KELOMPOK 2
Darma Adhi W.
Galuh Intan P.
Bhatara Putra M.
Mulyani
Muliyani
Ali Akbar
Tia Utari
Eko Rusdiyanto
(11210009)
(11210012)
(11210014)
(11210020)
(11210023)
(11210024)
(11210028)
(11210030)
Konsep Dasar
Apa itu Bearing?
Bhatara Putra Mediriyanto
Tipe beban pada bearing
1. Bantalan radial (Journal Bearing)
Arah beban yang di tumpu bantalan ini
adalah tegak lurus dengan sumbu poros
2. Bantalan aksial (Thrust Bearing)
Arah beban bantalan ini adalah sejajar
dengan sumbu poros
3. Bantalan kombinasi (combination bearing)
Bantalan ini menumpu beban yang
arahnya sejajar dan tegak lurus dengan
sumbu poros
Introduction
Journal bearing termasuk salahsatu sliding bearing dan keterbalikkan
dari ball bearing
Journal bearing secara umum digunakan pada mesin piston kendaraan
bermotor berbahan bakar bensin atau diesel
Kelebihan :
Bearing type ini mampu menopang shaft yang berat.
Awet dan tahan lama
Efek redaman dari film minyak membantu membuat mesin
beroperasi dengan tenang dan halus.
Kekurangan :
Membutuhkan suplai minyak pelumas yang besar
Hanya cocok untuk temperatur dan kecepatan rendah
Pembentukan lapisan minyak pelumas lambat
Bearing Diagram
Journal bearing Berfungsi sebagai bantalan poros engkol yang berputar
Oil inlet Tempat masuknya minyak pelumas
Ketika oli pelumas masuk ke dalam bearing, oli akan memenuhi
clearance/ gap antara shaft dan bearing sehinggga mengakibatkan
tekanan fuida meningkat dan daya angkat hidrodinamis terhadap shaft
Type
Typical Loading
Application
(a)
Partial arc
Unidirectional load
Shaft guides, dampers
(a)
Circumferential
groove, Axial groove
types
Variable load direction
Internal combustion engines
(a)
Cylindrical
Medium to heavy
Unidirectional load
General machinery
(a)
Pressure dam
Light loads, unidirectional
High speed turbines, compressor
(a)
Overshot
Light loads, unidirectional
Steam turbines
(a)
Multilobe
Light loads, unidirectional
Gearing, compressor
(a)
Preloaded
Light loads, unidirectional
Minimize vibration
(a)
Tilting pad
Moderatic Variable loads
Minimize vibration
Movement of the bearing
Video
Infinitely Long Approximation (ILA)
Menentukan jari-jari shaft dan clearance
ILA
Menentukan Dimensionless pressure
Boundary Condition
Galuh intan prawest
8.3 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Assumsi :
=0
=0
Dimana :
Ps = tekanan suplai
C = radial clearence
R = radius bearing
= viskositas pelumas
= kecepatan
putaran poros
8.4 FULL SOMMERFELD BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
Asumsi :
=0
= 2 (360)
8.4 FULL SOMMERFELD BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
Substitusi Sommerfeld :
+
cos =
1 +
Tekanan puncak terjadi ketika
3
cos =
(2 + 2 )
Dimana :
cos = sudut angular pada
tekanan maksimum
= rasio eksentrisitas
= eksentrisitas
C = radial clearence
8.4 FULL SOMMERFELD BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
Besarnya tekanan puncak tak berdimensi pada distribusi tekanan
adalah :
6 sin (2 + )
=
(8.9)
(2 + 2 )(1 + )2
Dari persamaan 8.9 asumsi P = 0 pada = , besarnya tekanan
puncak tak berdimensi adalah :
3 (4 2 )(4 5 2 + 4 )0.5
=
2(1 2 )2 (2 + 2 )
Yang terjadi pada :
= 1
3
2 + 2
Load Carrying Based
on Full Sommerfeld Condition
Load Carrying Based
on Full Sommerfeld Condition
Arah Radial
2
(8.10)
Arah Tangensial
=
(8.11)
Dari substitusi tekanan tak berdimensi pada persamaan 8.9 dengan
persamaan 8.10 dan 8.11 maka didapatkan :
= 0
12
(1
1
2
)2
2 + 2
(8.12)
Load Carrying Based
on Full Sommerfeld Condition
Dimana Beban tak berdimensi:
=
(8.13)
Dengan
= beban yang diproyeksikan
Ns = kecepatan poros dalam rev/s
Resultan dari dan
+ =
( ) (+ )
(8.14)
Load Carrying Based
on Full Sommerfeld Condition
Attitude Angle
=
=
(8.15)
.
