ekm

am
am r
r ur
ur
r
r 
 
l e
e : http://
://FreeTamilEbooks.
.com
://
e !"

u#! Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

uk
km
am
am r
r ur
ur
a()**
()**m
**m 1
a()**
()**m
**m 2
a()**
()**m
**m 3
a()**
()**m
**m 4
a()**
()**m
**m 5
Free Tamil Ebooks - e0
e0!p
!p 23
23

am
am r
r ur
ur

am
a m r
r ur
ur
r
r 

nirurag@gmail.com

at!p  6!p7 8"j :r socrates1857@gmail.com

km e8*n) vsr.jayendran@gmail.com

u#! Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

a()**
()**m
**m 1

?0 (@k:p e*m, eBm o08 8 rk:m en)0 !.

l (@ D ik:m.
a0: )) 8F G eH n)nF 7)* Fm) Fl
I!l et2K", L#* F!t@ !Kn)nF.
eFMl NnFl e)#l rO HPk:( eF#*F aGk: Qpm.
rpF2: e!p 8r! 8RnF@. !l 6(@p r(@, "pe
oT8 apMl!8* eT a) (F6 mU t! aDnF r :#l
N0W*6 uMkeH6nF"r.
anFp e#* 8?tR pt a!K X8F l*Yk Om8l a0#kp
t6nF@. ove 8! 8[m a\W* ]U 6l r. #! #! *
uYGp H0.
o 7Km 8k, , et6 !*Kk, a! !*k Ot eH!Y,
2Tm p7, ^` eT  HY0l m "U "p
ketl. Mn)"r et6!*( F8 t6( )"  )*
 ()"l i*0:m 8sr L! eK a* a3Mp7.
a(F eH 8! l l L"@, :rnF@ eK Mk0B.
k()88* T ! MmU pm r fp8ks, ?Q srs
8K! s6k 8(Fll. o O!l gQ, T 8t0l.
ie" 7Km Nm Nt sehl N ek, i 8#0 i()*).
p i!e*Kl, FRl anF m\U
Tm, ^`p\
Tm.
el2!Kjm pt 6(F, L" 8p, k. i)[m i ! 8F
F8k (l 8 r(F 8* ! k eK :3p7), ! ns k eT. FtkBm,
8p!Bm a\:p ete" akW !kpt6nF" a8.
6RnF 8"Ml LFeT Nt6  0Rn@m, X,
a*lNRn@mO n)nFr ielm HMo(@ M!*6"
a[p7 p ptMt, F@ a)rq(!Fp #8 )k iHm M!*p
8yMt6nFr.
:\n!FB n)nFr8, e okWK `k: i*K! aM(@M
8Hm eT eHD*r, ! gkWm etn@ pt, pm rkW
!K* M!*m! eT Fl N8 a p()nF)l, :\n!FBm
 Nt!p8 v0W o*@, `T`Tp i*0W, e8* e l( F*W
inF"r.
ptk O()l e inF@ N: 8! l inF 86 t8.
a8F, Nm FN*W in@8!
e)#l arn@ F!"8* o T 7"!j r(@k eH6nF 8m
*k :Rl O3" in@8: el8 Nm! )# 7@ 
l*Y"0F!
ep6k H6U8 ? 7"! Kl 8t. F inFp 8\W!*

!"M* a!nF@ evG e#* kW*m! 3@m rl@, evG

a !Y* Nn@ eWK! eT ]#(@k eH6nF)l, a *!jm
QkGl!, K!p23 !"kGm il!.
el8  in)*MRn@ n)k08. 0, anFp eHP0
ove() !8jm N[  HY6 !*l. FDjm !Rn@
8F!! eK in@.
ap8@F am Q(F. ^H!.
e" 8 #U`kx0? :`:`(F 7@!"M.
Nm! )#8* ()# em 8Nm v0, ip 8t etn@t, (F!k:
pt a!K!* y608 akp k n)k0, !
y#l ir  0W*
t!B, !nF F!j ip!Fp r(F
aBk:m #p7 e0W*@. O8 etm etnF@. Nm!p r(@m, *8m
ip6e*lm M*kW*"m e yr8?
8N2T Y !8r(@keH,  *m a!* ! F"@ ip!U
`23k, F a@ 8F8l u#!j ynF6 eRnF ]0
t)[m `238"8!
ar 27T()"r eT a` 8()l `\K 8r 8s#l X3Mt,
iK0W*@m, e0 em 8 m, 8. N *n@ WK) o0Bk: e"
avG n8Fhm? eT F !K*U H! 6kMl!? *k@
a@ 8t6k:8?
eyU` Mt in@.
zk!F ivG iQ!* ikWK@!
eNt6l  0 F0Wp 6(F Y! e!p Yk. a"@
e28Kr tm 8" m o M" M()l iKn)kMtl, FyN
)mkO ik t8", e"8!
e nF M*(!Fk Q(@keeT n)nF a!p r(F Fl
r!88* *0W, YnF@ enFp eHPk:m `k W!(@MkO6*
a)rq!
a\: tm 8F@, O8 6(Fl 8"Km eT !"G eF#nF@ Fl
a u!\(F@ {H 8Ml!. u*r lM aBk: o m|(!Fjm,
uU #p7U `(F(!Fjm, `Fn)p 8k!jm a(@, e#* QFr {tpeH
eT rpr! )k !(F@ aBk:( eF#n@F inF@.
F!N# M!j*rnF :)l :3p(Fk oK" 7Wt 0 #l 0:kl
i!\(F "!Kjm, ret M#kpt, :r F"  ) e(Fpt 
a!K!jm eH 0Gk: e nFk# a, ip8@.
:Kk :MnF :p!jm, N2K ik:m mm o3l, FTKk
tpt o T {t6lF a rnF eKl Nm7@ 6"m.
KnF { !"Ml etnF@8 in@M m `0W*@. a!F( FMt,
8? eK.
e
#*8
pR8*! inFU
*()l eFm7 8Ym? eT # "m,
:Tm7k 8t 8.
aBk:m #p7 nF@. i!Fe*lm p `k:(F 6jm. N
pt, ap7Km :HW8!
l}# a\:D a. F a\W"88* !"(@m rk 6*F
e lnF!"k Y" a!nF. N a\! ^)p! eT a
inF o ()l e(F!"8* !K am e lRMt. anF yF"(!Fk
p23ke 8H!

Nm {t688* o ~m !kPm, 8.

(a(F, e(F elm 8Hm. `m 8!U e lR8* Op!
!*8*! !"M ap6U e yF, Y8" ^j` :!K`m!
ap6p (F, e!k o(FO u8 ik t!)
Nt6 rl. N :H ik8 e lRk t3*? 6n@ e@8l
8"[m, 8 7"! KMl!.
!*8*! il, il! a F3". N  inFp8, )"m yP
D 8Nm ~m 8Fp2 e y8. ipGm n))# a!*
8Y8F 8t8!
e e@ 8t[m, a!FU e ` F N e6. a8F )#.. N e" 8t[m..,
a H!YU t6". a m n@, Mo z8NkWp 8"!F
(F.
a(F@ e08? Nm a!K*, il..?
a!" T(@ X8F e l nF, `m F!"U gHWK e@ 7#n@,
TR(F. t6"elm iQk: 8Ym. *0m! *(!Fp 7t@,
eT anF !"p88* ap7 8F! o( vkW*, !K*
!0 ik8! k?
#, ! eK6 etnFk:U te" F!`23*@. K !l F6*,
iHm N2Rl arn@eH, M\F:!K*.
k(@ N2Rl !()nF T T D )()nF !p!!* ek(
)m* in@8 anF o M"6 N(!Fk QkMl!. e"
okn@tk0?
o e#* yU! it(@ Mt 8. nF N!n@ Nt( F ip6
Nn@ eH6k 8Hm. t6* !"MF8", e08 8yMp 8WK!
e"8 ynF  m7k el!l MtnF )#
8 " a"m etnF@.
F"ke",
eH
!
7)F?
F
ip6
eHt6
F "
^WMt8e!F 8lNt6l F!" N: a3n)nF NHrm
e "l, NmkO Nml #pr.
a@ ep6, `k 8" eHm ilF 6p7 t6*m o8 Nl
X2t@?
F!"p 8Rl! i, ! F r e!F l*Y" TN
!88* uYrn@eH6nF. ! 6nF anF t 8q6!*(
@!k@ ()p(F 8Hm eT eHDkeH, e!8*. :2K
uYrGm o08 etnF@.
^H-eH uK!p23 ep!*p 8`@ "@ e@8l
anFp 8U! 8* FMrk:m :m()l KnFF8, e"8, {t!Mtp 8"
!8*
F!"U
`23
8pt6nF
HPk:(
eF#*F
8R!*
u!(eF3n)nF 8. H6k8, 7() e l8 e#8*r em
aWl il@, 7)* Nt6l FQ! t, 7@p7@ a0 WKk(!F t,
zk!!* t!* aM(F.
^"l, i!
28K !K*, p(!Fn@ *)l  eN23l tk!
8F3*@m, tp2K anF zk! a[k ^m(F@. F"ke" o eH,
aym  :\n!F 8Hm eK **" ^! etnF@.
!"M* , F Y()88* :3 !(@, e8* F s# (@k8
X0:@8l N6(F M!Fr!p8l il@, F!" F"k8 Mm7m
eHY
ik
8Hm.
Yk#*
ik
8He)l!.

