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FM N e fJ jKCG S cR IT CG
Mh 1942 ``e I```dG ``a G```M IdG
.dG e j dG FG J ,1954
QKBG PfEG M a QT c .1960 Y Mh 1954 e IdG a QKBG dG IQGOE Gk je S cR UCG
H b dch ,ASAE jG QKBG e dH FM jQJ e dG H bh .1958 Y b a HdG
I iCG k jCG a QT dG FM Y NCG ch ,IQH cM I iCG a QT dG FM Y c
.GMh IQH FM f dEG aVEH ,ShHCH Y QM
LdG aO M (A35) bH bQ idG e e LQ aO fc GH FH S cR acG gCG H eh
.dG e jQJ e IG IdG J a G a LdG fe dEG j idG eCG gh Y eh
Se 13h Ld Se 21 k jJ Md 40 OY Y Y M ,dG Md Y WCG e Y GH Y c
J CG Vj fCG EG ,G HG e Gd dCG MdG J e a KG fCG e ZdG Yh ,Gd
k0bK <~7C&*ebD&*(bAb/xDfc~zDb+bE&*x*H&**cD*A$b~}<&*H&*ib~|s~{D*4bcCib/HyDfBbcD*
Gk NCGh ,d HQCGh ,fd HQCGh ,jQGOEG d Gfc KCGh G HG G eCG d e ,dCG MdG M
.Jd IMGh Md
.1982 S 18 a jeCG IG jdH ddG dhQc jH dGQ j S cR aJh

18

g e HG fH 1954 Y Y dG aN G ce ee Sj MCG G e e H H HCG bh

dEG d fdGh ,dHg dG je dEG d IMGh fc G cGG Xh CG Gj M .IH G
cG eCG ,G jJ SW YJ LCG e a HGdG cG eCG ,JH je dEG d ddGh ,ddH jS je
.G jJ SW a cQj jdG SQM AHC a INCGh eG
jQSEG eL FM CGH M ,HdG fG UN IG QKBG e a FH H HCG b ,HS b fcP ch
j c idG fjGQ QL jeCG QKBG Y Iah H dPh ;1949 Y a HdG fG e ddG G a
.bG dP a FH
dG M idG ,M NBG XG Ie Y c M ,G J a HG e jdG Y dH H HCG bh
IY H e YCG ,aN gc ,aN NBG aN G d jG dG e ,G S Y e dCG e
gc ,jG dG e H e Ic dCG M idGh Z M f Ie Y H HCG c dc .dG e
.aN NBG ,aN G g gO

a fhd UG j c M ia MGSG dEG hj SQGdG c iNCG Mf eh

.QgO dEG UJ dG JacH j e c e UN ,dYCG
J dP Hh 1944 Y a IS MGh Y dCH b idG Hc Y GQcdG IOT Y ia MCG M

k G
1954-1953 IdG N Yh .1965 Y Mh 1952 Y e IgdG eH fOCG dGh dG e jQd GPSC
k G
.jeCG IG jdH hGH eH Gk FGR GPSC

a jdG GQcdG 1962 Y a eG e M ,Kh bY fH eLh ia MCG HJ c

k G H eb K eh ,ffEG GOBG
Y eG iG dH FGR e eCGh jG d Gk FGR GPSC
.1973 fj 15 a ia MCG aJ .IgdG eH OcCG dG YG CG H 1966
( )

dh

a H `` HCG G Y Q`` `KBG ``Y

dGh ,I``g```d``H 1907 ``SQ``e 24
H ``SQO M I``g```dG eL GOBG H
Oa ShdG dG j Y jG QKBG
HCG aS .1930 Y e Jh ,dL
SGQO S dH dEG J CG H H
j Y GQcdG ``LQO Y Gh dG
Y e dEG OYh ,jR Qc fCG dG
.SGQO fCG CG H 1936
Q``KBG H SQe
H ``HCG Y jGdG a
k
LQd bJ K ,1938 Y a IgdG eH
,1944 Y jQSEG eH YG PSCG
H 1948 ``Y ``jP````SCG ``LQ``d ``b``J ``K
a jG Q``KBG b FQ d ,eG
k G H HCG UCG 1954 ah .1949 Y
H GPSC
a GOBG c Y K ,IgdG eL Q``KBG
.1960 Y

FM f f M ,HdG fG e bG dP a HG e jdG Y dH H HCG G Y QcdG bh

.FG J SH jeCG IG jdG e hGH eL e GTH IgdG eL BG Jh .1953 Y k Y
.1976 Y dj 26 a H HCG G Y aJ
(1959 - 1911)

dh

jdG afi a Z jcR fi

Q``KGB Y M ,1911 ``Y
dG G b dPh 1937 Y e IQS
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edG Yd YdG jdH i fc
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d Z fCG .```dG e dG ``dGE J
dEG fG K ,1939 ``Y G```SCG Q``KGB
e c `` G I``a A``` KGC ``` ` bCG
B `d
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c ,bCG e ``eGC TdG jW b
fife Ie ``Y dH ``b
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c i``KCG e jW Idh gfG Q``KGC M
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e e I``Y IH Y ,``G b a j
.fh G g e Z L QeCG

21

I``` G ``a ``F``` M AG`` LE` `H ``` H `` `HCG `` b

e Gh HQCG Ia a fTCGh
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LJ dG cGe G Xh a jk CGQ d c G S a ,dG GP jKCG AGQBG e dG H HCG Qcdh
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eSG b G j Q - YdG jd ddG fH iNCGh iFG G Lh T j KCG - aN
gh ,dG e a edG jdG dG G IQjd eGSG Q fCG dEG jh .J H jk eQh JM AKCG
.dHg dG jeh ddG a JHh G a f

20

Y G QdG VGh H J Y f jJ dG eeCG LGh CG dP e cCGh .BG

.jC
k G ddG ISCG d j G G CH T Qhj h .edG ShR
CGH ,G e hCG dG GW a SGh ,FG YCG Sd dG e dG Z jcR AYSG
CG JCG ,HS b ahe J eg Y Y dG e jb fCG d GHh ,cCa cCG VdG a jKCG eG
j Fg e AHh bG jH k hCG Gej CG IdG Y c ddh .je Z jU VQCG Y T YG
.QeCG IY dEG ceCG H a YJQG
Y e jHG T NGhCG Mh jj e IdG a YG QS Y d dH dY Yh Z b
.

23

gh FG YCH jGQdG ihP dG H Yj CG Y c G H dG Qb eY fCG Z j

b Y M bCG e M NCGh gGHEG M AYSG Qb QdG Yh ,e U e GMCG ZCG a
.g d GOdG dEG Ld hj Gfc d Z AYSG bhh ,iH RQa iEG QKBG Y e HS
bG a dH Mh Z b .IgdG dEG GLJh GaGh IQS a e d N Z d SQCG CG Qah
.dG jGH e jh bG Y d 1951 Y e S T NGhCG a
Ia H JG M ,SSCG OHCG Oj c eZ G fGL HQCG c Y cdH Z b
M e
k dh Ic eg Y dEG Oj iG G e fi QS jhGH j eCG CG H
. A

22

jQ Z NCG M ,1951 Y jO e jdGh HGdG a dPh dG L dG Z Qb

jj e hCG a dPh ,Ib Ia H M ,ddG Md FG ajO j CG M FM
a dPh ,adG IM dEG iODjh k jJ Gke 80 dW Qe dEG iODJ jM S cG e 1952
KKCGh G Ieh dG eCJ W e GAk L J SCGQ IM H Ljh .dG e L-T Qfi
dG WH IOLG H c h HJ IG g CG cdH jGh ,UdG ijCG e iFG
.ShHCG e dH N H a LJh IdG f e QDJ
NCG dH QDJ aO Y Y G S a ,jQCJh W a J dG QKBG e jdG Y Z Y
He iOdG GQhCG e ad Y Y c ,Zh GNh Te e HGb fc fCG j ,fGM hbh Y Yh
QY g gd G eCG .ShR G g SCG Y Y dG c jM fGhCG Y Y c .WdG dH Y
Gh NG G e Y Y dch ,LH G gdG QhSCG e b 21 Y ij gP c Y
.gdG e FbH
Y IG dEG iODG gdG a Y gh .e
k SCGdG dG Q QG G jf SCG adG IM J
.c edG YG dEG J idGh N S G SG NCG Y W dG e GhCG GOGS
gh SdCG G HdG adG IM a dPh N S d edG YH Y Y e gCG j fCG EG
. A

25

T bG ddGh HG G Mf Ic SJ Hh ,Me Y T QdG CG cG M .1952

U hJ M ,ShR d edG Yd G QdG Mh T e INCG Me a QdG
ch M j e a MGh ,jeQ fc dG GHCG J ,gdG GHCG e e T a dG
.NBG dG a G ebEG e dEG e Qhd j
d G NG Y QdG j c .WEG Y jf dEG edG YG g a FG J SCd
HG G a W Lfi e QMEG idG HCG iG G e c e G QdG Ic Jh ,BG M
e H H jaEG ShR Y a c b Y ,QeCG IY dGM YJQG
dcG Y J CG d GQk e ch ,d
k
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g g ,bG JLQO OY M iCGdG a jG AY j dG Mh ,LQe
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k j CG dG Gd
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CG H c OHCG Hh ,FG dG jH dG L T c ,(S 52 = MGdG GQdG) dG e
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.

24

a j dG dG iG jQdG a dhCG dG g J Ggh .L H e S ,hU T Y

e HJ j S k Ma ,Oe Z Gk eCG e HJ d IOG g GSG CG M ,SdCG e e HJ
ISCG e hCG S d HJ S c ,aN G CGh hS G LhR dhCG SM M d SdCG
k G XG Qc H jG G HGhJ e Z Y N S HJ jh .k jCG SdCG e IY SdG
fH jC
.M jd eJ a Y ij eeCG FM CG Z ,AZ Y ij

( - )

dh

bE2 fJv ~6E v@@@@0&*

M ,1934 ZCG 15 a
K SCGQ SSCG J cCG
Y d IgdG eL dEG fCG
K ,1959 Y CG idGQKBG fd
eL e GQcdG ``LQO Y M
.H HGOH Etvs Lornd
c Se MCG Y LJ Qa
Y ,jKCG bGG e jdG a QKBG
HdG Q```KBG Y ````G S
Q```KBG ```````` ````Y ````c ,1964 ```Y
MGdGh ,``TGhQ ``HCGh ,GH WCG
fCG EG .QgOh ,T Yh ,jdG
e IQS Q```KBG ``d````YCG J
MCG H b dG jKCG YCG gCG
1962 e IdG a dJ M ,Se
e e c e 1980 Mh
.IQS QKBG

e bH Lj c HdG X Yh .flh UCG IH Gk Ohe GR e G FG c HdG Y QdG Yh

Z NCG QdG Yh .b e jH j e Ie cG fCG cCj Z L idG eCG gh ,aG QgdG
,HdG d IQdG IOb e Hh UdG Y L bh AGQRdG FQ Mh iKCG HdG a Q 1952 IQK IOb
.jk hN HdG c a ,WEG Y Z e j dG edG fc K
Ie Y dG c M ,GVG e S AdE jeCG IG jdG dEG QeCG CGg CG H Z YoO
The Buried Pyramid GY H a QU idG acG Y Hk c j CGHh ,j CG b Kk M j e
.jf dEG j CG d GQk e j N S Y a dG CG Z .Ic T f dGh (adG dG)
JG M ,QKBG bSh gEH bh jG QKBG IQGOEG Y FdG JG jeCG IG jdG e JOY a
dO iCG OLh Y e ZdG Yh .edG ShR Y a jdh jc cG b c JY e jM fBG GH
.dP H IQS a FM bJ ,MCG H a Gh H dGh AGaG c MdG ddG CG M Z gEG Y

b 1987 Mh 1980 e IdG a

e dJ I``a A````KCG Se MCG
IQ``````Sh I``````G ````````e ```Y ``j``e
Y c M ,IOe bG FH
-1971 e IdG ah 1972-1964 e IdG a dPh IQH fh d YdG jdG fH eg He
.iFG Gh YdG jdG dch f d iOGdG dH b 1980
1964 Y Y c M,M Nh N Y f jNCG Ie IQH Se acG V e c

dCG e jdG M Nh N Y f jNCG Mh .fh d YdG jdG Jh c AKCG

d iFG H je c ,QSh f H UG dG Q dEG c G S Y e
fGdCH f Ie Jh .k jCG IQH M ch f Ie Y Se c c .eG ISCG e QSh f
.BG M H GJ dG FGdG

27

K * $bBv~8&*H=h+b~8&* vJv~{D*bc0(*EfDb0Ab-**wGdc~zb/I4b*6v*/IwD*xE&*b~}J&
Qb dd ;jU IYe c a f LGjh eCG a j ShR d edG YH j c idG jd a
dh AfEG Y fcQCG L a dH bh IQS Rfl dEG jd gP QdG Y .edG AfEG dP Y j CG
jd LJ .iG G dEG f fGhCG J e H CH j e j bh e ej
k a fCG EG ,KCG Y d j
H d Ia Ab Hh 1959 Y ah .H hCG b Z Y gJ AS g G j CGH M iG G dEG
.Z IAGH a d j fC ,cG S AfEG Y jd Y Gk NCG ,ehQHh iG G L H
dh ,H H Z j CG OGQCG ddG dG U ah ,Y G YLG MCH d IQS dEG GkS jd OY
.1959 Y e jj e IY fdG a fGh dG b iHc YCG e dG a H Z dCG a ,GhCG Ga H
S H fCG EG .N S d edG YH FG YCG bJ dEG G H Z jcR Iah J
. dG G L dG edG YG Y dG YCG SG jL e GC d 1963 Y a jd AL GS
AH QJ M IjL ee Y j CG OGQCG c N S gh ShR g H HdG LQO Vj CG jd CGH
.ddG ISCG jQJh LQG eGgCG
G c e e T Y IG e YCG AG T ,N d HG IG Y jd Y 1967 Y ah
Jh dG Mf j idG jdG gdG eCG ,ShR Y e e
k dG L Ne j M ,iG
e dH ,gdG a cG .IdG adG IM a j K ,dG jf Y AGSG a CGa SCGQ IM
CH cDJ GQTEG IG a LJh .N S `d k HCG c Q k jJ eY j W aQ H U N HJ jH
IU FbQ jH jG fGhCGh fGG Y dEG aVEH LJ .dG QdG a JQjH Geb b UdG
.hG G cj P e gdG e

26

Lho

a G H IG IH JG jdG QaCG
IQH M bh a aYo dG WG J
jH QDJ dG IdG a dPh ,dG iOGh a dG jG
TCG e a QaCG J Xh ,OG b SOdG dCG
jG AY dEG ij dG IdG a ,adG d dG
hCG j idG jQdG gh ,dG jG IQG ICf jQJ
LPdG dH M bh a aY dG gGdG e Od OLh
e jdG O``Lh dch ,dG a Xe LGhORG ` IQd
QaCG J a NGh dSG j e gh bG
d Ie LM g S M ,HLh e T H
G dG dGh AGdG Hh ,dGh dG e H
T fOCG Hh ,dGh G Hh ,IGh G Hh ,dG iOGd
OY RCG eh ,AGdG a dh jG adG EG dG
.G H dEG jG AedG

jQdG ``dEG ioJ CG dG FdG ``bCG e I``MGh EG

L hCG ,dGh dG e H bdG J g ,dG iG
Jg e a jQdG b e aK Vh a ,dTh e
dCG N a fCG EG ,dG H Y e H G
a k jQJ dGh G GQM CG``H OG b HGdG
K
g1**wGfmgFhFbCHg1*H+b~}+b~}+<.&
bgD*
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e IdG J e dG jG dhdG dN fJ dG IdG
g e j e eCG Sa ,BG Mh G dG Oe H
/&*Ex~|E94&*<tJ4bgD*cBbEibAb.g1fJD*,v*
.IMe je dhO ebEG e dG
dCG jH QDJ gh dG LdH e He bCG Lh
H jG iG dG GQM bCG h ,. SOdG
fdG WG e OY N e d ahe fCG c ,eY
Lh ad bGe dch ,BG M IOLe gjH GJ dG
G dEG iQGdG jb e dH dG d bdG dG Y
I4*vcD*,4b~}0bEiw1&* gD*fJxD*-~6&* fAbE
gh ,. 5400 H IQG J QX jQJ Q``bo bh .SG
QdG a eS H Iee IQM a CGH idG f jQdG
a JG WG e dG iOGh dEG fG dGh ,OdG H
k k
. k 10.000
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.

29

a e W Cf dGh ,IdG idG e OY e iQGdG IQM a fdG WG SSC

k G dCJh
VQCG a a ceCGh ,GcCG jH Y IdG idG J a Yh ,dG iOGd G HdG e dH AGdG
j Gfc fS CG dEG J dGh ,WG fl e W dEG aVEH ,jd QGL dch jd GcCG
k G QT c ,SCG U dch ,idG dGh TG HJh YGQdG a
fCG e IOe a fS jC
Gfc YQGa ;FSG L iCG Y iJ J YGQdG jGH CG dEG g IQTEG Qh ,i``NCG jObG
d aGG dG EG c ,dG f d f ;Y c fGGh OhdG AfE dG dG e hj
IdG OhdG AfEG f e M bh a T ,G WG j idG dG dG UN ;jG dG
.jG YGQd SSCG eYdG ,AedG jG U idG
GWCG a IU aO a JG aO dd fh ;G H IG IH kY fk EG iQGdG IQM gCG eBG
JGh ,jhGdG VGQCG WH a M T GP adG fc M ;(WG) G ceCG
dEG SCGdG (AadG) G Vh SH hG VdH ,jCG fL Y aj e k FGO aG c .jv hH k T
.dG dEG LdGh G
jG fjdG a dG KCJ G e c jG IQG jQJ e IG MG J a fCG if Ggh
dG U a jL e dd dG hZ e g da ;NBG dG Y d HQdG dG jeQh ,dG
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a ,dfG M e dG SdG e G kMGh YG idGh ,CG MQ a G Vh M ;ad AadG
. k

31

d ,gQaCG e GL bh ,H IeY iNCG We Y MH ;QdG a G CGH CG H ,HdG AGdG

k G EGh ,H j idG dG Y a
dG Y QaCG g ,iG AdG H fEG J k M dG QeCG Y jC
.. ddG dCG a dG jG IQG JJG dG GQG a a Ic gCG GP S G H NBG
Jc OhJL MdGh ,LhRh Guy Brunton fhH L iEG QKBG H iQGdG IQM cG JQG
k G aY dGh , Gertrude Caton-Thompson eJ
U a KHCG cJ M ,dG MGh a JacH jC
bCG dG fdG WG e jdGh ,aO 600 e cCG GcG M ;1929 - 1922 H e IdG a e
fc JacG TCG CG EG ,dG AKCG a dG iOGh e gJ dG WG Y jdG a Je W
UCG e YS fEa ,bdG dP a Y Y dG jQdG fGhCG Yf dEG dHh ,iQGdGh edG We
QdG e he Z H J IQM gh ,bh d ahe Z IQM dEG J fCG SGQO H VGh
k
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Gg cG M ;AGOdG aG GP fGhCG dch ,AGOdG hCG AGG dG SCG GP fGhCG gTCG e ,jQdG
k G aYh ,Ice Qd VJ jW Y dG
d FG J hCG AGG GQG GP dG fGhCG IdG J e jC
.zdG{ jW GSH SCG jRo fGhCG g eh ,dG
J fc k U LCGh OCG H ,S GQL GP dG N jQa fGhCG Y IdG J We a Yh
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(G e YG GhOCG J e) e a MG OQGG GSG c bh J dG GQG J ,dG
.G GSG a fi FGW N e X dG IdG J
.A .

30

k G UCGh ,QKBG Y dG a Ic M M iH CG e ZdG Y

YCG a a ,jG QKBG d GPSC
, c OdH a fSG J jYe e edG a jW J h ,QGWCG jZ c jUeh FeR
Henry jH L ig d jh ,IG ie d gGdH GMG fCG EG ,b bh H e dG J e
jf a iH e Ad ,ZT a bdG SGQdG e SDeh dG jeCG jG Y James Breasted
:ddc Y SdG dG
Y J Heh ,dG bTH j ,dG d ,e Lh GP ...eY
k HQCGh MGh MU k LQ iH c{
iJj ch ,(TCG) e Z c T ch ,b Y af Zh JQGd dh e fd d ,dG S
g IjdG JU V e IMGh fch ,QGL H k ge k U j c c ,e k GhSh bh
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k
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a ,jM e GU LQ e dGh IG Y ij H ,Ia e edH UG dG IFe fch ,dG bh
dG LCG e dGh dG H Sd ;IQhG idG gCG dEG gdGh G IQOeh N dG EG e c
dOe gh ,dG b e ZdG Y acGh FdG e Gk c v c fCG QGWCG HGZ eh fCG EG ,G IM e
(Drover 1995 - 216) .dG S d
IY a gM ,aO 2.200 e cCG J e gh ,He e 70.000 d IOf e a adG We h
Y dch ,aGG be SSCG Y Y Y dG aGdG J bh ,jG HdG GP VQCG S QeCG

A .
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33

,H j Gfc e IOa JG eCG ,NBG dG a IG LCG e jL e IOh EG g e dG iG f a

N
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FT Qd dG e a dhCG dG g fc J ,adG J a RNh HHO T Y SdG Vh MCG
.aG a aG e Vj c e Yf a G dG Y YLG dG Y Se dO J e ,dG HG

a ,fCT e dG dG J ,IOf IQM e dhCG MH iQGdG IQM e ,. eG dCG jf e

dG Y Lh dGh ,dG G RedG e SG IQG NCG bh ,e MJ a gG ,M bh
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32

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35

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k cCG gh ,Qa Y H Y a f CG dEG aVEH ,adH SCG jCG Y QdG j fCG c ,HUCG
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.IdG J a dG adG adG a j e gh ,jQa mGhCG

dH Gfd e N ,cGe S gh d SSCG G jh ,IQhe GQL KK Y IH FdG dG

,Je ee hP ce gh ,jNBG N Y OSCG dH d SOdG cG CG M a ,G T Y cg e ,HCG
.GT a bGh fGMh Zh Yh N cJ ch jOd Xe ,G S Y ,U Xe dG cGH jh
iG SQe dG edG dG H GMCG e M iCH j cCH G Ea ,c Gg e ZdG Yh
a ,jSCG HH b NBG e ah ;jSCG Sj (YdG) cG H if XG MCG a ,bdG dP a dG
Kh bY g fc fCG j e gh ,fOCG dG IQM Xe e e e VGh H ef fCG hj dG g
k G gh ,. HGdG dCG dEG Oj e bh a JQG Jg H
Hh SCG QU ;Y H GY e jC
H a UCG zAGYCG b{ G Gg CG hG eh ,iSCG KK ShDhQ H j e iY Fd e UCG
.AedG jG G e jH b e gh ,dG iG cd IOdGh dG ReQ gCG e
A H 100
. .
. -

45

dEG aVEH ,IdG e jH Y i N QGL :Y dEG J adG H Y Y dG fGhCGh

.IOH He mGhCG a iH Y Y idG f OedG gh ,OedG Y i dGh dG WhG
bh ,HQCGh eG Qj S a aJ Id J gh ,Y Y dG adG ZCG e 209 bQ adG Jh
co jAfEGh Y AYhh ,e S GP AGM jQa mGhCG KK Y ,jQdG HGdG dEG aVEH adH Y
Lh c ,(AMCG Y e jv FY gOSGh Vh jAfEG Ea dd k W) IG a Vj CG b gbQ
.k e Y Y dG e eh ,ddG e NBGh dRdG M e MGh G e GAfEG IH
Ea ,HG e dG cdG h SGQH eb dGh ,Amy Maish je EG jeCG LdHhfCG d k ah
J OGaCG H Lh IgX a ,G H UN ee hM Y J eY H J dG cdG e jdG
Ga a bdG e c OY b e e gh ,G H SCGdG b Y dOCG Lh dM a H ,dG a VGh b
.idG OdH G HQ Xh GdG g C ;IG b Y gh KhM dG e AT gh ,fdGh dhCG bdG
ddHh ,ad jdG IdG d dhfi J b dh ,G kd Gj gGdG g e VdG Ea BG Mh
.dG e a k FGO de J FdG bdG Ea ,G g Gg c GPEG ,AMCH QdG EG e e
.

