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e ]flg Y^]ja\ g j\Y\aklyf[aYim] k]hYjYnYYk a\|aYk ] Y{]k kg[aYak
[gf[j]lYk \] me ]klY\g glaeme \] [ge hgjlYe ]flg hgdla[g& hgk
lmdY\g a\]Yde ]fl] h]dg e g\]dg( Gk Ymlgj]k e Yak hgkalangk imYf
lg Yg hYh]d \Y A_j]bY [Ylda[Y fg \]k]fngdnae ]flg \Y kg[a]\Y\]
\]e g[jwla[Y ]f^YlarYjYe k]m hYh]d [ge g ZYdmYjl] \Y ghgka{zg
Yg j]_ae ] Ymlg jalwjag ] [ge g ^gj{Y j]na_gjY\gjY \Y kg[a]\Y\]
[anad $C jak[`c]& +3135 HYdw[ag& +32-%( = kkYk Yfwdak]k h janad]_aYjYe
me Y YZgj\Y_]e afklalm[agfYd \Y A_j]bY& ^g[YdarYf\g ZYka[Ye ]fl]
Yk ^YdYk gâ[aYak \Y à]jYjimaY ] l]flYf\g ]phda[Yj& fg af l]jag j \Y
d_a[Y afklalm[agf Yd& Yk e m\Yf{Yk \] hgka[agfYe ]flg a\]gd_a[g
\] Yd_mfk \] k]mk imY\jgk gm \] h Yjl] \Y à]jYjimaY $G dan]a
jY&+3115 O Yf\]jd]q& +312%(
B w Yk Yfwdak]k[jla[YkYghYh]d hgdla[g \YA_j]bYY[mkYe 'fY\]
\]kd]_alae Yj Y da\]jYf{Y \] nYf_mYj\Y& \] e Yfl]j j]dY{]k Ye Z
_mYk [ge gk hYjla\gk hgdla[gk ] \] k]jaf[YhYr \] [gfklalmaj me Y
kg[a]\Y\] [anad e g\]jfY( HYjY ]kk]k Ymlgj]k& Yh]kYj \] hj]l]f\]j
YlmYdarYj'k]YA_j]bY& hgjkmY fYlmj]rYe ]ke Y& |af[YhYr\]e g\]j'
farYj'k]( HYjlaf\g \Y [gfklYlY{zg \] im] Y Y{zg hgdla[Y \Y A_j]bY
k]e hj] ljYr [ge g âe dlae g g k]fla\g \Y kY[jYda\Y\] ] \Y kYdnY
{zg& k]mk hjaf[hagk Zwka[gk k]jzg k]e hj] Yj[Ya[gk ] Y\n]jkgk x
[gfklalma{zg\]me ]khY{g hZda[g e g\]jfg $E gjYak& +32,%(
.( E YafoYjaf_&K( 9 A_j]bY [Ylda[Y]ge gnae ]flghghmdYj& L]da_azg[ Mg[a]\Y

\]( f( -& h( +*+( G Ymlgj e ]f[agfY gk ljYZYd`gk \] 9 fY E YjaY < g ae g
$+32.%& N]jY \Y KadnY L]dd]k ] Kadnag ;Y[[aY :YnY $+32+% ] E YjaY \Y ? djaY
? g`f $+32,% [ge g [jla[gk& ] Ang D]kZYmhaf $+32*% ] Dmk = \ m Yj\ g
O Yf\]jd]q $+32*% [ge g ^Yngjwn]ak(
--.