F"kWlF e (F!
^"l, T *)l enF o e!jm k()RnF!*@ opt, F
!()p8F 8"@ eT etnF rm ip8@m o nF!" M)(F@:
F"k: !"M*  Hr *0:m 8\W* ik 8Hm.
inF eHY08 8* )m* He(F Dkm in@8.
inF o ()l aB o(F ove m a eNl )n@
8nF@. nF! nF!*8 in@Mtp 8tm. "(F[m
iBk:( @8m e y*kO@ eT uT) e y@eH.
e m F" in)km. ip8@ F! `2Kl e" e yjm!
8 etnF.
F! e"88l inF@. R*, `2K eT 7#*Ml!.
vkm :!K"F8?
t6"() !0#*?
al@, vkm Mok:m eHY(8F ()# ptk:p "r \k(@k:
M8F iH 8p! 8p :6(FF8?
em !p ik: in@. e m (@km 8FP@, eK
e .
eF#j8 o0!! eT 8R e yF a. `()U `(), o8 i(@k:(F
{0! i F!" ivG vm NWK8" eK e! inF@ anFk
8Rl.
eN(F! e !0! `()p (@t, e" 8P8 0Wt . N
e m v08K, e"?
2T X2K(@8"8* in@ a!"( FQ8* Mtp8".
8?tl a!Kk: e8* inF N!!Fl a\W* HY0 eH
e(@e(eFK ret. e!Fjm Qk:m "!l ikMl! 8.
i*n)(F"y, at! 8RnF s6k M!* FMl e p8" F
!!*p r(@ k2K.
ieF" e 3 e 3*y?
F! 8T enF m e6(@ Mm8 inF@.
u8 8"@8 p#0 t6R 8RnF 6 u* e(!Fl MtnF"l
HY* 6*Ml!. X8F8F eHY0 `\T `\T 8etnF".
ep8@8  uY! MmU pm F"l ip8@ pt6l 3FG
y 8 r(F[m X p 6*Ml!?
8U `\[m t6"(Fl F! 8H"l `2Km.  ut:)l
7HPm, uRl e 3jm ep6 uH:m?
te" X8F !"p7 e\, 8 ul a)rnF@.
`r (@, QH 0Bk: "r, ae#kMl ?sRl F0Wp
6(@k eH6nF8@, a o8 a!Kl F0WnF e e 
a !"Ml n@ 8". ak:m i8F 8K u!FF8
FRl inF"?
8 anF !"! o@k *K", F!!*U [pkeH.
e"k: e?U  M*m! (@p #8 F!"k:p K: e  n@ atF@
i"m 8 )l oR(F@. N ip6 ^"@ *8 Fp7? e0m!
* a6U`, t6, :TkW M e!"jm *T() !UnF8, e0p!
a!k el !"U`, e)rkkO !F#*lFFF8" N ip6

em!)#,
ie"
^m!O
8 rn)k8!
kp8",
e0pGkWl n)kPm inF M*)! anFp M e Fp7k: e"k:(
FH!"*! eT ep6e*lm atF!
Mh*m M MF2:, 6p! a!:!K* MtMt, HYl
8".
iH 0 o(@, *8 e "r e eyts H iKn@MtF.
ak:m ip6(F8", F!R, yU l, l 7H, e 3, 0: eT
^m(F@!
K!* e ks zk!l F"ke" mnFm! eT e"8 e#* "@
HPF !"(@keH, a o8 a!Kl F0 m)(F@ F FT
eT ip8@ 0n@ F!" eNn@eH 8.
evG F! im o8 Ft6Rn@ |t ! H6*l :()k :()(
)3kWKr! ar ap6U e y!Fp r()nFl, eUl eT a"@
t6 o()kk Om. 8l Nt6"r e" e yF[m a@ Fp ik 6*@
eT Hy6(F" Nm7m a!"p8K X ik:m! um
ip6(F el el aon@ 8:m.
v0 6*l, uH!!*U gDkGm 6*l t 8.
at! nF@. F ^H!, a\kO@ eK  ^H 
tpt!jm i3, yMt a\ ^m(F.

a()**
()**m
**m 2

e086 7Kpt8?
F (!F i\n@ #F inF HY6 K6, F 7 8(!F
oveK ekW, 7(!F Ml8 !(@ a\:()k eH6nF
(NF F!" 8NkW etnF ak8Mk:p )l e lMl!.
eFl o 7@ HY6 0K o!*p kPm! eT F"k:
eHYt. u8" e)r!K*" 8eK eHYm e\Rl!. ^!
7@  e@ oH!Y 0K@k: X@ `! ip ikWK ip.. p8 o
8!F. rK elk ! jm  uH6*l 8K)# k)8* 8 r(@
!k8K. eQk:(F a@k: 8F!*" eF! 8 p8:8F!
(NF F ()* ^p8:m 7HD* )"(@k(F zk!
N(@WK.
^2T,
ak:m
p(@
n@
*FWMt@.
F
2K
^H
!!p8l il! eeF"8 yT *)88* ak:(
eF#n@Mt@.
XH, elm kQk 88Km. er{zU :km, e pm.
e 8? am a) *pt 8t8@, ak:\n!F ` uF
at!l 8D". el 8y ul k op!FM kW*" 8!
oT ak: inF@.
N t6O ik8! eK :\n!F!* {t688* MtMtp 8"r.
t6 utrnF68* 6.M e)#l v0, anF)#*" nFrp(!F e)rr(@k
()nF
:\n!F
(NF
amM
u!!*
e(@
aDn@eH. #p7 e0W*@. F 8t6nF 6.hrt! ap7
\23p 8tMt, e2T rl amM p! !(@ a\:r(F.
"(@ ^"nFm WrneFtnF@.
ep8@m ip6 u! aD* 6nFl, evG WzU* ik:m! eF2
ip6 ^H! aD@8 a! m, tk!
t!jm 0Wp
8WKr eT am8l 8m etnF@.
F"@ !*(F"(!F eHD uk a\ ^m(F, t6 etn@
Mr8 eT *n@, l t! M! !(@k 6(F. 3@ 8N()l
F!l (@, ap68* v0Wjm 8".
*8 u[kW"28RnF@.
e(F!" N ip6 Nk:@? eT uT*6 3nFr ap.
"p!! e" e y*8Km 7#* e"8 e k. M{0!
eK amM F"m ar )l X3*F( eF#*Ml!. ipRnF
el! uM"r.
amGm, t6jm e k e , a@ ^()m a)#(F@. Fn!F
\k(@k: K" 8m aU (!F M!Mk, e#* ! im

a!Kk: on@eH"r.
iQ8 ip6U e yM*? ip6U e yM*? eT M"r.
(NF uF! iTkW*6 3nF.
a\K", ! avG )! elm e :kK e lm! ! yn@8"@m,
ap am!( )t6Mt, !" !K(F6 apl aKr.
XH  ap6U e y8F? eK6 a!Yk nF amM !k:
a0@, 6" T.
i"m 7#*F e@8 a!"p eH ^!! Mm aDn@e
!(F@. Y(!F ^jm *)l!F. ^"[m, apM a6k:p *n@
anFp \k(!F M!FM, iQ  * amM, ak
u!! aDn@ a\: rk 8Hm eT 8F3p82T.
TN et *F" aHY 8[, !*8*! em! )# 6es
HDk(F8" o"k:p 6k:@! 8H! eT ok, a!" e)rk(
eFmll, a\ ^m(F :\n!F.
8N2T! a 8 rn@ M!*6* aHY8 ip6e*Kl, K!p23k
8t 8Hm! ap88F ak:p 7#n@Mt@, F F aHY!"p
88, ak!p 88 il!, iQ eT8 ik 6*@ eT.
)yT *)l i! am ^m(F@ (NFQ ()l.
a!"M iH *@ e#*" akM uRl tm evG a\"
!G! F"k:k e(@ !kMl!8* eK Xkm KnF@ ak:.
iMl 8HF "G 8T n@, a!" Mop!*U e yF". e o ^H!
eT a! e ll e l@8l uRl etU!* uHkW".
anF a)rU F0@, ip6 \K@k: K8F 8F!, eT 6e(F.
^"l, !k:t6 eT a8l u!8* !()nF am! !"(Fl
 inF@. akmk()l eF#nFr *@ iKnFlO, anF
@k(!F( F06*l, DkYk atm iW* "m eH am
i!"p 3e(Fl, anF @k(!F ep6( F0: eT 8*(F8@,
F2e! e y@eBm eHYm etnF 8()88* !Kn@ 8"@.
^"l, ove iG v0p8:m8@m, H H "G n@
eF!(@M8! eK *m e\, o eH @D*l F"@ ^H!!* iTk
t6k eH. oMF m) X2t@.
ap8 a 8`!F8* MtMtr. ^Pl, eHPl,
ip6 o a!:!KU Q* e"k:p !* n@ Kn@ eF!UkP!
eT ar o !K amMm a23*!F otk 8t 8N#t, anFk
:m()"#m enF otF[m ill 82T (NFk:.
FH, F 6p7H eT inF. F!" X8F (!Fp rp@8l
a) *m, ap7p rk:m  a0W* anFk :m()l F a)
m 8 rn@ ik 6*@ eK! ak:p 7#nF@. 6(@Mt, oo*
e0@ eF!n@Mm, ap8F@ F "m M!\nF6 a0m
e y@e 6*F eT prk 8*(F.
^"l, m)*p 6kGm 6*@ 82T.
o N, (NF! X M[k: FD ]k8? eT T N!8*
^#*r a !!*( F !l e(@keHyk 8t8@, :p7
Yr elm eleT #(Fr.
a ^m! il!0, r! eK o @k.
e"k:p 6k:m, r! eK (NFQ :Rl )#l!. oMF e lF
inF@.