44

UdG ``e i``NGC Y ``e

IOYEG V a ZdH JG
,iNCG IG a jv S IOdG
je ``e ``F```e ``j````d ``k ` ahh
G e eja jQ bG
``N``e E` ` a ,``` ` H ``f``` j``dG
fG a c jFG YG
Y Y M ;bdG ddG
IH VGYG QG`` SSCG
``Yh ,I``` ` dG ``a``M ```Y I``` c
mGhCG jH Y G e IMGH
``Y``Gh ````ZC ``` Yh W
a Y QdG dG IU
e ``` d``Hh ,O``e``dG ``e W
OedG e W ah ,G QdG
Q``KBG AY Y ,bG OG``Gh
``eEG GdG ``e ec ``SGC Q Y
gh ,IQ Je Ye hCG d
GdG e i``NGC d He
f IG a Y Y Yd
BG Vhe gh ,HS bh a
.IgdG a iG H
``` YGC ```N `` `j`` `KCG `` Y
G e b 46 Y FG
bCG j e jH i``G
d dG H
f dG e i``NCG AG`` LCG)
jW Y HS bh a Y Yo
c ,M bh a j jFG YG J VJ bh ,QdG e jFL Yb jH Y k a (eOBG GHQH
NCG dG Gg Ea dP eh ,IdG dG e jdG dEG G kY og G e Y dc QdG
.jKCG dG e jG Y QdG a eCG
dH Y QdG k jJ f IdG e W AHh b Y IQY gh ,Gk NDe Y Y e iKCG c gh
dG Ea ,QKBG AY b e FH IOYEG k Wh ,dfcGg We e dHh ,AGdG e OhG e
.Gh dG e Ic
m k Wfi c ihdG dG iP d dG
idG AdG CG cdH jGh ,GSCG jGH IH QDJ dG G jFG fd He h fG JJ EG
dG G fG e IFGdG eCG bCG e G kMGh j IQH ShR d edG YH dG H Md T

e a G Id dG QNG e Yf
k ,QGh dG e dEG aVEH ,cGG Xe QYG h
Y QfG eCG ,dG f gh dG e a IMdG UGG Sh Y IdG Ia cGG e M ,dG
gh K gCG a cG e eCG .dG ibh FGYCG Y G FdG IS dEG j jhGdG jdG fGG
a IOf IQ jdG SdG a v FQ k eY e e gh ,jdG dGh aG dch G WG NEG
.dG iOGh Y dG dEG AT c bh ,G G
a cG d UN ,adG W jJ Y e jG g c ,dG e MJ S dG IdG N
,hfi Z dG e dGH OM GQL e e e dCJ dGh ,1 bQ adG G S Y a ,6 bG
1vE<IgpJH4*vm+bA94&*q~6AfAvD*ExGbD*$y*H~|*Hd~{b+EA~zD*bE&*
fc FT hCG e IOY OLh QJ QGG OLh dEG aVEH NG Gd dG Yh ,bdG ddG fH MGh
k ahh ,fdG IOf IH adG g QDJh ,MCG H e CG e H fcCG AGS ad QGG NGO a J
Y Y e dEG dHh ,(ShHCG e dG d) dG Y WCG idG jQdG b e cH k e j b eGOBG GHQd
LdG) jHhCG e bh ,dGh jdGh ,dGh ,SdGh RhdGh gdG e M :e jKCG b e adG a
.dfcGg e G G MC aO J adG g Ea ,iNCG UdG Y k a ,(OSCG fcdG
dG dEG Y M ,G jJ Z aO Y H Y M ;2 bQ adG J adG jf e dG L bCG a
.HH Od aO Y bdG G dEGh ,c aO Y Y HdG dG dEGh ,T adG K Y e
a ,e d GkeQ fGG OLh j M ;dG e e Gk e GAk L 6 bQ bG Ea ad k ahh
adG QYG Gg Yh ,dG e Y Gk J j CG dG dEG H G QdG e adG OLh CG M
.dG jG dhdG MJ TCG e jv eQ k T c
da ,acG hQCG e IMGh Y QdG 2000 Y a ,IjG dCG M adG H FG Y SG bh
Y dj EG Zh cG Gg ,PCGh fCG jH Y a QdG M ;iG G e d jH Y Y e
2005 dj T FhCG a ,bG GH YEG FSh gG e Le VH X M ;H j dfcGg a dG CG
,jOY aO d gh ,dG e a G bCG e MGd aO cG Y ,M hQa ,SCG iG adG jRh YCG
dCJh ,N OJhCG e T M ;BG M jQG fi j GR e QGH Wfi IU jFL Y Y IQY a
HGb IFe Y i c ,dG e e I iY AH bCH BG j Ie e Ic aO e YG
Y Vh aO HQCG Y i GJ adG IM Ea ,dG QdG a d VJ IG CG e ZdG Yh ,N
.Gk e 9 16 JSb H M ; IdG d QDJ dG HG ic e IG g J Ggh ,iG G c e VQCG
Vh HGdGh ddG CG M a ,e kYf IO fa fdG eCG ,dG L LdGh ,jCG fL Y Vh adG hCG
e IOY idG M Y M h ,adG e dH jFL HGb jCG Y QdG j fCG c ,jNCG KG a jOY jH
aj e IOY Gfc jdGh ,iSCG hCG jH J fc Q fCG Y j adG Vh Ea dP eh ,OLCG d a j
.e AL Y Y dGh ,jFG HGdG Y ij idG G ,IG e bdG AH aoj idG ,IG MU GbCG
M LCG e Mh
o ,fL c Y HQCG ,ah Y M fK Lh adG IM e WCG QGG W Y
Y e bCG e j AdG Gg CG hG eh ,VQCG a gdG idG AdGh dG dG G YdG
,U a Uo iNCG M S g c idG AdG e bdG AG ah ,dG e a HCG a dG Gg e
k G HGdG d IQe Lj c Q fCG dEG QTCG dGh
.jC
GAk L fc fCG Y J Q dGh ,hfi f d QKBG a ceCG Y Y ,IG e HdG ddG cdG a

.( T 5) ( 100)

47

46

QdG e Ye IQG e Ic c e Y Y Y QdG dG jG GhOCG ih ,d a J

e YG TCG e Y a J Y QdG jOY Z TCG gh ,RG e dH Y QdG dG
,. eG dCH jQCJ cDG Yf e hCG ddG gh ,Te g dEG aVEH eOBG g hP MGh e ,dG
k G Jh ,YTEG jQCdG GSH dPh
:e ,Ic gCG GP e IOG jdG UN fGG dG jH jC
k G dGh jRGh QHCGh ZCG
a H dP b X e gh ,jRG HJ j c fCG SGQdG SCG M ,jC
,ShZGR Lh SOc jW Y e Uh J CG G eh ,. 7200 f VfCG T H Cayn e
.dM e ShCG dGh dG e H JG dEG J IG IdG J e Se dOCG iNCG Ie Ggh
a Y j c dG dG dch ,v c ak NG QdG YU NG eS H IQM e eG MGG a
bdG dP a QdG W J e IOY ch ,WG J a cCG fS ac dEG j e gh ,G ceCG
Gg S a ,dP Y IhYh ,k M cCG hJ IdG d jQdG fGhCG L idG dG gh jd dPh ;dH
QdG Y Yh ,MCG fl e YhCG dch mGhCGh ShDc dP a ,G Ic mGhCG fEG e SCG
.je jQa mGhCG jCG Y QdG j ,HdG
GQL dEG aVEH ,gjH Y J e gh ,IM T Y SG bGe a IdG RG e AGLCG T bh
jd ceCG H fc RG VQCG a fae Ic S Y QdG c ,jdG e jd UG e aVEG
.dM hCG RG a jRGh YGh ZCG HJ c ,KG dGh G
LG d Ic Iah g c AGdG aM a ,k e GQk hO jG GhOCG YU d a hj e Yh
OGG g e Y G ddG Sh e a WG S Y Qj fCG h ,GdG e JG GhOCG e
jG IQd S OLh Y c MG a ,G
.e bh a

.cG dGh G Ia eJ

,eH Z d dG JGh jQdG b e Ia a gQJh adG W jQH G jKCG QOG EG

,ddG e a S ,dG bdG a gdG fdG jGdG g Gd FdG dGh ,dG e a G g c
qAdc~z-bfA*b*Ig~zEb-4*D(* fAb~9(b+$bcD*A~6*D*b~{D*Hf<b~|D*ibmc-xJIwD*H
W e Gh ,dG QKBG e hG Z dG dG GSG dEG YQGG j ,dd fh ,dG HdG
.c G a dG QKBd Xe LQH jdG ANG dP Y fh ,YGQdG HdG d dG
dG a J dGh ,(ddG)dG e Y QdG dG GQG bCG e eS H Iee J
N cGh j h ,IgdG je Z T c 50 f e HG AG j idGh ,dG dO e HdG
a ,. SOdG dCH JW bCG QDJh ,dG SGdG bG Gg a jG FG YCG N jKCG W
MdG e H ,e M dEG ,Ie jQM W bCG Jh ,. eG dCH e W MCG QDJ M
OLh Y dj ,dG Y T a QNR fGQL dGh ,bH G QdG hCG dG ShDdGh WCGh
gh ,HdG e Lo Oe e jM ShDah GM Y Y fdG dG a Yo bh ,fOCG dG e JG
Y dG Y fOCG dG Y fJ f CG d j fCG dEG j e gh ,G e JG OLh Y eY
.ddG e a jQdG b e IH JG adGh G
a Gke 3-2 f e IMGdG b Sb Hh ,Re J fc dGh G e b OY Y dG bCH Y
IdG RG fc M ;RG QN dG AGdG a eS H Iee d edG fCG e fh ,SG

K * bGH
D3HxcEAb~{F2/H<f;pEfD2&* b~}J&
e YG IdG TG e fG P Y Qd
QdG c ,fEG SCGd GvL FGQ f dch ,hG dG
jW fc M ,adG e c OY Y G e a
(AadG) G Vh a fL Y aG VH adG
aG e VJ dG jFG HGdG fch ,Y Z IH
,YLG bJ jCG OLh Y Vj e gh ,TCG fl
CG EG ,FdG WG SH aj JG CG j c bh
Y dJ WG J CG bGdG a XCG jG FG
WG a Gk Y MCG AGLCG EG M ,jW Ga ie
.dG adG bGe e v FL NGJ

e dH idGh dG e a jKCG do Y Yo
Y dG H T IgdG e bdG G dEG GM
MG dG g h ,eS H Iee e a Y
,dG e jQdG b e Ia Y e ``MCG
.

49

.( )( ).A 35

48

jG J ,IMG UY hCG fc dGh ,e IFGQ c GM

G HG H ,. 3000 dG f SCJ b J CG dG
FdG iQGOEG cG UH U dGh ,dG d HdG dG Y
JG e Gk QGe idG e W jKCG dG VJh ,Od
M ;MCG dGh dG H G WG e MGdG FdG e
.dG IQG e fl GfCGh jdG bGdG e Qb a dG J
h VQCG a ;iFGO T Y NGdG e idG Re T
M Y - k dZ RG MG a QG e eCG ,H J
,VQCG S a fG j c idGh ,G SSCG H Vj c a
CG ``dEG J dGh ,a R``fl IO``Y g c e c e He Y
HCG UJ bh ,G SSCG g (WCG/dG - CG - CG) ISCG
WG OhM V J fc fCG dEG IdG J e HG Y dG
eh .aG FY e e GvL jb J fc Qh ,dH FdG
,IOdG jM WCG M hCG LC He Y QdG j fCG jdG
,adG J a SCG dG G LdL f dP j Qh
k G QhO gh
,bdG dP a YLG LdjjCG d J CG jC
o
k
Y adG a G d dH GkOa YCG b OdG j CG G e M
ie JQG G a VdG Y k e dP j Qh ,e S
e f iCG Y QdG G e d fCG c ,bdG dP a WCG ah
k G cDJ b dGh ,Id NGdG dG
VGaG ff Lh e jC
.dRe Y dH GaO b FY c e OGaCG EG FdG
M ,Jhe LQH Hh gj idG He e jdG EG
,jCG fL Y ,AadG Vh g Y a M a JG aoO
a adG SQ fcj e gh ,dG dEG LdGh G dEG SCGdG
LdG e aK J fCG Y IgdG J J e fk MCGh ,e U
hCG G a j Gfc e IOa fCG JG eCG ,dG Ld idG
.QdG e MGh AfEG e dCa iFG KCG eCG ,fGG OL

e SG e SG cG dGh ,iOG IQM J dGh ,. HGdG dCG e dhCG dG dEG jQJ Ljh
We a dGh ,GM e Y Gk c J dG G gh ,iOG IgdG a W FG
.bdG dP a jOG adG e jY b Y ee d ah dG G J ,H Je fLh IMGh
k G gh ,JS gCG e QdG c bh
dG WNh HHdGh SdG GhOCG e jdG dEG aVEH jC
SdG N CG hG a ,SdG GhOCG eCG IQGh dG e YG GhOCG LGJ M ;ShDdGh
.dG Ge a fd j M ;iOH Y QdG
k G gh ,fOCG dGh a Lh e H Kh jQ bY dEG SdG e YG GhOCG Jh
dOCG jC
dG Jh IOQG jQdG fGhCG dEG J e gh ,IdG J e e H IUG adG e bY OLh Y
dGh dG iOGh H v FQ jv Q GQk hO d bG Gg CG hj ek Yh ,IOQG jRGhOQEG Md dch ,k fi gJ
.G J e jQM JG AfEG e e bh a dG e e aK dN eh ,dG fOCG
IOf (A) idG Ia UY M ,(A-B-C) `H bQ dGh ,We K Y idG e a QdG
,fdG IOf Id IUe a (B) idG Ia eCG ,. HGdG dCG jGH NQoCG a TCH jQCd k a ,dhCG
.fdGh dhCG JSCG jGHh . HGdG dCG jH jQCJ aGeh (C) idG CG M a
AG Gg CG dEG jG GM e a G dG dG e He Y c idGh WG be jh
Ia M J fc dGh ,v W Ija e fc GM EG dG M ,fd Gk c jv ObG k be c
g Ea dG eCG ,fG G jdG dG e G Ia a jhdGh dG YdG QX
.e a Kk J ceCG cCG e IMGh G
JGSG bG e ek j Lj c G H CG Qf CG GvL dG e fCG dG Hh BG bG dEG dHh
fc idG bG dP ,dG dhdG Y a IMG
IjL T dEG eh ,MCG dG WGT dEG e ,aGdG H
,dG OG RH jdG H OJ fc e dGh ,AS
idGh ,dG jG bGG ``gGC e Gk` MGh bG Gg ``ch
ahG HG aCGh cCG e IMGh M bh a VGQCG V
HGh WG dEG aVEH Gg c ,dG e a
e Y f j LO iOGhh iOG IOLG

Ld gh ,Y Y dG adG gCG e IMGh A 35 bQ adG Jh

M ,GkS HQCG f Y H IM e dG AG a aO dH
AfEG a iFG KKCG bh ,G a adG YCG e IMGh fc
Ija b OLH adG OJh ,Lh eCG Vh QdG e H MGh
,fi Yd g adG g CG Y j e gh ,YR hCG Fd Y
k Qh ,Fa bH U Y gh Yf e
k G adG Jh ,v f fe NGO VGh YLG OLh Y cDj
Y e dG a QdH jC
dG b Se H bh ,ZQa M N Y QdG dEG aVEH ,iFGO f T a Jeo IU Y
k jY
ad k jY k N e j CG G e ,IG e G dEG K e Y QdG bh ,GS N f
.f adG VH Oj gh dG Gg e AT hCG Qd GQL Y QdG c ,VQCG S a
. k

51

50

e a Oe Z gh ,hCG ,dG SGdG WG g V cG e fl GfCG KK j bh ,LO iOGh

k G g fch ,QeCG 5 3 f Me H dG a Qfi VQCG e e dCjh ,dG
GP ce jC
YO e gh ,G fi M N OLh e VQCG S a jY cg GP me g K ,jhH a VQCG
T dG cG CG BG jh ,Gh dG e e ,G jdG OGG e H dG GQG SSCG
k G Y j dGh ,VQCG
Ie Y f CG M ;fLCG QdG j c ,dG Wb ce jC
CG H a ,f cG W a G edG jh ,jG VGQCG e ITe LQG IQdG d jQ
k G gh ,jdG dG AGU e GhAL gWb j
J ah ,S H e a Cf dG IQG J a AcT jC
a eCG ,cG e dG Gg e PdG cCG Y QdGh jdG (dG UY) jG dG H G G
.iY Z Gk Y J RG g fc a dG e
H CG CG fk MCGh ,aNe J e fk MCG ,e YhCH bG a Y QdG idG QdG jh
e d iQG SG Y i (IU GQWEG) dG dP a ,G H gM QdG GQL Y RedG
k G fch ,fGM QNR Y G e mGhCGh Md jC
k G gh ,jQdG b e Ia
GvL FT SdG G jC
G J dG Gg e e Y iOG IdG J e HG e jdG a QdG M ;IdG J a
a MdG Y YG dG ,IQdG SSCG Y cJ b WG J Wb IM CG hjh ,ad iFG
GP YhCG j gh ,Y Y idG OQG QdG e j c ,LQG IQdG Y f CG e gh ,jW
.dN fGG gdGh jdG OGSG j c Ic GQk GLh Hk GcCGh ,LQCG
oY ,k W QeCG HQCG H Y IM Lj c G dEa ,fdG WH jd eSG fe Y QdG h
.

53

,e T a jQGSGh jQdG b e Id adG dd LP

J iNCG adG dEG aVEH (C) bQ adGh
k
M ,GkJ cCG j G J a VdG Ea Gg e ZdG Yh ,OdG ib MJ e b bh H M SG dGh
.fh JLSG e f CG Y j Gd ,Gk AS cCG KdG Y fc dch ,jd S f Y SGQO bG EG
,gLh eCG dG YQPCG J H ,fG Y JG Vh Y adG jW TGh ,jhH adG fc
GfCG H hCG H jo aG ch .dG gG jCG Lj UCG ,HdG QdG a j c ak Nh
jQ MCG H ah ,MGh iQa AfEG e dCj e IOY idGh ,jd GkOhfi d iFG KCG SGh ,LG
TG G H a fCG gd G eh ,dG e IOb Y QdG KJ IMGh dM a fCG EG ,fhM GUCGh
.NBG dGh JH JJ FTh SW OLh Y dO gh ,bGe dch jM FGhO Y adG e YCG AG
n

GQk J cCG P fCH Uh ,dP eh fCG EG ,idG IQM H acG iOG IQM CG hG e
We e He Y J fCG gd G eh ,. HGdG dCG e NCG HdH QDJ gh ,f IQd
S dG jG GSCG jQJ e e bh ah IdG J e hb IY H fCG hG eh ,(A-C) idG
UCG ihP OGaC Ie BG Y f cG M ;GM j BG hG G a IdG J e fL CJ
WG Ea ,dP Y IhYh ,He ec 0.18 Me Y IdG J We h ,fl YLG VhCGh
AGdG j idG IQdG jd fG f j idG G dP ,dG iOGh gh ,c mOGh e e GvL jb
.H SdG N OLd Gk f AedG jd iG HdG hP G gh ,AS IjL d bdG
Ne e dH a iNCG eCG ,WG e dH J IMGh ,fL Y MG dGh SG ceCG fG

52

e IOY aG ch ,fGM aO 14 H J ,aO 471 KJh cG bh ,dGh dG dEG k jQJ fG eG

e a LdG c M ,dG LdG aO e dG Y ,dG dEG LdGh G dEG SCGdGh ,CG fL Y aj
iOG S CG Y jb dOCG g CG e ZdG Yh ,iG AdG j e gJ adG H fch H ,dG dEG
.aO d jd b SdG GhOCG YG a ,adG a J SdG GhOCG Ea ;SdG YU a GY
Md adG e b OY J M ,jQa mGhCG HQCG hCG KK Y a Y e GPEG Z adG H QYG h
;Z adG J fc iNCG adH fQa ,iFG Ye e GAk L gQYH jM fGhCG hCG dG M
k G Md fG e AG Gg a fCG c ,fG Sh a gcJ Md M
Y QdG j c jQdG fGhCG CG jC
H HGdG jJ M ;dG IRG H J dG SdH fGhCG g HQ Qh ,VQCG a fae
c dG G J dEG hCG ,ad iODJ fc dG SdG a k fl f
k fGhCG g e ;dG M eh ,fGhCG
.NQW dM a cCJ e gh ,SdG a j
adG a Lj dG f G gh ,fG e bdG G a cJ a IdG adG eCG
EG)feh
v f G
k a Gj G c dG a fG CGH eY fCG dEG j e gh ,fGG
k
Y dG h ,GJh

k HJ cCG G UCG dP Hh ,(dG dEG dG L e gQJh fG

k
.eOBG HG NGO fGG aO IOY
e a TCG H GH VQo h IOdG jM WCG - dG iU OGaC aO Y iOGh LO iOGh He a oY
.

55

U GhC
m G Y oY c ,G dch jQjdGh fGGh dRdGh iG Gh ddG e jM GhC
m G Y a
dG e jH Y i gh ,gdG M ec aO H ICe Ic QGL g a dG dEG eCG ,dG e
.FG bGdG GUCGh TGG Yh SCG dch ,H FdG G gh ,dGh
CG M a ,jRGh YGh ZCG e fCG fGG e c OY HJ a GYH IQG g UCGh
h ,eS H Ieeh dG IQM Y j e gh ,(10% f) bH Y QdG SCG e v f k b GkOY
U ASDhQ dEG J dG ceCG e G kMGh c fCG dG Y a ,L H Jh jv KCG acG bG CG
IQdG Y JQb dch IQG QgORG Ea Gd ,dG e iT Md dG f gG AKCG a e
.Hd ehe AGZEG Y e Gg c ,IQdG W gCG aeh ,iG IdG
YCG fc - a M a JG aoO ,iNCG Ia ,WCG dch GSh Ld aO 76 iOG He J
,G dEa SCGdG eCG ,G Vh a jCG hCG CG fG Y aj Gfc M - LdG aO M a
H a ,edG IG a j c idG QdG e dCj e IOYh ,jd G
k a a iFG KCG eCG
CG j UdG g CG jk QhV d fCG dEG j e gh ,IQG hCG ddG jQdG fGhCG aO j c ,G
.adG be dEG J jY HCG iCG gj j HG CG LG eh .iNCG Id N
U J
k
bh ,ae Z jAL e dCJ gh ,iOG We e dH LO iOGh jGH Y J iOH fdG fGh
. ( 160) 113

54

dG a IQdG a SG e Gkje
G OG``G dch ,jGh hGd HdG
YG GhOCG G S Y) LddGh
a dG HG Mf e ``eCG ,(SdG e
a fG SCJ c dEG da ,ASG
YLG SSCG Y SCJ a dG e
a VdH QdG Gg ag Qjh ,he
.IG jdG
fh Gh``dGh ISCG eJ G a{
c ,adGh ad LG dGh ddG
Mf eh ,d idG OdG q T Gg
H dGh ,GEG a G c iNCG
Yh ,LQG IQdG Y MfG
cCG ,eY
k
dGh H ,YLG GGh jdG cG
cM a gQhH J dGh ,jdG
a Y HdG dG ``dEG jdG MG
edGh O``G dG Vh Gg c ,GEG
fch ,G a ,dY Je a G
Y e YGQdG jObG ddG ac
SdGh ,YLG GReGh ,dGh dG
f jY W No M ,`````bEG
,NGdG f G cQ c ...afi
e Yf
k N dGh Qd GRk eQ Vhh
c j YGQR a QGSGh eCG
jObG IG f idG dG gh ,dhdG
. e jRQH AYC jdGh jdGh
.(213-212 :YGdG b e ,ag)
ejO fc G a ,dG e a Gh dG H SSCG aNG Se f Y J fQG g
dG a eCG ,bEG dGh idG GdG dEG aVEH ,jb Y Nh SdG Y J aK Y J dG
k G dh ,e M dEG IGhGh dG e je a
OGG dEG UdG dS e ,LQG IQdG f QgORG g jC
k G Qh fG G
.cH Ra e g dG e L Ea ,jeCG a M e N Yh fCG EG ,aCG Ldd jC
adG U j idG G gh ,e iT MJ JCS M ,. HGdG dCG jH VdG g Gg c
eOb Gd J CG fCT e ,IjL TCG dEG dGh dG e a jQdG b e ad YLG SDGh
dG IdG dEG dHh ,IG GSCG IdG IdG J dEG dP iODS ,AT c a ,Y BG KK Id
.e jQJ e dG dhdG N GgCG IH Y gh dP J

fdG ceCG NGO GaO eY fEG dG h ,fdG WG NGO adG J cG M dG

,b d fH v S cCG WCG dEG J dG adG f CG c ,G fG NGO adG a G bh G
.WCd fl HG e AGLCG g c fG GSG Y f bdG a fCG LG e adG J b k Wh
aGJ jKCG W dEG FG YCG UJ M ,ddG T a JH be g IdG J dEG OJ dG bGG gCG NBG
Y cDJ e dOCG Y g Yh
o ,e Yf
k Ic aGL Me Y eG b IQG J CG IcDe ,iOG IQM e
hCG HCGh OSCG dH fd QdG e U IU YbC
k G Y dOCG J J ,dG fOCG dG e bY OLh
fc M ,jedG HG e G g c ,G fG H GQL Y Fa QNc J fch ,MCG
fAx1yD*b&*EbK )*4b/3ibJbD*-h13(
* eD*E*4v/1*2bB&*-Efc+v*ibJbD*~9K
k
Iee e IMGh dEG jCG aVEH adG e jdGh ,hQhCG jQJ e SOdG dEG HdG dH bCG J QDJh
H IM a aG Vh M ,e T a g ee fc iOG IQM aO GOY CG XCG eS H
Y AfEG e fk MCGh ,jQdG fGhCG e b OY e j PEG ;H iFG G c c ,H d h ,jhH
,42bFhFbCbDHx~{Dz+b+2H&*b~{E&*<4jD*bCfE~6+,vExEx+bEAb<4jD*c~6gD*F*H&*~7
a d ,VGh g c ,dG e jQJ e IdG J N fSG WG gCG e IMGh T H JH e
M g SCG a dG d k ahh ,M bh a JG dG ddG jW Y dh ,jG jKCG HCG N e
hj e Yh ,zedG SQM b{ gQb Y j c M ;M ceCG dG iG jQdG e dhCG ISCG
AY d k ahh ,dG e a jQdG b e Ia M aO M ;JH a dG Jd dG bG g Gg CG
Qh Y dh dG S Y UCG a J fc M ;ZhdG dG cG UCG g G Gg Ea ,jG
g Jh ,iOdG e jW Ia dG S AH d Gk f HdG d dOCG Y QdG Y dEG iOCG e gh ,iOdG
,dhLh G d LGh ,fOCG dG e bdGh IQdG TfG dEG ff e GPEG e M dEG e VdG
HUCG cDj HG e jdG a Hc Y QdG cDj e gh ,. ddG dCG e UN gCG JH be e c
.NBG dG dEG gdG b aG hQ H J CG LGdG MdG J ,JH je dEG H Geb fCG
Y Vhh dG dO e jQdG b e Ia aK Y Jee KCG b jG jKCG HCG CG e ZdG Y
g SCG g e d G UCGh ,Fb IdG SCGh jdG e jdG g GR e fCG EG ,ek IjL SCG
aM Y jY eMCG a J dG VGQCGh ,e U a iOGd OG bG e dG Y dPh ,aGG be
bGG J CG a f j e gh ,dG e a d NG WG a J a dO e bGe eCG ,AGdG
.G a jKCG HCG jW Y SCG d HLCG J j CG eBG ;dG W e S W fae GJ

k G dh ,jOG adG jJ a J ,dGh dG e a . HGdG dCG aK H SSCG aNG EG

a jC
Y a W hCG fo ) zYGdG b e{ d f kHc Gj idG Hc a ,Y J dG YLG GOdGh TCG
dG H gCG Gh ,dG e a dGh dG e a G GQJ H ag jeCG QKBG Y Qj ,(1979
jG Y JSh G M Y S J fG M ,jeCG jQdG a iOG Y SdG dG a Gh
HvD*EIv*,vcD*,4bmgD*Ab~{+~{-gD*Hb~{D*,4b+H,xGb*fJx~{cD*24**H,4bmgD*x:H~9*4&*EvJy*H
dH Y gH dZ e Y dM N e Se GhSG jdG HQG c G a ,H G
.f ddG H gHe jdG dhCG dEG aVEH ,dGh
GhSG jdGh ,jNBG dG e hdG a f M ;H aCG IQdG fc ,H HCG M dEGh ,dG a eCG

57

56

LdG M SG M ,. 3000 Y f e MJ
dEG Gd c dG dO Y IdGh H dG dG
iOGh Y e eM
k GUCGh ,SG HCG dG MS
e IOSG e IddG dhdG h ,H G WGh dG
b idGh ,dG e ddG AG a k eJ cCG adG
f gSh ,``fOCG dG e jJ JG AGLCG e HS
dG Y a c M dEG dG LdG a k e c idG G
GhOCG e jdG e KDe H OSG fEG M ,Od jdGh
k jQhV k WT Gk QJ cCG dG NEG eh ,d G
.TdG dhd dG dG d
H ae J jdG dG M ``fCG gd Gh
ieCG c 1961 Y a fCG EG ;dG e Ic LQO Y IdG
a - dG e M AL a dH Y S idGh : e a dG dG ,Hc ee
e HCG dEG e jQJ Y Jee ,1895 Y b
fEG Mh ,(. 2680) HGdG ISCG e hCG ,hS G Y
Yf eZ T hS YoCG ,IdG J e NQDd k W
dGh jd IG dhd QJ iCG jd MCG cCdHh ...e
.GgCG IH Y e dG e b dG iOGh a ``Lh
(Emery 1962, 21)

,HGVG e Gk c k bh fdGh dhCG ISCG Ia T

JQG i``dG ``eCG gh ,Ia i``NGC h Z GS UY M
jf ``b dG fa ``a O``M VfG ``e k Kh k `W```JQG
J Y IQdG TdG jG dhd j a ,IdG g
QXE Ic Wh GhOCG d c dh ,dG jQG BG
Y G c FSdG g c ah ,fl H JMU
c e bh iCG Y HdG f QJ M ,dG g
.OdG AfCG L e FGdG L dBGh iQGOEG dG
IG QJ CG IdG J H e hCG b e j fCG c
fc IdG g a a ,``dhCG ISCG Y N dG GH
MJ a ,jL cM c e iQL d VN IG IQY
,Gk J cCG NBG dG dEG MdG c M dEG UCG e
FdG VG UCG c ,dEG UdG j e M dEG dch
Y I``NBG dEG UdG feEG LQO ie e g fjdG a
dG d M ,AMCG Y a IadG b dG Vh SSCG

(Martin Frouz : ) A

59

NCG d Je dG Ojh ,Y BG KK I jW a e dG dhdG SCG GVh jdG ,gCG cCG

dEG gOU JJ k jCG H ISCG e OY a d BG f Ybh O G He a ,ShHCH G IG e
g IG e e hCG c M ,S 200-240 H e Ia k jJ GM ,e fK dhCG ISCG V M ,TdG
.Yb Gk NCGh NS K jCG Y H eh O G K (LGh) L G K L G K Y QM N idG ef G

GSH c idG ,S dG dG e M jcCe d a ,. 3000 Y f TdG dEG ef U

~{JbxE6&bD=HD*yExD*D(* fAb~9(b+xFJHExD*4~zD*~zDf=HD*|~|s*
jG jG J ,K HG G UY e ef Qj dd k ahh ,S UCG dG feEG dEG
f CG h ,FGLCG H jH Ige BG G e dGh ,gH LL je SCG gjH J dG dG
dG Ea SCd fCG EG ,c OdGh G Y SdG gKCJ ieh GSCG b e Ia a G J gCG ie
dG a ,dM HNh TGe U Y MdG egG j M ;BG d gG iCG hj G
HG g H ,QeCG IY f dEG YJQG j Ie Y H Y dGh ,N H fL Y QdG eCG G e
.dG G SG MdG ddG dG gQYG h ,ddG ISCG Y N G FdG e OGaC gZh

hCG M fCG UCG a J fc dGh ,e dG IjG UdG dM a VdG Gg Hjh

.f Y G T YoCG idGh ,e hCG e iQSCG cG j Y jG SCJ M ,HCG QGG
AGL G VQCG Y je AH Y Gk QOb d dG f i jH e b dd k ahh iNCG Ie
k HL OdG Y IdG d dd fh ,dGh dG e H OhG Y G bG a jdG Gg
f INdG G e jdG M ,JGSG gCG GP ddGh SdG aGG MdG M
G J a dG f V jG LdhQdG UdG SGQO Jh ,fOCG dG e iQdG dOJ
.dG dO CGJ M dG a dG f CGj M fCG fi a c fCG dEG
fL e dG dEG UCG a j G Gg c GPEG e J a h ,M fCG e T iCG d j SCdh
feh gCG k jCG J h .dG GY e dG QKBG H J M ,UHCG e dH ddG IQS
j ,fi IU IH Qh e VGh H J fCG a T a ,SG e jdGh SdG jG
dG dG e G hCG QGG J h ,YGQdG HdG Y j HW GP fdG WG e jdG dM
e H ShCG Sd G bTG Ea dP e ZdG Yh ,HCG dH e GQG fch ,hG Z
. :A A

61

Mf a ,Y Z Gk QhO YLG
,4bc<Cb*cD*H2*xA&*4bcCbC
e ddG a J V Y Y
NBG fG Yh ,dG FdG OGaCG
Gg ,``YQG``G e dG ZCG ``c
,f G a YLG dG
.IG AH jW a c KCG d c
jdG dhCG ISCG Y N M
GS IY a .G G``MCG e
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,(idG LdG) MCG dGh (dG
fG WCGh cCG e IMGh fJ
ie a ,IQS fL gh ,dG a
he fG J MG hb IY
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TGhQ HCGh IGh jdG jhGRh GZ
cS Gk Ya BG e - dG a
IQS H J dG G Y jM
HG e J g ``fC ,U ``HGC h
,dG dhd (``eG``gCG) G
YG ```HQCG ``K``K ``e ``gh
X a ,BG M d ahG edG
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hCG dG Qc dEG J dG J
HG OY Ea SCdh ,XG QU
,IgdG e G dEG Gec 30 H Y J G fG J CG hG eh ,Gk L Gk U GAk L d hG
.AGdG aM e dH dG d HdG dG Y
G L e S Y i jhGU e Y IQY fc M dhCG ISCG jGH e IQS b CGJh
b e QNG idG bG gh ,dG iOGh e dH jDhQ dGh ,G dEG dG e idG iG
M e KJ OGaC HCG e S e c Rh dG HG J ,G H jHCG gQe d dhCG ISCG e
QG N if G g S fEG M ,jQdG a g hC k LP iY CfCG f ISCG Nh ,gCG
ISCG Y Nh ,(SdG dhdG e M bh a Y WCG idG SG gh ,ShR SH k jCG N if Y)
iNCG IM OLh d IQhV dPh ,fe bCG G hCG OGaCG e H jdG dG Y ,a dhCG
.IQS a dG FdG e OGaC He J IdG J eh ,G H d
YG e ZdG Yh fCG EG ,IdG J jQJ AH IOYE ac Z dhCG ISCG jQH dG GP QOG EG
G e Y b e Gh IdG IdG g N fEa ,NQDG dch QKBGh jG Ad HQG
( A A A
. ) (

60

Mediterranean Sea

Abu Rawash
Saqqara

Giza
Helwan
Sinai

Tarkhan

GTEG a QhO d fi je fc a ,e d J We UCG a c G CG G a ,Gg

e T H fch ,a e cCG dEG a dG j dG G J ,dG dO VGQCG e dG e cG e Y
SG G fd (e L a ShHCH fQe) SS-G dG Lh e eAe cCG gQYG dG
ebEG a fCG G SG M ,OdG T a dG Y GTEG e jG G G j e idG
.OdG L jdG ceCH
GJ SG S ddHh ,dG G dG d dEG dG g a j a ,jG SG a HCG d dHh
SG CG k jCG G eh ,OdG iT MJ Qe H SS f e gh ,G Y dG e IOS Y
.a gHe H dG e e b dGh ,IQS T a AdG iG G g dEG IQTEG O g jG

Red
Sea

le

Ni
Naga el-Deir
Naqada

fh ;dGh QdG a OL ,G e a VdG g ch dG IG IjG dhdG b AKCG M

J a G IQH T dG HG e M ,ShHCG a gHe J dhCG ISCG e UGh dd
dhdG dd Y GTEGh VGQCG IQGOEG Y GbJ jdG G FdG e AYCG dch ,OdG e G G
,hb Id S dGh ,G Z HG Xhh T CH SSCG YGdG QJ CGH bdG Gg ah ,TdG
j gh ,. HGdG dCG dEG QhL J M jQdG b e Id Oj gh ,hCG :d jRGe N if fh
cCG me SSCG Y j a ,dG jG IQG Y jL gh fdG G eCG ,G NGO ad GQGSG
adG J ,VQCG S QeCG Id j Gk c k j G H a e Ic IM a adG e H Gk J
cCG UCG Id idG AdG dG AGLCG Ea dP Y IhYh ,IdG J a S ihP OGaC N dG
.dG dG e SSCG a j idG gh Gk QJ

First cataract

H IM fc CG iG aQ Xe CG dG Y e Od e fcCG AGS IdG d LPdG IGh

ef S fC BG e e e e UCG Vf CG jh .jk Yh k S Ak H V gc ,AGdG MC
,jdG a UN RG QN Lj dG dG e e UCG a J dGh HdG dG e JCj a ,Gk c
,dG e J iP AH Y j fEa jG QKBG Y a eCG ,dG NJh idG AMGh Sd jh
iODJ fc dGh ,jFG Fd idG AdG J j M ,WCG jQGd UN HL - dT Qfi e
cCe jW Y Je LCG Oj ,e gc b e MCG e c a bGdG a dh ,ISCG OGaCG b e
.jFG bhCG e dch ,IH aG hd J dG MVCG e e JCJ Hheh
fdG ISCG jf e V idGh ,aG aj M dG AdG jM LCG e Ic gCG idG Ad c
,IMG e hCG Iah J dG KdG hdG a ,IG e idG AG a SdG H J ,IQe
CGH ,HCG H GQ``G AW e k a ,IQG GQ``L Y Ic gCG GP k jQJ GJ KM
VG e c M ,G fCG a Qj IG MU QJ ,edG IG e Xe QX k jQJ
a IG MU QJ dG XG J G S Y e ,NBG dG a fCG J SQ a j CG
J dEG aVEH ,ShDhe YCG Y dG dch ,iOdG TGMCG a SCG hCG QdG H j ce
IG IdG J a HG GQL Y QU dG IdG XG e gZh OBG dch ,MVCGh HGdG
dM a ,k MVh cCG d G Zh G HG H SSCG dG AL g e ,dG iG jQdG e
,jG dBG a cQd jQdG e f gh ,IOdG IOYE Sh Jjfih IG fc G
.(Lisa Majerus: )

63

A A

62

HG J e G CG Qf CG Y j fCG EG ,IQS He Y c H cS OdG dG a fCG e ZdG Y

?M fCG S aO jCG ,BG GDdGh ,M fCG S e d fc IQS GhQNG jdG dG Qc J dG
fG e CG ,IQS e jQJ a a eCG dEG Ic IN jG QKBG Y JG INCG GdG a
M a ,dG e aO M ,dG d HG dG Y bGdG GM fL g oJ M fCG d FdG
dG IdG a eGSG GC H GM fL Ea cdG S ch ,cG dGh dG Qc fL IQS YG
.M fCG d c CGH b fG J Qh ,ef Mh e MJ S
,S Sj cR gh jG QKBG AY FGhCG e MGh jW Y 1942-1954 e IdG a GM fL cG
Saad 1947, 1951, 1957,) aOh Ie 10.000 e cCG fG Vh ,k jOe FH dH hQa G b M
GdG CG EG ,b f e cCG fG a dH b b S cR CG e ZdG Yh ,(1969; Wilkinson 1996
.aCG jH bG ah ae a dG e d c INCG
,dG FL dEG iODj QO GP IM T Y jOY He Y IQY fc acG dG HG e
,IQS fH GaO X YdG J e HG GY aVEG h ,dG L j e IOY idGh
fGQLh JVQCG MCG H a T M ,GM a e e cCG HG e dG AGLCG fc M
Vh ,(HG e jb ceCG e iG G j c M) iG G e c e SCG dch
LGdG eCG ,dG dG e HG g e jdG AGLCG Th ,gQGH cd IM He N f
d jG ae Y f , j HG J a GaO jdG ZCGh ,H je fc a
HGJ a H aOo c ,G Vh a HL Y ajh dH JG j e IOY a ,H dG
M ,H YLG W e OGaC k L k jJ fc fCG Y cDf CG HG M eh ,N
e 600 e cCG J e k FGO IQS e He CG M a ,He e 250-400 H H Me H
.He e 1000 e cCG dEG H Uhh ,He
Te Md Y IQY gh ,(k jJ 40 HG J e f fh) S Md H Ie N f Y oY
e k FGOh ,iNCG HGbh N Y i dG HGdG IFe N dL
k IG MU FZ H QJ ,iG G e
j e gh ,IG e idG AG a MdG J Lh M ,HdCGh IG MU hCG MU SG MdG g J
SG dP MdG g Y WCG e hCG ch ,ad jFG SdG J fc M AG Gg e FdG G Y
AG IQY e Gk AL e fCG bh VaGh ,adG GM a cG idG gh ,S cR c dG Md edG
gh ,Gd 13h Ld 21 Y Y M ,Gd e Ld k YT cCG dG Md fch ,IG e dG
EG ,G HG e Gd Hk dCG MdG J e a KG CG e ZdG Yh ,Gd dH Ic f GJ
bE&* ivA+bD&* ~6&DDHx*H&* *cD*A$b~}<&* H&* ib~|s~{D*4bcCib/HyDfBbcD*-&* 9JF&*
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.Jd Md Gk NCGh ,d HQCGh ,fd HQCGh ,jQGOEG d fc KCGh G
dM a - dG QdG a bSo b fc HG J e) HG H a Xfi dGRe HGb Y S Y
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k jCG e fCG EG ,FdG Lh d e IG CG e ZdG Yh AedG jG e d dH eCG

.NBG dG a dRe
gDhH jGdG a ,HGdG hCG ad fl cCG hCG IM e IG e dG AG dCjh
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IG e dG AG J c ,adG IM gH K k hCG adG H J ddG ISCG Y N
a Ic gCG IG e dG AG a aG e VJ dG HGdG e c ,HCG iG G e
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,dG a a JG IQGG LQO GP jCG a M Se IQGM LQO N Y YJ fc NGdG
c dh ,IG e VQCG S a G AG Y a j G Gg GSG CG d adGh
J fc dGh G hCG jG AGS HGd LQG GQG e c ,e dG AGLCG a k jCG
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.aG dG H g HdG CG dEG IQTEG e dG
a idG LGdG dEG IQTEG g dGh ,dRCG d FGdG dG e f IG CG iJ fdG jdG
,gd gGdGh G e jdH jdG g YO k jCG h ,iNCG Ie QdG dG iOGd j ,dG
30 dG e hCG dH QDJ dGh ,IQS T 3507 bQ IH Y Y e Id id AdG Y eCG eh
Jh ,G dEG dG e WCG fGQL Qfi c M ,dG dG e T dG dG IG J ,.
UCG a fc ,dEG UdG IM jYh J e Y e idG gAL jh .Gke 2244 Me
JSb J ,dG e a IM Y IQY a S dG AG eCG ,iFG KCGh HGdH IA
dEG j JQH dG dG e T a GQG eCG ,adG IM e dG AG a j M e 3.15 5.25
QTCG hL e G G dG Lj c adG IM VQCG a e 2.50 JQG Yh ,IG aM YCG
e Lj c IG YCGh ,IT H k jCG ke c a f dG eCG ,iG G e Y Y e IdG
.Gke 9.20 10.50 e IYb e ,MGh e dEG YJQG Uh ,Gh edGh dG e T dRCG dG j
Z J e k FGO dGh ,adG IM a ITe bCG AdG Gg ,fe jCG hH dG e H dG S Zo bh
,dRCG dG e idG AdG Gg (f iP Id AH k e Wfi fc) IG J e AfG H Fe
.NBG dG a IjG IOdG e YG idGh

65

64

iMEG Y e c J dGh ,dG HG e U KK g c N ."jEG jEG H" YJ fc dGh Y

jH Y QdG HG J INDh ,25-20+G4b<&*h0H*x-bp<40*+E2*xA&fJFb.,E,x~{<
OSCGh dG SM jh aGj Gh d ce fCG Y JdG Gg J h ,OSCG d Y cg
.(O G Ie fCG) HdG G a NBG dG dEG

W Y dhCG ISCG Y N T dGh ,IQS a dG HG AH d OdG fCG Y YQM dEG jo

J Jh ,dG iOGh dch dG e dH VGh WG J H ,IQS T jdG bdG aG
,IMG FdG jG dhdG HGJ GhQGOCG jdGh ,G Gh ,dG FdG e OGaCG dEG HG
.G J a G OLh ddH dGh
Walter iG dGh" fjdG QKBG Y cG M ,ahe Z IQS T a IOLG HG fc jW Z bh b

eY fCG EG ,jdG SdG eSdG YCG Y SSCG a iEG QJ ,1935 Y a IQS dEG b idG ,B. Emery
a eG dEG ,G jf ah ,Hd eL dEG Ob idGh dG e IQH egG iHCG IY SdG S H
JeSQ a X dGh dG JjQJ H efG ALh ,jdG dG jGH e e SG idG fjdG G
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k G 1951 Y a UCG M dP H S c
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,GdG e cSh Fh ,jM fGhCG dG MCG H ah ,jQa fGhCG HH HGd FdG UdG
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Ia e AdG He Y f VdGh dG J h ,fG e ddG AG a HG ZCG Y Yh
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.IG FdG G fLh H a Aa a e b J M ,GM

k YQO IMGh ,fEG YGQd ZhdG edG jW Y "QG dG" j idGh Y QM G SG jJ

a Ie fe Y QM jh , Gk f Sd Gk L k Se Gk eQ e gh "N" ZhdH hCG b e iNCGh
Gg ,M bhCG a jG Aeb b e dc j c bCG Y hCG ,IMG cM hCG c fC ,dG iG jQdG
ShHCG a Y QM aoOh ,dG iG jQdG e dhCG ISCG e fK J IUG jQdG QOG CG e ZdG Y
SCdH SG Jj c ,M Ia N bh e GQJ dEG J dG IG J ,(B 19) bQ IH G CG
.. ddG dCG N e FdG fG fdG ISCG Y e UCG dGh ,IQS fL He QJh jQdG
Y dG f bGdG a fC Xfi fCG QYG fCG EG ,Y QM H j idG VdG e ZdG Yh
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He e dG dG Y G Y a cQ fCG H cP a ,G d k e gDe Z T
k j c M
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jW Y OGG J e dH dG eCj a ,NGH jY OG GJ fGhCG fc MCG e c ah
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,YCG g e fgEH bdG dP a jG QKBG a G T ,GLc 200 f fRh Uh Y G
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Y GM K e J gh e H ShHCG (19-15-B 10) bQ Y QM G Ie J
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QM G Lhd fc e IMGh ,Jc Je Y Y ,bdG ddG G a ,G IG e dH

S 3505

67

66

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.f IdG e cM XG dEG J dGh 3035 bQ IG fc ,gd IQ``KEG cCG acG H eh
