woodyplantsinlandscape
architecture
716
Herbaceousplants
716
Herbaceousplantsinlandscape
architecture
717
Structures
717
Structuresinlandscape
architecture
722
Architecturetoca.300
722
Architecturefromearliesttimesto
ca.300
726
Buildingsforreligiouspurposes
726
Buildingsforreligiousandrelated
purposes
727
Buildingsforeducationand
research
727
Buildingsforeducationaland
researchpurposes
729
Designanddecoration
729
Designanddecorationofstructures
andaccessories
732
Sculpturetoca.500
732
Sculpturefromearliesttimestoca.
500,sculptureofnonliteratepeoples
742
Perspective
742
Perspectiveindrawing
751
Techniques,equipment,forms
751
Techniques,procedures,apparatus,
equipment,materials,forms
755
Religionandreligioussymbolism
755
Religion
757
Humanfiguresandtheirparts
757
Humanfigures
759
Historical,areas,persons
treatment
759
Historical,geographic,persons
treatment
766
Mezzotintingandrelatedprocesses
766
Mezzotinting,aquatinting,related
processes
771
Techniques,equipment,materials
771
Techniques,procedures,apparatus,
equipment,materials
778
Fieldsandkindsofphotography
778
Specificfieldsandspecialkindsof
photographycinematographyand
videoproductionrelatedactivities
784
Instrumentsandinstrumental
ensembles
784
Instrumentsandinstrumental
ensemblesandtheirmusic
785
Chambermusic
785
Ensembleswithonlyoneinstrument
perpart
Page158
786
Keyboardandotherinstruments
786
Keyboard,mechanical,
electrophonic,percussion
instruments
787
Stringedinstruments
(Chordophones)
787
Stringedinstruments
(Chordophones)Bowedstringed
instruments
Otherchangesfollow:
702.88
Routinemaintenanceandrepair(702.89)isnowfoundhereunderMaintenanceand
repair.
715
Comprehensiveworksonplantsinlandscapearchitecture(712)arenowfoundhere
underWoodyplantsinlandscapearchitecture.
720.846
Architectureforpersonsinlateadulthood(720.43)wasrelocatedhere.
720.87
Architectureforpersonswithdisabilities(720.42)wasshiftedhere.
720.877
Architectureforpersonswithillnesses(720.43)isnowfoundhere.
720.9460902
Mudjararchitecture(723.3)wasconsolidatedhere.
727
Designofeducationalbuildingsfornoninstructionalobjectives(371.629)hasbeen
movedhere.
731.4
Comprehensiveworksontechniques,procedures,apparatus,equipment,materials
together(731.028)arenowlocatedhere.
741.0288
Conservation,preservation,restorationofDrawinganddrawings(741.218)andtheir
routinemaintenanceandrepair(741.219)arenowfoundhere.
751.6
Routinemaintenanceandrepairofpaintings(751.67)arenowlocatedhereunder
Maintenanceandrepair.
759.9
SovietCentralAsiaunderGeographictreatmentofPaintingandpaintingshasbeen
movedto759.9584.9587from759.7.
769.0288
Conservation,preservation,restorationofprints(769.18)isnowfoundherewith
Maintenanceandrepair.
774.0153
PhysicalprinciplesofHolography(535.4)hasbeenconsolidatedhere.
778.55
Projectionofspecifickindsofmotionpictures(778.554)isnowlocatedhereunder
Motionpictureprojection.
778.59
Videoproductionhasbeenexpanded,withnewnumbersfrom.590288through.598.
Page159
781.645
Ragtimeisanewnumber.
781.646
Reggaeisanewnumber.
781.649
Rapisanewnumber.
790.2088375
Publicentertainmentactivitiesofstudents(371.89)isnowfoundhere.
792.78
Theatricaldancing(792.8)hasbeenmovedhere.
793.85
Cardtricks(795.438)arenowfoundhere.
796
Activitiesandprogramsforfamilies(796.0191)arenowlocatedherewithAthleticand
outdoorsportsandgames.
796.042
Intramuralsports(371.89)wasmovedhere.
796.068
Physicaleducationfacilities(371.624)wasmovedhere.
796.08
Activitiesandprogramsforspecificclassesofpersons(796.019)isnowfoundhere
underHistoryanddescriptionofsportsandgameswithrespecttokindsofpersons.
796.156
Modelracingcars(790.133)havebeenmovedhere.
796.22
Skateboarding(796.21)isnowfoundhere.
796.332028
Auxiliarytechniquesandprocedures(796.3322)ofAmericanfootballisnowlocated
here.
796.4257
Triathlonisanewnumber.
796.58
Orienteering(796.51)hasbeenmovedhere.
796.63
Mountainbikingisanewnumber.
796.964
Curlingisanewnumber.
797.1224
Kayakingisanewnumber.
798.83
Sleddogracingisanewnumber.
799.2
Comprehensiveworksoncommercialandsportshunting(639.1)weremovedhere.
799.244
Huntingofspecificwaterfowl(799.24841)isnowincludedhereunderwaterfowl.
799.246
HuntingofUplandgamebirds(799.242)andGalliformes(799.24861)arenowfound
here.
799.24833
Comprehensiveworksonshoreandbaybirdhunting(799.243)havebeenmoved
here.
Page160
Usingclass700andtheTables,assignclassificationnumberstothefollowingbooksthen,checkyourclassificationsagainsttheclassnumbersinthe"Answerstothe
Exercises"sectionintheappendix.
1.Anautobiographybyabasketballplayer.
2.AworkonthehistoryofAmericanart.
3.AworkonAmericancountrymusic.
4.Aworkonasupercomputerprogrammedtoplaychess.
5.AworkonCalifornianarchitecture.
6.AworkonaLosAngeles,California,artmuseum'scollection.
7.Abiographyofamodernarchitect.
8.AworkonthehistoryofartintheSanFranciscoarea.
9.AworkonAfricanAmericanart.
10.Aworkonamodernlandscapearchitect.
11.Aworkonfourscreenplays.
LiteratureCited
Hickey,DoralynJ.1968.ProblemsassociatedwithpresentingandteachingtheSchedules:Philosophy(100)Religion(200)andtheFineArts(700).InTheDewey
DecimalClassification:Outlinesandpaperspresentedataworkshopontheteachingofclassification.NewYork:SchoolofLibraryScience,Columbia
University.
Walker,WilliamB.1975.Artbooksandperiodicals:DeweyandLC.LibraryTrends23(3):452,469.
Page161
13
Class800
Literature(BellesLettres)andRhetoric
Introduction
WehavebeentoldthatDewey'searlycontributionstotheprincipleoffacetingwereevidentinlanguage(the400s),literature(the800s),andhistory/geography(the
900s)(Batty1976,212).Class800intricaciesmultipliedthroughtheyears,showingsubstantivechanges,particularlyinitsauxiliarytables,andinstructionalchangesin
theschedules.Mostcriticismsaddressitsformalpresentationratherthanitscontent.However,acritiqueofitsassumptionsconcerningliteraryformsappearedatthe
timeDDC18waspublished.
Themostcommonproblemsarethefollowing.
1.Problemsencounteredbythecatalogers:
(a)thedifficultyinapplicationcausedbythelackofclear,workabledefinitionsoftheforms
(b)theproblemsoftreatingworksofmixedformsoruncertainformsand
(c)someoftheformsthatarequestionableintheirnatureasliteraryforms.
2.Problemsencounteredbytheusers:
(a)inconvenienceresultingfromtheseparationandscatteringofworkswrittenbyandaboutsingleauthorsand
(b)confusioncausedbytheseeminglyarbitrarydecisionsmadebythecatalogersasregardstheformsofcertainliteraryworks(Chan1971,458).
BloombergandWebergivespecialattentiontotheanalysisoflongDDCclass800numbers.
Thisapproachismostappropriateinthisclassbecauseofthemanydifferentpossiblesubdivisionsandelementsrepresentedineachnumber.Theseelements
includethebasenumberforthelanguage,a
Page162
possiblenumberforliteraryform(poetryordrama,forexample),apossiblenumberforthetimeorperiodofthework,anumberforcollectionsorhistoryand
criticism,and,finally,anumberforspecificthemes(BloombergandWeber1976,151).
Table3(SubdivisionsofIndividualLiteratures)madeitsfirstappearanceinDDC18(1971).Notsurprisingly,itprovedhardtoapply,althoughitwasamovetoward
syntheticfaceting.