:p7 6nF@m, inF 8Ntp 7(F0! e()t ! eT a!"p

D(Fr
^#*r.
a@
a!Kk:
!\nF@m,
a
2Tm
e)rFHYm, a "()l (Ftr. a@ ! 8k OF
i(@k:p 82T.
7(F0!k 8\ FKMt, F!eF3k e8* 6" Y.
e!"p r(Fl elk:m X ip6 Nn@e8Hm8 ikWK@!
eT FQ!l a\(F 6nF@ a"l. u 6(F YrBm
a@8K 8 t!! ^m()k, (NFQ FQ! a)#(F@. *@k:
i3* :\p0Bm, 8F!"Bm LznF)l, 6p[m "m 8Ml!.
)"T *)l el2!Kjm uF3Mt, 8m]r s~t in)*Ml inF
inF ak:6k:k :6 nF K:F Kl X2Tkep@, Nt7, m)
iF2elm ar(Fm 7#* ^m(F@ (NFk:.
F!"p8l Kp"88* M()* " Kr!
ir elk:8 i!pm  p(F in)kWK@.
inF F# "08 oMF (!F ak, ar t6* !F!* T8U3
X2K. aeK N, a3*p()l ^#*r t6* a8F o. ^"l, 8T
ol! eK !l, iT aF"l aU 8, a"8 uHMl!.
XH6 (? ()# ]Gm y * i38*! XF@ n@ 0W
pkO@?
a8F 7KkOH6l (F 7l7l # "(@ 8t.
7l7l a@ a" !(@keH e*r. a!* i*2e*r *k:8
eF#*@. 8t[m, 8 eU ap, amGk8 8HF"p 8t8.
ip a0 eU 8 tm *k: 8Pm? eTM. 7l7l0WK@ o
K! i"m. 8M8*@ `Fn) in@tp 88K8"! e, H
#p7.
(NF L et6".
inF( eFoRl tMt, M*)k:p *nFl 6j?
^P!K u8*Wj0! eK  (!F( F0W* at!!* `23l t6Mt,
e  a!Fk t6*@m, o 6k!kF evG ^()m
a!nF! sl! e"k8 7() e lK aGk:p 8t6*? eT e" a6
a6(F!
inF a(@kelm o 6Gk: 8H"l, F aT!U
WU! ym YGm eTkF uTp7! a23Mt, eHPk"
u!p!
uHkWke
8Hm.
?r8l
akBk:
ip@8l rU* rm m, :[m eH!k:#* iQ!j
ik:m. e"F 7(!FU gr()keH, !, 0WR, e[` eT
uleF N!Bm, 7!jm aDnF[m, anFk t!k:l o8K
8@8 F t Y(!F u:k:p !K 2K!
*r H@! uM[m eHY"l, F nF6 et0: uMl, yk:m,
oj" (F\Wl *0W, *@ F!" Yk tr ap8@!
zk!l t!*" eHY ^@ o8K (NF"@ :3k8
^2T. in)* 8*, Fyn@ t8, 0p]r 8, e@"[m F
u!p ]Y 23ke ar l (Fm ^:8!
zMl o N@ ap6pt eHY ik 8H"l, anF
i(!F aMk e(F!" M! e(F[m F:m eK uT)j, u!
F !(@U m)(F Y()l !* U m 6k ^m(F. a6k6

ul u!F 8F3". at*p()".

ap68* 8!k:p 8".
i!p8 e8" o(F"F8" N iQk: ip6 go`
ik8! eT etnF ^()()l, F a!Ypl im Y rBm
o N 8Nyyptp 8r eK eHY8 o : )p)!*
uHkW*@ ak:.
(NFk: a6k6 !p7 uH ^m(F@. yU l, F!R eKl
ep68*
(@
Mm.
ip88F
F0l
t6.
yk:m
8 rn@eH, *@ ot ^m()nF@. 8FF :!Kk:, eF2:8 k)3
8T inF@.
elm
ip6*!
ielm K!(
)p)
e y@Mt,
Rl
em:)!* ^tt0l e okMl!?
7l7l! e"k:p * ik:6.
anFk t6()l :6nFr o!e*r 6 86 eT Optk
e@ \k inF@. *)l e#* ^H ak, al@ ^t6
^"r. ap6 a!\kpm8@, F0 eHFm eT o a2
n8Fh(!F aM(Fr.
e"6, (?
)"8 ip6 i[m,
j t8F! N 8 r(@ eU
Y(@k:
u8*8 il 88? eT F n8F(!F( eF#M(F (NF.
il *k:(F ? eT at*p 8, F"p(Fpr(F
7l7l.
N gkWm e (@tkO l. inF eH0etk a\ *r
ik0?
a"@ FQk(!F( Fk X8F e lp8" 8F\!" !*r()Mt(
eFrnF (NF: ap6 N e (@t, e uH6*l ikWK Y(!F e
e(@k. *m 8FTm. a)rqm inF, e*@ ^8h e y@kl!
Fyn@ kmF. l 8m.
7l7l[k: (F inF@. o"k: iQk: e"8F ^U`.
eFl o!" krWt tPm. , e l8K!
anF ^FG (NFk: 8H6nF@. inF[m u , e 8!k:p
8 8Ym? eT o 8M!* etp".
7l7l  p7 o #p! u)r(F. e#* 8!! enFp 7  inF
eHt6!*k Y X0p8K!
kr 0: m Fe")#l K i i!r!jm r(Fr.
t e l t!, 88 eH aD@ 8K :r(F. ptpt 7m. o
!l !*l. uFl p7U *m. Ft!*", aK r7m, aF2:U
2Tm e(FlF :TW* i!jm ar!p23 ak: e!F8*
uYr()".
7l7l 8": kr! i@ e F0U. e N a6k6 yU l, ,
il e lRt6k:..
(NFQ @ll inF t6! r(F kr, i@ 8 8Ny 8s!
eT 6e(Fr.
i@k: n) enF krWt 8n0? eT (NFQm M #(Fr.
X8F e#* ?s*(!Fk 8tMt@8l a #(F. a@kelm
e"k: X@ kr  )! ipO, e!" k  HD 7l7l e0k

Ot6t nFFF n8F.

e" 6Uk0?
ieF", mnFll X8F 8tWK8! eT o 8m `reT etnF@
(NFk:. *r F!"p 6k Mtr!
^Pl!, eHPl! eT ^WMt !l, a!*k rm ek
6*@. aF"88* e" enF 8!k:m 8Gm 6*@ inF@.
inF \yp8" ]l Kn@Mt 8Fh(@k XF@ pt( eF!k
8H6kWK@.
aF2@
m)k
8H6
ikWK8F!
inF
qelm *k:p 7#WK@!
NH!* m 8" 8k!p r(F 7l7l, a XTK XF@ 8
Mp8WK8" eT *nF", N0 *8 Xt WsO 6U )l,
kr! eK D.
kr 0: m eyU` Mtr.
7Y0l m NFm, nFrrBm ip6ptrF"m. i! , N"m
iH ![m 880W*r ar. ak()l, X, aF2:p K:m
a r ^H ()l ip6ptrBk:p o FQ em in@
n)kWK@.
i8K, 6p8, ot8 ill goWKr, m!
(Fp #8 F!" e y*Pm, eT PP(F, !* ek:m kWl
8\ :QnFr. a@ H Q()nF".

a()**
()**m
**m 3

in@8Gk: e@Gm 6Ml!. 8k:( F8l e" 8m?