Dalam berbagai kasus, jika
=0
=0
=1
8.5 DEFINITION OF THE
SOMMERFELD NUMBER
8.5 DEFINITION OF THE
SOMMERFELD NUMBER
Bilangan Sommerfeld (S) merupakan bilangan tak berdimensi yang
merupakan
parameter karakterisasi
performansi
sebuah bearing.
Bilangan ini menunjukkan karakteristik gesekan total dari bantalan.
=
(8.16)
substitusikan ke dalam persamaan
Dan penyelesaian S menjadi
Sommerfeld Number (8.14) maka :
=
1
=
(1
1
2
)2 (2
12
+ 2 ) (8.17)
8.6 HALF SOMMERFELD BOUNDARY
CONDITION
=
1
1
2
)2 (2
(8.18)
122
=
1 2 )(2 + 2
(8.19)
Total kapasitas beban dukung dan attitude angle adalah:
=
6
2 2 (2 4)
2
2
1 )(2 +
).
(8.21)
0.5
(8.20)
Eko Rusdiyanto
Contoh Soal 8.1
Fenomena Kavitasi
Gaseous Cavitation
Kavitasi
Vapor Cavitation
Gaseous Cavitation
Gaseous cavitation merupakan kavitasi yang
disebabkan oleh adanya bagian dari minyak
pelumas yang terlarut dengan udara pada
kondisi jenuh (sekitar 10%), dan ketika tekanan
sekitar menjadi turun bagian yang terlarut ini
akan membentuk suatu kavitasi tetapi dibagian
yang berbeda dari fluid film, hal ini yang
menyebabkan kavitasi jenis gaseous tidak terlalu
berbahaya.
Vapor Cavitation
Vapor cavitation disebabkan oleh tingginya
fluktuasi tekanan yang ada diantara film dari
pelumas dan bearingnya itu sendiri, kavitasi
jenis ini cukup berbahaya karena bisa
menyebabkan kerusakan pada bearing (fatigue
damage)
SWIFT-STEIBER (REYNOLD) BOUNDARY
CONDITION
Perhitungan beban bearing dengan
memperhatikan kavitasi didalam
perhitungannya
= 0 =
INFINITELY SHORT JOURNAL BEARING
APPROXIMATION (ISA)
Ali Akbar
A. Infinitely Short Journal Bearing
Approximation (ISA)
Integral 2 kali
Length-to-Diameter ratios up to
L/D = dengan trends rata-rata
L/D = 1
Table Infinitely Long Journal Bearing Solutions with the Reynolds
Boundary Condition
B. Full and Half Sommerfeld Solutions for Short Bearings (ISA)
Figure Short Bearing Eccentricity Ratio vs Sommerfeld Number
Figure Short Bearing Attitude Angle vs Sommerfeld Number
Darma Adhi Wardhana
FINITE BEARING DESIGN &
ANALYSIS
This section focused on design and
performance analysis based on the full
solution of Reynold equation.