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dG e G ke e bh YG M :dG e j IG e idG AG j CG IL Ia J b fCG
J T LJ LGH WG G NGO CG VGdG e UCG QdG Yh ,OdGh dH fGQL H e e dG
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69

:fjdG QKBG Y a IQSCG iEG UCG ,dG e Yh

Y dG a Jb We c M ,AdG QKBG AY e Th jW U NBG fCG Y d dG MGdG H a
(Smith 1971, 200) jG dSCG GSH jKCG jdGh G Fd e h jJ dh ,dG GQG
JSCG Y G kL dG iS j c bdG dP a ,Ic gCG GP ddG IQH iEG acG fc
Y jQJ a k e Gk jL k a NGH Y dG HG e M ,dG e jQJ e fdGh ``dhCG
QdG dG jKCG dG CG c ,. ddG dCG e dhCG KdG hdG N HG J J ,jG QKBG
dG G QMCG GfCG dch ,bdG dP a d dG GQdH ae a k Ua Gk M e NGH Y
H 3504 bQ IH jM mGhCG Y QdG G S a ,bdG dP a XG Qch dG Y eSG
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dG e fEG M ,gdG GQk KBG M adG IM J a SG dG NCG jH CG c ,dG QdG
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c acG bh IG JQ bCG G eCG ,S BG H idGh ,dG dG e hG Z dG dG
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J IG CH j iEG L S e c ,(H jJ idG G a Y QdG MCG e c a idGh)
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IgdG g GdhJ jdG FdG jG QKBG AY e G kMGh George Andrew Reisner hQfCG QL j
a ,ec e a H N IOdG g Y dOCG e jdG Y k jCG c fCG c ,dG adG dG N e
:WGdH e jSCe IOY fCG j c Gk L b eR dEG OJ fCG j Uh N
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AGL IadG MJ dG YG e dG dGh BG dTCGh YVhCG EG ... fk e GhLh M fCH ceCG
dCG Z e d fCG c ,jj H Lh aH OdG j CG g k YT cCG G c M ,AMCG UTCG aO
Lj M cg KK Y QdG edH 20 bQ IH ... jdG H iNCGh LdG Y jdG iMEG J CG
MCG Y Y ,K X B bQ IG a eCG ,HG fG e bdG e G AG fe a QdG Y YGQdG MCG
dM Y j e gh dG e dEG d SCGdG fG M ,iNCG cdH fQe e k Yf S dM a cdG
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Hbh ,dG bS Y dG gjh d k b fG ,IG Ne Y IS Y Y 1047 bQ IG ah ...
(Heizer 1959, 108110) ... e CG e fJ fc d c idG gH gQU Y
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72

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VQCG J ea ,jFG dG Lh e
Y QdG ,bdG QGG e HG AG a
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j Q idGh jG N bh ,j IG VJ dG OG SGeh dG VfG j JG NGdG
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S 3503 B

75

S 3503

74

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(UCG MCG - OSCG NCG) fe UCG jH Y i fGhCG J ,aG dG b QGH fGhCG c
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OGYEG Y e Ld J Q a (Q) IG eCG ,jG fGhCG J fd J CG G e j
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:

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a HdG Y j c idG SG gh "IedG" V M OGYEH b ,TdG Y O L CG H IH d Ia
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76

Od IdG MG Jh ,edG Y d HGdG ISCG e Q L G M bh a QS idG bG

.bdG dP a dhd iQGOEG RG NGO i fc jgL GJ CG dEG G Z HG J e
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GM e CG dG e ,Rc eSG IM HQCGh N J c e 2657.30 idG FL Me Jh ,HdG
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e GhC
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gh ,IH TGhQ HCG e a

79

78

S 2302 Ruaben
Private living quarter
Store-rooms
A
D

D
Store-rooms

C
Entrance

Public living quarter

VQCG e dH QMCH e fGhCG J Y Yh ,e gah je T GP jQa mGhCG J Y H

dG dN e fo (jMdG) G M P Y IQY fc fGhCG J ,JEG f IG MU SH eflh
M a ,jMdG J dN e j dGh Ije a LJ fc idG AG a ,jG dG hP e dG
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.dG dEG j QO jW Y a adG I dG NG eCG .iFG KCG Y

10 m

A: burial chamber = bedroom

B: bathroom
C: room with a water jar
= bath
D: portculis protecting
the entrance

Store-rooms

S 2307
A

D
Private
living quarter
B
C

Entrance

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. A A

81

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k j hCG MG Ea dP eh ,k T d
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S 3038 A

80

G HH fQHh ,HdG dG dEG J GG e Y dEG iODj idGh ,adG IM e HdG HG

,JG dEG iCG ,HdG dG G a IG IQO aG d J c GG J CG Vj ShHCG e
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SG fGhCG Y HdG Jh ,IG MU SG jM mGhC Rc UCG a eSG b GG J
b fGhCG J CG gdG j h ,(dG dO a je) JH a edG SQM b e :gh e L idG G
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iFG KKC fl fc dGh jG fGhCG J CG a dG g dG Yh dG Gg j bh ,e e
c ,ddG ISCG e ShR d iFG KCG e Gk AL fGhCG J UCG G jf ah ,e Rfl e J
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j Q OdG e HG AG cM fCG SSCG Yh ,e U bEG QN Y QdG j SG dG QKBGh
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G GQOEG dEG j e gh ,IQS hCG ShHCG e iCG a J M ,jdG dG SW jf e dG iG
.HGdG Jh jFG SdG a cQG N e GeCG e aCG AMCG ej CG J H fCG
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idG AdH gG a c H j idGh ,G H IG OLh Y cCdG jGH IdG J e c ,IM
G X dP dEG aVEHh ,aG d G ebEG e IdG J a dG id e idG IG e
Lh M ,IG e idG AG a QdG a GC H idG FdG ebEG e gh fdG ISCG jf a k e jL
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Y ed Gk ah GQk e jG d JHc k jCGh gXeh TH UG J e M ,G Z HG
.jeh HUCG Geh G H IG Y k jCG e JeCG c ,HG UCG jgh YLG VdG
Nh dG dP Mh ,dG FL a UN ,G Z HG QJ a f gCG fdG ISCG Y eh
EG ,Ic fc e a IM T a adG ceCG OLh g IgdG IG fc dG jG IG QJ jQJ
j c IG e dG AG CG j Ggh ,adG GM GP HG jJ ,fdG ISCG e IdG g N fCG
.H jW Y MCG H ah (ddG ISCG jf e) Qe hCG ,QO b e dEG UdG
QdG e j idGh) Yb G S aO H M jGH a b idGh ,iS M G g fdG ISCG e hCG c
Mh ,IQS a GaO jdG fdG ISCG e fK g iS M G CG hG eh ,(ShHCH Yb I He QKBG Y
.IG MU M Ic J QKCG f Q G N SG j NBG dch SG j N Y J QdG fCG
dP e ZdG Yh ,d ZG N CG EG ,IG J J a T idG g iS M Ea jdG iME k ah
k MG cCG iNCG jf gh ,dG iG jQdG a G HG Z OLh g d fC ,dP hM J j
.ShR G g e dG dEG Q ,NBG e a d Ie H b iS M G S aH b CG H f Q CG gh
ISCG g fdG IG gh ,f f G Ie Y IjL FKh J dEG j he gh Obr_039
QKBd fCG d HdG jG dG g Oj M ,fh d YdG jdG e dH Jh ,IQS
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IG e dG AG e gJ dG G Jh ,``VQCG S QeCG 6 3.5 d j (edH
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dEG iNCG IQHh d jdG GQG fL Y dG a RGh GG e jdG f bh ,Gke 2.5 YJQGh
dPh ,iFG KCG jd k e Fe Z IG H LJ dG GG CG gd Gh ,e dGh dG
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AG a bGdG G gh IH iNCG Ie ,G VQCG a e 1.50 - 1.20 H Y gh ,S 20-10 f dG

83

82

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.dG dG e QGL AH gH eh ,iG G e Ic H HG jf Y G ZEG

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Se
k a AdG eCG ,N GdCG KK e HdG e WCG fG T bh ,dG dEa LdG eCG dG dEG SCGQh
dG e U NBG Ak fEG 15 Y Y c ,edhdGh SdCG e Ak fEG 13 Y QdG HdG e dHh .e k Yf
a Vh fCG VGdG e ,GdG e Teh cS e c OY Y QdG adG IM VQCG Yh ,hG
a J fc dGh IQd AfEG J ,SdG e mGhCG k jCG Lh c ,cG bh b c N hU
,IadG Y dG S H HdG a aO dG IdG Ea ,LdHhfCG SGQd k ahh ,AH ZG SW
a Vh Hheh WCG :e J fc dGh jFG ddG e jH Y HdG e dG dEG QdG fCG c
NBG dGh ,k VQCG WSEG jW Y H Gk Y e fGhCG H Y Y bh Gg ,jQah jM WCGh YhCG
cCG QGVCG a j T H jdG ,UdG ijCG Y j dG Gg CG VGdG eh ,jM be QKBG j
j Gj ,b SH bY d IQG fGhCG J CG dEG iEG Y Y dG FdG c Jh ,H dP e
AY CG EG ,dG e a IRG e k e Gk AL dG J fc M ,(AGG) fGhCG J W gh ,VdG
Lh Y MCG d GP jQa mGhCG J e SSCG a J dGh ,dP KEG hCG j GYSG e Gk QOf QKBG
dH NBG dG a aG MQ Vj jdG QGTCG e dG dEG fGhCG J J j ch ,UG
Ne Lj c HG QGHh ,jQjdGh SdCG e Ak fEGh k W 21h ,jk Qa Ak fEG 27 Y adG IM MGh ,(b)
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H jdG FS gh G ,dG e G G T Y G :WCG e jdG e IRG HOCe dCJh
ca ,aGWCGh dG VCG ,be c ,be fSh ,be eM ,SCGQ b e S ,jR IOe
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S 3477

85

k jCG gS ,G Z HG IQY QJ Y a O G Ie gS e
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M ,fdG ISCG H QDj idGh dG dG He SH hG bG
L fjdG QKBG Y jW Y 1905-1910 GYCG H IdG a acG
fc acG a ,d IgdG Z fG J ,James E. Quibell jc
T b fG CG j dhCG gdh ,dH QGVC Ic Ia b VJ b
dG dG e T fH Y QdG dG WG a ,jY OG
b ee HG J eb a dP eh ,AdG G``fCGh MCG fl e
dG GG e Y j idGh ,Wd dG AdG e e AL
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,(ad adG IM) f IM ,d IM ,d IM ,GG J
c dG Rd Icfi dhfi a dPh ,VMe dEG aVEH ,Rfl
VMe M j c MCG H a fEG M ,fdG IG a aG a j
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.IG e bdG HG jhGdG e dH IQe hCG f
dhCG ISCG e e e c M Ia a G Z HG IQd IjL TCG j c GPEa Obr_040
SCd fCG EG ,IdG HG e GdG f a ,Gk J cCG VdG c fdG ISCG QWEG a fEa ,k jJ
J Y dG a ,dP Y IhYh ,jQG dTCG Y G Y Y YS e gh Qed VJ e
dG c IH bdG iKCG Kd dG je fc M ,jdG dG FGhCG a dG dG dEG OJ dG HG
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84

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J a HG AH a j jdG aG c GPEG Y k jCG DhJ gh - Ad eRdG YCG jS iMCH hCG ,IG S
GM SCG Ad jM c GSG Y QdG j fCG IQTEG Y jdG jh ?G a dG Y k a jQOb IdG
Y IH fCG VGdG e fc dGh ,k jS cJ jh jH VJ CG j jG dG Ea dG g e a fEG M ,adG
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Nh ,UHCG a IMGhh ,IQS K Md 15 Y QdG c ,d X TG iG G e Md
Md `H UCG a J fc MdG g ,gf j IQS e Md CG k j YCGh ,UCG fe Y dG j
GAk L fc fCG bh S VaGh ,IG e dG AdH Y oY dh ,UCG fe a Y j S cR C ,dG
fc fCG VGdG e a BG eCG ,IG e j c NdGh hG aG hQ dN e J dGh ,adG IM S e
QJ e IOYh ,FdG dH MdG J fh ,FdG jFG FdG e O fc M ,IG LGh Tf e Gk AL
MG ZhdG TdG eCG ,G ZQCG e b Y HGb IFe eCG e Y dL gh ,IS hCG LQ AGS ,aG
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dG jG IQdGh dG Y IjL gGh GQJ QX T fdG ISCG EG jdG a dG h
T dGh jdG GM ANG dch ,HG e dG AdG GNG M ,hb KK e j e SG dGh
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.ddG ISCG f Ic Ib e dP c ,TdG

ISCG e fdG dG Ia fc M ,bdG Gg a Ic Gd VJ idG Hd dG AdG a j

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c M ,IQd iedG Gh NG a ,H k jce k fe J fc dGh ,IQd HdG QGH
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k
k
a d OLh hCG Y QdG M ,gd GL Ie UG J QX jGH fch ,ddG ISCG N J S
gCG cCG HG fc M ,gCG bCG HG a jGdG a X M ,dG dG e cdG HdG adG
Y jL Y aVEG a IG UCG K Y Y gj e Q gh ,IG QN FdG ebE e Y J
Gk jL k SQO j IdG adH dG dP QX Ea ,dG c k jCGh M jCG Y ,Id NGdG iQG AdG
YQj CG G QJ Qha ,Ak GK cCG HH e J CG IQhdH d Ya cCG GQda ,gH
.SG Gg Y dOCG g dG jG HG dM a bCG a ,YLG VdG a bCG OGaCG
M .jd e AH IOe QYH iG G GSH HG AH GC S M ,NBG G X fdG ISCG Y Nh
a AH j dPh ,adG IM a FYO Ad hCG IG e dG AdG NGe ZE a iG G c J J
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bG dH S cG ,e e hQa G g FG c M ,S Sj cR iG iKCG jW Y 1942-1954
e NQDG HG e c OY j UG Lh a ,fdGh dhCG JSCG H QDj e ,Ie BG IY e cCG
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jW Y dG FL dEG UdG j He a fdG dG eCG ,aO IM SCG a Lj dGh ,dG aG HG J
a IQfi adG IM J e IOYh ,QeCG 3-5 Y Y dG HG Y QdG j e k FGO ch ,adG IM dEG iODj QO
G H ah ,iFG KCd dPh U f adG IM QGH Lj e IOYh ,e Z iQe J GP dG
e jJ j dG G J g eeCG IG UCGh ,aG aO j M M aO IM d dG Gg
g GQL fch ,IG e dG AdH e aO JM Y QdG j CG MCG H a Mh ,H iFG G
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dGh ,GMCG e a ddG g iG G c M ,Ic LQH G GSG HG J e M J a
YJh VQCG a IOY iG G SGh ,dG iOGh e bdG dG Y jdG dH Lfi LJ fc
UdG hO j ,adG ceCG J fc dG GOGdG G Hh ,QdG J a IYd dch ,fG GQG
e ddG G ah .O G H QDJ dGh ,(H.3 40) bH `S bQ dG IG J dP Y eCG eh ,IG dEG
dEG jdG j fc UCG fe a jM Y QdG c ,QMCH YJ ,adG IM dEG iODj QO Y Y
gcCG Sb H dGh ,iG G e H k jCG IOfi fch ,e 2.53.55 f adG IM Me Jh ,adG IM
.iFG d Rc eSG JU JM Y IG e ddG AG a QdG c .e 0.523
G Y Gk M j bdG Gg a G GSG CG VH J fdG ISCH QDJ dGh G e T dG HG EG
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87

86

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``dh``dG SH ```J I``a ``` dG i````G ``jQ```dG
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dhdG Y jGH T c ,bdG dP a G QJ J
jf SSCG J dG ZhdG UdG hCG OLh dG
QY a hGh N if G GC H f bdG ah ,HG d
e T idG ,IQS a i``HCG e AH a ShR SH M
k G
N G S jG G Gg jGH OJh ,ec
jJ Y a jQJ GJ KM iNCG Mf eh ,iS
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n

e S 350 e j e e b c ddG ISCG jGH

,ddG IQS a IdG Je AH cM hCG b CG
jdG a jW Ia T H J eY
k Nh FKa
dhCG ISCG Y a ,HG hPh SCG LCG e
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dEG aVEH ,Ic IM Y IQY c idGh dG AdG
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gh ,ce ``CG ``jDhQ fdG I```SCG Y jGHh
a aO IM dEG IG e dG AdG Me GNG
e j HdG c M bh ah ,HdG NGH Lj
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a SSCG QdG eCG ,H jW Y MCG H ah Hg
j UCG idGh ,IG e idG AdG a a IdG J
AG Gg Vh ,iG G e hCG (fk MCG) dG dG e
G Gg c e IOYh ,ad HGdG d j fk e
SCh k jQJ dh ,IG e bdG QGG eCG Lj
idG AdG e FdG A``G ``NGO J j c Y
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89

CGH ddG ISCG H fCG EG ,G Zh G HG H VGh NG g Gj c fdG ISCG jf H

Qch G FdG OGaCG b CGW dG GdG V a ,MGdG H a MVh
cCG J HdG LhCG H
k
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n

GNH Y dG IU GY a ,Yf e G kja ef

k AedG jd edG YG hCG dG c
c edG YG J AHh AH EG ,dGh dG a ,G dG Y gQaCG dch ,e ILe jWh
k dEG j G C ;AedG jG Y dGh G dEG ,Ye dEG YJ idG dG Y G QGSG j
Yh dG Y H fd MdG dG g eGgCG fc ddh ,(JM AKCG MCG H ah) J H
k G ddHh ,SG dGh ifdG dG H SdG J G Ie fc ddh ,dBG
OGaCG Fd ANdG V jC
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edG YG N eh ,zdBd XG jHCG IG jGH g{ :J fc dG jG fG g CG hjh
.GgCG IH Ia N dG jG IQG gL ae ddH f

a ,HCG iG G e T M ,IQS e dEG k Ff G He fG ddG ISCG N -- 4

UG fch ,G e IU c dEG aVEH dG dG e J GJ dG Qc He fc idG bdG
k fl e idG AG UN ,G Id dG dG c c .iG G e H J MCG H a
,H AdG dEG OdG e G VH QG edG dG NCj UCG M ,G Z HG J Y e
k
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AH Y ddG ISCG e G HG a gG L U M a fCG gh gd Ie iNCG M K -- 4
G g a G Z HG eCG ,iFG KCG jd ceCG e fc dGh ,dG e dG WG
dG Me h ,IMGh IM O fc MCG e c ah ,dG GG OYh M a ad e
fc e IOY dGh ,eGgCG e dG AdG a IOLG GG J M HGdG ISCG Y jGH a LG
CGH f bdG ah .eeCG IMh jd eSG dG iNCG GG H dEG aVEH aO IM Y IQY
.QdG a OG edG dG
g g dP Y e bCGh ,edG YG e fl AGLCG GQL aNR a Gk c GQk J HGdG ISCG T
Qc He a a ,Ohfi f Y G Z HG aNR IdG g N fCG EG ,QgO a G hS G
Hh ,G W L dEG HG aNR eG eG ISCG Y H fCG EG ,G FdG OGaCGh XG
.YLG gceh HUC jObG dG N Gk f bOh Yf NG G
Y fo eCG jGH a ,GgCG e gh edG YG a I iNCG S X eG ISCG jH
eh ,eGgCd dG AdG Gh GM e iNCG AGLCG M dP Hh ,adG IMh eeCG IG GQL
a X eY ,SdG dhdG Y M gHe a G IG J J e Gj XG Qc CG hG
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.aO GM H G ISCG e

c .G Z HG Y Gk c J e k FGO fCG g ,AedG jG G H IG dG gCG e IMGh

:I FQ ee IH J edG YG UCG ddG ISCG jGH fCG
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k c
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c G QOe L fc CG e ,d Gk c GRk eG AdG a G QNG c M ,Gh AdG SCG a
jJ Y G H EG ,HCG iG G GSG j XG j G S a ,d k SQ
k kbh e j eCG c dP dEG aVEH fCG c ,eGSH e
hG e jdG Gg Y d jW
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.HGh edG YG a a eSG dG iNCG QMCG e gZh fGGh OSCG dRdG
IjG UdG J Y a ,UN Y d fl W eSG ,G HG Qd dH
UdG J ,edG YG Tf e a CG jQe UdG J fcCG AGS G QhOh gCG VJ dGh ,fl
:ddG dG Y QdG c H ,Ic Idh G Z HG J a LQe J
dh G a a d ,G Z HG Y ShHCG a G He NG fdGh dhCG JSCG N -CG- 4
eG OGG Yf a GcTG L CG EG ,dG AdG a T dG GG M e QG J a
Je T dG AdG j c c ,(iG G e M dEGh ,Gh Gh dG dG dGb) AdG a
J fc dG MdG J N Yh ,IG MU dEG J dG jFG MdG dEG aVEH ,dRCG dG
,d iQG SG X M ,G a Gk c Jh ,LGhRC
k G J e k FGO G jFG MdG fc ,XG
k G J G HG CG c
.iFG KCG Yfh c a e H jC

91

90

e IdG LQdG J MCG j H ,G e jedG e Ic LQO Y MCG dG iG dG a j

MdG dEG OCG dG SdG hdG CG c ,hOG HWh OdG jQJ dEG aVEH bdG g Jh ,e dBG
SG e dCj c dG ASCG N e VH J dGh ,dG e e ddGh HG Wd jQdG
jdG iG Y eCG ,G M e fl fGL j e c ,ASCG N Y IQY fc dGh ,G dCGh
.d jYQh S dEG aVEH SG cG fCG Y G J a
G eM j M ,dG dEG ,SQM dEH JG iQG SG g d G ASCG J bCG jh
a iG H VhG ,N d dG dG a G kL dG G J ,VQCG Y j idG
fL Y ML j ,U T Y SQM SCGQ Nh ,TdG Y dL
k N G j dGh ,IgdG
cMh SQM dEG OG G iG dG QU IjdG jdG Hh .d jM Y J a G SCGQ
aNR dG FL a Lj dW e Y IQY gh ,jS NGO iQG SG Vh bh ,(N) VQCG
Jh ,SQM dG j jdG aG Yh ,G SG Y ia idG FL a eCG ,G dG LGh c
dH eG QhOh g Y d Sh ,SQM dG YCGh jdG NGO G SG a jdG J
.ifdG TYh d
,LGh GHdGh f dG fCG gh ,dGh dG eG jdG dBG JdG `H bY d NBG SG
J gh ,(f dG e a Y j c dGh) dG e a oJ eM fi dEG UCG a f fc
,e d dG UdG LJ fa ,HdG dG Y eCG ,e U a dG d bdG dG Y
eOdG MGG N dEd FSG fd Gk J j e jdGh aGG VdG Gg j Qh ,dHfcGg
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93

c CG dEG f CG ,G Zh G HG Y CGW idG iRGG Qd SSCG GG Y jS IHh

k
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c HG e YdG
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jeQ TCG jW Y AdG dEG OdG jj ca ,G LdjjCG Y G M e jd jQhV fc
.VQCG Y FSG bGe J IjL
n

k ,INBG IG fQYG a f CG G e IdG g hJ Y

c dG iG a a ,fdG IG Y a
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Gg SGh ,FY hO iNCG IM V idG MdG dG g G c dG Gg Yh ,Q dG dEG HG
Henry SH ig ceCG jG Y Y WCG e gh ,dG dhdG Y jf M iNCG IG Y G
.(iNCG Id G WGdG) Breasted
.(Breasted 1912, 256257, Brta 1995 and 2005, later also Smith 2009)

a Ic LQd He fc G Z OGaCG Y iNCG IG CH Herman Kees c eg jh

fH f CG dG e G e je e jdG fd f ea .(Kees 1956) fdG IG T
dGh ,IOd GMh Gh aCGh NGe e dCJ Ra ,QGTh Re GP Je j f M fCH
AKCG NGO AdH Fd dG LCG e jC
k G dh ,ad iNCG IG V LCG e a d T
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Y HfCG dEG jM h JG fCG j c dG ,HdG AGdG a jC
k G dch ,adG IH
j G c dG f jdH INBG Y j c c ,dG Y YGQh JG eM ihBG HG T
.fdG IG Y H
. 40,000 A A

92

CG dEG IQTEG Q OdG Gg ah ,Q dG dEG IOY QH bY Y j gh ,HGdG ISCG Y a Q

k G eg CG c ,dG dEG bCG a ddHh ,YJQG
c jC
ahG edG YG cCG J edG Y
k
k M YGh ,dRCG d ej idG SG H dG be M ,dHg dG j SG G dEG bCG
bG dG TCG U c idG aW j M ,IOdG IOYEGh dG hd G keQ edG jdG GP G
.jL e IOdG Y d

dG M dG jQGSG J f CG Y Ea ,ad e fCG Y SSCG a dG dEG f c GPEG

NCG bdG dP a ,dhCG ISCG jGH dEG jJ bCG Y gQhL OJ dGh ,AedG jG G H iQG
k idG IG A iQG dG
e a ,dRCG dG dEG ej CG VG e c idGh ,e Yf
k k Je T
H b IdG J CG G e VGh a ,IjG Id ej idG dG Gd UN gCG g fc dG
fdG e CGJ eYh ,TCG Id iOGdG e Gk c GAk L j e k FGO idGh ,d jdG fdG SSCG Y
e HG Ia J CG VG e ch ,IG Od ej idG dG dG dP g j e hCG Ea QfG a
.jL e IOdG IOYE f IdG Y
e HdG G dEa ,G Hd iQG dG a k e GQk hO dH d a IdG JQhOh dG eCG
H L dGh ,NBG ZhdG edG e dG e gh hC hj idG iOGdG dP Lj G CG fL
dG zG{ j e gh dG dG dEG gdG e dG g a NBG fc dG jG QaCd k ahh . mOGh
Ggh ,fL Y IH d e gh ,(NBG) aCG dEG Jah H dG dEG G gj dG eh ,dG a
.iOGdG G a ITe gh HdG HG FM a Hk H G HG V dhCG ISCG e e fCG dG g

95

k j idGh ,M iOGh e j
fc dG ceCG e G kMGh G Gg ch ,dG e dG iOGh dEG Uh
gCG a T Lj a Gdh ,YQGG Y d bdG AGdG e dG iOGh dEG MdG hdG Fb e NJ
dG fc iNCG L eh ,Ud FdG adG f fEa g bh dM a ,G Gd JGSG
,dG iOGh e dG dEG G a J dG gdG Le dEG UdG LCG e iOGdG N G Gg e J jG
eM dEG gQYH eG dEG g CT AYEH T H jG G b e MJ YCG dG IdG a
.SdG MdG e -G fG fc fCGh UN
,c Od
k
k G gh ,dG JH a J fa edG GHdG M gh ,LGh dEG eCG
fc fCG a T g d jC
a ,dG a dH IOY Jh ,dd dG TGMCG a j G kL Gk N fk K fa ,gCG e c QH J
k Gk N e
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G G kL dG eh IdN IOe j idGh ,gd FdGh FjdG FG a SG gCG J Qh
.G kL IQOf ddHh Y
k G HGdG ISCG Y jGHh
SG gh ,dGh iOdG dEG G j idGh H f gh G kjL k SG jC
,dG M ddG a G Hj iOda :jG VGQCG Y d LP FN d c idG
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JQG d gh ,H dG dEG j idG G G eM j idG gh H N d NCj c M ,G G
.MdG Qe Ia N dG e M GQfG a T hO QhL Jh ,e H VGh g c
L G M N QdG a CGH idG SG dP .Q HG SG g KMCG jh gNBGh G ASCG eN eCG
.

94

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,QgO ,he (dG dEG G e) VG bdG a dG G gh ,UdG e He Y GaO dG
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IQh fe LJ c ,f edG dG d eGgCG c Ea dG GdG H fL dEa ,G ad dG
gh dG e a edG YG bCG e J Y a VH j e gh ,G dG c d
OYG e AL IdG Jh ,dG GP d IQhG fG H dEG aVEH ,IQH ShR d edG YG
LPdG dG J AGLCG Y i CG H c ddh ,NBG d iHCG dG EG g e IG CG dG iG
AGS FGLCG H V Xe a aoO dGh dG dG dEG OJ dG IQS He H CG c ,dG id
Y j e k FGO fc dG IG gh ,fdG IG a JH e aGJ dGh GG e Y jdG hCG dG
.dG dG fL a UN
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dEG aVEH ,dBG Yh idG dG H HdG Y edG YG UCG jdG Hh ,jdG OYCH
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k G fCG c ,ddG ISCG
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n

fc dG IG AL a , G Ie dM a S Ic LQH k dG Gg c bh ,dRCG dH fcJ

IH G VQCG ie ah ,dRCG G e j idG dRCG dG dEG ej T a adG IM a LJ edG
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OGG e e QH MCG b fdG dG j CG G a Mark Lehner d Qe `d k Wh ,G aO e dEG
.MdGh dG NGO Lj M ,gDhfEG b IQG e e T g c Q dG g ah ,G jdG
AGdG H OhG Y Y Y IG gh ,G CG iNCG ceCG a K J e jH Y Y c
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Y SG Gg jh ,M bh a edG YG QJ e dhCG MG fG J CG G J a
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k VGh Z Gj jG Aed dH gCGh ,edG dG T H eh QG dG T a dG EG
j idGh ,AdG dEG ieQ So fCG dEG J jdG g iMEG ,eCG Gg J dG jdG e jdG a
UdG e fG Z YG J ,GgCG e gjDJ IdG Jh ,iNCG dBG dEG d aG G Y
ISCG jf e (G eGgCG NGO M bh a jCGh) G eGgC NGdG GQG Y TG jdG
k J UdG g ,eG
g NGO OLGh 304 bQ a .G H JMh H J dG QaCG Y k M e
:ddG dG Y CGj ,IQH fh G
(G) AdG e J dG HfCG HG fCG ,dEG
YdG dG fL Y J e fCG , MU fCG

(Allen 2005, 57) dN e idGh fh `d jdG J

j e HCG AdG dEG aG G hQ dN e J ihS S fCG Y dG jJ Ea dP e ZdG Yh
.MCG H a Vf c dG Y
dGh ,G CH G HG d idG AdG e AGLCG AH IOYEG e AdG ,jKCG eG H jW Y

S 3507

97

96

Ea ,jd k aa ,H Y QSd SH c dG jG RdG hQa a j gd Ie jf gh

H e GP hj e Y dG IdG g CG VGdG eh ,dG TCG e hG T NCG eGgCG
a ,dG eg jU jJ LJ M ,HdG AGdG e AL jG IQG CG M a ,iG
ae ie S ga jdG MGdGh IaGdG MGh H ,AdG AGdG dEG IMGh IQjR g eCG j e
Hh ,WG Mh dG HCGh eGgCG T H dG QdG Y cDJ dGh ,WG J H jG Aeb
J a ,g dGDS HLEG J g BG GDdGh ,djCG Y N AGdG a fJ dG jdG jdG J
Gd HLEG f f dP e ZdG Yh ,jH e fc e ej
k fCG jOdG UTCG j dG G
YCG k T fCGh ,edG dG UC G kL fi GJ IY e IMGc J jdG J CG EG ,dG GDdG
.d jb fCG
jG b a RQdG G eCG j fQBG Oe icH Md iQcJ c f 2002 Y a
AdG cCG e MGh gh ,fCG jG Y PSCG gh de Qhfjh QdGh f dG Gg a ,Sg
Y a QTCG idG H H UG SGQdG J NCG jGH ah ,edG dG J dG jdG Y k jM
Ia AedG jd e
aCG N j c J dGh aCG a dG MQ YCG e a fCG dEG 1985
m
k G QTCG c ,d fG jhGd He
a dP Yh ,dG Qe e eSG cCG J HG jhGdG CG dEG jC
a eCG ,(LQO 30 VY N) OdG e LQO 60 dEG J e jhGR IG eGgC j CG j jdG MdG
72 GP a GOdH G bCG J dGh ihe a eCG ,LQO 64 (Hk L c 600 f ,LQO 26 VY N) W
H dG IMdG eGgCG eCG ,LQO 52 e jhGR d IG eGgCa ?bGdG a LQdG J fc c dh ,LQO
k eGgCG fc 60 f G jhGR a
,IQS H fdG H G gh ,(LQO 60) TGhQ HCG a Q L e c
,J dG IdG eGgCG e fa W a eCG ,(LQO 61) jEGh f G eGgCG dEG aVEH
UdG G a ihe a eCG ,LQO 75 f H G jhGR LQO fa ,jG dhdG Y e HG J fc dGh
CG Y J dG jdGh ,LQO 72 f gh eGgCG GQL dG LQdGh bG LQdG H e JG dEG
c gh d dG jG dG a cCdG e e LQO if M ,dG hT bG Je dG T
dP Yh ,e G M dEG aVEH ,hG hCG OdG J gh QCG c e UCG a dCJ gQhH gh ,e
.hG /OdG e e dEG Gj aG LdGh UCG G CG QYG
Y a ,dG jG eGgCG fGL e d IjL GJ X jdG dG e dG jGH a
,eGgCG QGSCG d M :jQhCG S GY L jQOGh ahH HhQ dDd H c f 1994
e be J H T IG a IOLGh HGdG ISCG Y e eGgCG KdG Ea Lh ahd k ahh
k G dG c ,(Orionis h , , jdG Lh Y ) QG cc a IOLG dG Y
M a jC
eGgCG UCG Qhe g Ea G S a ,dG g S IT J fEG M :eQU YGH eGgCG
IG eGgCG H HdG N CG Y cCdG Y jdG g SGh ,( Orionis) cfe dG e aGj
j dG f IdG gh ,. 10450 f IdG N fdG QOh jQhCG GM e eGj e dG dEG dG aJh
QNHh ,jdG g cCJ V gJ FG c Ea VG bdG ah ,a T b IG eGgCG CG dDG
.dG Gg e jf cCd dO iCG g d fEa
af T OY a 2002 Y a Kate Spence S c fjdG Jf e
k fl HW GP de gh
,eGgCd dG HGh ddG gd JhG LQdG hCG G a hJ gh ,dG e
Jh ?g c AH Ia j Y YJ JhG LQdG g fc GPEG e GDS Y HLEG dEG S H jh

faG d j CG G Z e fEG M ,VQe J fCG e ZdG Y ,eCG Gg J iNCG jf gh

.iOGd He J CG dEG bCG g HG J Ea jdG d k Wh ,iOGdG e dH iNCG He G CH G fH
fdGh dhCG ISCH NQDGh iG aQ OGaCG He gh jdG J be a gd Ie aVEG gh
Xh CG EG ,fdG IG R He J CG SSCG Y J HG J Ea b e fTCG ch ,IQS a
ISCG jH NQDGh jEG Y G Ie Ea dP Y IhYh ,NBG d ceCG fc fEG M e fl fc
,LQO fK T JG IG LGh e LGh a ,ShR G d QG dH dG H fcJ ,dhCG
fk ae c ,adG IM YCG 3507 bQ IH U J J f bdG ah ,dG
o j J iNCG IQHh
jdG Hh ,G J e AfG CG H k Fe dG j ddh ,Id idG QGG SCG (k fl)
a Y Y dG dG e VGh RGJ g c fEG dG ddh ,NBG dG a jk eQ d N
J
k
dG Ia QX dEG iOCG idG dG hCG dG e cCdG e
k G e fEa ,gGdG bh a eCG ,G CG fL
.IdG J QX dEG OCG dG gGh ddGh gG e fl Y LQCG Y g c bGdG ah ,QG
SG ,FQ MGe S jW Y dG T a ,ShR G g AH MGe a T aCG Y KJ jdG Jh
k
G Ie CG SSCG Y bdG dP a dG e e a hGe
c idG G Y c H dhCG dG MGG
AdG c dd ,ad e O J ddHh ,eRdG G L Y J CG H NBG dG a iHCG Ie gh
k
jedG IG dch ,OdG MJh LGhORG a dGh G Hh iFG G eCG ,G HdH MH e
jdGh ,dG e a jQdG b e Ia e d jQSCG QdG QX Y G Gg jh ,(HG IG)
.V e T (dG) IG e idG AdG JG (M1-M3) bQ MGG a ,JH e a OdG GM
dG e kTh ,LQO S hP Qe g T ,S dEG Gk NCGh LQO HQCG dEG dG G J d M bh ah
k G gCG Mf e J g c - Ye AH dEG e e e - dG Y CGW idG
dRCG d Gk eQ dG UCa ,jC
k Gh
.eGgCd edG dG dEG d G Gg SG JG HGdG ISCG Y N eCG ,AdG dEG Ud k S jC

99

98

aM Y LJ dG TGMCG Y QhG J jhJ Y aO IH eeCG IG Hj idG G ij e Gk ch

k G VG eh ,SQM dEG dh M iQSCG bG j CG VG e idG G gh ,aCG
TGMCG J CG jC
IG e dG dEG Oj idG YdG G a hdG J Gk NCGh ,G H d iedG AMEG Y a YJ
g a X dG IOdG IOYEG dG Jh ,Q dG dEG dEG fG LCG e dPh ,adG IM QN eeCG
Ggh ,bdG aCG a J J c ,HdG aCG a M ,dG Q HQ fh
Y iNCG Ie J CG b ,dG AKCG dG j dEG eJ ddHh ,dG dEG dG e cG g G
.jL e dJ M dG
H G QhOh G GC H J dG SSCG jdG dDG e IMGh dG ICf d dHg jf Jh
g f Lh e e iCG a edG dH HQh ,dRCG dG IH j ah ,VQCG Y dBd
k G j e gh ,jdG
e e IdG g Y J IcDe ee dH jd fC ,dBG jQJh dG N jC
:(359 G) eGgCG

Anedjib
Peribsen
Merneith
Den
Qa'a

Djer

Djet

Khasekhemwy
Semerkhet

100 m

Hor Aha

dG e k dY UCG d !GG JBG

dHg a H dG QGSCG NGO H dG e JJ fCa
J fa Hh T a Y d
NGO gc La ,dG QPCG c dM YGQP Vh idG fCGh
dG QPCG e Qc f H M YQPCG V JBG
NGO Qc f H c J a

(Allen 2005, 269) .jHCG IQhd HK fCa

HQh ,T AGdG dEG :g jY e dBG N idG ,JBG g dG dEG Ea dG ICd dHg jd k Wh
dG aJ M ihdG Sd eQ gh ,f AdG dBGh ,L VQCG dEG Cf dP H hdG Gg e ,J HWdG
M Y IdG hj e g S ch ,fh Sh jjEGh jRhCG ,g dBG HQCG CG fh L ,edG JQhO AKCG
gHh ,fl je a AL H dCGh AGLCG dEG L H bh ,GQk Z jRhCG T b idG gh ,VQCG
a N e a dP ch ,iNCG Ie jRhCG L AGLCG L e jjEG jRhC G LhdGh adG NCG
.jjEH G e h ,Ib Id Je e jRhCG a ,ddG e
Y i SQM c eYh ,iOdG e a SQM dEG jjEG CG (JG S UCG jRhCG) Jah H
iG f a ihj idGh) e M gh ,KG RdG e SQM QG e OY Hh ,IRQe a S dEG
,dG jG WSCG a IQG YVG cCG e GkMGh Sh SQM H GdG jh ,(LCG dG M dG
k j c
G Y J dG AGdGh (SQM h) dG e gh IG gGdG G H VGh
k bJ
,dGh dG e H GdG c M ,e MJ LCG e dG GdG Gg Ea bdG ah ,(S )
.iG TdG Y cM hCG UCG ddHh G jf a Ra dG e e a dh idG SQM Ea Ggh
ICf jf gh ,dG dhdG Y a fjdG Y IG dG Ea ,Rudolf Anthes fCG dhOhQ `d k ahh
jf dEG dG Y j dd ,Y J dEG dGh ,SS SSCG SC e Me a Cf b ,dG
.e jGH d e M Y g SQM H eY ,dhCG dh dG

SCG WEG Y J AdG a LCG) dG dG e IY JeGgCG GLh AedG jG CG dEG

,iNCG a dG g e IMGh J M a ,(idG SQhCG H) Kochabh (Majoris SQhCG jR) QGREG :(aCG
k J jdG g Ea
k
dG iG iQG SG b Ggh ,VQCG S Y jk OY j H Ua
N
VQCG Qfi J CG EG ,dG dG dEG j N dN e dGh ,N jW Y VQCG Y eY VH
.G eGgCG LJ bO a bGdG Gg jh ,ddG dG a W g c hdG QGe Y fCG j
QNH VG HdG jdG dEG J dG Hd k ah fCG G S Y CG gd G eh
,. 2485-2485 GYCG H dh . 2554 Y f J CGH b aN G g gh jG eGgCG cCG CG ,YCG
eGgCG LJ bO a NG J a ,jGG e jdG H S jW Ea dP e ZdG Yh ,FS g c