aT en)0 !l FQ8* !!p rkU e K@ ak:p
6kMl!8*? arF8" ap!(Fr?
a )m*8@, e3(F r!j t6Rl l et6 utrn)nF
8.
e0 im v0R*? eT a FYk 8t8@, e n8Fh
r `()*Ul? ip8 u 8!!*p (@tp 8! eT e#n@ MtnF.
2T 8* !"3 e G e yFFl uH" eWzU ap68* 6nF@.
am i@! *m avG !* Nn@eH)l!.
apM !"p7 etnF@ FQU! *. ep8@m a!F Mtp rp,
iT a)l (@p8".
am!p23 a(!F e lR(F eF#jm aBk:.
o0m o!")#8*F ip. em a\:. o F! o0p
 k!8n@ 8)m 0W, et Ml8jm t6kWt, pl8
H6* 8". ap8 `m 8 Yk ip! 8*M e#*
Yk 8k: o0m *0Wt. t6kWt i!(F
t6p8 o(!FkR , )U`kWt, !F8l M#p a(!F.
i0 nF@mF i 8*kW*!F eF#U`. e!" X()tk0!
o0m 7m7. a@8 ap7Km *F at!* 36U`. ap8 e *().
e3U`p (@kWt, eH, yP NB k!88* ep. (F8 *
ik:m. :k8, p8 t. el e nFk0!jm Mtt N
Mt N nF!F a F0Wk 6* !"U8 m. o!" o
F!O eFt( vk :(@ !kR8* anFp MBk:!
ey e lR am!k eK X!\( eFo apM8l in@Gk:
^()m X2t@. ap8@F a#n@ "(FMl MW". F"@
e#* 6p7 6(@, Yk#* ^"lF am @ptF2:  e y*
6jm eT F8" X8F :tkYk: 8t, a)l e23jm HMt.
ap6(F !"(@ Wzn)nF, aT!.
^"l, a e(F u inF Y )keT e"m )p@
eF"l? 8t[m kWKr. in@Gk: at! nF@.
a!p r(F 8k:p #F inF@.
a"l
aB!*
"p8t(!Fp
7#n@e
6nF@.
a)
alF :\n!F a eT inF e 2 ()l 7#n@eH6nF
a.
u!"p rk:m8eFlm :2K uYrU e!" !FkWK@! eT am
ep6U e l!
k#m 8y #8 F!" e y@eH)l, a!* *m mF eT

7#nF@.
em #, sr 8. o0Bk: e?U  M 6v. em hm a*l
Nt6 in)k0. * 8!Fpe u8*WU` ik0?
ap6*", o8 !* o0 NHr8 Wrn@kWt6k0? a
()l 8() *l Gm, Fp !"kp0. inF MhkW 
i@Gm o o. aF 8t8! eT p!kt t6"r.
e"k: eQk:8 8!Fp\km W!*@! ^()(@ )(F 8.
u8",
F"( eFQl, i!Fp() e"k: a)m eF#*@, kr. )" #[m,
()#![m a6k6 80, ()k8. ^", epG8 Gm, M*)jm
(F0Bk:(F m, ilR*? aF", N a)m ^rm e(@k,
eT uH!!* o(@keH 8. inF 8Ny enF K!, il
()Rn@ G@? eT 0n@ M #(F.
i@ h0Bk: tmF @. 0, Rlk :0:Bk:
i8F)# o !s inFFm. ^" i@8l eT ^m(F k!
i!3(F 8: m?
^. a@Gm e08? ^p#kM. a0 ikWK W(@ "0 inF
0!U p0m. e m e , :0W inF W0 a0
om ]n@, e ^mUU`.
^kYk" h(@k: n)*?
il. i()F. 1926-Rn@ 1946-!k:m MQ0 ^yU e `,
H6Uk0. apkO e a) 8. aT@8 "0
Wp7K()Rn@ Nrp7K0Bk: :68*3"p8, ^p#k Hm ]Gm
MU m. 1959- e (@p8" o(F8" (F(!Fp #8 F!" e y@ (F),
a eyts 8N* )kpt, aF" e ()kPm 6G e y)k0.
i@ 08M.
um T(@kWt @ e!* e lRkWK0. aF" ip8 eF2T
8NyBm ` G8F! i@ enF MF() 8"2Km! eK 8, F"k:
X2t  p! !Kk6*@.
NlU e n0! "0 6p7, il 8! mnF N Mt N 8"),
ae#kM 1978- FF e?U  M H6kpt6k:. i@Gm eF2T
8N!*p pK o MhkW. Nm8 e)rp7U k)!*k :!KU@. aF"
(F M*)0 ` Nm!( Fk 6j@.
8 e"8 8*(F. kr! eO o8 a!K F0W" NHk: i@
in)k:. ^", ak8 eF#*@..
aF i) o qm. , il FY Nm e(@k8Km. eH
hm! om8 r(F in)t, ap7KmF F 8!!* ^mk:@!
ar :Tk8 8*@ ak:p 6kMl! e@ a ()88* eF#nF@.
N 8k nF@.. N0 eH 8m o8 sk! () ()U
pt6k8m. eU@, HY@ ap at* in8F.
e"8, ieFlm Nm !"U`t8.
eU  W0 GmF. ^" inFk W K@ W!*@. kr
^D(FU e "r. K:,
2T( F*0W, N e lK!F( Fp
e(@kp0. e0 i() l*Y"r e n0. a@k: n), FQ*
ikWKp8.. o0Bk: em!0  m in)k:m !"kW8K!
8*l u8" )l e l 6*Ml!. ^H!(F"m, e! eeKlm
!"(@ e yF #*m ip6 o *0" !!*k eHn@Mt8F eT

a*rn)nF.
a )l e l 8H6kMl!. a"@ :QnF F!jm, ()l rnF
8F!"j8 kk: NnF!! uYr()".
X ip6 ^WU` iQ8 8*U` e" 8* "m? NkWK!Fp
p8m, eT anF u!*[k: o 6G tpr(Fr.
^"l, 8 MF il!.
e"k: eyts n@, kr?
WU! e@Gm e(@kt6 m eH h(@k:8. ap7Km oHPm
e y* 6*@. a0F 8Pm! HYl 8l)! !*k t6, GF
6G e!Fk :3pl uYr()"r. Nm om i*2!* ikWK
Fp7U k) `(F il8y, elMF M*)jm n@ 8 rn@m. a!F(F
eyts eW8Km.
n@ pt..? eT "s()l M #(F 8.
F:nF WU! !* e FK e(@kWt, (@, )"` hmO Nl
ikWK0!jm N ()k8, eT kr e "@ Nmk!
apF inF@.  8r at* in@0 a0 e#`
HYt6, inF M*) F8" 8mWK)#. i0!(F eyts gkWm
Fk:m.
e )#! eT eHD" 8.
ak: oTF 7#nF@. F u8" iKkp8)l!. ^"l, iQjm
"3n@ in@G o8 k!!*p Wrn@e 6*@. a@ aBk:U
e yjm Nmk!( @8m. F M!" F 8tm. aBk:m a)l 0:
8Hm.
^"l, o8 {t6l F0WkeH, an@ MW ip@ ep6 ()*m?
8 o 6Gk: nF.
e08 8 Wm8Km?
Y
F
@DD!
elm
o
e#*
Lt8l
a!(@keH6p!Fk H in@ 2T ^U #*(@ 8t.
)l M\F8RnF 8.
a )m, 2T u(F :Rl 8tGm, ae#k 88K. "s mnF,
eK, et6!* 8NkWk :QnF6. a!( )mp rk ak:(
@DMkMl!..
e0 t? a)rUj 8t !"M. ap8 N?
a0 N !K* a!* 8H6k:m. o0O `(F 6*@. aF ?Qy
6Ul!
aBk: a" inF@. eTm k!k:(F" !"M?
a!F e8* t6kel, N akW !k8K, FB0. e" ip6
:p!)# a!kx0? eT u#!j 8(F. a"8 e K.
8 F!" `kWkeH. e0@ F!" eFt !kp8WK8!
eTm eFFl inF M*) @ eT kr e lR inF[m, *
inF@.
elm e"k:( eF#jm. o!" Nm* eKn8F? eT e#n@ MtnF.
in@Gk: *!(@p82T.
8m p@ N er. inF (@p )!"n@ Nt88* F Yk:
a[(@ Mt8?
a m 8" 8k!p r(@ 8k: a! a!Y(@U F"p(F

8Hm8 inF@. em *(F"(@ tp()keH.