H9MD9 E G F L=JG
L Yflg gk im] hjg[mjYe ]f^YlarYj Y [YhY[a\Y\] \ Y A_j]bY

[Yl da[Y \] h jg \ m raj e m\Yf{Yk j]d]nYfl]k fg kakl]e Y hgdla[g&
imYflg gk im] k] ^jmkljYe hgj fzg j][gf`][]j f]dY g Kmb]alg
kg[aYd [d] ljYfk^gje Y{zg Y\]imY\g z hjg\m{zg \] me Y kg[a]\Y\]
[anad k][mdYjarY\Y hjg[mjYe YbmklYjg YlgjY me e g\]dgk][mdYj&
jY[agfYd& [mbY Y{zg h g dla[Y ^mf\Ye ]flYd | Y hjg\m{zg \Y Ymlg
[g fk[a~f[aY [ge j]dY{zg x ghj]kkzg ] x dmlY [g fljY g =klY\g(
: Yka[Ye ]fl] ]k[YhYe Y ]kkYk Yfwdak]k gZb]lanaklYk& [Yd[Y\Yk ]e
me Y nakzg hmjYe ]fl] afklalm[agfYd ] ]pl]jag j \g Ylgj fg ]khY{g
kg[aYd& me Y [ge hj]]fkzg e Yak âfY ] afl]jf Y \Y nakzg \] e mf\g
i m ] g ja] f lY & ` ak lg ja[ Y e ] f l] & Y d _ a[ Y \gk h g ka[ag f Ye ]f lg k
afklalm[agf Yak \] me dY\g ]& \] gmljg& me Y [ge hj]]fkzg e Yak
Ye h dY \Y hgdla[Y im]fzg k] j]\mrYf]e wk j]dY{]k \Yk afklalma
{]k [ge g = klY\g& f]e Yg \ak[mjkg hjghjaYe ]fl] hgdla[g \Yk
[dYkk]k ] \Y lge Y\Y \g hg\]j/(
J gZ ]jlg J ge Yfg $+313% ^ga me Ym lg jim]& Yaf\ Y ]e +313&
l] f lg m ] f ^j ] f lY j k ak l] e Y la[ Y e ] f l] g h jae ] ajg lah g \]
j]\m[agf ake g( ; `Ye Yf\ g Y Yl]f{zg h YjY g ^Ylg \] im] []jlYk
Yf wdak]k h ]j\ ]e \] n aklY Y ]kh ] [aâ[a\ Y\ ] \Y A_ j]bY & g Ymlgj
h jg [m jY j][m h ]jYj g e g\g [ge g gk e glangk l]gd_a[gk& kakl]
e Y la[ Y e ] f l] f ] _ da_ ] f [ aY \ g k h ] dY k Y f w dak ] k h g dla[ Y k & kzg
j]]dYZ g jY\ g k fg ljYlg [ge Yk im]kl ]k kg[aYak( K]_mf\g J ge Y
fg& fzg k] hg\] km h g j me ` ah gl|la[g \ g e f ag ae ]\aYlg \g
kg [aYd h g j h Yjl] \ Y A_j]bY& bw im] Y ljY\m{zg \Y daf _mY_]e
l]g d _ a[Yh YjYYh g dla[Yfzghg\]k]jae ]\ aYlY $hh( ,*',+%(= pY
lYe ]fl] hg j fzg h ]j[]Z ]j ]kkYk ka_f aâ[Y{ ]k h j h jaYk fgk mkgk
im] Y A_j]bY ^Yr \] fg {]k [ge g h g Z j]k & g h jae a\ g k & [Y
e af ` Y\ Y ]l[(& Yk Yf wdak]k k] ^jmkljYe & ] \]apYe \] j][g f`][]j
/( Mej]\m[agfake g k]e ]d`Yfl] l]e ka\g]p]j[alY\gh]dYk Yfwdak]k]lfgd_a[Yk
e Yak j][]fl]k kgZj] g ae hY[lg \Yk e akk]k [Ylda[Yk kgZj] Yk [mdlmjYk
af\_]fYk( FgnYe ]fl] Yima& ][gfge arY'k] Y Yfwdak] \Y l]d]gdg_aY ]kh][â[Y