Intheory,synthesizingaliteraturenumberwasquitesimple.TheclassifierfoundabasenumberforaliteraturefromtheSchedules,turnedtoTable3andfound
theappropriatenumberthere.Ifnecessary,theSchedulescouldbecheckedagainforaperiodnumberfortheliteratureinquestion.Inpractice,stepsoneand
threewerenotdifficult,butthesecondstepwas.Theclassifierhadtochoosefromavarietyofcitationorders,depending,ofcourse,upontheworkbeing
classified....Directionswerecorrespondinglycomplex,andalloftheaboveconsiderationshadtobekeptinmindasonesolvedthepuzzle(Comaromi
1976,58788).
Still,theComaromisurveyshowedthat89percentoftheclassifiersclaimedtohandleliteratureaccordingtotheprescribedmethod(Michael1976,54).DDC19
polishedupitsinstructions.Asonereviewersays:
Table3hascomprehensibleinstructionsatlast,andhassproutedasubtablewhichappearstoprovideevenmorescopeforsynthesisthaninDDC18.Itisintriguingtoreflect
thatDDCstillgoesoverboardforfarmoresynthesisinthehorriblynamed"bellelettristicarts"thaninanyotherarea:isitreallylogicaltobeabletosay"criticismofthetreatment
ofgardensin19thcenturyFrenchdramawritteninBelgium"buttobeunabletosay''employmentservicesforthementallyill"?(Butcher1979,7).
By"logical"wetakethecritictomeanreasonable.And,ofcourse,itisnotreasonablethatintenseanalysisofworksoftheimaginationworksthatrevealanunreal
world,donotforgetisdonewhenintenseanalysisoftherealworldisnot.
ItisimportantthattheclassifiersusingDDCremembertheapplicationoftheTables:3Aisforindividualauthors,3Bformorethanoneauthor,and3Cforatopic
inliteratureorliteraturefocusedonspecificpersons.TheManualprovidesguidancetonovicesstilllearninghowtohandleliterature.
800
Literature(Belleslettres)andrhetoric
810
AmericanliteratureinEnglish
820
EnglishandOldEnglish(AngloSaxon)literatures
830
LiteraturesofGermanic(Teutonic)languagesGermanliterature
840
LiteraturesofRomancelanguagesFrenchliterature
Page163
850
LiteraturesofItalian,Sardinian,Dalmatian,Romanian,RhaetoRomaniclanguagesItalian
literature
860
LiteraturesofSpanishandPortugueselanguagesSpanishliterature
870
LiteraturesofItaliclanguagesLatinliterature
880
LiteraturesofHelleniclanguagesClassicalGreekliterature
890
Literaturesofotherspecificlanguagesandlanguagefamilies
Divisions800:
Thefirstsectionisusedforthestandardsubdivisionsofliterature(801807),ofliterary
textsfrommorethantwoliteratures(808),andthehistory,description,andcritical
appraisalofmorethantwoliteratures(809).
Divisions810
890:
Theremainingsectionsareforliteratureinthevariouslanguages,withAmericanliterature
inEnglishfirst(810).VariousEuropeanlanguagesarenextwithEnglishandOldEnglish
(820)followedGermanliteratureinitsspecificforms(831838)andother
Germanic/Teutonicliteratures(839).ThenspecificformsofFrenchliterature(841848)
andProvenal(Langued'oc),FrancoProvenal,andCatalanliteratures(849)specific
formsofItalianliterature(851858)andRomanianandRhaetoRomanicliteratures
(859)specificformsofSpanishliterature(861868)andPortugueseliterature(869).
Theancientlanguagesarenext,whicharespecificformsofLatinliterature(871878)
literaturesofotherItaliclanguages(879)specificformsofclassicalGreekliterature
(881888)andthenmodernGreekliteratureconcludesthedivision(889).
Division890:
Thelastdivisioncoversliteraturesofotherspecificlanguagesandlanguagefamilies.
TheseareEastIndoEuropeanandCelticliteratures(891)AfroAsiaticandSemitic
literatures(892)NonSemiticAfroAsiaticliteratures(893)Altaic,Uralic,Hyperborean,
Dravidianliteratures(894)EastandSoutheastAsiaandSinoTibetanliteratures(895)
Africanliteratures(896)literatureintheNorthAmericannativelanguages(897)and
SouthAmericannativelanguages(898)concludingwithnonAustronesianlanguagesof
Oceania,Austronesian,andmiscellaneousliteratures(899).
Example1.AworkoncontemporaryAmericanwriting.
TheRelativeIndexshowsAmericanliteratureinEnglishat810,whichwillbeourbasenumber.
Page164
810
WhenwelookintheSchedulesunder810,wearetoldthefollowing:
Exceptformodificationsshownbelow,addtobasenumber81asinstructedatbeginningofTable3...
WhenweturntoTable3wefindthefollowing:
NotationfromTable3isneverusedatone,butmaybeusedasrequiredbyaddnotesundersubdivisionsofindividuatliteratureorwithbasenumbersforindividualliteratures
identifiedby*under810890....
Table3Afor...anindividualauthor
Table3Bfor...twoormoreauthorsalsoforrhetoricinspecificliteraryforms.
Table3Cforadditionalelementsusedinnumberbuildingwithin3B...
Inreviewingthethreesubtables,weseethatBisthebestchoicebecausetheworkisnotaboutanysingleAmericanauthor.InTable3Bwefindthespecificforms,
whicharepoetry(1),drama(2),fiction(3),essays(4),speeches(5),letters(6),humorandsatire(7)andmiscellaneouswritings(8).Becauseno
specificformisindicated,wewilluseinstruction8infrontofTable3B.
Iftheworkisnotlimitedtoaspecificliteraryform,consult0109inTable3B.Followtheinstructionsatthenumberselected,makinguseofTable3Cwhenspecified....
Theappropriatenotationseemstobe09History,description,criticalappraisalofworksinmorethanoneform.
810.9
NowforthenumberforcontemporaryAmericanliterature,wefindthefollowingunder09:
0900109009
Literaturefromspecificperiods
Addto0900notationfromtheperiodtableforthespecificliterature...
Lookingattheperiodtablefor810,wefindcontemporaryliteraturefortheUnitedStatesat54(19451999).Accordingtoourinstructions,weadd54toour
0900fortheclassificationnumber.
810.90054TheLiteraryBent
Example2.Acollectionofchildren'spoemsinEnglish.
Usingtheoutline,wefindEnglishliteratureat820andEnglishpoetryat821.
Page165
821
Under821wefindthefollowing:
Numberbuiltaccordingtoinstructionsunder820.1828andatbeginningofTable3
At820.1828wefindonlyperiodtables,sothenextstopisatTable3.ThepreliminaryinstructionsindicatethattheTableismadeupofthreesubtables:Afor
collectedworksofasingleauthor,Bforcollectedworksoftwoormoreauthors,andCforadditionalelementsusedinnumberbuildingwithinTable3B.Atthis
point,itisbetterfortheclassifiertoreadtheinstructionsforTable3Bbeforecontinuingwiththenextstep.
Collectionsofpoetryareclassedin1008.Becauseourclassnumberalreadyincludesthe"1"designation,wejustadd008.
821.008
AsindicatedintheTable3instructions,wenowturntosubtableC,wherewefindthefollowingSummary:
0109
Specificperiods
Artsandliteraturedisplayingspecificqualitiesofstyle,
mood,viewpoint
Literaturedisplayingspecificelements
Artsandliteraturedealingwithspecificthemesandsubjects
Literatureemphasizingsubjects
Literatureforandbypersonsofracial,ethnic,national
groups
Literatureforandbyotherspecifickindsofpersons
Theobviouschoicehereisthelastone,wherewefindnotation9282,forChildren.
821.00809282ATreasuryofPlaytimePoems
DDC21Revisions
TheSummariesof800showconsiderablerevisionsinEdition21,manytimesresultinginreferencestoprominentlanguages,thuselevatingthemoutofthe"group."
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
800
Literatureandrhetoric
800
Literature(Belleslettres)and
rhetoric
820
EnglishandOldEnglish
literatures
820
EnglishandOldEnglish(Anglo
Saxon)literatures
830
LiteraturesofGermanic
languages
830
LiteraturesofGermanic(Teutonic)
languagesGermanliterature
Page166
840
LiteraturesofRomance
languages
840
LiteraturesofRomancelanguages
Frenchliterature
850
Italian,Romanian,Rhaeto
Romanic
850
LiteraturesofItalian,Sardinian,
Dalmatian,Romanian,Rhaeto
RomaniclanguagesItalianliterature
860
literatures
860
LiteraturesofSpanishand
PortugueselanguagesSpanish
literature
870
ItalicliteraturesLatin
870
LiteraturesofItaliclanguagesLatin
literature
880
HellenicliteraturesClassical
Greek
880
LiteraturesofHellenicGreek
languagesClassicalGreekliterature
890
Literaturesofotherlanguages
890
Literaturesofotherspecific
languageslanguagesandlanguage
families
Asmallnumberofmodificationsweremadeinthe800Schedulehowever,afewarequitesubstantive.Therehasbeenamajorshiftinliteraturesofspecificlanguages
andlanguagefamilies(810890),whichconsistoftextsofliteraturesoftwolanguages(808.8)andHistory,description,criticalappraisalofliteraturesoftwo
languages(809)nowfoundwiththespecificlanguages.Inaddition,thePeriodTableshavebeenrevised.