bO cCG AedG jG jQG SG UCG bdG Qhe e fCG VGaG G e j b fCG e ZdG Y
eGgCG g dG gG dEG LJ eGgCG OCG Ea :dG g eCG Ea bGdG a - eGgCG LJ a
,SOdG ISCG H NQDG eGgCG J UN ,IgX Ic aNG J MdG eGgCG CG M a ,IG
dG dG dSCG EG M ,eGgCG jQCJ a eJ dG IdG IYG gh jd VGh Ie gh
k J a aJ CG BG M eG
Ea k FGO G g ch ,bO cCG jQdGh iKCG jQCdG jh ,GkOhfi jQC
K *bDfJxD*wG
vBbmD*bC*3(*bEfD&b~zEHD*AEyD***vsg~6*<g~{-Afp~9*H~9bFb~}J&
.(jf a S VaG e Ggh) dG Ud AedG jG jW Y M eGSG
H bdG J IOYEG G e fEa ,James Allen dBG L H b dGh ,fh G g NGO eGgCG e SGQd k ahh
jhJ Y ij adG IM e HdG AG Ea ,jL e G IOh IOYE dH gCGh d dG AdG e fl AGLCG
k G LJh ,AGYCG dEG aVEH SG fGG e G jH J
dGh ,eeCG IG e bdG AG a jhdG g jC
adG IH OLG HdG QYG h ,fG c Y jS UH fi aG G CG j Ggh ,adG IM eCG J
J h ,AG a f SGH iNCG Ie Jo h j c AdG dG J K ,U c dG J dG ,f dEG fCG Y
IG Y hCk G d ,adG H G g G hQ Jh ,G L j M ,(dat) NBG dG fCG Y f adG IM
.dGh IG eQ ,dG J M dG AS J dG g ah ,(NBG) Y j dGh ,eeCG

101

100

UG g GQL f GkYa ddG ISCG e

OJ dGh BG g feh ,Zhg Hch TH
TdG ``g CG EG ,BG k Y IO``L``e Z IdG d
H G ed Gk c GQk e J HdGh
G a HUCG fe ``dEG aVEH ,bdG dP a
jdG gQaCG dch ,FY OGaCGh SdG FXhh
.IjY iNCG fGL dEG aVEH bdG dP a
idGh HdG FG g IQd FdG G c
T dGh ,G e f ZCG ,gh H Y ij
aNdG dG SG bh ,G hCG dG dG e
,dG Gg YG M ,G GHCG T Y iQG
a j jdG AMCG Y :Y H Hj jk eQ Hk H
G Gg ``ch ,dG a JG Y Hh ,dG iOGh
,dG z`` G{ h``Zh ,zIO`` `dG{ h```T ``jk RG``e
k gdG G`` HCG Mh
HGb J U Tf
IQG e dG dEGh ,aG dG ASCGh dCGh
H d Lj IM gh GOdG Lj c e IOY
KdG J fc - IG Md K hCG H Lj
KdG g e g eh ,NBG dG a YG e dN IM d dG iG gHG dG dG e IMGh
VJ dM a dPh ,AdG FGO IOe N e (c M dEG dG e ZdG Y) ad iOG d G k
e LQN Ac a dGh ,f dH IQSh UHCG He L Th ,QV iC dG IG MU L
e c dGh H G GQG jJ fc e k dZh ,M e dCJ fa Hd NGdG IGdG eCG ,dG dG
.dhCG ISCG jf e LGdG a NCG dG IOdG gh ,fdG IG H LGh dEG eJ fCG VG

,dG JBG dEG feCGh OLh f N M ,BG Y g e Y dG Cf GP Gk J IQSCG jf ah

e SSCG Y (SQM) G SDe Cf M ,S eR e k Fb c idG dG j fEa dG Gg Yh
jQdG b e QY e j G ch ,dBG b e G H jo ,jHCd Se dEG Xc ,dHg jf
a iG TdG Y N eCG ,jRhCG cM UCa G H eCG ,VQCG Y idG h SQM d
G Gh d HdG dG QGJ jdG Hh ,e j e iNCG IQHh ,jG SQM k FJ
k G fCG Ia gh G IdG a e NBG Y Kh ,
.dG jG dBG gCG MCG gh ,Q dG dEG HG jC

dEG UdG j c dG HG J Y IH cG g fch ,iNCG Ic GJ IY J ddG ISCG N h

,Gk c ek J QHBG J e M ,H Y MG dG HG f (c jW Y hCG) Qe hCG QO jW Y dG FL
,QdGh dG H e j ,S ef Y QHBG J i e IOYh ,IG jM M e hCG AdG W M e AGS
IH fc IdG g N QdG Y CG Y JGP M a j e gh ,zdfG{ f e He fk MCG J a ddHh
,IdG IdG g a ,U T Y IQe Y ZCG iMG cdG HS Ha ,dGh WdG Y ek
.iNCG jQG G L Y Jh a QHBG jW Y HG e dG AG dEG UdG feEG jW Idh SG

Od V Ie AH O d G g AH dEG j c dG iG G CG VGdG e L Gg c
dG Gg e AL fCG jcDe ,VQCG Y FdG dG hjDj jG c FH a cQG N a ,Qfl
ReG d j CG Y Uj QdG XG L idG dG g Ggh ,G H gOLd V g dch ,SG
e dG Y f dRe fEa SCdh ,dP a j e dG CG EG ,e g e He Y gHe AH
.dG Gg Gdj jdH UG HG OH dH a ,dP e G jdG dhCH UG HG

a ,ddG IQH dEG Qj dG G a ,jc cG dG dG dG fL e dG dEG HG g J

EGh ,k f Je fe ihP Xe dEG HG e J M ,UHCG L a K f cG INCG fhBG
IQHh ,dG S ie a Gke 50 H JG gHe be gcDj dG G gh ,e Z UCG e Gfc
e OGaCH T j dhdG a UG YCG fc IdG g a ,fG a ceCG aCG e j ba iNCG
EG dG dG e Ohfi QGh ,OGaCG ADg cCdH Gfj XG ADg Ea dP eh ,G FdG
G FdG He e dG EG M ,fdG LQd J He e BG M dCJ VG Gg a dG IYb
.DhdG J Y G a jKCG FGh HCG CG eCf M ,BG M e Z GJ

Ia k fL VdG e ,dG iG jQd dH gCG fG cCG e IMGh T H IQSh UHCG fL J

T a SdG ebEGh HGdG d Me T dGh ,HG J a .. ddG dCG N GgCG IH
j J GP e gh ,IG e idG Ad NGdG MG e GAk L e dG IG gh) zIQe{
fc M ,NGd f a BG eCG ,IG QN J SdG ebEG We IOY fc HdG a ,(dG T
Y SG idG SSCG dG dG GP IQG UCGh ,AMCG Y Y a f bdG ah jM cCG
c eh ?HG g T c c ,BG GDdGh ,dG dhdG Y e MdG GdGh HGdG ISCG He dJ
?Yf e Ija dfG IdG g L idG eh ?HUCG

103

102

dG MCG ,G iQG SG ,EG SH N if G Y GMCG e JJ CG gh bQG Jh

LQ Qc eh iG aQ T S a JCj idG SG j idGh EG c ,dG e a gCG cCG
,dHH Q dG dEG gc ,W ,Se :e UG e jdG T bh ,(e dUCG J Q) dG dP
fhj AedG jG c M ,Ija GQb dEG ddG YCGh ,dEG fh M fCH M bh a Yo c
gDhH j dG dhCG edG YG gh N if d edG YG Ia MUh H AdG a fl
.jdG OGGh dG dG fi d iG G e IU c e edH

jG HG QJ N e YCG f Lh M e SGQd N dG HG bGe Me gd G eh

a fEG M ,Tf N e a dh ,GQk J cCG G TG HG e bdG dP a ,IdG J dG
k H :gh dG e a HG d J S idG G Qd Ie jCG iQG QdG G e
e H
CH Mj e gh ,Te IQe Y GMCG e a ZCG ,QHBG Y MG dG HG EG M ,HdG G
aVEH Hd iQG QdG dch IjL UY NOEG CG c ,bdG dP a H CGj Hd NGdG QdG
.f YdH Qj ,Tf OLh dEG

dOCG e a fOCG G iS d aJ EG dN TY dG IdG CG e H d adG dGh

jhGdG e dH FG YCG N Y Y IYb g dOCG J e MGh ,OLh dEG J dG VGdG
c ,N if d UCG a Oj bGh e AL fCG VGdGh ,N if d edG Yd bdG HG
Ve c G dP eh ,1926 Y a acG bh ,edG YG N IU IOY e a j e ej
k
Zhg Hc QdG dEGh ,N if G SG j IYdG e eeCG AG ,OcCG Gh dG e dG
:ddG dG Y LJ dGh

,dHg a YCG gdG ,eCG ,dG dG Y G ,G VGQCG Y G ,dG e e RN

.jG fGhCG fU Y G ,RGh ,JdG Y G ,EG
,N S d edG YH dch ,QG dG Y QdG EG OLh Y iNCG dOCG gh
Qh ,JG gdG d Y iM AfEG e cCG Y N S gh QG dG dG GH QdG M
.ce dEG EG e HGb Y IQY g fGhCG g J
fJb+b~{FDb+DbCF&*gp*EHfAxD*fD2&*6b~6&*<dgp(*f;HH,b0s-Ab*wG<H
GSG c EGh ,H Ad jQG SG H AH hCG c idG ,iS N G Y a fdG ISCG
,MCG fGG e e GAk L T M ,dfcGH T IQe fc fG J MCa ,V f Y G
Nh N if Y a fCG H ,ShHCG a IG Je gh iS N Y a G GSG Y NBG e Kh
.JhQP EG a H ,N S

QHh ,dG iG jQdGh QKBG Ad Ic e dG e QH iCH ddG ISCG jQJ AH IOYEG EG

c ,ShR hCG N if d edG YG g IG IdG g Y af e Lo EG dG dG e b
k G fCG c ,d GSG hCG e He L Y dOCG e jd LJ dG IdG g IdG J CG
T dG IdG jC
e j ddG ISCG M Ia SG bh ,Lh dHg a ahG HG gh ,G e e hCG a
ISCG SDe gCG c M ,dG e TY Y e N dN HJ dG IdG gh ,eY
k Sh N
.ShR G
bdG dP e fC ,SdG dhdG Y M zdEG G hP{ j idGh ShR d zN if{ iQG SG Yo
Ye f LhR e iS N fdG ISCG e NBG HG ShR c ,GSG a ShR gh d QG SG CGH
Y HG ic e Ie gh ,(K 1) N H T dG IdG G QDJ ShR G M Ia eh ,M
M ,fYdG dG dG N e e d UGh ,ShHCG e UN e U CG hjh .WEG
a N if SG h Y Y dG NCG YW cDJ Qh ,iG aQ Xe Heh ce G J V
NBG be gh ,M Ye f G QbCGh G FdG e OGaCG aO ceCG EG g e fCG (K 2- K 3- K 4- K 5) HG
dEG jG dG SQEG jGH N if G M Ia T c ,dG gh N if G M Ia e dOCG j
M IH QDJ dGh ,jQJ jOH Jh ,IdG gCG iP SdG N Y G j c M ,AH IQG iOGh
ISCG jGH a MCG dH SG OQh OCG H hCG N if M bh ,a S 19 M fCG dEG ,N if G Y Y
.IjL ISCG hCG GkL e jGH fc AedG jG f Lh e IdG J CG j ,ddG

dGh ,N if d J dG IQH QG d jFG YG g EG jY Y dOCG aCG H e

jh ,dEG f g idG ,G Lj M iHCG dG dEG eJ CG YG e dG ch ,G e c T
k G TCGh ,iG Je H jG dBG e
hCG N if gh ,FSCG MCG N e d dEG dG dEG jC
e jdH MG NGO j c M ,dBG TfG SH edG YG Sh
o ,G dEG j idG
.

105

K 1

104

 dG Ma ,NGdG e eCG .Gke 40 VY H c H QN e Wfi edG YG fch

,QeCG 10 YJQG H QH WMG h ,e 278 545 J Me H c ,Gke 600 750 H adG
M AdG a eGSG OG e c dG AdG OGe GSG Qb fCG M a AT c b EG jY Jh
k ,bdG dP
EG iQG SG Ch ,G EG SG Gh dGh dG dG GSG e a
ZdG Yh ,IjG IOG g GSG a jQhdG IG dEG hj k L Gfc d YG iQG jdGh
,bdG dP a SG FT c idG dG dG S K JSe d QMCG H Geb fCG e
dh (G ASH ,YCG IQcG OGG e T idGh) d ifdG b e UCG W f GhT fCG EG
jNBG AYCG e jdG OYCG N j M ,Jah H G kdN k dEG G UCG a ,G e iHCG dG T
.dG jG dBG e
QGGh G L e G H ,QG dG e dG dEG J dG SGdG G Ea ,ASG e dG e
J CG G e fEa ,GTDG d k aa ,Y FM YC J ,dG L e jFG YH G
,W eCG gh ,edG Yd bdG ddG cdG e He Y Qh ,G J a T b EG Ie
k G YG NGO N if FY e OGaCG aO M
h fl dGR e EG Ie Ea ,dP e ZdG Yh ,jC
fCG Ia fOCG jd d jG AGdG a j jdG QKBG AY CGh ,Y QdG Q hCG ,Y QdG j
.jdG dG a QKBG Ad Lg
jQSCG IG g Y dG e M ,dH ghLh
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GSG ,HCGh OSCG fdG dEG aVEa ,dG e a eGh ahG GdCG dG JG QNR
c idGh ,OQG SdG e e LGSG j c jNCG fdGh ,QRCG ,NCG ,MCG ,UCG dG
XG eCG ,eGSG a G d e a g G FdG OGaCG c IdG g a ,G QM ddH j
dG Gg CG e ZdG Y dPh ,QRCGh NCG fdG Y gXe jJ a Gj CG Y a fk CT bCG
.HGdG ISCG Y N k jQJ NG
dc ,TG b QJ aCG U a QU Xe Y (M 16) Yef jRdG Ie IQ QdG
,WCG M AGdG a dG Xeh ,iOdG TGMCG e a QdG Oj gh Yef `d e Y
Y fi gh Yed eh ,gOUG Qd Xeh ,dG GSH dGh ,W W ,fGM HPh
jQJ a Yf e hCG iOdG TGMCG a dG e j ,G S a ,jFG WG ceh Sc
cShCG d edG YH eG ISCG jGH a iNCG Ie a jJ M ,dG jG IQG
k
SCGj c IH GY jdG aG CG a T h ,K
Gk e iFG G Xe J M ,IQH
k G IG g a ,jdG e Ic LQO Y iQe Se
AGd G keQ QYH TG b Xe Ie hC X jC
.(Martin Frouz : )

130

VY H M ,Ie c H Ic Me g CG Mf CG gd G eh ,( k b jk e YGQP
k 120 120)
Lj c a ,Ic dP dEG OCG dG SCG J Qh ,Gke N f H HGddG G GP dG
Qh ,gJ AKCG dPh IG M Ic Me OLh dEG LM g fc Q hCG ,HG H OdG e Ic c
k G d
e L dEG k L ,Je dM a Qe W Y QdG cDj e gh ,dP a k e GQk hO jFG SdG jC
,aO IM dEG aG L e j c idG adG H ga f ,G YCG dEG j idG IRG ce OLh
.dG Oj c IRG SGe J CG Hh ,iFG KKCG Lj M

AdE IG dEG gdG Y j ,HGdG ISCG Y N HG QJ d ec IQU Y G LCG e

.gHe IQY Y NOoCG dG GjdG gCG Y If
:fjGQ hQfCG QL Gc k aa ,gCG e Ic LQO Y j dG bG Gg a jG jKCG HCG jQa
d 1902 Y jG QKBG e e dG GReG SGH IG f G dG YCG CGH
H dch ,(eCG ch) fQdc eL e jG QKBd Hearst H g dhCG dG ,HhQhCG KGh jeCG
e H J fc dG J Lh ,<QhT h j eL H ,jQHT h jQJ e
af e fdG a dG M ,H a jk Oh bG J -QKBG e je dP H S idG hSe
FdG G fc ,LhRh dEG aVEH ,(<QhT Y j c) OQNQHh jQHT ,Shg e a a 1902
dW Yb KK dEG J dd ,HdG fG g gM ReG M Y d k L egG dG
,dG L e b NBGh G L e c b hCa ,3-1 e be ,HZ bT G GP k jJ jhe
.YdG AGLE LhR b a Vhh QdG e Ub K Y bQCG Hc
:

133

SCdh ,fG He gCG e J M ,Y CT GP c (M17) bQ edG IG MU CG a T h

bQCG HG UCG e fQH M FSG fc fe CG dEG J J FdG eG dh ,he Z SG Ea
a ,G e ( FGLCG ZCG a) gJ M e dhCGh ,fH GQk J cCG G IG a ,(M6) h (M16)
idG AdG jh ,G Ic fc Q iG G e IG VQCG dEG GkOSG - dGh ,cCH IQG dP
,QdG ASH jf jCG Y G OQ H QdG j M ,dG iG G H e d Ac e G e
jGhdG hP Yf e jdG HdG dch dG dEG iODG G dEG aVEH ,e T M T e G Jh
2 6 dG Sb Jh ,IdG J a jQG SG b e Y QG SdG ddG j M ,jFGdG
Yh ,MCG fGG e U HdG CG gGh ,k W 38 f d iG G c e c c Rh jh ,QeCG 5
,G FdG OGaCG MC MCG fGG e G HdG e bCG Y ek Y H bCG j HdG Gg Ea bCG
NGO Y Y dG eOBG jdG dCJh ,W 3.5 AdG eCG ,W 8.5 f HdG L jh ,IH aN G HJ gh
,G H QdG Y j aG L CG SG h ,fc aH IM Y e c d ,dG H e HdG
.UG H HGhdG eJ h dG Oa , LCG e edG e e Id W d hCk G VJ CG S dh

a IjG JGSG J g hS G Y N Od jObG dd ITG FdG e IMGh fc

QX dG jG IQdG jQJ e IdG J a ,dhdG a XG Qch ,G FdG OGaCG He J
g Y gJ Ha ,Hd NGdG dG dch k jJ KG iQG dG GP HG e jdG
YdG d e aCG CG EG ,he a dG Gg e acG j e bCG ch ,G dEG dG e U
,WG e U HQCG J g ,QgO a hS G eg H e J dGh ,Sd He g acG
63 63 OHCG GP HG T WJ Y HG ce jh ,iNCG dG a mKh bdG dG a Je
A A

132

eCc M S Y ,M S gh IG GY jdG AdG Y dEG ie Y aVEG h

iKCc dG CGH 1928 Y a ," e GQcdG IOT Y M c ,jQH a jG Y SQOh ,iG H
HG e Ic Y Y dH b M ,je H H SCGJ H dP Hh ,IH fj FH Ye
.N G FY e OGaCG dEG j H ,N G g e dG dEG jdG
a g CG HG QJ Y jG Y BG egG f a J dG Jh ,HG dEG Of BG fYO
e OGaCG ad fc bdG fa ,aN G gJ a T dGh ,IG HdGh bdG fG
.(G 1200 G 2100 G 4000) XG fL ,HdG fGh ,(G 7000 `H fG bQo ) G FdG
T dG J e ,MGh H L T ,GS H ie Y HG GY J ,SdG d f
k
ASH) jG fG J dG g a ,Xe
G kj JGP M a G g ,QgO fL a
Y ,ShQe Z Hh jY IQH J fc dh ,G VGh k ah J (hS G Y e fL
adG YLG fG hhP JCG j dHh ,G eGgCG e dH BG HG J UCG fCG g jL NBG
UCG fCG gh ,HG IQY Y NOoCG NBG jh ,ITG jM h ,e MQ a JNBG (XG Qc)
HG YGb NOoCG ,NGdG AGLCd VGh je KSG c ,MGh M hP Hd idG AdG
k CG dEG TCG CG Sh ,jC
k G gXe dEG aVEH NGdG JJ dch ,aN G M
c jdG Gg e H
k G OGQCG a ,k T g J j a f G Vd f
Qch FY OGaCG He Y GSEG e j CG jC
dCG e bCG HG Me UCGh ,Od jQhdG jObG OQGG e dG J fc dG HG J ,XG
eCG dL
k QJ IG Md Md O Y IQY J e k dZ dGh ,TdG e dG dEG aVEH He e
j CG fCT e idG eCG ,ad G (HGdG) WCG e Fbh FdG HdCG dEG aVEH ,HGdG IFe
FY OGaCG G H Se iNCG I fV a J fc dGh ,G JY Y J fc dG dG AYCG
eg AH he CG G cCJ eH ,fhe cCG VdG UCG aN G M e fdG dG N a ,Xeh
.cGh dH j S
AGLCG h ,G iG H HGdG ISCG jGH e IG He e dG AG``LCG co e IOYh
HG cdG eCG ,IG e bdG fG eCG d ceCG J f M ,IOd ceCG jCG Y Hd NGdG
,QG e H J j c dGh ,GM IY hP dG dG e AH H Lj c e IOa IG e bdG
,HCG iG G e G Id HCG AdG e d HCG dH jJ j a NGdG AGLCG eCG
dG ga eCG ,IG LGH IU Md g FdG IOdG e c M ,K jCG hCG GOS Y HG h
,IG e ddG AG a j a ,QeCG IY f Y Y J e k dZ fc dGh ,adG IM dEG iODj c idG
HG cQ a Lj c dGh ,adG IH j G f j aCG dEG SCG e (iOdG) dG iODjh
FG QGH Tf jCG e dG iG G e G HdG Lj c e IOYh ,HfdG fGhCd j bdG
.MCG fGG c GdCH Sh adG IM GQL fdh ,adG IM e HdG
i M ,aN G Y a T dG fG gCG e IMGh T H (bdG fG) G 7000 fG J
J fc dGh ,LhOG WG gh H UN SG HG Y WCG M ,G FdG e OGaC He fK Y
LGdH HGdG d fh ,H UG adG H d e c ,dG H e e HQ jW Y
dG a ifdG dG eCG ,d bdG QGG e HG dH j FdG dG c M ,bdG
GP U HQCG a - LhOG HG Uo ,ISh Ld ,aO V HG J e jdG ,f QGG e ddG
83.55 f Me a ,G L IOLG Y M H dG L LJ dG J h ,HL-dT G

eCG ,ddG dG Y Mh ,CG f e a ShCG dG eCG ,HG dG Y djEG M

,Cd dG HCG eh fdG dG e J a ,H JG jW Y dH J a IG bGe bH
e bdG HG jhGdG e Fe H hCG dG e dG dEG bGdG G eCG ,ddG dG e Y Mh
No dG dG e ShCG G e ddG AG e GY a ,jQHd eo dG HCG M hCG dG
.(23-Reisner 1942, 22) d
fjGQ c ,k jJ b d JeGgCGh IG fL e Qb G Gg CG EG ,dG SCG Gg j MCG
k dWCG
,e a jKCG aCG T hO c OLh Ia N ,1942 Y a Jah Mh 1902 e :IG a Y
H HhQhCG dEG gH fG M ,OQaQg eH eS SGQO UCG a fjGQ SQO ,iH e Jb TGh
k G SQO idGh ,jG H gG a CGH jW IH dP bh ,dH a HdGh jQTBG JQG SGQO
,jC
SG IdG J N ,jKCG dG Sa a QT M ,iG G dEG jdH IgdG dEG gP dP H
k G
fjGQ TG ,IG a M j CG Qbh ,e H bGG H a FM AGLE jdG H Y G jC
k
k
KJ dEG aVEH ,Y j dG jKCG d bO Jh k bJ j c M ,Gh G kL bdG HSCH
,Gg bh M ee dG dhdG Y N HG IQY QJ Y JHc GJ h ,dG d aGZJdG
k
djEG dG ReG e dEG dBG M ,IH Y AKCG Xfi
c fCG c ,eG e d GQk e Sh
.djEG cJ CG H ,IH edG
1911 Y a Qb Mh ,1903 Y e j eL e <QhT QL dG Y SFQ J fCG dG X

j fjGQ c GPEGh ,(HdH Y e a GfBG fj j c) bGG GSG Y fj eg e JG CG H

Xe a Ic IN d ,AcdG Fa jd Y c fj Ea ,jQG Ud dGh dG a jH
a dG jG dG jQJ SQO ,fjGQ e dh ,k dKc k gc fj j CG VG e c ,HG Tfh
JM i IH fj Y M idG FG ReG Z ," a eH Xh Y M 1907 Y ah ,dH
.dG dhdG dh a a G AdG gCG e G kMGh e L M ,HCG dEG OcCG

135

134

Y f CG eCG EG -SdG
H eGSG hCG H -IOdG g
G d OJ dG J UN ,IG
Y a GSG a X c ,aN
dEG ``YO dG SCG ``eCG ,N G
ahe Z a jdG ShAdG GSG
SCG M VdG dP a ,BG M
dM be IQKEG a dG g gQX
``Qh ,jG AY ``H ``NB BG ``e
Vhh ShAdG J f SCG e j
MU jg V ``g ``a``dG Q``HGB H
M jGH e IdG J a UN ,IG
dG aJ dN d dGh aN G
e AfG V LCG e dhdG OQGe e
I U gh ,G g AH he
CG gh Y QdG dG ShAdG d
,Ie jH fCGh PCd ba e
(jk S) iPCG EG g dG c Qh
k G c Qh ,SCGdG MH
SCG e jC
e Ak H ``cCG fCG ;jdG ``ShA``dG f
.G OLCG
ShAdG QX M bG YoOh
- ``fCG M ``N e Xhh jdG
Y Y dG SCGdG J g ,MdG ASG ,UCG ceCH ShAdG g Y QdG j IMGh SCGQ ASH
HdG e dG dEG ,adG IM VQCH IH FM AKCG jH SCGQ Y QdG fCG cP idG ,M S
.HGdG ISCG Heh eGgCG Id IdG QGSCG e Gk S jdG ShAdG J Ggh ,aH UG

Hd NGdG UG CGH M ,aN G Y e fdG dG N QGSG a Od iObG VdG GC H

QN J fc dG SdG ebEG We fi UG M M ,QdG a (L) M T Y J c dGh
k G eh ,aN G M e dhCG GdG N WG
Ud GSG IOYEG LQG SdG ebEG We jC
,HGdG ISCG e aN G Y b e Iah ddG ISCG Y N eGSG T dGh dG dG GP
i*y*EvJvD*E,v0*HfJ4*xg~6*wGg-H~8+&*H,4b~6fEf~8b*-bc-4*q~9*D*EH
NGh dSG dEG j e gh ,iNCG Mf e IGh ,Mf e U HCGh IQS a fL IY H NG dG
CGH ,QSf G M eG ISCG e fdG dG N a ,dG dhdG fL bH Y fG J
.MVh
cCG j bG jg H QdG
k
f dG MG MJCG M .(L) M T Y UG AH IH T eGh HGdG JSCG iY N
.

137

L LJ dG H fQe ,e 19.93
68.47 f H dG MG GP G
GP WG e dG Ggh ,e 18.90
bdG LGdH HGdG d dG
jGH e I```c ``LQ``H QdG ``a CG``H
jGH J c EGh ,HGdG ISCG
ISCG jH iS N G Y e
EG IH dG G``g f fCG EG ,fdG
.aN G Fd bdG fH
gJ a HdG fG He eCG
a ,bdG fd He jH
(XG) OGaCG Qc J c HG
gDhh c M ,G Z UCG ihP
adG fG H S g d
He 10 T ,HMQ a Gaj CG gh
G fH Ie 11 ,G 1200 fH
dT G GP U HQCG a 2100
42 V a G 4000 fG eCG ,HL
IH INCG fG J Jh ,Ie
M SGh jRdG J dGh G 4000
dG h ,cCG dG Se ,fjBG
Y IQ```Y ``g ```dG ``f```G J EG
G 2100 fG CG ,FY fL
fH GaO fjBG M SG FY e GkOG``aCG CG M a ,G 2000 bQ IG MU FY e OGaCG He V
k HG V M .G 4000
fCG EG ,LdG He e jdG g CG e ZdG Yh ,AGdG M Y GSh LQ
He a aj CG e e dG iG YLG dG a Je LQO H GdG H CG VGdG e
,fEG ad aVEG AH G e ddG fH T fCG Ld SSCG a T dG HG H a ,IOe
Id iNCGh (IG MU) Ld SCGQ fCG Y gJ ,jH SCGQ Y HG H a QdG fCG EG
.IMGh IM a aO b LhdGh hdG j Q fCG Y j ,(IG MU LhR)

Y Yh ,HCG iG G e f eOBG ShAQ Y Y dd jdG ShAdG e j

jdG GeSG AedG jG CG hG a ,IG fL He UN ,dG dhdG He NGO e GdG
K hCG Ld bCG ,aG OLCG :FSdG J J ,NBG dG a aG T Y d FSdG e
,HGZ FSdG J cCG MCG jdG ShAdG J fCG EG ,(b dh ,f K f MCG e b a) ec
Qj a BG M Y QdG idG jdG ShAdG OY eCG ,iG G e IG MU SCGd kf a
gh ,hS G Y e QgO fL He e H jdG ShAdG e eCG bCGh hCG Y QdG ,HQCG

136

,IQG e ddG Ad HdGh bdG GQG UN ,X f feEG a Ic IOjR dG Gg Y

dG dch ,bdG QGG e ddG dH k FGO c idGh UG Ne be e c JCG ,dP Y IhY
We e NGdG Ad FG jG e j e ,HdG QGG e HG AG a Lj c idG gdG
ddHh ,HGdG d FdG G jDhQ QG e IQd dG Y fCG j e gh ,SdG ebEG
.OSCG dG e Ybh G QKBG e dch (ISG) IjdG dG e fi fc
G bQ IG fc M ,IH bdG fH J dG HG hCG e ,hCG CG N aN eCG Ie fc

ISCG Y e LP Ie J CG VG e c e c IG J ,hc f Lhdh d UN 7140-7130

e e HJ GP aO IMh H ,(L) M T Y NGO HGb IQe :JBG Y TG M ,HGdG
c ,He e 1400 f IG f dLEG MG H M ,e 20 68.5 f IG Me Hh ,fGG
k G IG J
.bdG HG jhGdG e dH T e 1.65 4.15 IU IQe jC

e dPh ,(Hheh cCe) YGQR HGb CG (dG.. fGhCG ,KCG) aM HGb fcCG AGS HGdG aJ g ,a
if ,G e dG dG ah ,jY kJjR CG N a j LQ h ,ad jFG SdG LCG
H IAY ,IAY ,e U e dG L e IAY fCG d MG dG cjh ,GAY j LQ S
.. ddG dCG e K a MGh e d ,Yf e ja e gh ,LQ j IAY ch ,cdG
H jW Y dEG UdG jh ,dG QdG N f a CG N aH UG adG IM eCG
jdG a La MCG fGG e G HdG eCG ,adG IM LJ HG jf a ,Gke 13 H
a CG N aN LhR aOh ,dG TCH LQG fGQL jR M ,adG IM e HdG HG
.J QhG AG
n

IhY ,GQk fG cCG k jQJ UCG M HGdG ISCG Y N QdG a jdG HG e f CGH ddG a
k G UCG dP Y
g J fc MCG H a ,. fdG dCG jGH e bdG d FdG g dG Gg jC
ebEG e UCG dG J a ,e T iNCG MCG a gj ,dG NGO edH HG e YdG
IG NGO ICfl ,adG IM dEG iODJ dG HdG GG hCG ,adG H ga dch ,TG FdG SdG
c AedG jG C d Gg ,Ld Jah e dG Y GS J Ic jU He Y j h ,f
HG cCG J CG G e d dd ,a Ld fc JQGOEGh OdG OQGe C dh ;LdG jd
eCG HGh aN G IM ,ddG Y Se IeCG dEG g cdH f dG jdG IG Jh ,Ld AGK
L G e iNCG Ie JdGh LhJ a ,IeCG dGd IG IadG fh ,fdG SM M G LhR e Yhc
IG Y M fEG M ,aQ de IeCG H Ggh ,N G e M bh a Y Se LhJ c ,Q
IeCG CG IG Tf e fh ,fdG SM M G JdGd SSCG a YoCG b fc dG FGdG jdG
c ,iG G e H G e idG AdG c bh Gg ,Jah e TCG 9 Qhe H aO ddG Y Se
.Gke 17 36 IG Me H

GQk e LGdG QGL e HG AG a ,IQG Ne Y CG N a X IG LGh jR

j M ,eCG dh d FdG VG g fCG LGdG e ddG AG a H ,S M G eCG N
f iJj L GP dG U eCG M QJ dG XH CG N aN jJ ,c jBGh jh DhHCG
GRk j e hCG ,dG e b dG j a h ,dH dGh jH e hj c dG e M J
fG a HG a ,QM IdG SCGd jJ jHh dG SCG M j MTh
k QU Y iJjh ,jH
Jh ,edG e Gj dG a eJ e ZdG Yh fCG EG ,Y Y j e Lc jJ ddG
dEG ,fE jH QU fEG b GPEG df Qh ,ge Hh f GWCH J dGh QGG Gg Y CG N aN g
je IOY g bdG Gg EG dG h ,dG Lh jW f BG iJj a ,JM N M fl Me
.IG FN H fEG Y CGJ dG dG ge jd dhfi a ,b
j a ,Yf e G kja S M G eCG M IG MU Qj idGh cdG HdG hCG G jh
dG iG G a CG fL e ISCG a c eCG M a ,iG G a CG QhO gCG ie
dG XHh IH cCG J M ,G kj cCG a NG GQL Xe Ve eCG ,G a dG fe
M ,HG QGG e Ve Y ihBG H ahG fGG JQU a ,HfCG dEG jh ,NGO J S
:MG dG cj
.CG N aN ,G HG ,dG dEG IM a L je Y ,IG eCG Lj idG ,HfCGh G Hb
:He a ddG QGG Y dG eCG
.CG N aN ,G HG ,dG dEG IM a dGh IdGh ,dG TQh a Lj idG ,HfCGh G Hb
Y G ke jdG GP IdG dG jk Je ,Sc Y dL
k Qj idG IG MU e e Gg Jj
Hc CG N aN eCGh ,G HG d J M ,HdCG e H SCGQ a fh ,d eJ dG ,Y
S idGh iFG KKC G e Y Gk jJ HC ej c jBGh jh FHCG jJ c ,HGb ASCG
.iOdG Qh Y G dG Hc M ,J Vj
M dL
k CG N aN QUo ,NG Qj bdG QGG Y f M ,NBG e e Y IQG i
jJ LhdG eCGh ,H LhR Y H J iNCGh jj iMEH Jd IgH dGh AGQh J dG LhR
IMGh Xh d iFL bh Y IQY G Gg ch ,(per djet) OG H e L HGd XG e U IY

139

138

gXe g IH SSCG G ea ,edG b e IQjd Me Z e g gMh IG IQY d

k G aVEH ,YJ
fGdCH GJ fCG dEG jC
k HGdG ISCG He Xe cCGh ZCG H e J M ,FGdG
dEG j idGh (bdG) dG QGa ,IG Ne j M ,gCG g bdG gQGL jh ,L H
AGOQ eCG iJjh ,ddG Y Se IeCG dGh ,Yhc eCG gh G LQ H GC j QGG bCG NG
Qh ,jW Y Y Yhc Ajh ,Y M Ic Fbh dch ,He ee GP jW AH f Y IQY
dEG X Yhc djh ,e M dEG GdH RGYG e dG Y i fCG Y Yhc eCG Ifh g J
M JdGh M iOdG e Qb e Y Yhc Qj dEG QU a Y Se IeCG eCG ,QGG Xe c
gN e dG Y Se Nh QdG ee a fdG SM M J M ,iOdG TGMCH fdG SM
jG dG J JQGh ,iOdG S M W jODJ gh JdG c Qj Gh ,jCG YGQH
IOY dch iOdG TGMCH jk S dh b jRhCG NBG dG dEG CG hG e - IOdG IOYEGh dG IH dG
e a J GJ jdG QHCG fc dG e jQJ e bdG dP M fCG hG eh ,QM dEG
.Gh S SG G Gg Y fCG AedG jG WCG M ,ddG

SSCG a NG j ch ,bdG IG LGh eCG G SCG LJ dGh JG GG dEG NG j

fCG d c ,IG QN L J dG ,IeCG d dG IOdG Y TdG QJh ,IMGh V iP H jW Y
Y Se iJJh ,dG gH dG JdG IgR J gh Qa idG IOdG Y eCG ,gQGhR J
k Ak GOQ ddG
dG eCG ,ihBG HG GM T a HfCG dEG jJ IeCG SCGQ ah ,(M) d FGT GP jW
,(wet) dG TQh a Lj idG ,HfCGh G SGH HGb IeCd YOCG Y IQY a d MG
Ie iNCG IM V dEG dG J Jh ,fG S ,dG dEG IM a dG hdG dEG ,fG S
jj a gh N iFG gdG j eeCGh bGh IeCG a bdG fG Y OLG G eCG .IeCd
dG HdCG ddG Y Se IeCG Mjh ,jFG gFT eCJ QeCH j e IeCd e CGj Q dGh ,jOH
,G HG ,G LhR ,SQM jQh ,SQ G adG ,dG fG GP ,Sh SQM iJ dG fCH J
jW Y ddG gQGL bo ,e 2.6 a YJQG eCG ,e 3.58 7 k jJ Me J Ic IM dEG NG iODj
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.e
k e fc fCG G e ddh GOdG IM QhH J

G Gg Qb ,e U a e e a dG f V Y IG TGMCG NGO GQk HCG jCGQ cCG EG Qh

d J CG j cCdH dGh dG e Hj dG Jf TGMCG N e eOdG QHCG a ,f jdH
JG SdG H Nh !eOb QM IdG dEG Ea ,SMG -AedG jG Y G Gg Y gKCG
jdG a ,SCG e Ye QJhCG H G e Ye Se dBG gh ,UdG jG SG QH
.TGMCG NGO jW a gh QM dEG cM Y j idG dG gh cM c e kJU dBG QJ

IM dEG iODj H VQCH Ljh ,dG a f IU IM dEG QhG HdG QGH Ne N e

i fc M ,je JQHh e 2.9 5.7 Me J M k f Ic J dGh ,ddG Y Se IeCG aO
Q dGh IeCG Y jHh fGG e HJ iS e j h ,e
k f idG adG e Y UCG a
.eY
k G gj Y Y aJ b J

141

140

aNR je N N a ,HH Id HG FG Y QU dG YVG KJh

M ,je Sc Y Y Se if dG bCG a ,jFG FdH J iNCG Xe if
fc GhOCG QU G S a ,G HGdG e G``cCG I``eCG eCG QUh ,JdG IgR J
,SG UdG cJ SCd idGh ,G c XG H if c ,AH dG Y AKCG J
HGdG j LdG e ce dEG aVEH ,dLh bGh H e LQ H Qa jdG jG eCG
QJ Xe gh ,fGG Hd Xeh jQG Xe Y ia ShCG iG eCG ,dGh
dG HGdG QJ dG XG gCG e XG J Jh ,fGG Jh HdG MGe dH
g QU M ,IeCd iFG KCG M dG jG Qj iNCG Ieh ,Y S M S
idG CG gd G eh ,TYh ,hGeh ,jSh ,SCGd e e iNCG UdG Hh KKCG e AL
.G TM e Gfc Q ,a GS c KCG Gg M
K dEG J fCG if KdG dEG dHh ,d jM K IY Y ia ddG IG eCG
IG MU a iNCG HQCG eCG ,fdG SM M jJ (QdG dEG dG e) dhCG K KdG ,Y
QUh ,Y S H K ,HS e k M UCG gh ,INCG KdG KdG CG M a ,Y Se IeCG
.k fl GQk e Gk Th V Hk K jJj gh KdG MU
HGdG J e jh ,NBG dGh jFG SdG IH UG ceCG gCG e HGdG J e jh
dG jh ,aO IMh H dEG aVEH ,jFG SdG ebE IM e dCj M ,IG e HdG AG a
:Zhg f Y IG d HdG QGH OLG
. A

143

:``YGQ``d``H UN Xe ``e G H ````jh

Te I`` YQh ,gU A``` KGC jOU ``cG``e
Y A T a GQk ```W j hOU ,Q``` HCGh
j dG Te ej Te Heh ,QdH NBG
G k a idG AG eCG ,IG dG Y
dGh (HGdG eM) jFG Wd jk H
LCG e fH gQMEG j c dG HGdG
Xe H OdG jh ,IeCd jFG SdG
Y T c j M ,G a ``fEGh QcdG
k SCGQ/SCGQ
,YGQdG H CeG dh S
Y MG acCG Y FM j UTCG Hh
,fGH J H LdG h ,iNCG e
JdG QgR e bH j GdG H CG M a
dG e GhGG H dEG aVEH ,iOdG hCG
UCG fGdCH j G GR``eh ,i``NGC eh
jG IOdG bG c GhQU Lda ,BG M
H GdG QU H ,cGdG MCG dH dG
,de N f NG Gg ch ,a UCG
dG IQGM G QN fj e k dZ Lda
e CG j ``fGC ``M ``a ,``` ZGC gOL dG
XG Qc LhRh dG dG e Lhd SG
a j c fCG dEG j CG fCT e dP C dG TC gOL VJ Y dEG iODj e gh G a Gj CG
k G G
.LGhRCG e jC
,IeCd iFG KCG e H OGYEG Qj fC ,HdG QGG e gCG bCH d a NG Qj dEG QGG eCG
j fa gQj dEG if M a ,(gdG hCG SdG) OG H ej jOGM dG AG a if M
e dG dEGh ,iM HJ Y INCG dG j LQ H Qa SCG e fdG dG eCG ,IeCd fi
k if dP
f e AfG Y ddG dH QU G Gg YCG .iNCG ATCGh gh H YU Y ej LQ
Y Vh c iG G e KdG KdG fh ,IG dEG gQMEG Y dch ,IeCd fe jM K
He Xe N e fCG hG eh ,H dG H dM c a LQ KK j M ,N aMR
k if CG
idG eCG gh ,dS cCG G aMdG SCG jdG aMdG eCG e k T H j NBG LQ
k
Y UCG GdCG Me h ,dG Gg HUh K ie Vj dc ,dG Y e b j CG fCT e
.HCGh NCGh QRCGh OSCGh UCGh MCG dG ia KdG
aG e cG bGW dEG aVEH ,jO GP QGb HQC Xe Y Qa jdG dG eCG
GOdG e k SSCG GAk L MdG g fch ,d jdG ceCG e jdG dEG MQ AKCG Y Se IeCGh
Md k W bCG Y ,IG QNR V XG g GQOEG j CG SG e fCG j c dd ,jFG
.dBd AdG QXEGh

. A

142

Xd dG fG jh
,HdG QG``G Xe ``N ``e
SGM Y j ``fCG hj i``dGh
jf a Lj i``dG dG Ne
i`````dG ``` ``H ,`` a`` dG I``` M
fc gh ``H Lj QG``G e
I``eCG hQ IYe ``g Xh
dEG ``N``dGh h``G Y aG
gdG ```dG `` ``dEGh ,I``` G
``dGE e i`` NCG ``jh`` ``L``j
I``G `` g ,i`` ` NCG ````gh G`` ` HCG
Mf e H ``bCGh k M UCG
Ia H QU M ,dG JEG
dM a GQU M ,Id Ge
iNCG ah ,i``jCG He gh
e dG H gh
h ,dGh G e
EG VdG Gg EG iNCG Ie dG
Kh WY bY Y J g
.HGh CG H G kL
GkeQ cdG dS HG eh
I``` SCG ``N ``F````dG ```dG h`` d
e e `` aO ```M ,``` HG``dG
,e dH hCG IH I``` SCG
QdG e h``b I``Y Hh ``fCG EG
CG hj ,HG ah IQd jdG
gCJh S dM a IQS e
fG d jL e J c
Gg M ,dG FdG
eY ,eG I```SCG jGH a
e e ``dEG OdG ce O``Y
UdG GdG OCGh ,bG Z jQdG G dch ,JhQP dEG IG QJ Y Uh a ,IQH fLh
QfG cH M bh a aO dP c CG EG ,XG dch dGh IQdG a dG IhQP dEG eG ISCG N
.UCG dL e dG CG a dG f M ,GgCG Id gdG dG

.(Sandro Vannini : )

145

fH G kL ad ,SG dG eCG Lj idG (fG) SG VQCG S ,HfCGh G Hb

HGdG dEG (J) gd .fG S ,dG dEG eCG G gQYH fG dEG S a d ,HdG
SW g j jCG ,e c ah ,ShHCG a (h) jjRH a (h) J J dGh Gh G e QGSH
,dG dGh ,cS Yh ,GdG Yh , Y ,(dG SCGQ) dG e hCG dG ,dG jGH a ,f Id IRL
iJ dG ,L e G HG ,dG f e hCGh ,dG hCG a (AD%) OS Yh ,e Yh ,(RkH) cdG Yh
.G LhR Y Se ,Sh SQM
(Simpson 1974, 18)

ed Gk f ;gCG e Ic LQO Y IOdG IM hCG HGdG J IM e HG QGG jh

CG HGb fcCG AGS VCG J M ,dG L iJJ dG Y Se g ,e a dG
J dGh ,IeCG SCGQ a LJ dGh HGd jd G FdG J g g Gh ,f HGd ge
e ,fl HGd iNCG ASCG Jh ,SG dG jdGh QdGh H CGJ M .HGd f 100 f
.HhGh cCG Fb
.(Sandro Vannini : )

144

G ``a ````VG``dG G````d``H eG I``` SCG

H fJ dG GdG J ,jdGh SdG
cJh ,HdG ISCG jH bh dG G``MCG e jdG
G Zh G Hd KM dG GdG e dG IQD`H
G Yh ,IG eGgCG fL HGdG ISCG N
J e jL e eG ISCG N UHCGh IQS UCG
fG J ,dG iG jQdG Y GC J S dG GdG
dhdG jf M S dGh eG ISCG e dEG OY dG
jdG He fL dEG Gg ,dG G fG dG
k G IG fL eSG) dG dhdG Xe Qc e
a jC
j e hCG c ,(ad XG Qc H b e IdG J
ISCG jH T G g jG dG fG ``dEG
AdG IFGO dEG IMG dG fG OY M ,HGdG
G IQdG G IdG J a ,gEG e OY IY H
SQCG c ,jFG Yd idG G dEG d jG
dEG IdG J e BG M ahG dG e OY cCG G
L g dG d FdG G fch ,OdG OhM QN
k G IdG J e ,dG fG GhdG e Qb cCG
f jC
,fH OH gh jaEH jQSCG VQCG dEG H hCG SQoCG fCG
k G IdG g jf ah
GQG Y eGgCG Uf X jC
eBG MQ J jS Uf gh ,G eGgCd NGdG
.d jdG jG dEG aVEH ,NBG dG dEG d
k G IdG J Jh
G FdG QN e Xe QH jC
k jQJ UCG c ,G``MCG MS Y zMW dh AGa{
jh ,G Z OGaCd Me ``jRhCG dG dG dEG IOY
dG G LdjjCG fe UY ``MCG SSCG a ``jRhCG
GG iMEGh ,dG dO e bdG G e a dh
Xe Qd V He J a AdG g IdG d VGdG
jQG UdG e jdG Y HG J MG M ,dhdG
a ,d edG YG a HS b LJ fc dG
jGH N KQdG H KQc e c G FdG f Lh
G J fc G XG Qc gh ,eG ISCG
IG bGh fCch eG ISCG jf b UCG ,a FYh
bj GdG J e ZdG Yh fCG EG ,a HGZ h edG
fvD*fDHvDmJ4vgD*~zD*fJ*v+jbF&*v0&*
e dH eg eG I``` SCG SDe ``c```ShCG T
OGQCG ``Qh ,``N i``f ddG I``` SCG SD edG YG
.(Martin Frouz : )

147

,IQSh UHCG ,fl SG f dG

jG dhd iQGOEG d f dP EG
gh IQSh UHCG J ,Y SdG dG a
,dG f e HdG dG Y Jc jb
IdG Hf M FGN Y Vh c
.Y edG dG jf a e Y
edG Yd FdG ``N``G ``c
idG H j iOGd e Y IQY QMd
,AGdH dG d dG dG a j
Ib jW Y dG H G j c M
Hh ,G e dH Ae g ch ,Fe
(HGdG) G OGG f j c jdG
1 - landing places
```e```dG ``S``` ` dG ``a ``````J ``f``c ``` dG
2 - valley temple
Y iFG H aG G h``d
3 - causeway
4 - entrace hall, pr-wrw
k G SGh ,jFG
Jc HGdG J jC
5 - open court with columns
he H H ej Gfc jdG d
6 - altar
7 - transversal corridor
LGj QMd iOGdG e NG ,jk T
8 - chapel with 5 niches
IYC
G g c - AG VH HG NG
9 - cult chapel
10 - false door
c M ,dG S T Y J GP
11 - pyramid
fCG c ,dG dO a SG dG JH
12 - store-rooms
13 - cult pyramid
k G fCG c ,IOdG IOYE eJ
VG e jC
14 - southern entrance
dG
IOYE