im] gja]flY Y Y{zg laY A_j]bY f]kl] [Ye hg ] j]\mr'k] Y [ge hj]]fkzg x
\]ff[aY(
--/
Yk rgfYk \] af \]l]je af Y{zg im] ]kkYk f g { ]k hjge gn]e imYf
\g k] ljYf k^]j]e hYjY g ]kh Y{g \ Y hgdla[Y(
I mYflg Yg k]_mf\g lahg \] j]\m[agfake g& im]n~YY{zg \Y
A_j]bY fg ]khY{g kg[aYd [ge g kae hd]k Yj[Yke g& k] ]kim][] im]&
k] Y daf_mY_]e j]da_agkY [gflYe afgm g [Ye hg \ Y dmlY hghmdYj
fgk Yfgk 1*& aklg \]n]m'k]& fzg Yh]fYk x d]_alae a\Y\] kae Zda[Y
im] Y afklalma{zg [gf^]jam Ygk e gnae ]flgk kg[aYak& e Yk kgZj]lm
\g hgjim] Y fg{zg \] \]e g[jY[aY \] ZYk]& Yh]kYj \] l]j'k]
[g fklalm\g [e me n]j\Y\]ajg hYjY\a_e Y |la[g'hgdla[g [YhYr \]
[YlYdakYj g \]ZYl] l]ja[g ] a\]gd_a[g fg ye Zalg \] k]mk hj
hjagk l]je gk$< gae g& +33/4+/*%&gm&lYdn]rhgj[YmkY\akkge ]k
e g& [Yjj]_Y ]e ka me Y e mdlahda[a\Y\] \] k]fla\gk& [mbY Yfwdak]
kakl]e wla[Y fzg ^ga Yaf\Y ]f^j]flY\Y(
9 e ]ke Y[gjj]fl]\] a\]aYk& im]afk]e afYjYg [Ye hg \YdmlY
hghmdYj [ge g g ^g[g \g \]ZYl] ] \Y j]^d]pzg& ^]r \Y fg{zg \]
[ge mfa\Y\] g e Yak fgng dg[mk \gk [gf^dalgk hjge glgj]k \Y e m
\Yf{Yhgdla[Y\Ykg[a]\Y\]( 9 g]f[]jjYj'k]Y\|[Y\Y\] 1*&Y]k^]
jY \g [gla\aYfg ] Yk j]dY{]k afl]jh]kkgYak hYkkYe Y g[mhYj me
dm_Yj hjanad]_aY\g fY afl]jhj]lY{zg \Y na\Y \gk hgZj]k fY _jYf\]
[a\Y\]( 9 ZYf\gfYe 'k] Yk l]k]k \g [gflafmme^gdc 'mjZYfg im]
^YraYe \Y afljgb]{zg \gk `wZalgk e g\]jfgk Y [gf\a{zg f][]kkwjaY
\g \]k]fngdnae ]flg \Y kg[a]\Y\]& ] \Y [mdlmjY jmjYd Y [YmkY \gk
hjgZd]e Yk mjZYfgk & [ nYa k] Zmk[Yj fYk j]dY{]k \] naraf`Yf{Y&
fY ^Ye daY]fYk j]da_a]kYj]khgklYhYjYYim]klzg \Yafk]j{zg \gk
_jmhgk hghmdYj]k&kgZj]lm\g\]e a_jYfl]k&fYkg[a]\Y\]af\mkljaYd(
F ]kk] fgng [gfl]plg afl]d][lmYd& Y Yfljghgdg_aY_Yf`Y d]_alae a\Y
\] hYjY\]k]fngdn]jY a\|aY \] im]g [Ylgda[ake g hghmdYj $]gmljYk
^gje Yk \] j]da_agka\Y\] hghmdYj% hg\] k]j da\g [ge g me Y ^gje Y
\] ]phj]kkzg hgdla[Y \gk ]p[dm\gk( ;ge g Z]e gZk]jnY ; Yjdgk
:jYf\zg& Yk[a~f[aYk kg[aYak [ge ]{Ye ]flzg Y ^Yr]j]e ]j_aj\]me
e akl]jagkg]kim][ae ]flg&Yl|]flzg `]_]e fa[g& Y\ae ]fkzg j]
da_agkY \Yk [dYkk]k hghmdYj]k( Hjg[mjYf\g kmh]jYj ]kk] kakl]e wla[g