808.1
Theory,technique,historyofcriticismofpoetry(801.951)hasbeenmovedhere.
808.2
Theory,technique,historyofcriticismofdrama(801.952)isnowfoundhere.
808.3
Theory,technique,historyofcriticismoffiction(801.953)hasbeenshiftedhere.
808.4
Theory,technique,historyofcriticismofessays(801.954)hasbeenmovedhere.
808.5
Theory,technique,historyofcriticismofspeeches(801.955)hasbeenmovedhere.
808.6
Theory,technique,historyofcriticismofletters(801.956)hasbeenmovedhere.
808.7
Theory,technique,historyofcriticismofhumorandsatire(801.957)hasbeenmoved
here.
839
ComprehensiveworksonOldLowGermanicliteratures(839.1)arenowfoundhere
underOtherGermanic(Teutonic)literatures.
839.1
Yiddishliterature(839.09)isnowlocatedhere.
Page167
839.2
FrisianliteraturenowincludesOldFrisianliterature(839.1).
839.31
DutchliteraturenowincludesOldLowFranconianliterature(839.1).
839.4
LowGerman(Plattdeutsch)literaturenowincludesbothOldLowGermanandOld
Saxonliterature(839.1).
891.49
Nuristani(Kafiri)literature(891.499)isnowfoundhereunderOtherIndoAryan(Indic)
literatures.
891.497
Romanyliterature(891.499)hasbeenmovedhere.
891.56
Dariliterature(891.55)isnowfoundhere.
891.57
Tajikliterature(891.59)hasbeenmovedhere.
891.59
Pamirliteratures(891.593)isnowfoundhereunderOthermodernIranianliteratures.
891.86
Moraviandialects(891.87)isnowincludedhereunderCzechliterature.
895.4
LiteraturesinHimalayanlanguages,excludingKirantiandNewarilanguages(895.49),is
nowlocatedhereunderTibetoBurmanliteraturesTibetanliterature.
899.993
SubdivisionsofInterlingualiterature(899.99301.9938)areeliminatedandthose
aspectsarenowlocatedhereunderInterlingualiterature.
Usingyourownskills,assignclassificationstothefollowingbooksthen,checkyourclassificationsagainsttheclassnumbersinthe''AnswerstotheExercises"section
intheappendix.
1.Autobiographiesofhomelesswomen.
2.AnovelaboutanAmericanwomanfindingherselfinJamaica.
3.AnovelaboutaterroristcultinPeru.
4.Aguidetowritingforattorneys.
5.AcollectionoftranslatedancientEgyptianwritings.
6.ContemporaryArabicprose.
7.StoriesfromtheVietnamWarera.
8.AnattackontheologicaldeterminisminHolocaustliterature.
LiteratureCited
Batty,DavidC.1976.LibraryclassificationonehundredyearsafterDewey.InMajorclassificationsystems:TheDeweycentennial.UrbanaChampaign,IL:
UniversityofIllinoisGraduateSchoolofLibraryScience.
Page168
Unlimited.
Butcher,Peter.1979.Dewey?Wesuredo!Catalogue&Index55:7.
Chan,LoisMai.1971.Theformdistinctioninthe800classoftheDeweyDecimalScheme.LibraryResources&TechnicalServices15(4):458.
Comaromi,JohnPhillip.1976.TheeighteeneditionsoftheDeweyDecimalClassification.Albany,NY:ForestPressDivision,LakePlacidEducation
Foundation.
Michael,MaryEllen.1976.SummaryofasurveyoftheuseoftheDeweyDecimalClassificationintheUnitedStatesandCanada.InMajorclassificationsystems:
TheDeweycentennial.UrbanaChampaign:UniversityofIllinoisGraduateSchoolofLibraryScience.
Page169
14
Class900
Geography,History,andAuxiliaryDisciplines
Introduction
Onemightthinkthatbecausehistorycannotchangetherewouldnotbemuchrevisionin900,besidesthoseupdatesrequiredbytheconstantevolution(sometimes
revolution)ofgovernmentsasleadersarereplaced,andwarsstartedandhalted.Buthistorycanbetransformedtotheextentthatchangingphilosophiescaninterpret
thepastdifferently.Differencesalsooccurbecausetheexistenceofgovernmentsisatthewhimofhumankind'saggressionsanddesires.Thus,acountrycanemerge
fromanother(aswiththeformerSovietstates)otherscanbemergedfollowingwars.Consequently,900willalwayschangeandevolveanddriveclassifiersmad
fromtheirconstantneedtorevisetheircollections.Asthisbookisbeingcompleted,thenewpresidentofZairechangeditsnamebacktoCongo,asurechangeforthe
nexteditionoftheDDC.
900
Geography,history,andauxiliarydisciplines
910
Geographyandtravel
920
Biography,genealogy,insignia
930
Historyofancientworldstoca.499
940
GeneralhistoryofEuropeWesternEurope
950
GeneralhistoryofAsiaOrientFarEast
960
GeneralhistoryofAfrica
970
GeneralhistoryofNorthAmerica
980
GeneralhistoryofSouthAmerica
990
Generalhistoryofotherpartsofworld,ofextraterrestrialworldsPacificOcean
islands
Page170
Division900:
InthemnemonicmannerfoundintheSchedules,thelastclassisusedforgeographyand
historyofplaces,andthestandardsubdivisionsoftheclassarefoundinthefirstdivision
(900.1.9),andofhistoryalone(901903,905908).Section904isusedfor
collectionsofaccountsofevents,and909forworldhistory.
Division910:
Geographyandtravelareintheseconddivision,withthephilosophyandtheoryof
geographyandtravel(910.01),thenphysicalgeography(910.02),historicalandpersons
treatment(910.0209),andphysicalgeographyoflocationsingeneral(910.021).
Standardsubdivisionsarenext(910.2.9)withthespecialtopicofaccountsofvarious
travels(910.4).Thenextsectionisusedforhistoricalgeography(911)andisfollowed
byatlases,maps,andchartsoftheearthandextraterrestrialareas(912).Geographyand
travelinspecificplacesarrangedlikeTable2concludesthedivision(913919).
Division920:
Biographiesofcertain
typesofpeople(920.1
928.9),andgenealogies,
awards,seals,and
identifications(929)
comprisethisdivision.
Divisions930990:
Therestoftheclassisusedforhistoryandalsofollowsthecountrynumbersfoundin
Table2.Theancientworldisfoundin930,andthemodernworldandextraterrestrial
worldsin940990,whichareEurope(940)Asia(950)Africa(960)NorthAmerica
(970)SouthAmerica(980)Australia(994)NewZealand(993)PacificandAtlantic
islands(995997)polarareas(998)andextraterrestrialworlds(999).
Example1.AworkonGeneralCuster'sbattlewiththeSiouxIndians,hislastbattle.
ThisbeingaworkonAmericanhistory,webeginbyascertainingthenotationfortheUnitedStates.Wefindthatitis73thus,thedivisionfortheUnitedStatesis973.
973
LookingintheSchedulesunder973,wefindtheSummary:
.1
Earlyhistoryto1607
.2
Colonialperiod,16071775
.3
PeriodsofRevolutionandConfederation,17751789
.4
Constitutionalperiod,17891809
.5
18091845
.6
18451861
.7
AdministrationofAbrahamLincoln,18611865CivilWar
.8
Reconstructionperiod,18651901
.9
1901
Page171
WeknowfromhistorythatthegreatWesternexpansionandresultingwarswiththePlainsIndiansoccurredinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury.Thework
indicatesCuster'sdeathwasin1876,sowelookunder.8andfindthatdateoccursintheAdministrationofUlyssesS.Grant,whichis.82.
973.82
FortheaspectofthepersonCuster(personstreatment),weturntoTable1(StandardSubdivisions)andfindthefollowingSummary:
01
Philosophyandtheory
02
Miscellany
03
04
Specialtopics
05
Serialpublications
06
07
08
09
Historicalgeographic,personstreatment
Thenextstepistolookunder09forpersonstreatment.