eJ
AGOdG dRdG VQCG CG
15 - access to the roof
16 - court
AGOdG G HdG e ,jL e IOdGh
d NGdG GQG aNR eCG ,dG iOGd
fGLh ,d ````dEG dG ``cD`J fa
d Gk e J M ,M e QfG
.FGYCG Y j gh Qj d e dch ,dG e eQ dG fCG f dEG e Vj gh
e ,TH je YdG jdG Gg GQL fch ,e YU jW SGH iFG H iOGdG e HQo
k G gh ,IOG dG ibh FGYCG Y j dG HCG g a G Qj e
Xe e ,ifO HW GP Xe jC
dEG G SQCG dG dG IOYh ,dG OG H GRQGh ,dCGh MG Xeh ,edG YG e AfG
.XG e gZh ,fH jQSCG VQCG
e dGh ,zAdG IM{ Y j NO H Y IQY iFG Gh YdG jdG H UdG G fc
IM H ,d GMG QXEG LCG e iG aQ XGh OdH dG Qc a j c fCG VGdG
,OSCG dRdG e IG VQCG e ,iOdG M T Y H J IYCG hP e Aa Lj ITe AdG
dCGh ASCG IYCG M ,iO``dG TGMCG a IO``dG IO``YEG Id iNCG Ie IYCG J CG VG e c
e eQ LGh GHdG dEGh ,AdG e HG dG a f e d eG dEG jJ dch QMS