in@8 el!jm8, F"k:m am, ap im in)nFl,
inF)# *0l e" e y* 8Hm eT 7#n)k:m eT F!"8*
eNn@eH, ep8 Wmx0? eT a!(F :Rl 8t.
a p
88K
e 8"Ql?
iQk:
()#F!
R*
!\(@keH !j 8" 8.
8T e@Gm 8t M8 eT *nF", etn@ (k: 8".
\km Y, `23l tpt6nF HY6l H )nF".
en)0WRn@ )m* inF N!n@ Ntl FF ep6 uk:!n@
8yMt8m! vklFF8, *F e2T 8* !"8, H!U
`23 !*m. "m i0Wp 8nF@.  F0 k!l
Mtn)nF!"p8l inF. !!* Kk, !"Mk:( eF#*l @Ml
yzW". ^"l 8!F eFnF@m 7#nF@, F"@ U!" @kOk
:!K*Ml! e@.
F!" ^tMp@ i"@ eT ep6 am Mk:@?
il!, Mk(F 6j?
X8F G eT !"(@, FQm )p7m, #*!Fj ip ap7Km
F!" W(F@ )p?
u"kelm eHt6 o 8? eT et6 u!Fk t?
il!, a aF(!F(F F"l F0 6j?
o 6G e8* nF 8. tMnF ()l H#
*l
!Kn)nF@.
e Xr8rtk: 8Hm. k: e8* t6 eUk0. a0 8yU
8 rK@k8 o D 8N(@k:8 ^:@! eK!"p 7#n@e 6*@
e3(F in@8.
X ip6( F!" o@kprkWKr?
anF aGk:( F e" :2Km e y8Fm?
i  )" #l n@eH6nF a)6U e y) oT !"Ml
etnF@. a7 Ntp Ykr Fm F(!FU 8 rnF, *)l 3* eH!k
l*Ym e y@e, Xz!l m, 6p3G a2K arB!*
Fn!FBk: *m y Ft !Y*k eprm.  in)*Ml
NnF@ i@.
l*Ym 6nFG, o m anFp eH! XF@ o e#* 8?tRl
!(@ aM(@Mt, e nF Ntk:( )mMrm, *k:m eF#*@.
27 LKpt!l, 8T o! Yk 6*@, aH! a*#
H"(!F( F0Gm k)3, anF !"M QH, )yT
*8F ^" T , !\k 8T o3 e ks eFo[k:(
FpWKrm.
ip8@ 8 e y@ tm enF MF()l **m?
8F!( vkW, e e!"k l*Ym e y@e T()nFl..? 8*!
N ep8, *k8 XF@ e m Nl@ e p8. anF
7HD*(FF e e"k:k W!Uk8! eeKlm  "m 8* a8F 8!
F WzU!* !"Mj Wrn@eH Y"l, "k:\p(!F tm X
F n@ 8, ^TFl a!*( 8FKMl!?
o 8!, a0: 8T o eH!Y !()kWK8?

a()**
()**m
**m 4

8 7Kptp 8y M!*tp8l iH F0WMt". aQn@

o F[m il!.
*!, e" 8t@, a!* eN0W* NHr, uKM"r *r eT
eF#*Ml!8* eT in@ :\m".
en)0WRn@ )m"@8, F"@ e*#RnF 0WkYkWl aBk:m
# " 0: a()nF 8.  t 0 inF" 8 e*#l.
ip8@ aBm a)l u#! eH6, Mpp6 e Mm.
anF!l Y NlF. a7 8hk:!p8l anF()l !Mtp
8Ml!!
m)!*jm i3, a ul !l X8F )p7 X2t6p@ 7#nF@
in@8Gk:.
ep8@8
8F!k:k
:!KU
pt,
ul
kl
r(@keHF8, e"8, aB!* (F at(Fm :!Kn@M@
\k inF@. aF"lF ip8@ F!`2K8?
ip6 {H 8* !"j vkm @ FMpF2: k#m 8m eT
6e(F.
z(@! e0 amp 8x0! a!p #8 )(F eH kr `nF#
elm #py O3"r.
(Fp #8 F!"!* 6(F k# a)rU m* :l a! aU`T()*@:
ieF"m? o0Bk: ep6 i@ nF@? iplm ep6 ep68* ikWK
em!0!M l*Y"0Bk:(F N[ 0: a) i@ @.
8*M tm nF (@ h() Wt(Ft *m 8k: e?U  M,
il eyts n)k:! ^m!0 H6 r 8*KF, {t688* ikWK
!"M0Bk: kr 8keH8 8"r.
8 F!`2Kl, H!6, m el2Tk:m 7)* ar(Fm eF#nF@
ip8@.
M! Y(!Fk t6 *kW, F"k: anF M*) ikWKeF!F !K(@,
aB
uKG
eH6,
a!jm
aF2:
i!*kWMt(
F!!KWMt8"!
in@Gk: ^()m eW*@.
inF t Y()l :\n!F oTF :!KU l! e#U l yH@ aBk:.
u8", aB!* Fy! Mo(@keH@. FQn@ inF ^telR
MRk:m !!*jm )k8F?
m, a@! ap, am i!jm Mm 7#*F *)88* 3e(@Mt,
a8F M*)j 86keH a"!F* 2 8H?
o 8!, kr e "@ Fp inFl?
 )"0 pM 8*k, 7)* Nmk! WrnF@. eF2:m N: #U *"
8eK k#m 8y #8 F!" HDkeHMm eT U (F.

am uT)p()*, inF ! KkkO@, kr! e0F a@k: o

o e y*Pm! eT F3".
aB!* uYrUk enFp! a!)*k 8tkeH6nF kr,
a pp0. am n@0! ot0, pt nF, :\n!Fk:m inF
M*) eF()k:mWK t*l. oHP tm e0 !"M eU`kPm
o0 ^8kW*m o0!k tp(F Mp0. a!F e0 tp(FPm.
epGm8l,
u22
HY
8Hm,
!*
8Hm
eT
U (@keH in@8. eT8" :t 8* !" e yFl, ul!
im et(F 8:m eT kr e ll e lR*@ aBk:p
7#nF@.
kr Ft6l 8keH 8"r: Nl 8!, ^m()88*
n)k0. Nm8 Fp7U k)k:m, e?U ? M 8NykWBk:m NkK
8#, eFl i8F ! e m e!K )# ik:m. aF", 
0 F"k: ip6 o M*) ik:0K8F  8k:( eF#*K)l.
ap6jm ik:?
8k:( F"k: inF M*) ip8F eF#*@F l*Ym e y@eH?
in@Gk: 3, 3 88l ^()m, a7m eW".
Nm om ikWK Fp7U k) e! (F aPk! u2() e y@,
ep68* u8 7:n@t e)#!*, aF@ W0!, ookprk:m.
apF yU l, eFH!kt elm m. ^", inF W Wl6!
F8" H!k: rK (F aPk8 e lR88* o`k:m. o N
(@ 86 F! e:m" (@k:0! eH! N8 (F aP8
e l[m aom.
e l. uP. a@ aonFl, ep6 ur \ 6jm?
in@Gk:p 7#nF)# inF@. 8HF MnF Nm {tk: n@,
Nm!8* Mt6 MK)#!
k# m rnF@. 6U 0 ilR*! aF ` 7#`kWtk0! eT
t6"r.
F F!*p8l Fm e)l @@, enF i"!jm e)r8Nk 8Hm
e)l T *)Rn8F in@ " in@ n)nF. a 8 rnF enFp
nF*()[8 #` 0l inF)l! i@!. anF t(F"m, ek
8Hm eK e3 ip8@m etnF@. inF e?U  M!* o ! (@8K.
ip8 N e" e y*Pm, kr?
n@ ot0 p{0 a) e"k: n8Fl. !K* v0Pm. :\n!F
KnF@m, a@k:( Fypl O@. RRn@m inFk W G@. (F6,
:\n!F!*( eFt( vkm. M*r!, y()m iF" elm @.
k#m {Kpp 8Mt[m, {t!*!nF@m in@Gk: a*2*
inF@. *#@ F a !!*p Wrn@e 8Hm8 inF@.
enF o eN0W* 8Fom e "[m, inF)# Mh*m  8N@.
a)[m, a a\W[m, Ykk Y!" a!n@Mt a)rq()[m
elm ekeH ikWK inF 8!l ip6 o uH! e
uW2:( eF#*nFl, #p7k: iWMF!
F NQl uH!*" ak!K eHr o8 orF.
ap!
ey e lR, am! X23*r! eT a! !"k:m88F (!FU
`(F[m, a#n@ evG MW, MWp 8"[m, a!p
rk:m8@ HD88* a!k t ap ol tmF 6jm.

F
H8
a3*F
amGk:
X8F
eFl
e y@Mtr
eT
T!(F" 8(@keH6n8F8! aF"l *k: i\p7?
o T a)rU!*( F06*@, 7() 8FR(@p8" am!p8l Fm
^WMkO@. F"k: o ^FG 8Hm.
e"m, e tm n)k8? p!!*k Ot6 n)kkO@? anF
 " :!k 8t@F FFm, in@ akW !()nF @kelm
eW*@.
N 8 m 8t8m! eT F3".
a e lR 6k:m! a!)*k 8tkeH6n@Mt, Nm 8l
] # n)#U  enF M*)jm *n@ 6p8m. *n)m 8m, e"!
Fn!F 8F! aBk:U #p! !\(F@.
eH krWt t6t8m. i@k:( FQ* WU! !K ik:. Nm
iq(@k: e!F*@ e yF, ()m, eT anF  (@k: o 6G
t6".
aF2:8l ar oTm e lMl!. anF 8N!*p23 a)m a3n)Fl,
!jm Ml!. n!F elm ot0U pm. !l i.
Ykq8 il08K. o {tk e08 8! "` ^3"@m,
F8" o0Wt p8K, (@kWt8 i!
ep6p avG U * e lx0?
a "` F0m. o0 l*Ym 6 @m, e0Wt n@, ! e0Bm
e0O n@08. inF :kW() ap6 e" ik:?".
e"k:(F o0m inF {t! Mt  "l!
in@Gk: ^U #* inF@. avG Nl!* F Yn)kW8Km?
FQm i!Fp23 yU`O MMl!8* 8!
apGk:(F amM8l evG a7 eT 8eK eHYm
8F3*@.
e: Ntk 8t eHD, #*!Fk :!K ik:8? eT 8*(@,
8tl
Mt!F
oo*k
8t:
e0
ep6p
am!k
t6kWtk0?
a@? nF!"l ^znFr. N eNtk, a  )mp
8P0WK!F F *(), e!" X()t0!
*p?
o0m8 ap, (F e nFk0 elmF. aBk: )"`
*8 X8F a mMFm Nn)k:. ^m!  m. e"k: Melm
eF#*@. ^", a@k:p7Km a ! 6U )#, il, e!"
X()tk0! )m( )mp 7m at@kWt, FTK in)k.
X8F Fl 8FlM8! l*Y", #*p 8m !"Uk0.
ap M0! eT "(@k: !F in@8.
u# Mm eF# e a!k t! N t6kWt8, eT
eFrnF apM :Rl (Fl!. uW 8k! eHD 8 U
#(@keHr. a\:m, Y o eHP nF  k:? 8*Gk:
Ot6n@t8. app eF ip, a7m, a\:! anF !)R!*(F
N im !"p eUk8. ^", N YkW a t!*
WkWK!Fp kKp8 elm a6T 0:m. iBk: ^TF ik
6*8 "` Wn@ a6U`k:m. !*, a 8"8F 8[
^Wp8U`!