kad~f[ag kgZj] gk \]mk]k \g hgng & ]kk] Ymlgj& afkhajY\g ]e
--0
H 9MD9 E G F L=JG
: YdYf\a]j& hjg[mjY [ge hj]]f\]j Yk j]dY{]k ]flj] hg\]j k][mdYj ]

j]da_agkg ] g e g\g [ge g Y j]da_azg d]_alae Y& ]e \a^]j]fl]k fn]ak&
^gje Yk \]l]je afY\Yk \] hg\]j $+32*%( af\Y im] gk ]klm\gk Yf
ljghgd_a[gk l]f`Ye Ybm\Y\g fY kmh]jY{zg \Y a\|aY \] j]da_azg
hghmdYj [ge g j]k\mg& g im] ]d]k h]je alajYe h]fkYj Y j]kh]alg
\Yj]dY{zg ]flj] [mdlmjY] hg\]jfzg ^ga [YhYr \] afl]jh]dYj f]e Y
j]^d]pzg kg[agd_a[Y& f]e emalg e]fgk Y \Y [a~f[aY hgdla[Y& hgj
im]kgZj]lm\g fg [Ykg \gk ljYZYd`gk kgZj]g [Ylgda[ake g hghm
dYj' hjgb]lgmg hgng f g ke g d\ ]k\ ] me Ykg[a]\Y\] [Ye hgf]kY
]e \]kY_j]_Y{zg $$# ]khY{g mjZYfg(
; Yjdgk :jYf\zg ] 9 dZY R YdmYj ^gjYe Ymlgj]k im] e malg
[gfljaZmjYe hYjY Y [ge hj]]fkzg Yf ljghgd_a[Y \g mfan]jkg \]
nYdgj]k \g [Ylgda[ake g hghmdYj( =e k]mk ljYZYd`gk kgZj] Yk ^]k
lYk j]da_agkYk& hjge ]kkYk ] e adY_j]k&hjg[mjYe \]kn]f\YjhY\j]k
\] e gjYda\Y\] $R YdmYj&+32-% ] Y d_a[Y [gfljYlmYd ae hd[alY fY
j][ahjg[a\Y\] jalmYd im] [ge hjge ]l] `ge ]fk ] kYflgk& Y \Yj ]
j][]Z ]j $: jYf\zg&+32*&+32/%( 9 g YfYdakYj # [Ylgda[ake g hghmdYj
[ge g me kakl]e Y h Yjla[mdYj \] [j]f{Yk&: jYf\zg Ybm\Y Y kmh]jYj
g j]\m[agfake g kg[agd_a[g \Yk Yfwdak]k im] j]kme ]e Y j]da_azg&
imYf\gY[gfka\]jYe hgkalanYe ]fl]&Yg_jalg \gk\]khgkkm\gk (
9 af \ YYkkae &e ]ke g imYf\g kmZdaf`Y]f^Yla[Ye ]fl] YYlmYda\Y\]
] nalYda\Y\] \ ]kkY k ^]klY k & ] e [gfljYhgka{zg Ygk im] Yk ljYlYe
[ge g kgZ j]nan~f [aY \Y ljY\a{zg $: jYf\zg&+32*4,.1%& g kakl]e Y
[mdlmjYd im] ]d] Y[YZY hgj j]ljYlYj | g \] me Y kg[a]\Y\] im]& fY
ljYfka{zg hYjYYna\ Y mjZYfY& Yh]fYk k] \]_jY\Y4 imYf\g g ^gdazg
e a_jY \Y jg {Y hYjY Y h]ja^]jaY \Y [a\ Y \ ] Yd_me Y [g akY k ] h]j\]
$:jYf\zg& +32*4/+%(
F zg `w [ge g f ]_Yj& hgak& Y f g klYd_ aY [Ye h g f ]kY im]
Ykkg e Z jY]kk] lahg \]]klm\g Yf ljg h g d _a[g kgZj] g [Ylg da[ake g
hghmdYj( 9 > gdaY&Yh jg e ]kkY& Yh jg [akkzg ] Y\Yf{Y kzg h Yjl] \]
me l]e hg ] me ]khY{g kg[aYd [Ye h g f ~k& kgda\wjag [ge me
kakl]e Y Y_jwjag \] ljg[Yk \] \w\anYk im] ]pa_] ^gje Yk \] h g k