149

g CG G eh ,ddG ISCG N Y QG ddG dEG IOdG Y G Gd QNH j CG cShCG

HG N e Gf CG e gh ,Q JCG gCG e f N if c M ,Q dG dEG IOY QfG gh NBG k S
k G cShCG ch ,QG d edG YG e ddG AH G
Ld Ye N gh HG hj e hCG jC
UCG M ,cCH eG ISCG Y dP H KCJ d c dG IG J ,T H gh ,e Z UCG e
k Gh ,dhdH e KCJ G Z OGaCG d
dEG IOd Sc dG ,T He AH j S IdG J N jC
G T dhCG ,a je Y iS QdG e Gj jKCG CG EG ,e He S J M ,Q dG
HQCG CG gd G eh ,cShCG e e jb QSf SGH fdGh ,GZ HCG e a cShCG
Yd Ic HGbh jY gH QcjEGfh QMSh cShCG G e c b ,H acG j bdG He
k G Q c jdG g T ,dHg je eh QM dEGh ,Q dEG IOY
h ,(hgdG hCG ,YdG) jC
dG fc jGg dch ,(d Y Je ,iNCG IQHh) VCG e ej fl T a
VQCG e hdEGh Gh AS e SdGh RhdG QMS gh G S a ,OdG QN dEG SoJ fc dG
k G G J c ,fH jQSCG
.OdG AfCG L e fSh VGQCG e Ic M jC

k edG YG cCG dEG f hCk G fYO

hO M a ,cShCG G HG ,QMS G J dG gh ,M
k
G Id edG Yd kHe e M dEG jk Qe J
QMS Vh ,b H hCG H Qh ,ae HS
gh ,XG efH dch iQG fG M e IjL UY Y edG YG i ,dG dhdG Y e
fL SDe eG ISCG e fK gh SSCG H QMS j ,zIjL QY{ OdG dG S e S
dGh e je fL e GAk L fc c ,dG dEG a MGh ec H Y ,IQS fL e dH J dG ,UHCG
fCG Mh ,IMGh aO fL fG c fc dG QdG N fCG EG ,OdG UY dG dhdG N UCG
A

148

,iOGdG e M fG g e Y QdG MCG ZCG ah ,BG e gZ dEG ,JQGOEGh G SH J dG

.JWf Y J ec H e ,AMCd Y Y IQY fc Y H fG EG dG h
k G cdH jGh
jGdG f UCG fCG Y cCdG QMS d edG YG Y jG Y jC
a CGH dG dG G CG M a ,edG YG a jedG jGJ dEG iODG jdG gY CGj dG edG
cCG QhO gh ,(UdG AfCG L a LdG d jOdG YdG f dP c Qh) AGQdG dEG dG
eo dG IjGG MG dEG dH dP f G S Y jFG Sd IH eG QhdG d gCG
Ud Gh jGG dG j dG jedG dc G f dG MH fQe Y jdG G
64 H hS d edG YG QNR Me Ea ,bdG Hd k aa ,cCH edG Yd aNdG
H a cShCG G gh TG QMS S eCG ,e 100 Y QNR Me H aN HG CG M a ,Gke
jJ bCG Y H QMS d edG YG QNR Me CG M a ,Gke 120 edG Y QNR Me
iG G e d VdG QW cG H dPh VG dG GdG a jGj NCG bdG Ggh ,Gke 370
.YdG jdG Tf e GAk L e ej
k e dGh TG

e dNh H IQSh UHCG e d zWdG{ HdG dEG IOdG CG d c HdG jdG GdG e hj b
wEh1vBbCf*AI4b*b~{DbACb~{*EcC2v<fc0b~|h.v0i*gD*-&* (* i*vgD*
k G fCG c ,OY
Y e dG dG GP UG a T dG Ida ,G dJh SSCG ag a jC
HG IQd jG SCG Y OYG e S g j a ,dG W a bZ fCG LQCG Yh H eCG
T Y HG Ue T ,eG jGHh HGdG ISCG ja ,IH HGdG ISCG Y N QJ idGh
k G J c ,L M
k G X c ,IG He e NoCG a VGeh aNR TC
e hCG IdG J N jC
.IdG J e e aCG Yc IMh Ie Jh ,JGdG dG Ud
k Yc G Fbh XG Ie J
M dGh eGgCG IH Y He AdG d GRk Q``H e
k e ej
,RdG e jdG J dGReh dG e fL CN M ,jH d eCG Ggh ,FGQ Tf
k fGQL
eCG bGh a -eDG HG aCG dEG ddG Y IQG d c jdGh ,adG IM Ud gh ,UdG gQhj hCk G
IRG Y IG f j c fk MCGh ,fCG fG SGM e IYe hH MCG e c a d Gg j
Ia Hh ,iNCG Ie d VJh ,Ihd GQk e VdGh HGVG Ga N HG UCG c ,ITe
k GQk e UCGh HGh eGgCG QMCG J ,Mh HS bhCG a jC
k G Qh ,jG dhdG
e Zh S
.(Lucie Vaekov : )

151

j c M ,eG e He Y ONQH Y AdG e HdG ddG cdG a ,AdG e ddG dG a dG

.Ad G kJ (gd Icfi) AGU Hh QRCG dH S d ,e T AdG M ,dEG dG L
AGLCG bH Y YJQG jW Y a d iNCG iFG HG AGLCG bH Y G e NGdG AG j
k G dh ,G
M ,f G IM SH J IM dEG dP H Nf ,L T G iP Fe jC
,KdG J T H J Ve dG M IG J e dG Gj h ,d K N Y i fc
jRhCG ,VQCG cM YCc ,Q dG dE cCG gc :M g gCG a G J fc fCG g YT
k cCG jdGh
G HGb IQ j M dG dEG j Lj g e ,dGh dG e cc hCG - JG cM
,dG a Ge IY SdG J fc G Gg a ,f d bdG QGd Ue Jh Z T G GP
jRo ,gdG FH eh MCG fGG e e gh H Y g HGdG IQ HdG QGG ijh
QMd iFG G GQHG gCG e IMGh IOG jdG GM Jh ,HGb U dch ,G dCGh ASCH
c ,jFG SdG AKCG J fc dG GhOCG J fc a ,IQG e Gh dG dEG T dGh
J fc SdG AfG H ,G d edG SdG AKCG J fc dG G OGGh HGdG J fc
U g edG YG e bdG HG AH Th ,H edG d Y Jc HGdGh OGG J
.bdG Lh Y Ge f jk eQ GQk hO d idGh ,IOd
e ek j J ,dRdG e HJ HdG gQGL e dH j c M ,aO IM Y ij a QMS g eCG
eh ,adG IM dEG ddG LGdG SCG iODj M dG Mf e dG dEG NdG j ,G G aQ
e dG M Lj ch ,iG G e H adG IM dEG j idG G Gg Z G IRL H fCG VG
J bdG dP a eGgCG CG f CG d j h ,jdG cGG H H fc ,e c Aa fGL L
f+g*im~zD*~74&*fD*i+fDbD*fEv*CbE&*EvJvDb+bhFbC+ibFbcb+bG2xA -

150

k Gk e 42 Yc Ie OHCG Jh ,IQS f FdG NG .