FINITE BEARING DESIGN & ANALYSIS
FINITE BEARING DESIGN & ANALYSIS
Minimum film
thickness
hmin = C ( 1 )
Friction force
F=fW
Power loss
Ep = F 2 R Ns
Temperature rise
T =
FINITE BEARING DESIGN & ANALYSIS
FINITE BEARING DESIGN & ANALYSIS
Example:
A large pump has a horizontal rotor weighing 3200 lb supported on two
plain 360o journal bearings, one on either side of the pump impeller. The
specifications of the bearings are as follows:
R = 2 in
L = 4 in
C = 0.002 in
N = 1800 rpm
the lubricant viscosity = 1.3 x 10-6 reyns (SAE 10 at an inlet temperature
of 166o F)
Determine:
a) Equilibrium position of the shaft center and location of film rupture
b) Minimum film thickness
c) Location and magnitude of maximum pressure
d) Power loss
e) Temperature rise
FINITE BEARING DESIGN & ANALYSIS
FINITE BEARING DESIGN & ANALYSIS
FINITE BEARING DESIGN & ANALYSIS
FINITE BEARING DESIGN & ANALYSIS
Muliyani
ATTITUDE ANGLE FOR OTHER BEARING
CONFIGURATION
Where:
LUBRICANT SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT
Supply Hole
Axial Groove
Circumferential Groove
SUPPLY HOLE
A common supply methode with small bearing and bushing is to place an inlet port
at the bearing midplane opposite to the load line
AXIAL GROOVE
VARIOUS GROOVE POSITIONS AND
INLET ARRANGEMENT
CIRCUMFERENTIALS GROOVE
Alur yang melingkar ditempatkan pada centerline
FLOW CONSIDERATION
Axial flow due rotation
Where fL is a corretion factor for the film position as given below:
1. Oil hole or axial groove positioned in the unloaded section of the bearing opposite to
the load line:
2. Oil hole or axial groove positioned at the maximum film thickness
3. For double axial grooves running parallel at 90 angles to the load line:
4. For a full film starting from the maximum film thickness position
FLOW CONSIDERATION
Pressure Induced Flow
Inlet hole of diameter DH:
Qp : Pressure induced
flow
Ps : Supply pressure
i : Lubricant Viscosity
FLOW CONSIDERATION
1.
The film thickness parameter for an oil hole ar an axial groove
positioned in the unloaded section of the bearing opposite the load
line is
2. Positioned at the maximum film thickness
3. For double axial grooves running parallel 90 angles to the load line
Total leakage flow rate
1. For an oil hole or an axial groove positioned in the unloaded section of the bearing
opposite to the load line
2. For an axial groove of length Lg (Lg/L= 0.3 to 0.8) positioned at the maximum film
thickness or two axial grooves running parallel at 90 angles to the load line
Mulyani
Example 8.4
Consider a journal bearing with the following specification that correspond to
an actual bearing tested by Dowson et al , (1966): L/D = 0.75; R/C = 800; D =
0.102 m; W = 11000 N, and operating speed is Ns = 25 rev/s.
An axial groove was cut into the bearing surface in the unload portion of the
bearing, opposite the load line. the groove width is g = 4.76 x 10-3 m, and it is
Lg = 0.067 m long. Lubricant is supplied to the bearing at temperature Ti = 36.8
oC at a supply pressure of P = 0.276x106 Pa (40 Psi) . The lubricant viscosity is a
s
function of temperature and varies according to = ie-(T-Ti) with i = 0.03 Pa.s,
and the temperature viscosity coefficient is estimated to be = 0.0414.
lubricant thermal conductivity k = 0.13 W/mK, and thermal diffusivity t = 0.756
x 10-7 m2/s. Determine the flow rates, power loss, attitude angle, and maximum
pressure.