09005
Serialpublications
09010905
Historicalperiods
091
Treatmentbyareas,regions,placesingeneral
092
Persons
093099
Treatmentbyspecificcontinents,countries,localities
extraterrestrialworlds
AsindicatedintheSummaryabove,thenotation092istobeaddedtoournumber.
973.82092AStoryoftheCusterMassacre
Example2.AnautobiographyofaJewishgirlinWorldWarIIBerlin.
ThethreeelementsofthisclassificationareWorldWarII(when),Berlin,Germany(where),andaJewishgirl(who).The"who"wouldbepartofthewhole,butisthat
"when"or"where''?Inthiscase,the"where"isimportantonlyinrelationto"when.''SowemuststartwiththenotationforWorldWarII.TheRelativeIndexindicates
thatnumberis940.53.
940.53
WhenwelookintheSchedulesunder940.53,wefindthefollowingchoices:
.5308
WorldWarIIwithrespecttokindpersons
Classnoncombatants,pacifists,enemy,sympathizersin940.5316class
Holocaustin940.5318
Becausethe"who"isaJewishgirl,theobviousnotationis940.5318.
Page172
940.5318
Nowwemustaddtheelementfor"where."OursummaryabovefromTable1indicatesthatwouldbe093099.
093099
Treatmentbyspecificcontinents,countries,localitiesextraterrestrialworlds
Historyanddescriptionbyplace,byspecificinstanceofthesubject
OntothenumberforBerlin,which,accordingtoTable2,is43155,whichisaddedto09.
940.53180943155Outcast:AJewishGirlinWartimeBerlin
DDC21Revisions
TheSummariesareindicativeoftheshiftsfoundwithinthisclass.
Summary(DDC20)
Summary(DDC21)
900
Geographyandhistory
900
Geography,history,andauxiliary
disciplines
930
Historyofancientworld
930
Historyofancientworldstoca.499
940
GeneralhistoryofEurope
940
GeneralhistoryofEuropeWestern
Europe
950
GeneralhistoryofAsiaFarEast
950
GeneralhistoryofAsiaOrientFarEast
990
Generalhistoryofotherareas
990
Generalhistoryofotherpartsofworld,
ofextraterrestrialworldsPacificOcean
islands
BesidesthealterationsalsofoundinTable2,940990hasanewAddTableforwars.Also,Collectedtreatmentofpersons(00992)isnowfoundunder0099.
ReferencestoPersonalnarrativesofwarshaveshiftedto092.Finally,standardsubdivisionsfor949.3SouthernLowCountriesandBelgium,951Chinaandadjacent
areas,and964northwestAfricancoastandoffshoreislandshavemovedfromthreezeros(.0001)totwozeros(.001).Standardsubdivisionsof968Southern
African/RepublicofSouthAfricahavebeenshiftedto.0001.0009forsouthernAfricaand.001.009fortheRepublicofSouthAfrica.Historicalperiodsofthe
RepublicofSouthAfricaarefoundin.02.06.
ThechangesinEasternEuropeandtheformerSovietUnionhaveresultedinatotalrevisionof47inTable2aswellasthe974class.Changesaresoextensivethat
ComparativeandEquivalenceTablesleadthewearyuser.
Page173
919.904
Projectedaccountsofmannedspaceflight(629.4501)arenowfoundhereunderTravel
onextraterrestrialworlds.
919.9204
Projectedaccountsofplanetaryflights(629.455)havebeenmovedunderTravelin
planetsofthesolarsystemandtheirsatellites.
929.1028
AuxiliarytechniquesandproceduresofGenealogy,names,insignia(929.1072)arenow
foundhere.
929.6
Armorialbearingsandcomprehensiveworksoncoatsofarms(929.82)arenow
consolidatedhereunderHeraldry.
929.9
Seals(929.82)arenowfoundhereunderFormsofinsigniaandidentification.
940.308
WorldWarIwithrespecttokindsofpersons(940.315)hasbeenmovedhere.
940.5308
WorldWarIIwithrespecttokindsofpersons(940.5315)hasbeenmovedhere.
940.5475
WorldWarIIMedicalservicesofspecificcountries(940.5475094.5475099)arenow
940.54754.54759.
949.3
TheStandardsubdivisionsoftheSouthernLowCountriesandBelgium(.30001
.30009)havebeenmovedto.3001.3009.
949.502
MiddleByzantineperiodofGreecenowincludestheyears10571081,whichwas
949.503.
949.507
Greeceduring1830forwardnowincludes18301833,whichwasmovedfrom
949.506.
949.5072
Greece'speriodofmonarchy,18331924(949.506),hasbeenmovedhere.
949.58
ComprehensiveworksontheAegeanIslands(949.9)arenowfoundhere.
949.59
TheCreteregion(949.98)isnowfoundhere.
949.9
Bulgaria(949.77)hasbeenmovedhere.
951
TheStandardsubdivisionsofChinaandadjacentareashavebeenmovedfrom.0001
.0009to.001.009.
951.035
TheSinoJapaneseWar,18941895(952.031),isnowfoundhere.
956.93
Cyprus(956.45)isnowlocatedhere.
959.5504
Bruneiperiods,18881946(959.5503)and19461983(959.5505),havebeen
consolidatedhere.
959.7043
UndertheVietnameseWar,19611975,thewarwithrespecttokindsofpersons
(959.70431)hasbeenmovedto959.704308andPersonalnarratives(959.70438)to
959.7043092.
Page174
964
StandardsubdivisionsofNorthwestAfricancoastandoffshoreislands(.0001.0009)
arenow.001.009
968
StandardsubdivisionsofSouthernAfrica(.001.008)havebeenmovedto.0001
.0008,andAreas,regions,places,andpersonsofsouthernAfrica(.009)arenowfound
at.0009.TheStandardsubdivisionsandAreas,regions,places,personsoftheRepublic
ofSouthAfricaare968.001.009.
968.048
SouthAfricanWarwithrespecttokindsofpersons(968.0481)isnowfoundin
968.04808,andPersonalnarratives(968.0488)arefoundin968.048092under
Persons.
973.3
TheAmericanRevolutionandConfederation,17751789,inrelationtokindsofpersons
(973.315)hasbeenmovedto973.308andPersonalnarratives(973.38)to973.3092.
973.52092
PersonalnarrativesoftheWarof18121815(973.528)havebeenmovedhereunder
Persons.
973.62092
PersonalnarrativesoftheMexicanWar,18451848(973.628),arenowfoundhere.
973.708
CivilWarwithrespecttokindsofpersons(973.715)hasbeenshiftedhere.
973.89092
PersonalnarrativesoftheSpanishAmericanWar,1898(973.898),arenowfound
here.
981.01
Prehispanicperiodto1500(981.012)isnowlocatedhereunderEarlyhistoryto1500.
981.031
BrazilianperiodofEuropeanexplorations,15001533(981.013),hasbeenmoved
here.
981.032
Brazil,15331549,whichwas981.02,isnowincludedhere.
981.063
Theperiodof19641967(981.062)hasbeenmovedhereundermilitarypresidents.
981.064
TheAdministrationofJosSarney,19851990(981.063),hasbeenmovedhereunder
1985topresent.
Nowtryyourownskillsatclassifyinginthe900classbydevelopingclassificationnumbersforthefollowingbooksthen,reviewyourchoicesagainsttheclass
numbersinthe"AnswerstotheExercises"sectionintheappendix.
1.AworkontravelingtheColoradoRiverfromitsbeginningtoitsendintheearlynineteenthcentury.
2.AworkondiscoveringwhatisgoodandwhatisbadinSavannah,Georgia.
3.AnautobiographyofaPanamaniandictatorinthelatetwentiethcentury.
4.AhistoryoftheRussianRevolution.
Page175
5.AworkonmilitaryintelligenceintheCivilWar.
6.AworkontheMississippifloodof1927.
7.AworkontheLewisandClarkexpedition.
8.AnAfricanAmerican'slifewithawhitemotherinNewYorkCity.
9.AworkontherelationshipofPalestinianArabsandIsraeliJews.
10.AworkonNativeAmericantriballifeandlaw.
Page177
15
BookNumbers
Introduction
NowthattheDDCclassificationnumberisassigned,thenextstepistoestablishabook,orauthor,number.Inthischaptertwodifferentbooknumberschemesare
described,withexamplesillustratingthem.ThetwotypesareCutterSanbornnumbersandLibraryofCongressauthornumbers.Besidesthesetwoapproaches,many
localorhomemadesystemsofbooknumbercodificationareoftenused.Itshouldberememberedthatanysystemofbooknumberswillhavetobeadjustedtofitinto
anindividuallibrary'sshelflisttomaintainthedesiredshelforder.AmoreextensivediscussionofthisproblemcanbefoundinBohdanS.Wynar'sIntroductionto
CatalogingandClassification(1992,37381).