ap
e l!F
!(@p
r(Fl,
amGk:
sk#*
M*).
erY8@m, Fn) pt *0[m inF "8Ny ukW ^:m
eK! in@Gk:p 7#nF@. aF"lF 2K *0l FY Nn@
n)kWK 8[m!
Nn!Fp 7#n@eBm ak!K8*, a38 il@, F 2!"p6
`* 23U e lR* a(!F8l 8m nF@ in@Gk:. apM*"
ap! ep6e*lm o()kWK!
iKnFrm e" m? eT u8" F!"k tp()keH.
m! 6kF peH. y 7k:8, 0y 7k:8 eT F
eTpll 8*@ in@M zk!!* evG vm )kkOm eT
7#n@eBm aGk: a(!Fk: M8m ikMl!.
ap!p8K tk8, aF2: u#* !()*m rkkO( eF#*Ml!.
anF "8N*!* ap68* FMkMt, aB Fm @6@6(@
in@8M nF!"l X8F FkW*@.
F"k:mF i!FMp e#* M*) oT n)kWK@. ^"l, F
6()kW8Km. ^!*l, 8N ! 7#WK@. ap e "@8l, WU!
eK e  )jm ikWK@. el2Tk:m 8, a !Y*
Nn@e or.
i@ e@G8 ill, ivG !*" M*)j 8T 8 8NrnFl
app! evG *0m!
inF uWl et
FMWF()"rF :6k {t, a(F8!U
ptk: e" e y@ eK ! il@, ! HMo(F@m enFMF
ul u!Fj3 ikWKrm. inF Ykep! FF o
()#!l 6(F8@, in@Gk:p e!* inF@ F evG
e(@ !(F eT.
ip88F, a)l o!K i\n@, iQ eneFnF u!FBk: ^p
8W8K8 eK *m a)"m e\, i)l e!Fj8 eKk e(@!kF
@)rq R8l a "m e K@.
aT k8 8U`kWl e lMl!, 8" m 0, o e ks
eFo 6p7, Ym eHl. ^Pl, eHPl {t68jm
8 rkWK)l!*m. 8N!* (FMt.. m! ip eyts! im eH hm
u8 ikWK8F n8Fm! eT?
F!"p8l o ! ^"l, KnF)Rn8F a)rqm ilF KM. m
eF#*F anF ^(M8l ikm `nF@ in@Gk:. :m()"m ^FG
tMl!, m)kGm ol!.
Kr
*0
a0#(@e@m,
Hy6(F"
e op@mF
ze(FF * e@8l F ivG m in@Mt@ aBk8
et inF@.
aF2: ep6p #m 8F@?
i8F , (! e8 8p8F. o"k: eyts ik: eF# p7Km,
Nm eH 8m ep6 o8 a!K ikWK@? e"k:( eF()kWt?
elk:m uH! eF#` o!" eF(FK@k:8 e8* e08*@
8, H6pp 8" 7l7l.
(NF atF: e08 e!" ip6 Mtk? N e08 88?
e"k: *r ik?
aF Ym 8 r(@ eUk8l? a!F e(@kWt, e08*@ 8y

F0Wk, 86! um FQm t6* : (!F( 8F\Qm t6".

a(F ()8*@ t  eKkPm !* 8H6k!
ap8@ a!K  RRn@ o iQ* :l 8t@: i0 (NF..!
anF i(@k:U
2Tm e(Fl@, N, Yk#*( 8F2Km
a(F a0: 3nF imeH.

a()**
()**m
**m 5

in@8!p r(F !p7 M88*, (NF"? i8F! eT F

k()l Hr e T K6k eH6nF (NF!"k t6"
7l7l.
e[m7kO inF anF u(!Fp r(F@m X2t )!p!M, ap!
o o* inF i(!Fk H6(@Mt8m! eK m)8* e#F inF@
in@Gk:.
K@ @()l 0: eHl, F qm e#F( eF#*@ eK 8"F*m
Kn)nF@ aBk:.
( e lR ikMl!, G Nk:( @(!Fk ep@ Nm K@
i"l!p 7#n@e8, eT?
iH@
!K
k#m
#8 F!"k:p
8"8@,
o
eyts
8N*!*p() e n08 8 ilF @rpkW* R. a8
M (!Fk :kx0, kr? eT R* !\(@keH !F#*(@
8tMt. 8t@ FT eT aBk8 eF#n@F inF@.
k8, o0Bk: o ^TF ikt8, `m, 8r e l, e@
e 8". aeFp6 o 8N*!*p()" M0! N o0Wt e l
6jm? eT a)rnFr. e0 eFol Fr(@k8 M8Fl!
in@8 (!Fp #F !(@keH.
8Hm! eT LRl `nF a!"8* eT(FF8, e"8, a
23l rnF , 88* e*W inF@.
Fn!F 8" im eF#*Ml!.. Nm gkW()88* iKn@M 8Nm.
a"!F* inF u()l al!FM a@ iKnF8F 8l! eT F"@
KF :\n!F8RnF al m)8* a!nF[m, ip8@ a!F
el t6keMl! a.
F"k: ilF @k(@ K6*)l, k# "m !nF@.
ap6(F
(NF!"p
23*
M0!
a3n@eH,
a"@
ip(!F( 8F6 n)nF in@.
ak:6k t6m. z(F()l !  !"( )M*0, @DD,
WFp]k, F0 N!, .6 eT !p et! a0p p
!(@keH.
F!N# ()RnF anF eH eF ]M[m a8F8K !Fm
inF". eFM :Tk8 inF n@l R" uYGpH0.
XF@  08, al@ eRn8F 86k! rk8 n@
:Mn)k:m "pekm, ar a*rn)k:m *m r(@, r!8*,
!p!!*8* a#k:m 8Nk(@, pr!j F" NnF6
o  a*lNtkr eT a(eF M\k8m ]H6nF@.
ivG eN# Rl a"8F* zk! N(@@ (NF 8KrBk:

6" in)@. 6k! 6p@m eF8 in)k:m aT!

eT in@8Gk:p 7#*8 e yF@.
(NFQ
a! "
a!Kk:
!\nF
TY8
a
U (@keH: inF akW* R!* F:nF i()l 8 rp(@M
8Hm.
ir!p
8KrBk8F
a 0
r2K
T"0
e *lWK"8! i@! )" #l a2!Kp23p 6(F@F. iQ Fm
arB i!Yn@, F"l i*K! Kk: uF 8Hm. e *l
6*F8@, Y(Fl.
F!" ivG Nl !l !(@Mtp8" YQ8l in@Gk:
N3 `nF@.
m, ak: e" eNk68*! ap e "@8l, eK@ o N
FQm l 8 tr.
Nmk!j, F"@ zk!l ie 7)* !Fl a6e*(@ !(F
in@.
, F0U! k!RnF (NF in@8M !*l WzG
#(F.
a"@
2
N:m
Mtn)nF!F
in@
FlN8
Q()nF.
m! inF 8Ny H, yT F0Bk: o !K l !()*#m
#8 F!"k:p 88Hm eT aQm *m e lMl! 8[m!
^m, kr eU #()nFl tm l k#m 8kp8WK"! o
8!8* uYG uteH, e* ! e*lm aT!U WU!
e y@eBm "G 8 (F, m! eT u8" e)rk:l etm*@.
a!"k QG r(F. e@Gm 8 ( 8FKMl!.
nF i F0l F ak!F!* am e lR inF (NF.
enFMF uYrUj3, *k8 NnF@8l a e lRkeH8
8"8@, in@Gk8 @k()l eFH!!* a!(F@.
ip6jm o KM*!
evG qpt6kWK, m!
QFp KM epr!p23 aBk: i*2!* etnF ^r(@ a
!K*p 6()nF.
enF o um F Ml !\jm "r, F inFp eHD uRl
!\nFl i(F!* z! a!8m eT aF2:( eF#jm. F e yF 
7HD*0Bk: X2, F"k: 8H6* F!*, al@ :m(!F( F8"
8FrneF(@keWK@ anF ur. m!* o M(!F8*, )K8"
a!@O aF"lF.
7HD* ^(k TKM ek 8H6* a*m ilMt[m, uW2:
Nl@ e y* 8Hm eK :3k8B Kpeprm. a!"
eF!p8l Fm! ()keH Kk: um e yjm e*r eF#*F
e(F!"8* 8r ip6(F Nm ()l n@ Kn)k 8Hm eT
!"()kWK in@.
Fm e yF ()l 3F!*@ inFp KMl ok:m 8Nk(@F
em!*" ur Kpek:m.
o  ^(k8 o8 KMl el (!Fjm eF!(@M,
y!k8T8", 2K a0k :!KB8" Kk:m. iF"l,
arBk: t3, ar!U 8 rnF eN0W* uKM"rBk:m m