,Gk e 20 k jJ a VdG eCG ,L-T G a W
e bdG HG AH L M T Y fc dG IdG IQG Th ,QeCG 5 Y UCG a IG JQG j h
e IMGh FH IOYEG e fc ddh ,VG a jd IjT QGVC VJ gXe Ea HS b fcP ch ,IG
a fG dG G J ,GS IY NGdG Tfh IQd UCG AdG IOYEG Y SG M ,jk G cCG
a Y MG Ic U T H ej jOd e NG ah IQd bdG FG Y QUo ,2001 Y
kYf Jh ,YGfCG bH Of CG dG G e fCG M dH bH f ,SCG e GfCG IY dH QUh ,dG
k G IG e AG Gg Td 1959 Y NCG dG QdG e
LJ dG dG Hh H fQb e GPEG fCG M a ,ec
G Y QU a bdG FG e G AG eCG ,c M dEG e Z fCG ,QjH dHhG BG
,iNCG HGbh G ZQCG Y QU dGh ,HGdG IFe N j gh K LhRh Yc IG Md idG
dG IjdG QGVCG dEG dG Lj Q ,UdG dEG j idG MdG AG g IQG Xe e AG Gg jh
.dG bh a jG QKBG Y Gk KCJ QGVCG cCG e IMGh J dGh ,eCG H H
M jj H OH dG LhR MJ k bGh Qj Yd c e Y QU a ddG FG eCG
k G NGh ,c
Lhd jjdG c fEG M ,1959 Y AG Gd IQU NBG ch ,IQG Tf e AG Gg jC
e M ,ZhdG HdH f Lj LhdG SCGQ YCG ,YT Z H Yj CG b LdG e b b
:jh IG iFGR dEG HdG f a Yc Ljh ,dSG
.(Petra Vlkov : )

153

,fdG eQ d jQG jQGh AdG fCG e IdG g N HG e fY c ,fG e dG d

e dG g a Qj a ,AdG QMCG Y d S Sh Y j L eCG e Y a c idG
k aCG Gfj a ehdG eCG ,dG jKCG fG
QKBG iNCG Ie UCG SdG QdG Nh ,eQ e M
gP e dG Y G H dPh ,GYSG e Qb e ak g ,eGgCG UN ,dG jG
QKBG SG M ,iOG Y SdG dG a TH Y fi M X a JhQP eCG Gg H ,jQSCG gRch
dG e S 4000 e cCG Hh dGh ,G dhdG Vh HhQhCG G d SS IGOCc dG jG
.jd U Vh a jG AY Ea UGG
Ie e cCG eOQo fCG c Qed IG VJ VG Y FG N fCG Yc I G Z jQdG jo
UdG M ,bS eY ,jdG dG jGH e FdG ge IG H Gk NCGh ,dG gGWh
e SG ,FGQ Xe jG dG Mh ,FdG IQe e iG G e Ic c IY b e
Henry George a QL ig f eY ,1959 Y a fdG Id IG Y zdG{ h ,jeCG Me a
fc dGh ,Id NCG aGZJa QU IY Y J fc dG SGQdG J ,HdCGh Yc Y SGQO Fischer
AY jW Y dPh 1989 Y a INCGh ddG Id IG cGh ,IQS fH e e a bdG dP a J
Ud KMCG idG QedG e beh IG Y G f da GN NCG dEG bh GhVG jdG ,jG QKBG
dG IQG e GAk L e dGh ,TG iG G c e jdG PfEG e G M ,jG dG a HG
.dG dG jW Y 1991 Y a dG SGh ,jT Qed VJ b fc
,IgdG e G dEG dG d bdG dH J dG W Lfi e G G iG G e G T
ddG dCG N fc dGh ,dG U HCG IH a ,U HCG e L Sj J a f YCH IG Jh
L

152

ICLG fc M ,Bible Lands e QRh jdG SdH jGdCG e e e Y M IdG J ah ,Y

Joan dSh L jG IYe Hh ,dG f d fG YdG iMEG e V gT eY
k
e dG C dPh ;dG eL H MCG a Vhe
c dG CG hjh ,b Y a e Westenholz
d G kY b b AG dP j CG Ha ,dG IM GQL `Y dG d gM Q K H Lj
d e gdG dG QNR e idG AG jh ,OGG U a VY N cCG e Y G LCG e
GdGh dc iNCG HGb G ZhdG TdG cJ M a ,N Y HGb IFe eCG j Yc
Jh Hh NCGh OSCG fdH dG ch IOQG jdG jdGh hdGh QdG H e ,IOe iNCG HGbh
Tbh jM mGhCG dEG aVEH Gh dGh G GfCG fl e dGh cCd Ie GRflh fh Yh
a 1994 Y a OLh g IH fCLa eh .Yd iNCG dCGh SG j Y UCG a Lj c dG ah ,Na
GN jdGh jUe Ud j Y G Gg a aO b fCGh Ha ,IG HL e 500 f H Y INQ eQ
IG a UCG f JOYEGh j gOHCGh dCGh IOG ieh dG SCG Y Sh ,H a G kH d
.JdH GQG jJ IOYEG a j c
k G Yc HGh LhR eh Yc j gdG dG e dG dEG
e cCG if LhdG SCGQ ah ,HCG SG Y jC
f~6*xpD%*~}s-*~zDH,*Av-gD*-(bAD3EH*cDb+g;HH<bDbcK D30
FXdG M a ,dH XdG JS J M ,gCG a jZ IG Tf J ,IQS QKBG e R
M a G G Jc ,FKdG b c Y G ,FKdG b a Jc ,G TG YGQ :ddG
Fb ,M HdG gc ,HdGh bdG OhG N LCG VGQCG ah RhdG LQe e a GjEGh Jh jS
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161

160

store-rooms

Vizier Ptahshepses
A

burial chamber
stairway

cult chapel

statue
room

cult chapel

serdab
boat room

store-rooms
chapel
with
3 niches

altar
statue room

court

lotiform
columns

store-rooms

0
A

10 m

lotiform
columns

B
0

5m

cult
chapel

Ptahshepses Junior

store-room

burial chamber

altar
statue shrine

burial chamber

pillar

canopic room

altar

court

serdab

sarcophagus

statue

cult chapel
1st building stage

3rd stage

2nd stage

mud bricks

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164

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Mh ,dG dhdG a Yf e IMdG fc M ,L H Xfi
c UCG a ZCG idGh dG G
HfdG fGhCG CG Me G e fCG c ,e bh a ke c HfdG hdG CG Y dO Lj Gg ej
iNCG M e J fc fCG j fEa Gd ,ad NGdG AYCG M a G kHCG J h ZQa fc
.G kHCG dGh (dG gHh bGQ Y fc dGh ) dG d eJ fGhCd Pc -dG dhdG a
AeG a dG AdG ``dGREG a ,HdH dG adG a J idG ICLG Ea ,dP eh
e Lh dG Mf SCGQh X Y gdG bQ M ,dG Jjfih ffEH UG dG
je N b LJ fc jCG fG Hh ,e SSCG eG M G e S H
g c jCG c Yh ,Sh ddG f ej idG G U idG H h gP WTCH
k SCHh L N SCGQ e
dh ,jY jR Y UCG a ij SdCG e hU Lj c b
e QhSCG eh jH Lh M a ,M IY GP gP IOH bQ jRh ,jC
k G fi TdG e AZ
G gj Y Y e b ffEG Ea ,dhCG LSd kWh ,G Y e fY dGh fdG RN
.dG iG d dH GkRY c M

.(Martin Frouz : ) ( )

167

Hh ,IH fFM AfEG H fY ,2007 Y a

Ff Y UM ad GM IY H b jQJ
i``MEG Ne Y dH b af jGH ``eh ,V
dG e QG``L SGH ZG dGh adG GM
k G adG IM CG J Qa Yh ,MCG
jC
fhH jdGh e f CG Y ``ch ,``MCG
FeR e dYCG Jh adG IM a dG AH
f dG b Y fCG fLh HSCG IY Hh ,jG
a e jH J Hh ,dG QGG dP a
J a Nf aO IM hCG fc dGh IG NGH e
,bCG Y HSCG KK IG NGO dG Jh .G
,JQG a Gke1.30h e 24 adG IM je H
NGH iG G e V HJ dG Me jh
HdG Mh ,AedG jG YCG MC S Aee
c (ShDch fGhCG) iG G e IU fBG 75h eNCH G e QGL 10 e J dGh IG Rc LJ
N dGh G QGL fch ,jG fCGh HhGh dG a HGdG WCG e jeQ
Yf
k Y Gfc AedG jG dh ,UCG a G AGM fl -iG SCG jCG e j d IMGh
fGhCd N hU UCG a Lj c HdG e G dEGh ,dG H Geb jObG SCh e

.(Martin Frouz :)

166

c jY OGe e Gh G dG CG M a ,e 2.24.6 Me Y fa - SdG IQe AdG

k G Y c ,IG VQCG Y Y dGh N IYCH eYe
hT IQH K KK Y jC
k
c ,e dG dEG KdG QHBG NGe LGJ dGh f e GhRCG KK dEG b a HdG QGG eCG ,HGh LhRh
ij H c ,fG QGG a IQe IU f LJ QHBG b Yh ,U 4 a f jNBG Gk H 12 g c
.HGh LhRh IG MU aO j ,QHBG 3 Hh dG bCG bGdG hCG dG ch ,Ia aO Y
a aO b ISCG e GOa a ,ISCG NGO UG NG M GkOfi SfG
gRch jOdG adG J
k
Y Y 2 bQ dG f a hT aO a :LhRh hd fCG dEG J gjd LdHhfCG gh N HGJ
60-40 f TYh QeCG 5 Y dEG J dGh 3 bQ dG f a aO a LhR eCG ,eY
k 50-40 f TYh QeCG 6
a d b L Ea ,dP eh ,eY
k 40-30 Y Y e Ld N a ,QeCG 8 Y Y 1 bQ dG f eCG ,eY
k
,QeCG 3 H k Y bCG J U hCG e dG dEG bGdG J fa ,bdG KdG dG eCG ,RG e IM
,ITe adG b Y NBG M M dG IMdG dG CG jh ,e Y Y jjh GSG hO J H
.RG e M a ae (dM c a MGh d) Af hCG Ld aO Y QHBG H MG bh
i M ISCG H UN IU IQe VQCG a Y fY IU H gh edG dd dH ASG g
Y Vh fCG VGdG e UCGh G QGH adG e bh ,GYCG 10-7 H RY d aO Y -je Y Y,e a jk OY Gk eCG dG HJ fch ,hT S fi bCG Y hCG d G GG aO N ISCG OGaCG j
S a ,HG GQL Y jQJ a j e gh dH de Gfc NCG H dG dG OGaCG EG M
L fEG VdG Ie ah ,G SCGdG iCG f J Yj c g c ,UHCH T H e a G
Y J gh fEG Lhd e e AL LCG hCG LOCG Yj c g c ,H a dhf S dGh UHCG
UN Md Y Y IG ah Gk NCGh ,b h fEG Sc N a dL
k dG j M a ,LhR eb
:jM Y jh YJCG e GAk L c JHCG EG M ,MdG JcP e M f G eCH aO ,JHCG j H
e ch G fGG e HJ Y jh aj CH dL eCG..JHCG j dL j c idG dG
dH dL bh .. IdG YL j Y d Ie AH (eCG) h jY kJjR dL e (c) .QH (h) GfCGOLCG
..(HfCG dG dEG eCG) (dG) J j M
(Reisner 1936, 97)
.cP dG XGh dG dP e aCG gcP Hc Hh AedG jG H bdG CG YCG

CG MG e fCG c ,IR dM a gh adG I acG M a J d FdG gCG fc

M eG ISCG NGhCG e eCG Gg J bh ,Sf GhOCG jCG LJ dh jM IU mGhCG e J IG
q~9*D*EHGx+bElb.&* Af~6bpD*F*H&*Hi*H2&*2v<,2bJ5D(* I2&* bcDb+fDHvD*b/44bcCb~|F*2*5
.jQG GdG J CG b e b ffEG CG IH
Ia ,H HLEG JCJ dG J a ?MCG He Nf CG a G d g :MGh GDS iS j h
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J SG jG dG Hh ,HCd J CG aG Xeh S a ,ed VJ CG jW bh Qhe
?dG iG j GPa ,QKBG

..

gGf CG d AedG jG Xd YLG dG fl He IQY a Lh dG f dSdG EG

k G
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j
k
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169

168

MG eCG ,dGdG J e dG ZQCG T e T T C aQCGh WCG HGdG Xe a G

e dG adG jdG G ZQCG jJ M ,QSh f Y a dG Gd ddG SG
iG dG Gd J gh ,dG dO TGMC Icfi a iOdG e hJ M SCG Y HCG dGb
.jRhCH JG WSCG eJ idG G T N e
idGh dG SdG AYCG MCG c fEa ,dHg jd k Wh ,jk e k e UCG a a ,JG S jRhCG eCG
Q L CG GdGh ,HWdGh jdG dEG Jh T N idG JCG jdG Gg b Y ,G d G YdG j
Y c dh HCG H VQCG jRhCG Mh ,fh jjEGh Sh jRhCG :gh WCG HQCG L CG K ,AdG HQ fh VQCG
k GdG Gg ch .S NCG e GU a Nj CG
YN jW Y S j Y jRhCG fG ,a IOGg h STh
k jW
TGMCGh e a Vhh L jH H eb a fh jjEG gNG eCG ,e AfCG L a L Jh
c jRhCG f a dh idG G Ea dd k Wh ,SQM gh Gkdh jjEG e j c Se Id IG dEG Gd ddG
,bGNG dG dG dO TGMCG a NCG j Y SQM HJ bh , adG e LQCG Y gh hSGQ j
.NBG dG dGh M M a e e UCGh e M a G SQM f ,Y e GdG e GS Hh Gk NCGh
jQSCG ddH iOdG OGYCG T NCJ jS HGH dEG G ZQCG hP HGdG e ,IQSCG e k T
BGh ,ad NBG dG a eBG IM eCJ j G Ea ,UCG a c ch ,jRhCG IOh IOYEG I JGh
IOYE eJ dG iOdG OGYCH dGSG M ,idG dG iP G ZQCG e J G J Ea ,dP eh
.NCG dH fj iG dG c MCG H ah ,ddG TGMCG a jRhCG IOh
gG Y d jc edG IG TCG GSG a dG iG dG S dG IQG d
k iOdG e ce a k bGh IG MU QJ Xe GSH VY ,iNCG IH Gh IG
A

171

iNCG GJ V iQG dG Gg ,G Z G dEG G FdG e G H OdG a jQGOEG T YCG

OdH Gfj G FdG OGaCG CG VGdG e UCGh ,OdH IG IQGOEH UG jdG d e c
H bCG Y hCG ,cCa cCG dhe f G FdG Lh Gd ,IG dhdG IQGOEGh WGbhH jGJ IGQ adG
FXH d G Z UCG ihP AcCG XG J N e - dP G ,f bdG ah ,gOGaCG e
.IOhG Z eNh Fh d - dG dhdG
dG jGH e X idGh QGSCG c iCG kheri seshta WGbhdG dG N e QdG Gd KJ aCG c
f~zEb*,x~6&*EfJ*v+Hvsg~zJbE*4K 2bFdD**wGbCH*cDb+f.Hf~8DdD**wGEb0bCHgD*
dhdG LQ Qc e L ,IdG J a dG Gg j T
k 96 g EG M ,eGSG a Gk c Gk M
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H jRhCG dEG dG e UCG QSh f G Y eh ,UN H H UCG a jRhCG dEG Jj

,HdG HGdG e jeQ a iQGj QdG Gg Y dO hCGh ,G Z dhdG LQ Qd Me
k G
SSCG dG gh G ZQCG Y QU dG HGdG IFe N dL gh IG MU Qj idGh
SG Y WG SGLCG T Y IU jQa dGb a J fc ZQCG J ,AedG jG id
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170

CGHh ,dSG JTh UG JGQb J U gh ,dhdG LQ Qd JGdG dG eSG Ie hC .XG

M jGH e fCG Me AS a ,Xe U MhCG edGh OG QhO Ga a cCG H dh AH G
.a GcQT hCG dG J GhOb jdGh G dG dCGh ASCH He G TdG UCG QcL
e Y G SH j k e SCG a ,IjL je dEG UJ a Gd ,dG Gg LGj CG G Y c
<*x~7(**cD*<d~|JbCIwD*H2cD*E+*$y*<-x~6IJ&**2*4&*fJxD*g+HdG
.GS IY H jRdG UCG e IOYh G e k jb G H dEG Y idG G ch ,dfG Yd VY c idGh
ed NGdG GQG Y f M ,fh G ,eG ISCG e NBG H b dGh G dG jd iNCG IN g
J Jh ,G adG SH J jO IjJh f
k 750 e cCG e J Y gh ,GgCG UH j e IQH
dh jG GOd HGh HGdG SWh AdG a QdG e jeh dG NGO G IOh IOYEG Ia UdG
.SOdG ISCG a G HG NGO QNdG e k SSCG GAk L GgCG Uf UCGh ,jS Ufh f
n

gGMEG Y If f fYO ,eG ISCG jf dEG jQCJ Lj dGh QNdG jH HG e c OY g

LGdG J ,SEG QcLh QMheh QSh f d edG YG Y G IQH M H Ie gh
VQCG a ITe NG He ah ,Ic Ne dU J Nh ,dG eYdG e hH eYe d ddG
dEG j L HGdG M j jCGh CG fG Yh ,M d H j c ,Y f Lj
aNR a dG c ,dG J a ,UJ iCG hO LCG ee O XG J jGdG a ,IG NGO
e dG J jdG Yh ,UdG QGe OGR c IG NO a jSG ch ,Gk e fG b IG
,VCG e eYO 4 GP aNe Z Ic dU j ,fj dG HGdGh He Qf CG d h UN
S fEa dG NBG Gk S e GPEGh ,M H YG MU IQe dEG ITe iODj Gk eh
dG eCG ,k V cCGh QeCG 5 H cCG IMdG g M H IQe fch ,FHCG MCG J iNCG IQe dEG
M ,gdG GHCG e hR HdG QGG jjh ,iNCG J IMGdG YVG QTCG hL ca jdG iG
AH UN H jdG UdG J M a ,IG MU dh SG Zhg TH HG NR
A

173

k fiQ
IG MU e eCc G Gg J SSCG iG Y ,dG H Oj idGh jW
k j c a
k
e fi NBG J a ,dP dEG aVEH ,iOdG TGMCG a dG Oj M ,d k fi Wf SQ gh
OLH J Qh ,j hCG j hCG ej LJ CG dGh kema dG jG d fl me Y
.jRhCG QhO a NBG dG a IOdG IOYEH j e a QGh NBG dG a IG MU
..

fGh ,UHCH eG ISCG jdG adG fL QcL G J M ,GJ IY eG ISCG jf T

SGh Le LGe Y c Y Nh ,e e fL SOdG ISCG N UCG dGh IQS L dEG

172

k
HG e HGdG j M X SCGh ,(QdG dEG) LQ 4 j Y Sc Y fi
M H j M dG
k
bH f dGh f chQdG iJj c e c ah ,HGdG SW Y e c idG JG gdG AGOQ jk Je
.G Uh e IGOCG Y IQY gh Xh GQTEH j a h ,jY jH WHeh
e j Hh ,NBG dG dEG jk eQ iODJ YhH aNe HGH Hh ,Y Tf a fdG gdG dG eCG
k iOdG OGYCG eh IG MU j M ,SSCG HGdG
dMG AGOdG M H iJjh ,G ZQCG e H
IFG ah eCGh ,zaCG dMG jdG { Y i SdCG e IU IQhQb e jh dG L e G
6 Lj bah ,iNCG HGb j UTCG e U IY dG Y if M a ,HGdG e e OY j
NBG e IQG J Gk NCGh ,aG hd HGdG Jh ,HGdG IM J :gh KK GNG jdGh c
.VQCG Y QKBG jCG e d T

j gh Id eeCG dH jCG QGG a ,VQCG Y IbGQ IH HP Y j jQGG e LhR

k if
k
AfEG eM cj gh LQ jh ,!IH eG Oj gh iM H H CG QGG j M a !SCG
k G ha dG Y LdG eCG ,(dG H idGh) !dG Y HG d j gh ,dH k e
gh jC
g Ojh WHG Id eeCG dG eR j M a aQj gMG hOjh H IdG a j
k RdG IdG O Y d AfEG eh j gh Ye j dG dEGh ,GP fCG
.!dG Gg YG Fb
dG jCG..dG Gg GhNh GdJ j gh MHG IdG c j gh QdG Y QGG j ,fdG dG a
,HdG H AfEG a
C idG RdG dG e ,G a G dG IOY dEG g jh ,hGh jFG
jdH NBG c H eR j M a ,IG MU ad IQG a HGc QdG Y dG J jh
k c j gh NCG QGG eCG !J j idG YG idGh !dG Gg bCG fEG..fG j gh f
k IdG e NBG
a dP eh ,G GG LQCH idGh N bGdG YG a ,!IH eG Fb
k
dMG f dG Gg iJjh ,!dG Gg dEG fG d j idGh dG Qc MCG Uh Ig e
YG ej gh ,NBG EG jEG dGh dG gch G dG Y G c fCG dEG J dCH Hk e
k
.(dG dEG IQTEG a ) !f g c Fb
a YdG XG J M ,IdG J a dG Qd jFG SdG e jk OY GAk L fc XG J
.dGh dG J M HGdG QMEG eCJ
a j c dG IdG EG M ,dG dhdG QfGh QgORG eY gQYH HP N UNh TG jDhQ
gCG e fc HdG Y Ea HGdG SW e e Ach ,dG GMCG gCG e J IdGh IdG TG AMEG
gQYH dGh XG J dG c ZCG Ea HGdG J e fC ,dG iG ObG ee
eCJ dhdG Y dG e UCG fEa ,dG dhdG N dhdG Xe OY IOjR e dh ,JGhQ e e fe
k fCG hj UHCH EG f Q G Y e iOdG TQCG e T gh ,JG Gg
d dHh ,k e Y
iG dG CG dEG IQTEd LMh ,Te SCGQ 221 HP j fEa ,ej
k 17 f j idGh H jdG
j IdG HGdG fc ,cCG j EG dP dEG IQTEG ah ,HG MC IQTEG O gh ,OYCH k e c dG
k G iNCG He dEG GdH M
dEG aVEH Ggh bdG a CGH b iG ObG CG a T g a ,jC
.?SOdG ISCG N b M X dG jcG dhdG eRCG a gS b -gcP ddG G GQJ

k XG cCG J
AGOQ a M d Gk c Gk e if QdG a ,bdG QGG Y IOLG J jMh L
dh c Y dG dG chQH SCGQ Yh ,HG dG GP cdG a jK GP f Y IQY MG
M a j idG H h ,b T Y jM Hh aNe IOb iJj bQ Mh ,ee IU
jdG dG dEG e a J dGh dG dO T N d Qm Y W j QGHh ,jW Y dG H
k Gj
d j M ,M NCG VGQCd G iQGOEGh G cCG HG fEa dG Gd k Wh ,H LQ
.gdG QW e LhR
k idH h dG j a IGOCH k HCG Mf
e Hh RhEGh T Xe g M H e e bCa ,edG IG e Xe TdG e U IY J
jdG H jeh dG Rfl Y G Mc j eCG ah ,dGh dG e e jFG SDG V
k hj b RhEGh dG OY CG EG TG Od cP OLh Y ZQ ,j gh eGMG
,200 121 ,200 121 :ge
j gh
k
dh M d dH dG OGYCG Jh ,Gk FW 457 605 dG d 200 110 ,022 121 ,000 120 ,225 1 ,110 11
g a aNd dG WTCG eCG ,NBG d YhdG a jZ HOCe J fCG j Ie QGL Y He fc
.Te Yj IYQ J M k FL
a ,KQ He hJj IQdG e Y H GU j SCG dG a ,jM cCG WdG J iNCG Xe a
gh ,dG e a hCG Ib Y YH keb G dhj M iOdG e cGe KK e WCG g j CG G
flh UbCG a QdGh dG e jFG SdH UG G fl LJ cGG e Y ,hCk G j e Hj
H jdG QdG U j M ,jG ddG TGMCG a dG iG ObG a e AL Y G jh ,cGdG
gOj eY Y Ic T f j M ,QdG d MGe He e gh ,TG HJh SCGh Se
dh QdG e Gk c k c hOj gh ,7 gj iNCGh LQ 6 gj gGMEG T gh ,VdG Gd Ofi T
ddG dG eCG ,GkH gNCG j UbCG NGO QdG e Y ,dP j ,hd dhfi a dG M j e g
dG iOGh OhM N G QJ dGh XG e U N e RGjh j c jda ,iOdG e cGe YU H a
dG Y dP H H J dGh ,WHG Hc e j OU j QdG Yh ,dG J AGdG W Y G
.jH IH Lj SCGh ,Oah dK hGd QH XG Jh ,jH Te j gh NBG OU j dG Yh ,SGa
QGG Y XG J Jh ,jFG SdG HGd TG Hj gh jQGG Xe hO QNdG J
NGdG ffEG fGh JdGh GVH e HQCG j M ,NG Y IQd ddG
jjCH h ,gQX Y cS Meh Ib f hJj jdG jQGG Y dG dG eh ,jdG
H LdG ADg Lh ,HH ej dG fGH eG a hNBG LQ gYjh ,GdG e Ic cS
,dG dG e jCG cdG a ,H QRBe e J dGh IdG He Y j c dG dG e T

175

174

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,SOdG ISCG N jG dhdG feEG Y G

SdGh jObG eGdG AY QGSG c a
k adGh
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,Qe H H QdG SS eRCG OLh Y AHh j
iG jQdH j a d eG aCG IdG J e fh
dCG N G H e ShCG YVe Y H ,a
Y HLEG fLh ,GVH G IdG J a .. ddG
k G gh ,jG dhdG Y gLh e SCG
e jC
dG dG dhdG N G Z HG cM a Me
.jf e HQb
cM UdG L bGdG G T ,RG``e S ah
e gh ,cG G d a He OGYEG M e jJ
QGfG iOCG bh ,G J dEG fG b jdG Qfi CG Y j
YGdG CG c ,aKh dbCG Q``gORG ``dGE jcG dhdG
e SG dG jObGh YLG HGVGh jdG
jh AMEG Y Y jQhV ak hX KMCG fb e j
.. jdG dG jGH e dG jG dhd M
dG HG AH Y SG ,SOdG ISCG jGH eh
SdG ``e``bE ``c``eC`c eSG Me ``e J ```dGh
He H HG J fch ,AGdG Y jdG hCG zJdzh
c ,FdG OG``aCG jFL Ue I``Y J FY
dG dG e T XG Qd FY He g c
Jh ,KG hG IM e J H He ``gh ,NdG
-eY
k 150 f IMGh ISCG QGe Y fCG dEG jcG fG
dEG VQCG a dG AdG GP FGdG HG e fG g c
SCh ,. ddG dCG jGH e c e VQCG He
a fc dGh ,Xe Y adG GM MG eCG J Q
j dG ceCG hCG VQCG a bGdG MG a J UCG
k G fc dGh Id e NdG
fch ,bd VY cCG jC
bdG a NBG dG a k eCG cCG IM Y G g aCG
k jQJ J QeCG fc c ,QfG a dhdG M SG dG
H OJ CG``H ``dhCG ISCG hQ EG M :edG IFGdG f
AGdG J e fc ddG fdG N fCG M a ,FL
.Id SSCG G M ,gQhL dEG k jQJ OJh
dhdH G``gCG IH Y N g SOdG I```SCG J
Hh QcShh J G M h IdG J a ,dG
M NCG Hh ,GMCG IY bh ,fdG Hh feh hCG

177

dGh Od jcG IQGOEG Y KQH fG dG e f

jdG dG dBG CGHh ,idG jdG dG IYb J
N e QG``Jh k SQ G Y j c dGh- cG
H QgdG a -eGhC k ah jQG dhdG LQ e Y
,dSG cCG GUCGh dG ADg Ib M jGe
fd f H Ueh FXh e GOYG J fch
UG J eCG M ah ,XG ADd jdG jObG
ihP OG``a
C `d cG b e fl ```UCG a fc dG
bh ,PdG GP jdG FdG OGaCG NGO QJ UCG IAdG
G gh . 2200-2350 H e IdG N dG G J
QNH SOdG ISCG fc a ,aCG QeCG j idG
gGdGh dG ``dh``dG e ``NGhCG H GU MS H
.GMCG e M iCH e edG Gj dG dG

Ic YLG HGVG SOdG I```SCG jGH T

ISCG J SCG a ,a ITe Z dOCG N e dEG Uh
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179

178

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.( : )

181

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.(Sandro Vannini : ) [

180

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k G aY IdG J eh ,k gh c EGh M IdG Vd SQ AGLEG dEG LG IQG dhdG SG M ,OhG
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183

182

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L JdGh MhCGh iee :``gh G dG Y
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k j ddG QGH c f
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.(Martin Frouz :)