TheFunctionsofBookNumbers
TheDDCnumberbyitselfisnotsufficienttoidentifyaworkfromothersinthesameclass.Thebooknumberisanotationusedtocreateashelflocationforeach
workinalibrary.Thisnumberiscomposedofacallnumber,whichiscomposedofaclassificationnumber(ifclassified)andanauthornotation,whichalsomay
becalledabooknumberorcutternumber.Itispossible,orevenverylikely,thatseveralbooksinalibrarywillbeclassifiedinthesameDDCnumber.Soitis
necessarytousetheauthornumbertocreatethiscallnumber.Theinitialletterinthebooknumberisusuallythefirstletteroftheauthor'ssurnameorthefirstletterof
themainentry.
Themostobviousfunctionofabooknumberistocreateauniquecallnumberforeachworkinalibraryhowever,otherpurposeshavebeenpointedoutbyBertha
R.BardeninhermanualBookNumbers(1937,9):
1.Toarrangebooksinorderontheshelves
2.Toprovideabriefandaccuratecallnumberforeachbook
3.Tolocateaparticularbookontheshelves
4.Toprovideasymbolforchargingbookstoborrowers
5.Tofacilitatethereturnofbookstotheshelves
6.Toassistinquickidentificationofabookwheninventoriesaretaken
Page178
BookNumberSchemes
CutterTables
ThemostpopularbooknumberschemeusedwiththeDDCwasdevisedbyCharlesAmmiCutter.Thenotationsarecalledcutternumbers,andassigningthemis
referredtoas"cuttering"or"tocutter."ThemostcommonlyusedversionoftheCutterschemeistheCutterSanbornThreeFigureAuthorTable,alteredandfitted
withthreefiguresbyKateE.Sanborn.TheoriginalCuttertablehadonlytwofigures.
TheCuttertableconsistsoftwoormoreinitiallettersfromasurnameorasurnameandathreedigitnumber.LettersE,I,J,K,O,U,Y,andZarefollowedbytwo
digitnumbers.Thetableisarrangedasfollows:
Bern
455
Ben
456
Benc
457
Bend
458
Bendo
459
Chandl
455
Chandler,M.
456
Chanl
457
Chann
458
Chant
459
Thenumbersonthefightapplytothelettersineachadjoiningcolumn.Thecutternumberincludestheinitialletteroftheauthor'snameandthenthenumber.Findthe
lettergroupnearesttheauthor'ssurnameandcombinetheinitialletterwiththenumbers.Iftheauthor'sname"fits"betweentwocurernumbers,usethefirstlistedin
theSchedule:BendixisB458,notB459.BecauseitfallsbetweenBendandBendo,thefirstoftheseisused.Thus:
Bemis
B455
Benat
B456
Bendix
B458
Chandler,L.
C455
Chandler,M.
C456
Channing
C458
Workmarks,orworkletters,arecommonlyusedwithcutternumberstohelpmaintainalphabeticalorderontheshelvesandtocreateauniquecallnumberforeach
work.Theworkmarkisusuallythefirstletterofthetitleofthework,includingarticles.Theworkmarkcomesafterthebookorcutternumber.Thus,thecallnumber
forJamesMichener'sHawaiiwouldbeasfollows:
Page179
813.5
M623h
Tomaintainalphabeticalorder,itissometimesnecessarytousetwolettersfromthetitle.Thus,Michener'sCaravansandhisCentennialwouldhavethesework
marks:
813.5
813.5
M623c
M623ce
or
M623ca
Inmanylibrariesitisapolicytoclassifytheliteraryworksofauthorswithbooksabouttheauthorandhisorherworks.Thebooksbyanauthoraregenerallyplaced
beforetheworksabouttheauthorandhisorherworks.Usuallyaletterfromtheendofthealphabetisplacedafterthecutterorbooknumber,followedbytheinitial
oftheauthorofthebiographyorcriticism.Thus,ArthurDay'sJamesA.Michener,whichisacriticalstudyofMichener'swork,couldbeclassifiedasfollows:
813.5
M623zD
UsingthezensuresthatthecriticismwillstandafterallotherworksbyMichener.
Anothercommonlyusedworkmarkidentifiesdifferenteditionsofawork.Forthispurpose,eitherthedatecanbeplacedinthecallnumberoranumbercanbe
placedaftertheworkmark.Thus,ifalibraryhappenedtohavethreedifferenteditionsofMichener'sHawaii,theeditionswouldbedistinguishedasfollows:
813.5
813.5
813.5
M623h
M623h2
M623h3
or
813.5
813.5
813.5
M623h
M6233h
M623h
1970
1972
Theuseofworkmarksisamatterofcatalogingpolicyineachlibrary.Theiruseandapplicationvaryfromlibrarytolibrarydependingonthesizeofthecollectionand
thepatrons.Inallcases,workmarksshouldbekeptsimpleandshouldnotbeconfusing.
LibraryofCongressAuthorNumbers
TheauthornotationsusedwiththeLibraryofCongressclassificationcanalsobeusedwiththeDDC.Theauthornumberconsistsoftheinitialletteroftheauthor'sname
ormainentryfollowedbyanumberderivedaccordingtothedirectionsgiveninthetablesthatfollow.Thenumbersareuseddecimally.
Page180
1.AftertheinitialletterS,
forthesecondletter:
ch
h,i
mop
usenumber:
78
2.AftertheinitiallettersQu,
forthethirdletter:
usenumber:
fornamesbeginningQaQt
usenumbers:229
3.Afterotherinitialconsonants,
forthesecondletter:
usenumber:
forthesecondletter:
l,m
s,t
uy
usenumber:
4.Afterinitialvowels,
Ifthelettersinanamedonotappearinthetables,usetheletterclosesttoUsingthissystem,whichisonlyageneraloutline,anauthorcouldhavedifferauthor
numbersforworksclassifiedindifferentDDCnumbers.Thefollowingexamplesillustratetheapplicationoftheserules:
1.NamesbeginningwiththeletterS:
Sabine.S2
Seaton.S4
Steel.S7
Saint.S2
Shank.S5
Storch.S7
Schaefer.S3
Shipley.S5
Sturges.S8
Schwedel.S3
Smith.S6
Sullivan.S9
2.NamesbeginningwiththelettersQu:
Quabbe.Q3
Quick.Q5
Qureshi.Q7
Queener.Q4
Quoist.Q6
Quynn.Q9
3.Namesbeginningwithotherconsonants:
Carter.C3
Cineni.C5
Crocket.C7
Cecil.C4
Corbett.C6
Croft.C7
Childs.C5
Cox.C6
Cullen.C8
4.Namesbeginningwithvowels:
Cyprus.C9
Abernathy.A2
Ames.A4
Arundel.A7
Adams.A3
Appleby.A6
Atwater.A8
Aldrich.A4
Archer.A7
Austin.A9
Page181
Conclusion
Eachlibrarywilldecidewhichbooknumbersystemisthemostappropriatefortheircollectionandtheirusers.WhetheritisLC's,theCuttertables,oranother
establishedorhomegrownsystem,themethodchosenmustbecarefullyfollowedforeachcallnumberassignedsothatalogicalarrangementofcallnumbersis
achieved.
Itshouldbenotedthat,asinotherthings,"rulesaremadetobebroken."Manylibrariesmustsacrifice"unique"callnumbersforvariousreasonsand,becauseofa
lackofstaffortoexpeditetheprocess,decidetosimplifytheassignmentofbooknumbersdespitethefactthatallcopiesofawork,andevenworksbydifferent
authors,willhavethesameshelflocation.Inarecenttouroflibrariestheauthorfoundthatapublicschoollibraryaddedjustthefirstthreelettersofthemainentry,
whichistheauthor'ssurnameorthetitleofthereisnoauthor.
Forexample,foraseries"PowerofAlgebra,"thefollowingcallnumberwasused:
512
POW
Twolibrariesthatwerepartoftwodifferentlargepubliclibrarysystemswithcentralizedcatalogingandprocessingusesimilarmethods.Onelibraryused:
346.106
FR
forauthors'namesstartingwithFre,Fra,andFri.
Theotherlibraryused:
690
690
1989
1993
fortitleComplete...andauthorCase.
Whatisappropriateforonelibrarymaynotbeforanother,sothecatalogerorclassifiershouldusethemethodofcreatingcallnumbersthatismostsuitableforthe
library'scollection,patrons,oreventhestaff.