!*kOm e@ ^yU*r Nmk!.

ap6 e" m e y)p inF apM? eK u8*2K 8* !"
etnF@ in@Gk:. a  a!F a23".
ip8 ep6 ik:? a"*k 8t. a u ip8F e#*
Mh*m e@8l #F inF.
a : m M #(F!Fk )l 0Ml! (NF. in@! e"k: ip8
G k) n)U`! eT  " (@ eF#M(F.
)l oTm e ll, in@ 7"!(F (Fm 8F0W* 7"!.
a !l *r inF[m, eFy nF!"F e y)pr eT a
nF!" 82T.
e28Kl 7KkDkpt, ym X2l, t M8F" eFo!U
e yF8 oo* T rk 6*@ eK io !k:( Fpt i.
#p7, a"m, @m i!Fm i i@! a3nF!.
QFr!p !(@ke 6*F !l, a!* 8(@k:m,
 p7k:m 6l G nF!"F eT aBk: NK8 7#nF@.
ep6 8k t6*? ek! !*( )Kn@ #(F. o!" e"k:k
t6", il?
in@M Hl er lW*@.
evG :\n!F "` ik:!
ep6 ()*2T?
*m a) eNk(@ \@, FQ(8F inFF8?
e"k: ep6  :mK@ elm eF#*@p. `m, F0k , F0k 
Wt e lRkWt8 ik8. e!" i0 eHn@ Mt8F k, e
ip N FK n@ (@k8K. 88!k: pm, n@m W!k:@.
8K e" 8Pm, e l[!
o k: "8 el! e!Fk e(F[m arBk:p 8F@.
i8", inFU T u(@k8 eNWzn@ 8WK!
F ]! *" u! o !K :[kWkeH (NF. Nl 8!,
FpU8 ! anFp M 7l7l e!"k e!8* HDp!
7l7l `*Nm t6*)l e" Fp7? F@ zk!!* ep6U p@ e8K
7#*l FTrl K@ U!"!p 7#n@eH, a)l 082
6*@ e@ in@Gk: NK8 M0W*@.
e" F0U 8*kW8K?
WK
*()8*@ i@k: G Nmk!
n)U8  k3*? aF"F e"k: ip G avG *0
eF#*. el(!Fjm (@k Nk:8 o(F ik, a8
(!Fp 8tt8, eK, X8F !"G nF", F* !()nF
o @Dp!!* a !l e(F. e e(F Y(!Fjm e e(@k,
F0U! eK. a!Yj   e#n@ !Kjm `!p8l a m
(F@.
ip, 6 (! *!" n@ OpU e l[! N F*r. e", o!"
Mttp 8P8F (F ik:!
in@M HRn@ Hr F!F!* onF@. e@Gm 8 (
8FKl, (NFQ eRn)nF (!F ^FG FM". a ^Y,
eHY e@ anF !l e#F( 8FKMl!.
am r ur.
a@ 8@m a!" X2.
a@ 8@m a8l a7 e [(F.

F8l uH!*" !Y tm o()!* FFp r(@Mt

WzG, a!8* k)p  (@ r(@keH6nF (NF.
!(F H!Y ekl, a@ H!8* u2T 8NkW". F0k , !
eT PP(F.
o Mkl. avGF. a F! ynF@.
8*Ml tm eyts 8N*l iKnF X\m ^Hl (NFm
o.
eyts H iKnF 582 8#l o eH inFp (.
a\kO( 8FKl, ep68* oK {t! a!nF in@.
iQ8@ o"k: m) W!ktm, (! eT a "m 8H6*@.
{t  R88*, e*lm l 3nFr aBk:( @!Y* n@
F0WnF ap. N e "@ RUU`, in@! eT e"8 eF#M(Fr.
in@M2: inF "!l e@Gm 7#*Ml!. `()l@ F a!Kk:
!\nF. i\G {t6Rn@ n)kW8Km, F!k:k :k 8Hm e@
u!Kk, :*!Kk F!( )Kkp8", )kWt.
aF u8 Fpt6nF@.
*r n)pr?
ap8@ F!( )Kn@eH nF@
t ( 88*F!
!?! e" ivG :Ht8! eK ^.
akk znF a)rUl in@8 (@p8" 3nF.
3@ eT(@, elR* :Rl, e0 n@tk0! eK.
? o!" rk)* Mttp 8t8 !"U*? a) *
a!p r(F 8. X8F e m :\pm. FQ*p 8y 8*kPm
88", F"p 8".
ip8 :\pm prn@U ?
i e" ip6p 6ekl 8`WK?
l*Y" !8* FQ* MtMtp 8yMt8 eK ?
:!( FD(@keH. o0Wt kW*"  m oHP e lPm,
in@. a!Fk 8tt, e M(@ 8t[m, :k N F*r! a
:RRnF e l a! `*!k:( )mU e yF@.
e0 oHPm e l 8Hm, 8. Nm e@kGm iQ #*p8K)l.
o0! Mt8! a :Rl uT) inF@.
e"k:.., 88 e l e*\@, `*U F(@ 8 F!!*k
:Qn@eH.
e?U ? M 6v! `p K !! a!F(F8" e l rx0?
at*k 8t in@8.
o"k:.. ep6? 8t ^m(Fk:U te" 7#nF@.
F"k: nF 8N*l !"Mjm )kpt ikWK!
anF 8Nyk" n@lF a ul ()nF@!
F!!*p 6(@keH, ! t! eT a23". e"k: ap8 eF#*@,
in@. eFl88* eF#nF,
()* N o8" zk!!*jm
aoUk t8!
aeFlm *m *8 zk!!*jm aok 6*@. elm a00
0Wt rK m! 2T 8N()2: M el!RnF o u#m t6*
a8F #G a ()l eF#nF@.
N e" kW*m HD8"8" i! a!*! eT eNWznF. in@!

eT a !!*p 23". a)l ()* 88, 8 ikMl!.

a"@ uYrUpek!k Q*F8l, N e08 8t 8
eF#j, 8? eT F" ^m(F !"M.
o (NF ilMtl e"?
WU! 8* ilF inFp tm 8N*l |6kpt, ^FGm ill
@prBk  m, inF uWl?
Nm eH 8m 8 rn@ HY 8H6* #*m e(F!"8* ik:, 8,
eK in@8, eF" :Rl.

Free Tamil Ebooks - e0

e0!p
!p 23
23

7(F
7(F0
F0!p
!p 6k
6k
6k uFGm
uFGm M
M
M:
7(F0!p 6pF2e8K !88* !(@k ekO6*  M
F28@ n!Fl n@Mt". Kindle, Nook, Android Tablets 8K! i23l
em0: WkWK". i(F!* M )p7 F28@ 4000 Fl 6000 y
! :!Kn@". e"8 em!*" k F28@ iF!" 0W
WK"r.
^0W
0W()[
()[ 7(F
7(F0
F0:
^0W()l t kYk" 7(F0 F28@ W!kp eTWK". a!
PDF, EPUB, MOBI, AZW3. 8K 60l ipFl, a2!K 82O3*
M!k eH Nm 6(@Mm.
Fo[
o[ 7(F
7(F0
F0:
Fol i()* 7(F0elm Nk: 7(F0 W!kpeT)l!.
ProjectMadurai.com em :t Fol 7(F0! eF2" or u"F
8 !l t@. inFk :t i@! \0Wj Fz 7(F0
a!"(@m PublicDomain-l u". ^"l i! Gm !\* 7(F0.
i()* 7(F0 X@m i0: W!kpeT)l!.
e"8 o Fz  r 82O3* 7(F0!p 6k uFGm M!
0:m8@, al enF o Fz 7(F(!Fjm i p eK 6*@.
i()*
()* 7(F
7(F0
F0! Fol
Fol eT
eT@ ep
e p 6 ?
i l8T et(FrBm, )rBm, i()* zG!p 23*
M0!( Fol etF( eF0Wj"r. a! ikW*m, M!*t,
U m, uYG, Q, a*l, 7!pk!, Dm 2Tm Fl
eFoltm 8K l8T F!p7 z a!WK".
Nm a2!Ke*lm oKU 8 r(@ Fz 7(F0! uk u8m.
avT ukpt 7(F0 Creative Commons em u#() z
epm. ivT eF ym anFp 7(F(!F et)* y
^#*k" u#! t)*p @kpWK". a8F 8N()l anF
7(F0! *r 8H"[m, *k: 8H"[m, i 
\0m.

e"8 Fz 6k:m  r ^kYkWl

i 8 e2Tk e 6jm.

i()* Fz 7(F0!