Parameter
Nilai
Parameter
Nilai
L/D
0.75
Ti
36.8 oC
R/C
800
Ps
0.102 m
0.276x106 Pa (40
Psi)
0.03 Pa.s
11000 N
0.0414
Ns
25 rev/s
0.13 W/mK
0.756 x 10-7
m2/s
10-3 m
4.76 x
Lg
0.067 m
Menggunakan rumus Sommerfeld number :
=
0.03 25.0 0.0762 0.102
=
=
800
11000
= 0.338
Dari table 8.6
dengan L/D = 0.75
didapat = 0.45
Maka didapat L= 0.7821 ; (R/C) f = 7.4017; = 59.19o
Sehingga Leakage flow rate : L = L
NsDLC
L = 0.7821
25 x 0.102 x 0.0762 x 6.35.10-5
2
-3
= 1,51.10 m3/s = 15.1 cm3/s
Cara 2 dengan curve fit equation, table 8.8
1.9 0.02
= 1- 0.22
= [ 1- 0.22 (0.75) 1.9(0.45) 0.02 = 0.875
L = . 1 = 0.45 (0.875) = 0.394
L = NsDLC L
= (0.762) (0.102)(25)(6,35.10-5)(0.394)
= 1,52.10-5 m3/s
Attitude angle
Asumsi hmax, = 0.18, dengan menggunakan
persamaan 8.45 dan 8.46 maka didapat :
=4 1+
(1 1.25 )
= 4 1 + 0.75 (1 1.25 0.45
= 3.75
=
tan-1
tan-1
1 0.45
= 59o
(8.46)
0.18)
(8.45 )
Next, the pressure include flow must be determined. From table 8.8 determine the
groove function and the related film thickness :
=
1.25 0.25 /
3
3 (/ ) 1
g/D
3 / (1 /)
1.25 0.25 0.067/0.0762
4.76 x 10/0.102
= 3
+
3 0.0762/0.102 (1 0.067/0.0762)
3 (0.0762/ 0. 067) 1
= 0.838
= (1 + )
= (1 + 0.45 cos 59) = 1.87
p = g
=
Ps
0.838 1.87 (2.76105 )(6.3510)
0.03
= 3.69 x 10-6 m3/s = 3.69 cm3/s
Total leakage is determinated as follows. First, the datum flow rate m is
estabilished :
m = L + p 0.3 L . p
= 15.1 + 3.69 0.3 (15.1)(3.69)
= 16.6 cm/s (16.6x10-6 m3/s)
From table 8.8 for an axial groove
positioned in the unloaded section of
the bearing opposite to the load line,
we have :
S = 0.75
= 0.75
0.7
+ 0.4
0.067 0.7
0.0762
= 1.085
+ 0.4
Therefore , the total leakage
flow rate becomes :
L total = mS p 1-S
= (16.6) 1.085 (3.69) -0.085
= 18.81 cm3/s
(18.81 x 10-6 m3/s)
Power loss :
Ep = FU = W (2 R Ns)
= 7.4017 (1/800) (11000) ( x 0.102 x 25)
= 812 W (1.09 hp)
Dari thermal diffusivity, Cp = k/t = 1.72 x 106 W.s/ (m3K)
812
=
=
.81 10 = 25.1
18
(, )
1.72 10
Effectiive temperature for evaluating next iteration is
(section 8.17)
Tc = Ti + T = 36.8 + 25.1 = 61.9oC
The corresponding viscocity is :
= ie-(T-Ti) = 0.3 e-0.00414(61.9-36.8) = 0.011 pa.s
Dengan diketahui viskositasnya, rasio eksentrisitas
dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan data dari tabel
8.9 dengan prediksi effective temperaturnya 50oC
Dengan interpolasi didapat
51.645.7
5044.7
0.60.55
0.55
5.9
4.3
0.05
0.55
= 0.58
3
max =
2+
3 0.58
= cos-1
2+(0.58)
= 138.13 oC
Prediksi max = 138.13 oC, which if measured from the load line
would be = 138.13 +
= 138.13 + 59 = 197.13o
Dengan menggunakan tabel 8.6 maka maximum pressurenya :
0.60.55
0.580.55
max = 13.24 13
= + max + Ps
= (0.016) (25) (800)2 (13) + 2.67.105
= 3.60 Mpa (520 Psi)
14.613911.1975
11.1975
0.55
0.03
3.4164
11.1975
Circumferential Groove
c=
3
(1
6
+ 1.5 2 )
L total = L + 2 c
(8.61)
(8.62)
Example 8.5
Consider a plain journal bearing with the following specifications: D
= 8 in; L = 4.00; C = 6x10-3 in; operating speed N = 3600rpm. The
load imposed on the bearing is W= 4800lbf. A narrow
circumferential oil feed groove is cut into the bearing at is
midlength, abd lubricant ( = 10 cp at T= 120oF) is supplied at 10
psi. determine the temperature rise.
With the full length L= 4 divided in half, l/D = 0.25.