LiteratureCited
Barden,BerthaR.1937.Booknumbers:Amanualforstudentswithabasiccodeofrules.Chicago:AmericanLibraryAssociation.
CutterSanbornThreeFigureAuthorTable.SwansonSwiftRevision,1969.Dist.byLibrariesUnlimited,Inc.
Wynar,BohdanS.1992.Introductiontocatalogingandclassification.8thed.byArleneG.Taylor.Englewood,CO:LibrariesUnlimited.
Page183
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3747.
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.1996.DeweyDecimalClassification:Knowledgeorganizationtoolforthe21stcentury.OCLCNewsletter222:3236.
New,G.,andR.Trotter.1996.RevisingthelifesciencesforDewey21.Catalogue&Index121:16.
O'Neill,E.T.,M.Dillon,andD.VizineGoetz.1987.ClassdispersionbetweentheLibraryofCongressClassificationandtheDeweyDecimalClassification.Journal
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Paulson,PeterJ.1994.DeweyDecimalClassificationpast,presentandfuture:AninterviewwithPeterJ.Paulson.LibraryTimesInternational10(4):4950.
Podell,D.1994.Adatewithprogress.SchoolLibraryJournal40(4):52.
Rollett,K.1996.Thedevelopmentof93,theDeweynumberforNewZealand.NewZealandLibraries48(5):8993.
Rooke,Su.1987.From001006:ImplementingthenewDeweyschedules.Catalogue&Index86:68.
Schultz,Lois.1989.DesigninganexpertsystemtoassignDeweyClassificationnumberstoscores.InNationalOnlineMeeting.Proceedings1989,NewYork,9
11May1989.Medford,NJ:LearnedInformation.
Soltani,P.1996.TranslationandexpansionofclassificationsystemsintheArabcountriesandIran.InternationalCataloguingandBibliographicControl25(1):
1315.
Soudek,Miluse.1980.Ontheclassificationofpsychologyingenerallibraryclassificationschemes.LibraryResources&TechnicalServices24(2):11428.
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Tait,JamesA.1972.DeweyDecimalClassification:Avigorousnonagenarian.LibraryReview23(6):22729.
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Page187
Appendix:AnswerstotheExercises
ChapterFiveClass000Generalities
1.DeweyDecimalClassificationandRelativeIndex
025.431
2.InternationalBooksinPrint
018.4
3.UsingtheWorldWideWebandCreatingHomePages
025.04
4.CostingandPricingintheDigitalAge
025.11
5.Whitaker'sBooksinPrint
015.4
6.ImplementinganAutomatedCirculationSystem
025.60285
7.Win32Programming
005.268
8.InnerLoops
005.265
9.TheDylanReferenceManual
005.133
10.OpenGLProgrammingforWindows95andWindowsNT
006.6
ChapterSixClass100Philosophy,ParanormalPhenomena,Psychology
1.HowCouldYouDoThat?!
170.44
2.TheManagedHeart
152.4
3.Yoga:DisciplineofFreedom
181.452
4.Love'sBody
150.1952
5.A3rdServingofChickenSoupfortheSoul
158.12
6.CastlesBurning
150.195092
ChapterSevenClass200Religion
1.SouthernCross:TheBeginningsoftheBibleBelt
277.5081
2.EarlyDaoistScriptures
299.51482
3.MarketingtheMenacingFetusinJapan
291.380952
4.TantricVisionsoftheDivineFeminine
294.52114
5.TheCreationists
231.765
6.TheTaoistBody
299.514
ChapterEightClass300SocialSciences
1.AsphaltNation
303.4832
2.SpiritsofthePassage
326.09182
3.TheTruthAboutMoney
378.198
Page188
4.TheLastPlantation:Color,Conflict,andIdentity
305.800973
5.TheMillionaireNextDoor
332.0973
6.AWomanScorned:AcquaintanceRapeonTrial
364.15120973
7.SpiesWithoutCloaks:TheKGB'sSuccessors
363.2830947
8.BoundFeetandWesternDress
305.420951
9.MainJustice
363.230973
10.JourneyintoDarkness
363.25923
11.Sleepers
364.1066097471
12.UsingtheInternet,OnlineServicesandCDROMsto
WriteResearchandTermPapers
371.302812
ChapterNineClass400Language
1.Portuguese:ACompleteCourseforBeginners
469.82421
2.Russian:MasteringtheBasics
491.782421
3.Swahili
496.392824
4.PronouncingDictionaryofProperNames
423.1
5.HandbookofPronunciations
421.54
6.Acronyms,Initialisms,andAbbreviationsDictionary
423.1
7.TheOxfordHachetteFrenchDictionary
443.21
8.TheOxfordRussianDictionary
491.73
ChapterTenClass500NaturalSciencesandMathematics
1.TheGeologyofEarthquakes
551.22
2.Project2061
507.1273
3.ScienceFairProjects
520.78
4.FromPrinttoElectronic:TheTransformationof
ScientificCommunication
501.4
5.FanfarefortheEarth
551.7
6.TheForgottenApe
599.8844
7.TheBehaviorGuidetoAfricanMammals
599.051096
8.TheJepsonManual
581.9794
9.Microcosmos
576.8
10.PicturingPlants
581.0222
ChapterElevenClass600TechnologyandAppliedSciences
1.Dogbert'sTopSecretManagementHandbook
658.302
2.JamesHerriot'sFavoriteDogStories
636.089092
Page189
3.MenArefromMars,WomenArefromVenus
646.78
4.SleepThieves
612.821
5.WhoGavePintatotheSantaMaria?
616.9883
6.GrandsVins
641.22094471
7.Migraine
616.857
8.WhatMachinesCan'tDo
658.514
ChapterTwelveClass700TheArtsFineandDecorativeArts
1.BadasIWannaBe
796.323092
2.AmericanVisions
709.73
3.IntheCountryofCountry
781.6420973
4.KasparovVersusDeepBlue
794.172416
5.TowardaSimplerWayofLife
720.97940934
6.TheSkirballMuseumCollectionsandInaugural
Exhibition
708.19494
7.RichardNeutraandtheSearchforModernArchitecture
720.92
8.BayAreaFigurativeArt
709.794607473
9.AfricanAmericanArtandArtists
704.0396073
10.GarrettEckbo:ModernLandscapeforLiving
712.092
11.FourMoreScreenplaysbyPrestonSturges
791.4375
ChapterThirteenClass800Literature(BellesLettres)andRhetoric
1.IHaveArrivedBeforeMyWords
818.5080809206086942
2.HowStellaGotHerGrooveBack
813.54
3.TheDancerUpstairs
823.914
4.TheLawyer'sGuidetoWritingWell
808.06634
5.AncientEgyptianLiterature
893.1
6.Men,Women,andGod(s)
892.736
7.TheWarsWeTooktoVietnam
810.9358
8.ForegoneConclusions
809.93358
ChapterFourteenClass900Geography,History,andAuxiliaryDisciplines
1.River:OneMan'sJourneyDowntheColorado,Sourceto
Sea
917.9130453
2.MidnightintheGardenofGoodandEvil
975.8724
3.America'sPrisoner
972.87053092
Page190
4.APeople'sTragedy
947.083
5.TheSecretWarfortheUnion
973.785
6.RisingTide
977.03
7.TheUndauntedCourage
917.804
8.TheColorofWater
974.71004960730092
9.IntimateEnemies
956.94054
10.BraidofFeathers
973.0497
Page191
Index
A
Abusedwomen,7576
Academiclibraries,60
Acidrain,100
Addnotes,3,4,25,2829
Administratorsandcommissioners,49
AegeanIslands,173
Africa,169,174
Agraphia,138
Agriculturalgenetics,142
Agriculture,132,133,136,137,14245
Alpinegardens,143
Amber,126
American
CivilWar,15556,174
literature,162,16364
Protestantbias.SeeProtestantbias
Revolution,174
AmericanLibraryAssociation,2,6,89
Ancient
philosophy,64,65
worlds,169,172
Animals,116,118,121,128,14445
AnnualReportoftheLibrarianofCongressfortheFiscalYearEndingJune30,1974,8
Appliedsciences.SeeTechnologyandappliedsciences
Arawaken,48
Architecture,152,157
Areatable,3
Argobba,48,113
Armscontrol,97
ArtBooksandPeriodicals:DeweyandLC,151
Arts
Fineanddecorativearts(700s),15160
Subdivisionsfor,IndividualsLiteratures,SpecificLiteraryForms(Table3),31,46,162
Asia,169,172
AsiaFoundation,89
Associations,92,103
Astrology,68