k] ] \] me mkg \] Z]fk [Y\Y n]r e Yak afY[]alwn]ak fY [a\ Y\ ]
--1
$: jYf\zg&+32*4/+%( ; ge g j][g f`][]j& hgak& Y nalYda\ Y\ ] \]kkY

[mdlmjY& k]fzg h]dY kmY [YhY[a\Y\] \] j]kakl~f [aY xk [gf\a{]k
\] \ ]kY_j]_Y{zg ae h gklYk h]dY na\Y fY [a\Y\]8 ;ge ]^]alg& Yk
Yfwdak]k kgZj] g [Ylg da[ake g hghmdYj& im] k] afkhajYjYe f]kkY
h ]jkh ][lanY& fzg [ g f k ] _ m ] e ]k[Yh Yj Y me Y nYdg jarY{zg hgkalanY
\g h YkkY\ g im] Yk [g f\a{]kh j]k]f l]k Yh ]f Yk [gf ljaZm]e hYjY
[g jjg e h]j4 S(((U Y [m dlm jY ] Y ljY\a{zg hg hmdYj ]klzg hYkkYf\g
hgj me h]jg\g [jla[g& e glanY\g h]dY h jg _j]kkanY m jZYfarY{zg
] h]dg Y\ n]flg \Y ]jY l][fg d_a[Y fg : jYkad( M j_] hgak me ljY
ZYd`g k|jag \] j]^d]p zg ] [g f k[a]f larY{zg k] im]j]e gk ]nalYj Y
h ]j\ Y _ ]f ]jYdarY\ Y \gk nYdgj]k [m dlmjYak& Yjlkla[g k ] j]da_agkg k
im] fgk ^gjYe d]_Y\ g k hgj imYk] [af[g k|[mdgk \] ` akl jaY
$9 rra& +3124 ++%( L jYlY'k]& hgak& \] h j]k]jn Yj Y af l]_ja\ Y\ ] \]
me kakl]e Y [m dlm jYd& [Yh Y[alYf \g 'g &h]dg j]_akljg kakl]e wla[g \]
kmY e ]e jaY& Y j]kaklaj(
E Yk Y im] j]kaklajaY& ]pYlYe ]fl]&g [Ylgda[ake g hghmdYj8 K]
|n]j\Y\]&[ge gim]jJmZ]e ; |kYj>]jfYf\]k $+32.%&im] g [gf
[]alg \] j]da_azg hghmdYj | ae hj][akg& hgklg im] j][gZj] nwjagk
k]fla\gkim] f]e k]e hj][gaf[a\]e ' hghmdYj| g fzg'gâ[aYd& kzg
gk ]kljYlgk af^]jagj]k gm Y e Yagj hYjl] \] me Y hghmdY{zg & g
eg\g [ge g gk ]klm\agkgk mkYe ] j][gjlYe ]kkY fg{zg | emalg
j]n]dY\gjY\Ykafima]lY{]khgdla[Ykim]gkYfae Ye (:Yka[Ye ]fl]&
hg\]'k] \ar]j im] ]kkY dal]jYlmjY k] egn] ]e lgjfg \] \gak ]apgk
Zwka[gk4 Y ghgka{zg af\ana\mYdake g p ^jYl]jfa\Y\] ] Y hgdYja\Y\]
à]jYjimaY p a_mYd\Y\]( 9 d_a[Y \Y j][ahjg[a\Y\] | Y \]^]kY \g
hgZj] [gfljYg af\ana\mYdake g mjZYfg& ]fimYflg Y ^]klY | kmY ^gj
e Y\] j]Z]d\aY[gfljYY \ge afY{zg ae hgklYh]dYA_j]bY gâ[aYd(
= e ZgjY e malgk \]kk]k ljYZYd`gk fgk ljY_Ye ]d]e ]flgk ae
hgjlYfl]khYjYim]k]hgkkYe [ge hj]]f\]jgk e g\gk\]Yhjghja
Y{zg \g [Ylgda[ake g hghmdYjhgj hYjl] \g [d]jg \] me dY\g& ] Yk
d_a[Ykj]da_agkYkim]gj_YfarYe Ykj]dY{]kafl]jh ]kkg Yak]e [g f