4800
= 2400
2
2400
= 150
(2 8)
Load of each two bearing segments is Wl =
Projected pressure on each bearing Pl =
Operating viscocity is = 10cp ( 1.45x10-7) reyns/cp
= 1.45 x 10-6 reyns
Sommerfeld numbers : =
(/)
Operating eccentricity = 0.8
Dimensionaless leakage flow rate L= 1.5753
Friction coefficient
= 0.8657
= 0.258
In dimensional form, the leakage flow rate due to
shaft rotation is :
L =
2
= 0.8
NsDlC
60. 8. 2. 6103
= 14.25 in3/s (14.25x60/231 = 3.70 gpm)
Pressure-induce flow is :
c=
=
3
(1
6
+ 1.5 2 )
4 (6103 )
(1
6 1.45.10 2
+ 1.5 (0.8)2 )
= 3.06 in3/s (0.79 gpm)
Total leakage flow becomes
L total = L + 2 c
= 14.25 in3/s + (2 x 3.06 in3/s) = 20.37 in3/s (5.29 gpm)
Power loss is for each half-length bearing segment is :
Ep = Wl D Ns
= 0.01329 x 2400 x x 8 x 60
= 4.81 x 104 in.lbf/s (0.83hp)
Prediction temperature rise is :
2
2 4.81.10
=
=
= 33.4
(, )
778 12 0.48 0.0315 (20.37)
Mean outlet temperature is
T0 = 120 + 33.4 = 153oF
BEARING STIFFNESS, ROTOR VIBRATION,
AND OIL WHIRL INSTABILITY
Spring mass system
The bearing horizontal natural frequency
Tia Utari
Example
8.6
Determine whirl stability for a horizontal
rotor and its bearings with the following
characteristics :
D = 2R = 5 in
L = 2.5 in
C = 0.005 in
N = 90 rad/s (5400 rpm)
Ks = 5 x 10^6 lb/in rotor stiffness
W = 5000 lb rotor weight (m = W/g = 5000/386 = 13 lb 2 /in rotor mass
= 2 x 106 lbs/2 (reyns) viscosity
Example
8.6 Cont
Analysis Using the graph
Unit bearing load
P=
Sommerfeld number
(DL)
5000 /2
= 5 2.5
S=
(/)2
N
6
= 2*10 /
= 200 psi
(2.5 0.005 )2
90/
200
= 0.225
Characteristic bearing number
= S(L/D)2
= 0.225 (2.5 in/ 5 in)2
Stability on rotor stiffness
(C/W) = (0.005 in/ 5000 lb)*(5*106 lb/in)
= 10
= 0.05625
next
Example
8.6 Cont
Stability on case
(C/W)m2 = (0.005 in/ 5000 lb)*(13 lb 2 /in*(2*90/)2 )
= 8.28
Rotor will be free of
oil whip instability
Effective
Temperature
Misalignment
and Shaft
Deflection
Operating
Clearance
Maximum
Bearing
Temperature
General
Design
Guides
Eccentricity
and
Minimum
Film
Thickness
Bearing Load
Dimensions
Turbulent
and Parasitic
Loss Effect
Flooded
versus
Starved
Condition
Effective Temperature
Temperature rata-rata pada viskositas tertentu
Global effective temperature
For small bearing
Dimana :
J panas mekanik
densitas oil
leakage flowrate
temperatur awal
kapasitas panas
conduction & radiation
power loss
Maximum Bearing Temperature
Temperature
Minimum
film thickness
Turbulent and Parasitic Loss Effect
Turbulent :
Bearing diameter
Large film thicknesses (clearance)
High surface speed
Low fluid viscosities
High Reynolds numbers
Parasitic loss :
Putaran dan turbulensi pada oil grooves dan clearence
Losses pada percepatan feed oil terhadap surface speed yang tinggi
Vortex pada feed dan oil grooves
Surface drag yang terjadi antara oil dengan high surface speed
Flooded versus Starved Condotion
Leakage flow rate
Flooded
Condition
Kerja bearing jelek
Good Cooling
Starved
Condition
<1
Bearing Load and Dimensions
Projected Loading
PL= W/(L*D)
Rentan vibrasi
Power loss tinggi
High oil flow
overheating
Eccentriciry and Minimum Film Thickness
= C e
= C(1 )
Excessive bearing
temperature
Susceptibility to
wear
too small
too large
Poorer vibration
Higher power
loss
Operating Clearance