FoRk:m en
enF !p
!p)MRn@ 8H
8H"
)G!
ek?
H"[m
"[m )G
)G! ek
k?
O@.
ove !p)Gm aF2e8K o a)!p e23k:m. o
!p)M ^#*r a@ )p7! *r 8H"[m *(Fm
eT :3pt6nFl t8 aF!" Nm *(F 6jm.
aF@ Creative Commons em u#() z m )p7! t8 Nm
*(F 6jm.
ap6 ill All Rights Reserved em u#() z ik:m )p7! Nml
*(F 6*@.
8H"l All Rights Reserved eT M0:m !p)G!k eH6k:m
^#*k: a@ )p7! Creative Commons u#() z ek8# Nm
N@ 8H8!( eF#Mkm. 8[m a@ !p7 a!"(@m
a!* e*# 8\ F epm em uT)!*jm Nm ak
8Hm.
e@ 7@p7@ )G!
uk:8k: ar@ )G
!K*
 r!U e K!* 8Hm eK eHYm ik:m. Nm ar@
!p7! e(@ i 7(F0 \0:F2: Nk:
ar
a)*(Fl,
uH!*8
ar@
!p7
em!*" k!U e K!jm.  rBk:m !K* 7(F0
6pF2:k W!k:m
 r ^#*r !p)G #l O arB!* !p7!
8F6k H6(@ 6km. ^"l N0  r (!Fk :!Kk:m
HYm ^#*r F3* !p)G! oK i!Y(@ o t
7(F0
uk:m
8!!*U
e yW8Km.
8[m
avT
ukpt 7(F0! 7(F0!p 6k uFGm M-k: X2K
HYm 6!k:m 8!!*jm e yW8Km.
FreeTamilEbooks..com
inF !(F()lF m 6!pl 7(F0 Ypm.
PDF for desktop, PDF for 6 devices, EPUB, AZW3, ODT
inF !F()Rn@ *r 8H"[m
)MKkm(download) e y@ em.

7(F0!

i p

avT )MKkm(download) e y*pt 7(F0! *k: 8H"[m

i  \0m.
i)l e0
e0 0
0k
k Mm7Wxr?
Mm7Wxr?

e0 e y*8H6*eFlm Fol etFpt6k:m !p)GRn@

)G!
e(@, a2!K LibreOffice/MS Office 8K wordprocessor-l 8t r e*
7(F 23 e0Bk: apGm.
avGF!
8[m  0p7 T:
1. o )r/et(FrBk: ar@ !p7! Creative Commons
u#()z ek8# " l ap7Fl
2. F"rrl appt 7(F0 u#!!jm F(!Fjm
#8 )(Fl
3. 8 F!" 6n@ a) \0pt F" 7(F0! N@
!F()l )82Km e yFl
Mpr
apGm.

freetamilebooksteam@
@gmail..com

em

#k:

" l

inF( )t
)t() ym Ym
Ym m)p
)p
)pr
r *r
*r?
*l!.
inF !(Fm tk tk F"rrl e *lWK o !(Fm
^:m. iF o8 8Nkm e"eQl Fol !K* 7(F0!
uk:@m, a2!K i  *"rBk: \0:@8 ^:m.
8[m ivT ukpt
6!pl a!jm.

7(F0,

ebook

reader

X2TkeBm

i()t
()t(Fl
Fl )p7
)p7!
)p7! et)k
et)ke
t)kek:m
ek:m ^#
^#*
#*r/)
/)k: e
e" m
m?
^#*r/)r i()t() ym enFMF" eF!jm eKp8)l!.
Xe"Ql, ar 7)F iF2eT enFo )!jm et)(Fp8)l!.
X2"8 ar et) et6k:m
7(F ep8W8Km.

)G!

e(@(F

Nm

aF@ ar !F()l inFp )G a!"(@m i 8

W!kpe2K[m, a2!Ke*lm oK( eF:(@ ebook reader 8K
Ml 6k:m MF()l 23( Fm 8!!* inF( )tm e yWK@.
F28@ k e#* aMl tablets 2Tm ebook readers 8K M! N6U
e lFl ar! eN0:F2: i@ o Nl yp a!jm.
Nl
Nl ep
ep!F
p!F a
a)k:m !F0
!F0 X8Fm
X8Fm Fol
Fol u
uF?
u@.
m Fol u !F0 Nl ep)!" a)kWK".
1. www..vinavu..com

2. www..badriseshadri..in
3. http://
://maattru.
.com
://
4. kaniyam..com
5. blog..ravidreams..net
evT
T or
or et(
et(F
t(F#
F#m Creative Commons u#
u#() z a@
a@ !p7
!p7!
p7!
e
e
T
T OT
OT@?
iF2: T o " ! ap 8Hm.
<@km>
u0@ !(Fm a! [!F() e*r].
F28@ 6pF2: u8*pm M Mobiles 2Tm l8T !p7k
M eHDk! a)#(@ n@@.
in!l N0 http://
://www.
.FreeTamilEbooks..com em !F()l, l8T Fz
://
7(F0! ev8T @!K z 8 #pF2" o 7)* )t()l
t8m.
i0: 8 #kpm 7(F0 l8T DDk M" Desktop,ebook readers
like kindl, nook, mobiles, tablets with android, iOS 8K23l 6k:m HYm a!jm.
aF@ i(F!* M support e yjm odt, pdf, ebub, azw 8K 6!pl
7(F0 a!jm.
iF2 N0 u0@ !F()Rn@ )G!
eK Mm7W8Km. iF ym u0@ )G
uMl ik:m  r M! 8N6*U e K!jm.
e"8 u0@ !F()Rn@ )G!
)e*pF2:m
7(F0 2TF2:m u0@ a)!* 8HW8Km.

a2!K

ivT ukpt 7(F0l H6p ^#* u0 e*m

2Tm u0@ !F #jm imeTm. 8[m i! Creative Commons
u#() z tmF epm em uT)!*jm akW8Km.
http://
://creativecommons.
.org//licenses//
://
e0 e0! m #l eFr7 em.
e-mail : freetamilebooksteam@
@gmail..com
FB : https://
://www.
.facebook..com//FreeTamilEbooks
://
G +: https://
://plus.
.google..com//communities/108817760492177970948
/108817760492177970948
://
N3.
</6G>

82O3*T o " ! u0Bk:( eF#nF a!"(@ et(FrBk:m

ap arn@ a)!*p eT0.
6nFl ar!jm Creative Commons License- arB!* !F()l
*(FU e l[0.
!*
ar
u0Bk:
a)
a(@
apk:m
" !freetamilebooksteam@
@gmail..com em #k: ap !j0.
r et(
et(F
t(Fr
Fr u0
u0@
@ u0
u0@
@ 8H
8H8!
H8! Tk:m
Tk:m t
t ()l e
e "
e y  @?
ar!jm ar@ !p7!jm ap68* MtM 8Hm.
ok: arB!* e nF *2l 7(Fm F*#k:m eHYmO
ik:m. ^8 ar! Nm iHm iHm eFnFG e y*k O@.
ar! ap68* MtMt
*2!*( eF 8Hm.

a(F(F

et(Fr!

8NkW

N@

7(F
7(F0
F0 ev
evT
T a!* 8Hm
8Hm?
Hm?
ove@
!(F()[m
:!KnFt m
2TkYkWl
)G
Ypm.. a! !p(Fpt8 al@ !p(Fp 8 ik:m..
Nm a2!Ke*lm oK( )t6 o e@" F!pz !p()
7(F0( F*#km.. avT !p(Fpm 7(F0!
:)--I :)--II eTm O FQ(FQ8* #(@k ekm..
FMrk
Mrk 8H6
8H6*!
H6*!
*! *!?
i"m,, R*l 2Tm !K 8K2!K( vHm !*" )G
FMrkp 8Hm..
e0!(
!( eFr7
eFr7 e
e @ ep
e p 6?
e0 m #l e0!( eFr7 em..
email : freetamilebooksteam@
@gmail..com
Facebook: https://
://www.
.facebook..com//FreeTamilEbooks
://
Google Plus: https://
://plus.
.google..com//communities/108817760492177970948
/108817760492177970948
://
i()t
()t()l 
t
tr
r *r
*r ?
Shrinivasan tshrinivasan@
@gmail..com
Alagunambi Welkin alagunambiwelkin@
@fsftn..org
Arun arun@
@fsftn..org
iM
iM
Supported by
Free Software Foundation TamilNadu, www..fsftn..org
Yavarukkum Software Foundation http://
://www.
.yavarkkum..org//
://