Astronomy,115,116
AustralianNationalBibliography,8
Authornotation,177
Aymaran,48,49
B
Bahaifaith,85
Baptists,74
Barden,BerthaR.,177
Basenumbers,4
Batty,DavidC.,161
Beijingdialect,48,113
Bible,72,73,78
Bibliography,51,52,53
Biography,169,170
Biology,49,116,117,121,127
BlackAfricanreligions,88
Blizzards,11820
Bloomberg,Marty,15,1617,2526,51,71,72,161
Bookclassification.SeeClassification
Booknumbers,17781
BookNumbers:AManualforStudentswithaBasicCodeofRules,177
Botanicalsciences,121,12728
Brazil,45,174
BritishNationalBibliography,8
Broadclassification,16
Broadus,RobertN.,71
Broxis,Peter,151
Buddhism,83
Buildings,132,134
Bulgaria,43,173
Busservices,106
BusinessEnglish,11011
Butcher,Peter,1,162
C
Callnumbers.SeeClassification
CalvinisticBaptists,74
Canada,44
Canadiana,8
Cancer,13536
CarnegieCorporation,6
Catalogue&Index,9
CatalogingServiceBulletin,2,7
Caucasian(Caucasic)languages,48
Cavitation,123
Centeredentries,16
Chaldeans,47
Chan,LoisMai,31,161
ChangesinDDC21.SeeRevisionsinDDC21
Chemicalengineering,132,134,137,148
Page192
Chemistry,115,117,12223
Children,69
poetry,16465
China,43
Chineselegalliterature,53
Christianity,23,72,7374,7882.SeealsoProtestantbias
"Citationorder,"4,25,37
CivilWar,15556,174
"Classhere"notes,27
Classification.SeealsoBooknumbersDeweyDecimalClassification(DDC)Numberbuilding
broad,16
close,16
LibraryofCongress,910
principles,2533
UniversalDecimal,9,36
ClassificationforMaterialsontheBaha'iReligion:A"B200"ScheduleBasedontheDeweyDecimalClassification,85
Closeclassification,16
CodeforClassifiers:PrinciplesGoverningtheConsistentPlacingofBooksinaSystemofClassification,25
Collins,William,85
Comaromi,JohnPhillip,6,9899,103,109,162
Commerce,90,92,95
Commissioners.SeeAdministratorsandcommissioners
Communications,90,92,95.SeealsoTelecommunications
networks,140
Comparativereligion,74,8283
Computationallinguistics,113
Computers,5560
science,52
training,54
CouncilonLibraryResources,89
Counseling,104
Crete,173
Croghan,Antony,35
Culturalsensitivity,5
Curling,159
Custer,BenjaminA.,2,4,6,9,89
Custer,General,17071
Customs,90,92
Cutter,CharlesAmmi,6,178
CutterSanbornnumbers,177,17879
CutterSanbornThreeFigureAuthorTable,178
Cyprus,41,173
D
Dari,48,113,167
Darkmatter,122
Dataprocessing.SeeComputers:science
D.C.NumbersonL.C.Cards,6
DC&.SeeDeweyDecimalClassification:Additions,NotesandDecisions
DDC.SeeDeweyDecimalClassification
DecimalClassificationEditorialPolicyCommittee,6,9,94,109,120
DecimalClassificationEditorialPolicyReport,9899,103
Decorativearts.SeeFineanddecorativearts
Denmark,42
Dewey,Melvil,1,9,18,72,161
andLCcards,6
Dewey?WeSureDo!,1,161
DeweyandReligion,71
DeweyDecimalClassification(DDC)
centennial,9
editors,10(fig.)
generalaspects,1324
growth,10(fig.)
history
1(1876),51,63
2(1885),35,36
12(1927),4,63
13(1932),1,35
14(1942),12,36
15(1953),2,35
16(1958),2,7,15,35
17(1965),1,24,35,40,68
18(1971),45,35,40,121,162
19(1979),5,96,121,162
20(1989),5,15,6869,96.SeealsoSummaryDDC20
21(1996),5.SeealsoRevisionsinDDC21
atLibraryofCongress,68
modern,15
oftables,3536
internationalpresence,89
numberbuilding.SeeNumberbuilding
schedules,1418
Page193
structure,1418
theoryofknowledge,1314
translations,9
DeweyDecimalClassification:Additions,NotesandDecisions,8
TheDeweyDecimalClassificationandItsEighteenthEdition,35
DeweyDecimalClassificationforSchoolLibraries,72
Dewey18:APreviewandReport,12
Dewey19ASubjectiveAssessment,40
Dietetics,138
Disarmament,97
Disciplines,17
Discontinuednumbers,21
''Dividelikes,''3,4,35
Divorce,9394,100
DominicanRepublic,44
Drama,50
Drawing,152,153,157
Dutch,48,113,167
E
Earthsciences,115,117,12526
EasternEurope,41
Ecology,49
Economics,90,91,98
EditorialPolicyCommittee.SeeDecimalClassificationEditorialPolicyCommittee
Education,23,90,92,1045
Educationalsociologists,49
TheEighteenEditionsoftheDeweyDecimalClassification,6,162
Electroluminescence,123
Encyclopedias,51,52
Engineering,13233,13941
English
asasecondlanguage,11112
literature,162,163,165
Epistemology,120
Ethics,64,65
Ethnicgroups.SeeRacial,ethnic,andnationalgroups
Etiquette,90,93
Europe,169,172
Europeanwitchcraft,6768
Exercises
ArtsFineanddecorativearts(700s),160
Generalities(000s),61
Geography,history,andauxiliarydisciplines(900s),17475
Language(400s),114
Literature(belleslettres)andrhetoric(800s),167
Naturalsciencesandmathematics(500s),129
Philosophy,paranormalphenomena,psychology(100s),69
Religion(200s),88
Socialsciences(300s),107
Technologyandappliedsciences(600s),150
Expansions,1920
ExpansiveClassification(Cutter),6
Extendedmeaningsforstandardsubdivisions,20
Extraterrestrialworlds,169,172
F
Facets,16,25,36
Fairytales,106
Familyliving,132,133
Farming,50
Faults,126
Feedfromwastes,143
Feedlotmanagement,143
Fellows,Dorkas,9
Ferguson,Milton,9
Fiji,66
Fineanddecorativearts,15160
Fingerspelling,113
Fluorescence,123
Folds,126
Folklore,106
Foodaddictions,138
ForestPress,2,5,6,8
Forestry,15455
TheFormDistinctioninthe800ClassoftheDeweyDecimalScheme,161
Formdivisions.SeeTables
Fractals,122
Freitag,Wolfgang,151
Frenchliterature,162,163,166
Frisian,48,113,167
TheFutureofGeneralizedSystemsofClassification,115
G
Gambling,138
Gaymarriages,96
Genealogy,173
Generalworks.SeeGeneralities
Page194
Geneticengineering,148
GeographicAreas,HistoricalPeriods,Persons(Table2),30,4041
revisionsinDDC21,4146
Geographyandhistory(900s),16975
German
languages,48,113
literature,162,163,165
Graphicarts,152,153,157
Greece,4243,173
Greekliterature,163,166
GroupsofPersons(Table7),32,4950
GuidetoUseofDeweyDecimalClassification,4
H
Haiti,4445
Haykin,David,9
Headsoflocalgovernment,49
Hickey,DoralynJ.,151
Hierarchicalorder,1516,23
Himalayanlanguages,48,114,167
Hinduism,83
Historicalperiodstable.SeeGeographicareas,historicalperiods,persons
History,14.SeealsoGeographyandhistory
Holidays,106
Home
economics,132,133,137,14647
schools,105
Homosexuality,138
Hunting,145
I
Imagination,14
Immigrants,104
Impeachment,99
Index
tocomputers,5560
problems,DDC17,34
Relative,5,1618
Indicreligions,83
IndividualLanguagesandLanguageFamilies,Subdivisionsof(Table4),31,47
Individualliteraturestable.SeeArts:forindividualsliteratures,specificliteraryforms
Insecticides,142
Insurance,23,104
Interlingualiterature,167
InternationalClassification,9
InternationalInstituteofBibliography,1
Internet,58
IntroductiontoCatalogingandClassification(Wynar),177
IntroductiontoClassificationandNumberBuilding,15,1617,2526,51,71,72,161
Islam,23,8587
Italianliterature,163,166
J
Jade,126
Jelinek,Marjorie,131
Jews,17172.SeealsoJudaism
Jordan,43
Journalism,51,52
Judaism,23,8385,106
K
Kaltenbach,Margaret,131
Kayaking,159
Ketuvim,78
L
LakePlacidClubEducationFoundation,2
