SECARA BIOLOGIS
KUALITAS AIR,
PENCEMARAN AIR
PENCEMARAN AIR
PENCEMARAN AIR
DEFINISI:
masuknya atau dimasukkannya mahluk
hidup, zat, energi dan atau komponen lain
ke dalam air oleh kegiatan manusia
sehingga kualitas air turun sampai ke
tingkat tertentu yang menyebabkan air tidak
berfungsi lagi sesuai dengan
peruntukkannya
PENCEMARAN AIR
OLEH LIMBAH CAIR
PERLAKUAN PRIMER
Pemisahan fisik bahan organik tersuspensi
dalam bak pengendapan untuk mengurangi
kebutuhan oksigen biologis (BOD).
PERLAKUAN SEKUNDER
Degradasi oleh mikroba untuk mengurangi
kandungan senyawa organik. Ada dua cara:
Degradasi anaerobik dalam sludge tank /
activated sludge tank
Degradasi aerobik menggunakan trickling bed
filter.
KEBUTUHAN OKSIGEN
PERLAKUAN TERSIER
Primary Settling
Basins
Primary Settling
Size
rectangular: 3-24 m wide x 15-100 m long
circular: 3-90 m diameter
Detention time: 1.5-2.5 hours
Overflow rate: 25-60 m3/m2day
Typical removal efficiencies
solids: 50-60%
BOD5: 30-35%
Secondary Treatment
Bagaimana Prosesnya ?
Lingkungan dibuat
kaya berbagai jenis
mikroba
Activated Sludge
nutrisi, oksigen
Diharapkan Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
(MLSS) 3,000 - 6,000 mg/L
Activated Sludge
Return
Activate
d Sludge
(RAS)
Waste
Activate
d
Sludge
Mixed
Liquor
w/w
Air
Treated
Secondary w/w
clarifier
Discharge to
River or Land
Application
Activated sludge
Secondary Clarifier
F QS 0
M VX
where Q flow rate
S 0 initial soluble BOD 5
V volume
X mixed liquor volatile
suspended solids (MLVSS)
td = approximately 6 - 8 hr
F/M Parameter
organisms
more complete degradation
larger, more costly aeration tanks
more O2 required
higher
less
sludge to handle
Trickling Filters
Rotating distribution arm sprays primary
effluent over circular bed of rock or other
coarse media
Air circulates in pores between rocks
Biofilm develops on rocks and microorganisms degrade waste materials as
they flow past
Organisms slough off in clumps when film
gets too thick
Trickling Filters
Filter Material
Trickling Filters
Not a true filtering or sieving process
Material only provides surface on which
bacteria to grow
Can use plastic media
lighter
Trickling
Filters
Film
mixes with
wastewater
Shearing of excess
microorganisms
Attached microorganisms
pick up organics
Sludge
Treatme
nt
Secondary
Settling
Sludge Treatment
Low-tech solutions
Aerobic ponds
Facultative ponds
Anaerobic ponds
Aerobic ponds
Facultative ponds
Ponds 1 - 2.5 m deep
td = 30 - 180 d
not easily subject to
upsets due to
fluctuations in Q,
loading
low capital, O&M costs
Aerobic
Facultative
Anaerobic
Oxidation Ditches
Anaerobic Ponds
Primarily used as a pretreatment process
for high strength, high temperature wastes
Can handle much high loadings
2 stage:
Source: Environmental
Science, 4th ed., B.J. Nebel
and R.T. Wright, PrenticeHall, N.J., c. 1981
Spray irrigation
Secondary
Treatment
Flooding,
channeling
spray irrigation
Spray irrigation
Problems
climate
pathogens
need
buffer zone
Source: Environmental Science, 4th ed., B.J. Nebel
and R.T. Wright, Prentice-Hall, N.J., c. 1981
Overland flow
Secondary
Treatment
Application to land
slopped at 2-8%
Overland Flow:
Emmitsburg, MD
Overland Flow:
Emmitsburg, MD
Overland Flow:
Emmitsburg, MD
Overland Flow:
Emmitsburg, MD
Advantages
free
water
free nutrients
plants can be fed to
animals
low-cost
low-maintenance
water meets discharge
regulations (NPDES)
Disadvantages
will
(From: http://www.city.pg.bc.ca/finished.htm)
Wetlands
(From: Environmental Science, 4th ed., B.J. Nebeland R.T. Wright, Prentice-Hall, N.J.,
1981)
Facility Options
availability
of space
degree of treatment required by NPDES
permit
municipal or municipal plus industrial
flowrate
Facility Options
agricultural
options
presence of pathogens
experience of design engineers