l]plgkkg[aYak ]kh][â[gk \]gmljg& ]d]k\]apYe af\a^]j]fl]k Yim]
d]k im] ]klzg x Zmk[Y \] j]khgklYk e Yak YZjYf_]fl]k $] [gfl]e
--2
H 9 M A (9 E G F L M J G
hgjyf]Yk%&hYjYgk\ad]e Yk\Ykg[a]\Y\]ZjYkad]ajY[ge gme lg\g(

= kk] nYrag im] k]h YjY me Y Yfljgh gdg_aY \Yk e a[jgjj]dY{]k ]
me Y kg[agdg_aY\gk Ylgj]khgdla[gk fzg [gfk]_m]]k[YhYj\]me Y
\mhdYYje Y\ad` Y4 \]me dY\g& Ya\]YdarY{zgjge yfla[Y\g hYkkY\g
im]& [ge g Z]e gZk]jngm JmZ]e ; |kYj& [YjY[l]jargm Y nYdg jarY
{zg\ Y[mdlmjYh g h m dYj]\Yk ^]klYk j]da_agkYk ]e lYflgk ljYZYd`gk
Yfljghgd_a[gk $+32-4 0*%5\] gmljg& g j]\m[agfake g kg[agd_a[g&
im] k] \ ]kg Z ja_Y \] [ge hj]]f\]jYd_a[Y \Yk ka_faâ[Y{]k ] ^Yr
\Yj]da_azg me kae hd]k afkljme ]flg \] [gfk[a~f[aYhgdla[Y]e m
\Yf{Ykg[aYd(Fgk\gak[Ykgk&gj][gjl]\ak[ahdafYj|]e hgZj][]\gj4
hgjim] âpY gk gd`gk fg hYkkY\g& fzg h]je al] h]fkYj g hYh]d
[gfl]e hgjyf]g \Y j]da_azg fY[jaY{zg \g fgng5 hgjim]h ]j[]Z] Y
^]klY& Y jg e YjaY[ge g Yj[Yke g& fzg h]je al] h]fkYj k]m dm _ YjfY
[gfkljm{zg \] kmb]algk YlmYfl]k fY ]k^]jY hZda[Y(
9 k h g kkaZ ada\Y\]k \] kmh]jY{zg \]kk] \ad]e Y [ge ]{Ye Y
]e ]j_aj fY dal]jYlm jY j][]fl]( Fg ]flYflg& ]kkY fgnY YZgj\Y_]e
k] j]YdarY& fzg lYflg YljYn|k \Yae Y_af Y{zg l]ja[Y j]fgnY\Y& e Yk
kae Y h Yjlaj \g e g\g [ge g g [j]k[ae ]flg \] me Y j]da_azg Yg
e ]ke gl]e hgmjZYfY] e g\]jfY& ghjgl]klYf lake g h]fl][gklYd
hYj][aYh ]je alajme Y[gfn]j_~f[aY\ ak[ah daf Yj]flj]Yf ljg h g dg
_aY ] kg[agdg_aY& Yg ^Yr]j [gaf[a\aj j]da_azg ] e g\]jfa\Y\]( J]lg
e Yj]e gk Y\aYf l] YYfwdak] \]kkYdal]jYlm jY( 9 fl]k | hj][akg [ge
h j]]f \]j Y ae h g jlyf [aY \gk [mdlgk Y^jg'Z jYkad]ajgk fg [Ye hg \]
]klm\gk kgZj] j]da_a]k(
> 4 8 7 6 7 d 4 ? 0 5 > ; 4 0 ? = A 4 ? @ d 4 ? 3 4 7 3 4 : @ 7 3 0 3 4
9 k [`Ye Y\Yk j]da_a]k Y^jg'Z jYkad]ajYk [gfklalm]e & k]_maf\g

\] h ]jlg g [Ylgda[ake g& me \gk l]e Yk \] e Yagj afn]klae ]flg
j]^d]pang fg [Ye hg \Yk j]da_a]k( G im] e Yak [`Ye Y Y Yl]f{zg&
imYf\g k] h ]j[g jj] g [gfbmflg j][]fl] \Y ZaZdag_jYâY kgZj] ]k
k]k [mdlgk& | Y hj]k]f{Y e Yj[Yfl] \] J g _]j : Ykla\] $] gk Ymlgj]k
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