Landsurveying,122
Landscapeart,152,157
Language,10914
familiestable.SeeIndividualLanguagesandLanguageFamilies,Subdivisionsof
Languages(Table6),32,47
DDC21revisions,4850
Langued'oc,48,113
Latinliterature,163,166
Law,90,91,98101
LC.SeeLibraryofCongress
LeagueofNations,101
Libraryandinformationscience,51,52
LibraryAssociation,89
LibraryClassificationOneHundredYearsafterDewey,161
LibraryofCongress(LC),2,4
authornumbers,177,17980
classification,910
andDDC,2,68
DecimalClassificationDivision,6,9
ProcessingDepartment,7
LibraryofCongressInformationBulletin,7
Lifesciences,5,116,117,121,12629
Linguistics,109,110
Page195
Local
callnumbers,181
governmentworkers,49
Logic,64,65
LowGerman,48,167
M
Malpractice,99,100
Maltese,47,113
Management,132,13334,147
Manual(DDC),5,1819
ManualontheUseoftheDeweyDecimalClassification,5
Manufacturing,132,134,137,149
Manuscripts,51,53
MARCprogram,7
Marines,94
Massmedia,95
Mathematicallinguistics,113
Mathematics,11529
Matthews,W.E.,12
Mazney,Constantin,7
Meaninglesscontent,21
Medicine,132,13739
Medievalphilosophy,64,65
Merrill,WilliamStetson,25
Metaphysics,63,64
Metrology,106
Michael,MaryEllen,162
Microbiology,50
MiddleEast,43
Militaryscience,5,91,94,1023
Missionaries,74
Mnemonicfunctions,29
Moraviandialects,48,113,167
Moravians,47
Mountainbiking,159
Multiple0ssubdivisions,20
Museums,51,52
Music,5,152,154,15758
N
Nanotechnology,140
Nationalgroups.SeeRacial,Ethnic,NationalGroups
NationalProgramforAcquisitionsandCataloging,7
Naturalsciences,11529
Ndebele,SouthAfrica,48
Newnumbers,20
NewZealand,45
NigerCongo,48
Nigeria,4344
Nondominantracial,ethnic,nationalgroups,49
Nondominantreligiousgroups,49
Nonlinearoptics,140
NorthAmerica,169
NorthAmericannativelanguages,48
Norway,42
Nucleardisarmament,97
Numberbuilding.SeealsoClassificationDeweyDecimalClassification(DDC)
Languages(400s),11012
principles,2533
Religion(200s),7476
theory,2633
Numericalanalysis,122
Nuri,47
Nuristani(Kafiri),48,113,167
O
Oceanography,49
OCLC,6
Opals,126
Options,28
Organizations,51,52
Orientalphilosophy,64,65
P
PacificOceanislands,169,172
Painting,152,153,157
Paleontology,78,116,117,12627
Paleozoology,116,117,12627
Pamirlanguages,48,113,167
Panama,41,44
Paranormalphenomena.SeePhilosophy,paranormalphenomena,psychology
Partial
reductions,21
relocation,22
Page196
Performingarts.SeeRecreationandperformingarts
Periodicals.SeeSerials
Personswithspecialsocialstatus,38
Peru,45
Phoenixschedule,4
Phosphorescence,123
Photography,152,153,15556,157
Photoluminescence,123
Physicalethnology,50
Physics,115,11617,12223
Pilgrimages,82,84,86,87
Plants,116,118,121,12728
Plasticarts.SeeSculpture
Plattdeutsch.SeeLowGerman
Poetry,16465
Politicalscience,90,95,9697
Pollution,100
Polynesianlanguages,48
Popularculture,96
"Preferenceorder,"25,37
Printmaking.SeeGraphicarts
"Prioritiesofarrangement,"4
ProblemsAssociatedwithPresentingandTeachingtheSchedules:Philosophy(100)Religion(200)andtheFineArts(700),151
ProblemsAssociatedwithPresentingandTeachingtheSchedules:Science(500)andTechnology(600),131
TheProcessingDepartmentoftheLibraryofCongressin1968,7
Programmingcomputers,5860
Protestantbias,2,5,40,7172,77.SeealsoChristianity
Psychology.SeePhilosophy,paranormalphenomena,psychology
Publicadministration,5,90,91,95,1012
Publictelevision,106
Q
Quechan(Kechuan),48
R
Racial,Ethnic,NationalGroups(Table5),5,3132,47
Radarastronomy,122
Ragtimemusic,159
Rainforests,120
Rapmusic,159
Rarebooks,51,53
Recreationandperformingarts,152,153
Reductions,2021
Reggaemusic,159
Relationofnaturalfactors,95
RelativeIndex.SeeIndex:Relative
Religion(200s),7188
Religiousschools,105
Relocations,2123
Researchandstatisticalmethods,60
RevisionsinDDC21,1923
Arts,IndividualLiteratures,forSpecificLiteraryForms,Subdivisionsforthe(Table3),46
GeographicAreas,HistoricalPeriods,Persons(Table2),4146
GroupsofPersons(Table7),4950
IndividualLanguagesandLanguageFamilies,Subdivisionsof(Table4),47
Language(400s),11214
Languages(Table6),4849
Racial,Ethnic,NationalGroups(Table5),47
Religion(200s),7788
StandardSubdivisions(Table1),3839
tables,3850
Rhetoric.SeeLiterature(belleslettres)andrhetoric
Richmond,PhyllisA.,115
Riemannsurfaces,122
Romany,48,113,167
Russia,41
Page197
S
Sanborn,KateE.,178
Scatter
relocations,23
ofstandardsubdivisions,20
Schedules,1418
Sciences,1314.SeealsoBotanicalsciencesEarthsciencesLifesciencesNaturalsciencesSocialsciencesTechnologyandappliedsciencesZoologicalsciences
Scopenotes,27
Sculpture,15253,157
Serials,51,52
Sexualselection,128
Seymour,Evelyn(May),9
Sharia,99
Signlanguages,113
SiouxIndians,17071
Sleddogracing,159
Socialproblems,90,92,1034
sensitivity,5
services,95
stratification,95
Sociology,5,95
SolomonIslands,46
SongoftheThreeChildren,78
South,Mary,72
SouthAmerica,169
SovietStates,41
Space
flight,173
laboratories,141
Spanishliterature,163,166
Specialtopics,36
Specificliteraryformstable.SeeArts:forindividualsliteratures,specificliteraryforms
Spellers,47
Splitrelocation,2223
StandardSubdivisions(Table1),3,2930,3637
DDC21revisions,3839
extendedmeanings,20
scatterof,20
Starcatalogs,122
Statistics,90,96
Subdivisionsofclassnumbers,19.SeealsoStandardSubdivisionsTables
Subjectindex.SeeIndex:Relative
Succulentplants,143
Sufism,87
SummaryDDC20
ArtsFineanddecorativearts(700s),156,15758
Naturalsciencesandmathematics(500s),121,12629
Socialsciences(300s),95,101,102,105
Technologyandappliedsciences(600s),137,142,146,148,149
SummaryofaSurveyoftheUseoftheDeweyDecimalClassificationintheUnitedStatesandCanada,162
Supercolliders,124
Superconductivity,140
Supergravity,123
"Synthesized"numbers,18,20
T
Tables,2933,3550
ofprecedence,4,20
Tajik,47,48,113,167
Tanakh,73,78
Telecommunications,106
Temporalconcepts,37
TheTenthAbridgedDDC...andChildren'sRoom/SchoolLibraryCollections,21
Theodicy,78
Theories
knowledge,1314
numberbuilding,2633
Theosophy,49
Thermoluminescence,123
Torah.SeeTanakh
Totalrelocation,22
Transportation,90,92,95
Travel,169,170
Tree
graphs,121
structure.SeeHierarchicalorder
Tropicalplants,143
Trotter,Ross,40
Tucanoan,48
Tupi,48
Turkic,48
Page198
TwentiethDewey:AnExerciseinProphecy,131
U
UDC.SeeUniversalDecimalClassification
Uniquecallnumbers,181
UnitedNations,101
UniversalDecimalClassification(UDC),9,36
Urbanforestry,15455
V
Veterans'educationbenefits,105
VietnameseWar,73
W
Walker,WilliamB.,151
Wars,15556,17174
WASPbias.SeeProtestantbias
Weber,Hans,15,1617,2526,51,71,72,161
Weeds,142
Welsh,WilliamJ.,7
Witchcraft,6768
Witches,106
Women'seducation,105
WorldWars,17172,173
Wynar,BohdanS.,177
Y
Yaruro,49
Yiddish,48,113,166
Youngadults,49,69,104,139
Z
Zoologicalsciences,121,127,128

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