185

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k
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184

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ce bGj gh Je Qb jRdG IQG e HdG
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b HdGh IG e c ch ,WCG IY j iG G e c HJ H a aO IM dEG iODj (a
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cJ fl MCG GP IjY b dEG og UG Tf L Ea IdG QMCG e b GYh ,ee SCd
ck QJ Qb ISCG He ed bW c GS T
k aj idG e ?QedG Gg a dG e dh ,geJ e fe
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.(Martin Frouz : )

187

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.jFG dbCG h FfdG HGdG M cG Xe
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k if c ,dG eGU dEG aVEH NBG dG a SSCG H chj
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.IQjdG eCG

,JSCGh Qb jRdH UG FdG IG Y fdG Hh J iY H e IdG a HG jJ Y fG

MdG GYCG Nh jQdG dP a ,BG M jQL c Y dGReh 1995 Y dG dG cG dGh
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k
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.(Kamil Vodra: )

186

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Y Md LJ bdG fL Yh HdG eCGh ,IU jM mGhCGh Sf GhOCGh jQa mGhCG e Rc Y fY
jeQ HGH jG H J M ,GgCG IH Y a G AdG b e Ija YG gh H T
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dG Gg CG hjh ,IdG SdCG fGhCG e OYh HdG AZ Y H Y c ,IG AfCG L a fEG Y
,dG JGjJ Hh ,dG Ne ZEG Hh IG Rc Sh HdG a AeG Vh H e bdG a M b
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.(Martin Frouz : )

189

.dG jG dBG gCG MCG Q dG dE eJ e HQCG LJ TG LGdG J eCGh ,Qb

,HGdG IQe dEG NdG eh iG G e Ic GdCH e U Aa Lj NG Gg Nh
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j e e e gh ,aG dCGh SGh HGb U gdG dG Tf Jh ,MCG GSCG fGL cd
YhQ cCG IQG J QNR Ea ,dP eh ,G H dG G Yh Vbh
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k Gh
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k G iJj c ,dG IL jY IOb QU jjh FGQ AH f jk Je a f
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.(Kamil Vodra: ) [

188

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(256 bQ ,Strudwick 2005 353)

Jh ,dG JM a e YCG gh dG e Y G jh UCG ,fe G M JM jf eh
c G e Hk e QYHh ,jSBG hdG V iNCGh HdG Y jY M Ob fCG dEG dG JGdG JS Tf
k
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191

GhOCG ``e GdG Y ``f``Y HG cdH

aG Rc e GAk L fc dGh IdG SdG
Y Yo fGhCG J QGHh ,NBG d MQ N
k dG dEGh ,HGc ad ebo Te Y
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L Vh M dH Qe U HJ Lj adG I HdG QGG Hh ,NBG dG a jHCG IH j CG
.DhGLCG KJh G S a ,fEG dH eCG ,iG G e Ic GdCH Z K H aG
dEGh ,Gke 16 H NBG H Y dG eY ,2001 Y jN a Qb ISCG M dG Ff gCG Qd X
Y c ,jEG S gh Qb AHCG e NBG H Aeeh H iM HJ GP aO IM Y Y Yb e G
SdG e GhOCGh G e iNCGh SdCG e mGhCG IY Y IQY c idGh iFG IG KCG e H Y
e jQa mGhCG IY Y fY HdG SCGQ Yh ,dG jdG fl FGQ Mdh jM SCGQ feh
dG dG H ej OSCG fa ,NBG dG a dGh IOdG IOYEG dEG eJ e IOe dG ch ,dG H
.dG H Y c dG Y UG YJh ,IjL IM
/

k G SOdG ISCG T
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.( G. F. Compton - T. Landvatter : )

190

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193

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195

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k G dh d a d ,GReGh dG e jdG Y j
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197

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Stle-maison

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(Lichtheim 1975, 157)

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.(Jolana Kaptkov : )

199

198

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201

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a iG jWh Fg VfG M . ddG dCG jf a ,MCG H KCj idGh M d j aVEG Y
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dG e Fb j jQjdG e G dG Ggh ,H dEG e e j CG jh dEG NdG
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.dG Gg a cP dG GMCG e dG a JQG ch ,bh a gCG

200

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.(Luca Bonatti/Laboratoriorosso Productions :)

203

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e b N CG a ,jGG dH KCj Sb idG dG e CG dEG eG W J c ,GfBG
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,. ddG dCG N dG a IQhH a J eg ee d eJ G dG QKBGh IjG J jQa
a Gk e 96 JQG Y dG Se K ,dhCG ISCG e hCG dG a ,IdG J jf Y AdG J fC dPh
dG e Uh fdG ISCG e hCG dG N fCG IjG J Y H a T dG dG ch ,dG S
Gk e 93 f dEG fG b eGh HGdG JSCG N dG ie CG hjh ,dG S a Gk e 94 bCG JQG dEG
k e 94-93 H a SGh dG S a
92 f dEG dG ie g hCG fG Y Nh SOdG ISCG jHh ,G
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jH jQdG fGhCG ZCG fch ,hdG IOe jHh HQCGh Qe jQa fGhCG Y Y Yh ,fdG H
Poecilus pharaoh dS e aN GfCG H Y fY G iMEG ah ,JG d eG JGdG IOe
e aL AGLCG a aG J IOY Jh ,bh NS fc Q dGh JGdG IOe H c fBH dGh
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.(Luca Bonatti/Laboratoriorosso Productions : ). [

202

a BG M G`` eCGh A```MCG Y H i``b ``HGQ

jf Y Y dCG Qhe e ZdG Y dPh ,e
IgdH dG e QGhR e c GPEa ,dG jG IQG
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(Lichtheim 1975, 58)

Y dG H G H IG a AedG jG YG
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,eCG M ah ,G H e IM SW OLh j CG Y c
d N dG IMdG IQG g dG jG IQG Ea
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.(Martin Frouz : )2002

205

e ,V GM a aj jG ZCG a ,jd U Y d e Y dGh Ie AH Y fc

J CG j idG G Y aG ISCG j c adG e Ojh H a idG iQG jdG eCG ,b HGb
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iObGh YLG ie Y j CG Y a ,G g e dH e fL a adG T Y G
fOCG hOh ,jdG G a hCG (gZ hCG dH AGS) WGbhdH G YCH Jj c e k FGO idGh ,Ofi
:IG He iMEG GQL Y ia ,XG H He Tf Y fG k e Kk M j eCG Gg Ea T
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(Strudwick 2005, 353, No. 256)

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LQ Qc He Jh ,dG d g e X a H UG jHCG H AH Geb IOhG dG ihP OGaCG

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e HG Qe j c ,Tfh HG QNR N e Ke fc MdG Jh ,Jd c fl fc
Uh ,bdG Y aNG OLh e ZdG Y VQCG h a bGdG AGLCH k L X e gh jHCd kJH fc
hCG ,M Mh Rflh GMh dUh Aah Ne OLh M ,G RG d ``VQCG bGdG AG``LCG
cCG UCG a idG AG eCG ,IG jfi RG Hh IMGh aO IM Y ij e c
eh GVh
QGT OLh M dG jdG hCG jd IH He fd dG da ,J a GkJ
m
AH MCG H a ej jdGh HG SGh adG SW Y dhDG d ceh OGaCG Reh jce
.(bDe H c EGh) adG We a dRe
k G OLe VQCG S e Y Y bGdG adG IM UN ,IH NBG dH e OLh Y ddG EG
a jC
...(H SEG) Je dEG df d..(S) e e df d..(f) je e df d :IdG J Uf
e a IOhfi dG Ia fc M ,a GTY dG WGh SCGQ KdG HdG Y jG Y bh
e dEG hG Y J dG dG Ea ,dP dEG aVEHh ,dG QH a JQG e k dZh dG
e c fCG h ,NBG dG dEG MdG N j bO QOe J ,(ig) IG dEG hdGh (iH) fG
J dG dG Y dG iOGh Y JJ adG We ZCG EG M) dG iOGh e adG e dEG OdG iQhdG
k aG MQ dEG J (ig) dG Ea ,AGU dEG G VQCG a
IG e dG AG dEG dG Y hf
.adG IM gh

(Peter Jnosi : )

207

206

,SBG HG S LhR aH UN
k Gk j idGh NG Qj Y bGdG QGG Y IOLG TdG IH
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,SBG G Lhd b k Y QPCG 3h VY
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,fG a CGe j CG Ad H SG dG QGSCG L YCGh (CGeh ae) IQeh bee hQ fCa
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Y Vj L iCG J a ,g dG GMG aGH SBG LCG e H b a ,d YdG dG YCG
.JM W J h b
:dG MU SBG aVCG J LJ dG Gg Hh
dEG eCG VbCG a dG Y j CG MCG OGQCG e GPEG ,j G Hfi QM dEG gc c d
.dG
gh Y hjEG Yjh cCG HG Y j ,SBH UN FL H fi gh H dG dP jh
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/

c g NBG dG H UG UdG gCG e Ea ,SdGh IG dEG aVEHh AedG jd dH

k G dh ,a IG Id a Hk e G j h ,SGh dGh G e
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.G IQdG iCG Y J Y j c M gH G

209

k GfcCG AGS FdG e jNBG OGaCG ad GPe

k MCG e c a dhdG
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k G gh ,HG AH
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k
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YCG bh ,Jc M e jJ HH dG eb ,f bdG ah ,dL fCGHh dG jjG GHCG

208

AedG jG c M ,gCG j a dG eCG

jG GO````G ``gCG ``eh ,dG ce fhj
f Ia N e dG N idG H dEG dG
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c e GPE`a ,``cCG SGh (dG SG hCG) dG
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a) M SfhCG iCG Y SfhCG dG SGh ,(hCG
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f dG dhCG IG g J fch ,J G Y a
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dG J Yh .gbe a AeG Vhh adG SW EG e k jS J dGh zMGd{ dG QOJ ,IadG Hh
fGOdG zdG{ Fb H H eBG fEH UG G Gg e CG jdG eh ,gL dEG iNCG Ie dG OJ
:ddc jdG J Seligman and Seligman Sh S e c T bh ,dG BG H
hCG H j e e IQdGh dG J fdGh ,IGh dG J dhCG EG M ,Jh ih jd fEG c
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.Xh Y k T f
(Seligman, Seligman 1932, 103)

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k
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k dG e jFG YG J
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dG e a T c IM YG Mh ,dG iG G JJh dG fGb Qeh HdG efh
J fCG HQ T Y QJ YG fc ,dG jG GOG Y a ,OG d k ah Id Oa c IM eh
.ef jQ SCGQ
a GhCGH HGdG ISCG jGH a ,jHCG eCJ LCG e d IjL me Y j e k FGO AedG jG c
[ [ [

211

dG Y WCG dGh UY IY e fEG jh

,VQCG JM a jG J dGh jOGh dG IdG hCG bdG hCG IG Ib gf CG a dG eCG ,dGh BGh
d G dEG dG OJ jOG IadG Hh ,jQSCG G Mh HQCd JG bd N dG Gg ch
,IQH IOLG IFH HGd c jFG SdG a J fc fEa Gd ,G H IG a jQGSG
.HdG ifdG Vh Y G Y Jh NBG dG a jH J fCG c
dG QhH Jj e IOY G Ga ,BG gh CG IadG j jdG dH UN NBG e J gh
idG Jj CG j G Ea dG jG fjdG NQDe d k Wh ,j hCG j BG
k G dG CG c ,edGh G
.NBG j c dG e J idG aCH UG iG H JJ jC
fj j eR j Y G Gd LdG MC dH e cCG j G Ggh
XCG idGh ,
S cjh ,dG iOGh a G H k ej j idG jEG FWh BG H VGh bY SGQO AV a 2003 Y
BG e Ea Gd ,dG Gg dEG NBG dG e aG hd bDG IOdG Ia AedG jG fl a jCG FW
Y dG MQh IG eQ QdG a c idG bdG a ,dG iG id dGh QdG H dG VH j
eCG g (G ddHh) dG Ea Gd ,IOdG IOYEGh d GkeQ j dG Ea ,fEG I eQ
m H YG AdG
.ddG dG N IGh IOdG IOYE R
ZhdG TdG a j c G Gg EG M ,zdG{ g G kJ fEG jJ UY cCG Ea ,T fOCG hOh
e hR fCG hCG MG j Q M -he Z dG Gg e jh ,YaG QPCG e hR T Y eH
e H e fch IadG H Y J dGh fEd dH IG Ib g dG fch ,HGdG hCG J QPCG
.(Martin Frouz : )

210

dG N e cCdG g e VdG c dGh ,HG GQL Y (f iO M U SH aY) HG Hc

WdG jZ a dG e e jd ahe HG bCG fch ,Jah H IG Md eBG OLdG eCJ Y
k G Qh fG Q jfC YJ
aG j H ,ad fk e Jh (k e AG Gg c EGh) d jC
Jh
k
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SW ,adG Y ,dG IG ,adG e a :fGL IY d ee
AedG jG gPCG a neb imakhu
k
g J fch ,ad G H e IG SW eCJ Gk NCGh ,HGdG aJ ,dG dG Y gDhGOG G adG
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e IOY KG HG fc d ddG IdG ah ,J gdG dG Y IOLe M Q HG c
Y hCG HGdG IFe eCG j gh ,aG f e dH hCG gdG dG Y hCG IG Ne a VJ
J UCGh ,HG aNR e k SSCG GAk L UCG HG J eh ,jQdG GhOCG H Yh HG
dG dG iCG zf iO M{ gh SSCG dG H dG CGJh,.HG jQCJ M e fe dG d
j jdG X UCG a G ej ReG H fc HGdG J CG dEG J gh ,G
,i``NCG JM Y J CG Y j fCG j Ga zdEG b e{ hG NEG f UCG e GPEGh ,VQ
dG NCG Hh ,dGh adG ceCH JG jG GOG J dG J Ea ,G dEG aVEHh
dG d fG eG ISCG e fdG dG eh ,VQCG Q L dGh ihBG HG T Y QG HfCG
.JG S jRhCG
:G Gg e d Hd SSCG GgCG Y J UCG M GQk J cCG dG UCG ,bdG Qhe eh

fl fc IdG Jh ,ej
k 70 f dEG jG ddG a IG a G Vh J dG IdG J
Rc j AedG jG ch ,JGN Vhh f IGh adG Y OGYEGh aG L eh d
a dh ,IadG bh IgL IG J CG VhG e ch ,IG MU e dH f adG IM NGO IG
bdG Q Lh Qheh hS e c id j a ,eGSG j c IG J a GSEG j c MCG H
dG GSG N e dcG h -eg AH EG e M j NCG EG M jFG gHe E
.jH jO e Y AH dRCG dG g dEG dG a b Q L g ch ,dG
k kbh NCG dG adG M TCG e
,ej
k 274-273 H dGh ddG Y Se G aO Y fc jW
gceh G gY ch ,G gj Y Y aN G IMh N G LhR ddG Y Se G Je
IH BG M IOLe aO H J Tf gh ,jW bH Jah b Je EG IQhV dEG Gj dG
:G Iah jQJ f hCG jh ,Yf e LCG g J Ie a jdG IQG Ne Y
H dEG ch H UG dG ObQ...21 dG..dG a e hCG dG ,hCG dG..Y Se G HG
(dG) dG
(Simpson 1974, 18)

:adG Y jQH j a fdG dG eCG

G Je dEG c..18 dG..H a e fdG dG ..hCG dG..Y Se G LhR
(Simpson 1974, 8)

OYCG N HGdG d J g d
dG e b 1000h L IL 1000h G e ZQ 1000
j c G ATCG L e 1000
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HdG AGdH fG a aj d

:eGO M N e dG iG id G H OLdG Ia UCG Y dG J iMEG Jh

dG PQCG dEG Uh eH H adGh Je eo (idG dEG) dG IQe eCG g idG HfCGh G e
.G j Y d bo idGh fG S dG dEG QM a G
k jC
k G iS IdG UdG J dEG aVEHh
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aVEH dG jGH J fc dGh jdG dG a G OYCG H cP a k jQJ HG J CGH
e NBGh dG jGH e OYCG MCG J GJ IY aVEG h ,fG dG a G jCGh QdG HQCG dEG
SW
k Gej CH AGdG e LQd GUhh QdH j jdG ADd dHh ,Y c iCG f HM dEG aVEHh e
.G kHCG J IOY IG GHCG Ea ,k S IQcG OYCG L a gHe a jFL

213

212

dGh CG jCG G S Ga Y J gh G a Af HQCG if M ,IQH QM e Y jRdG I Lj e

dG GOdG iMEG gh G H dG j M) AdGh LdG L if G eCGh ..!d bo idG fCG fEG
gGMEG Jh ,G Y jh J ICGeG IY iMEG a ,(dG M e a Y ak Qe GRe
Y Jh He J gh Y Jh ,eM gh iNCG J M a AdG e hR H Y e
gh dG j M :He VhCG a ha LdG eCG ,iNCG J IMGh ch HJ gh gLh
H YdG Gba VQCG Y MGh bj H ,LQCG H ShDhQ jh VQCG Y j hNBGh jjCH ShDhQ
..G dG dEG dG e hN g :ca d MG dG eCG ,aQ a KG hj

c idGh ,fEG jEG S dG jRdGh iQG g dG e a adG NCJ a SdG bdG MU ch

k HG
,dG TQh a IdG J H H dGh Ie cG b (!) QT 3h eY
k SG b eCG CG cP G kja f
k d j dG Ggh
VYCG Sh ,dhdG LQ Qd adG SW Y H j dG jdG Y jk Mh GkOfi dO
eT H
:Edward Brovarski SQahH OQGhOEG Gk NDe d eb dGh Jh jJ IOYEG ee
k

idG dG MU j eG ah ,dG TQh dEG G iFG cG a jDhQ c KK gh

c Y HCG TdG e jT GP f iJj M G ,SG G M Y G d j
fi e c j ITe Nh ,G H dG H k Je IGOCG Y h ,QH GQk he jCG
N jdG UdG H e GC j dGh idG j a iOH ad JG gdG jh ,JG gdG h HfCG
FOg IMh NBG d S fGh ad Lf IRL OLh V Y J fc jdG UdG Jh ,SdG
AH WTCG J gQhUh acCG Yh ,eCG e He GWCG GP f gdG c iJjh ,dG Gg a
.HdG dEG aG NH G jh ,dG

fEa Gd.. dG HGb H UGh Y S e jk S XG H Se QGUEH eCG iS dL

HGdG J e OG QMEG a..b e idGh W e gh eG I UGh f Y j CG
...eG Ie f S Ga..dGh dG e e SG

k G cG jh
H ICGeG J G Nh .gd dG LGh Ged GhAL jdGh T Qc jC
bh e KG J e IOYh ,djeret LOhCG afi Ff gh ,c Y dJ V chQHh Va
jjEG dEG GeJ a ,ebh SCGQ Y cGQ gh aG HJ H U hCG ce Y GaJ gh JX
V a ,iNCG Ie Id jRhCG L GJ CG h -jG IQSCd k W gh jRhCG NCG fh
.IadG H aG AMEG
e c a ,fG HGH H fc dGh Fe Me Y MdG gh CG IRG c iNCG Me gh
dhdG N jFG cGG Y ch ,UHCG IH BG FG G J aY dG e fH IQSh UHCG
aGZW fc dG J ah ,HdG dG a J e IOY dG dG TQh dEG G eh gY CG dG
J fc dG M dEG d jJ aO e fc UHCG IH G G C k e GQk hO J jdG e

215

d :b a ..e jEG S dG fH G dG..MdG dG..G YCG L Y G KGQdG eCG

Gh G FKdG c Y Gh G YCG L Y Gh jRdGh dGdG c idGh LCG e dH b
..jEG S edG Y Gh G jdG Y Gh fGG Y

SH b d..jFL c d Yo d ..FKdG H efl

eCG Gg UH eSe
dL QUCG d
k
k
d k W eeCG Uf J fc d ,f j Y f K J SG Y dhCG H (SGG)
K
hBD*A4~7f..Hb<ADbg~8gD*H-EA~9Dx:EbjDx~}pJ&
b+Iv~6i/4.cD*
.(G SEG) g fL a bGdG V a dG TQh a GkOLe c idG
(Brovarski 2001, XXXX)

H S a bd aG eCd j CG j idG eh ?dG e a jFG Sd G MGG g e

IaGh IOG QOG d S ?GgCG Uf a cP c Y Y edG cGJ M ,Je a adG H
QH adG Y Ia jJ IOYEH -jKCGh jjdG QOG UNh VdG GH UGh- jG AY id
.Y BG HQCG e cCG Qhe ZQ XGh UdG e IH dGh Gh G Ye dEG LN M ,bdG e
,aG H eCG aG FdG LJ M a ,dG TQh Mf G ce j ITe IadG Hh
dG H UGh JeGQO gG cCG eh ,Heh gQT Hh Y H J gh TdG a gGa
.(Martin Frouz : )

214

ceCG dEG MH dG SSCG e fEa ,ej

k S f dGh dG d G j idG bdG a
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gh) dHgh ,(GSCG b e Y e dG e M Heh Se f QGe GP dG Mf J je
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.HG GQL Y gjJ N
:

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jGH eh ,W Ghee j R H OLCG j M ,jG AGd G dGh NdG
v Ea ,jM hCG N HGJ a OLCG Vhh ZQdG adG GM Y
,OLCG J GeJ HWdGh AGdG e c
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SdG FG J jdG Jh ,jd dG adG Y b dh dG J h iNCG Ie SG
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UdG eh ,LdG e NBG hR INDH jh ,jj iMEH ejh HdG eCG cG Sh a a G
H dGh ibu jEG J dGh dG N a Jh HdG e G NCG j fG W Y HdG dG dEG
,fGhCG e hRh ,IU Ve K e :G S Y IOLG OGG H jDhQ h ,N Jf OGe e
idG IHh ,e JM LJ G NGOh ,YSh j d Ph ,OdG e hRh Mh ,QGGh
IRhEGh , a :HGb HQCG LJ dG SCGh ,dG dEG aVEH d OGe Y i fCG dEG j f Lj
hR e J dGh JG gdG `H UN IGOCG dEG a dG IH OLG dG eCG ,L ILh ,Nh ,H hCG
gdG j M wabet Yh SG Y j dGh dG TQh dEG G f j dP Hh ,jOdG e
TQh dEG Nj eh NG dU NGH gh j K AdG dEG Njh j a IH k Ga ,Nj gh JG
dOCG Y AH g f CG eh H j e M J b dG jG QOG Ea ,dP eh ,dG dG
.ITe Z

217

216

k j idGh aG SGe jf e HGdG OGYEG LCG e IG S

J j dH h ,d a
U HQCG eeCGh gdG dG jDhQ NGdG e IG idG G Yh ,Nh L QGLh Hh RhEG :HGdG
.IG NGO HG Y HGc J T hH fc WCG Jh ,L QGLh dGb a GRe H G ZQCG e
IOSG J dG Jh ,aG AMEG Y J dGh zdG a{ W g MG J N SSCG f fch
dG J Nh ,H a Aed hCG d dG J Jh ,NBG dG a Id dGh dGh dG Y IQdG
,peseshkef c H{ j iM S UNh fl W GhOCG jW Y aG a H zS{ gc j

gh ,H -G e AG``LGC Hh LdG J dEG OCG fEG aGH fEG L e dG dG

.GheG d dG dG G bCG e GY
LCG e HfdG fGhCG K aj XG c MCG e c ah ddG gH fc dG Y Ea ,dHh
.G kHCG J eCG M a dGh gOLCG M Y dEG - jdG iG a ed ZQa gh adG IM a Vh
SWh ,INCG HGdG SGeh IG dEG MdG Jh ,IRG SG Me NBG J ,Lf Y Hh
Nh eBG Y f Ie a UN H J MG Jh ,adG IM gh CG iHCG de dEG aG hfh ,AMEG
gdG j M IG Y cG jh ,adG e W dEG dUh H AeG j k ce if M ,IQH M
jh ,fHb SW
k ej gh jQe AdG iMEGh k gc if ,dG dEGh ,adH G SdG NBH JG
k
IG N J
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:FdG dG J d j MG dG CG M a f
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k J CG LCG e jd L S a jHCG e dEG hdG
id d ee
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219

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g

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k a j GPe T iCG f CG a ,HU cCG be a jG QKBG Y Ea dP eh ,JG e dG
.dG H fi MGh e gh ,S GPe Y hCG KHCG cf c f h

a j dG dG Y Hd MdG J Y J dGh HdG QU Y IOLG TdG a VH j e

Y Y j M jG QKBG jQJ a Yf e hCG g gdG dG Gg jh ,iNCG Ie HdG N e QGG
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gDrHxD*E&b-b+*ibg+*D(* fAb~9(b+x1%*bD*AAg*rHxDv-Cf+*f~6b~6*+*xD*
k fEG Md Jh ,adG e a He Z
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J dGh adG I Ne g c e 22 Y Y dG b ah ,OLh Y QGUEG a Lh S fE ch
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.(Kamil Vodra: )

221

220

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cCG Y dH b eY Hh ,dH ah AeG S e e Gj M HdG a Gk U k K j e
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OY H Sf IFeh ,dG Sd Sf mGhCGh ( fCGh GTh cSh eGRCG) SdG e GhOCG GYh
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223

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(Strudwick 2005, 19596, No. 110)

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225

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.(Martin Frouz : )

227

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N TY idGh IQS a Lc jRdG Ie a dd e gh :Me Y jFG SdG e f bh
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.(Martin Frouz : )

226

a ?dG iG ObG AGOC G SSCG AG g

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j QdG fEG CG hj f bdG ah ,dTCG N e
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k jk H T
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Y Gk c ak NG J dGh ,``fGhCG e fe Y
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d a jdG Z IgdG Jh ,jhe fc eMCG CG EG
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k :

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.(Martin Frouz : )

229

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H AdG f e jb fc dh ,adH jG be QNG j h ,HCG QGG iCG M fEG Y WCGh
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d LJ dGh jd e IQU CG EG ,jG AYh jKCG OL e ZdG Yh ?HhQhCG a AjbCG SdG QdG
e UY e GhAL jdGh G e AYR M IMe fc e CG cCdH f a ,e J . 3000
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ICeh JH f bdG ddG SCGQ Yh ( dG e) ddG WG Y IdG d j e Gj CG
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.(Lucie Vaekov :)

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c ,GSCG b e Y e dG e M H cG idG RQCG N c J eh dG dhdG e G
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.(Martin Frouz : )2012

239

e eG J JCJh ,jOdG dbCG W J ee Y M INCG QdG Nh ,JGQTh YGb bEG d c

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(Kemp 1989, 312)

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fk he JQe c a j fC IH dG Gg Qj gh f H j ,G VGQCG Y hDG dGh ,dG
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YG feh HG AfEGh UdG SCJh IjL Vh e AfEG e c J Q dGh H UG FfEG
.NBG GRk eG j Ga ,G iQe MG NBG hCG dG e e dG IdG LdG e GkMGh fdh ,edG

AdG H fQG N e dPh ,c JM SCG f CG a a ,JSCG gh CG f H Y af eCG g

a Je J M ,eG ISCG jGH a TY idGh f ic YG Ie HG J H eh ,G a d jhG
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hemet hdG dEG IQTEd h(a)y G dG iG SG Ghd dHh ,WEG Y Uh j MCG e
h Hd sa h CG mut h CG it :dCG e LhR g UCG Y dG LCG eh ,LhdG dEG IQTEd
J H efG ch ,NCd snt h Cd sn dG eSG INCG bY Y dG LCG e Gk NCGh ,Hd sat
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f Yb Y Gh ,IG LdG iRN a Gh ,bia `dG c j JdG AdG Y Gh ,G W
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.G Z eGU L Y G NBG h ,dG e a (jcG G) T
dG dCG hCG ,f f H eG dG dG hCG ,IjG dhdG dG VGQCH e iNCG dCG f dh
dhdG IQGOE SSCG eG Ud Se fC SdG QdH G G GSG h ,G e bEc M
Y Gh ,jjRH eCH UG Sen zdG dG{ Y G d if dCG J H eh ,IdG J a jG
k G f H ch ,Heka a zdG dG{ Y Gh ,dHH zdG dG{
bEG Y H UG G jC
QGe jeh ,(hS G LhR) Y Se d zdG dG{ Y Gh ,(GfBG dd HdG OhH) dG
.OdG e fl AfCG a We IY IQGOEG Y hDG c fEa Gd ,IjY iNCG Hk dCG M c ,dG
edG G GP SDG YCG Y hDk e c f H CG VGdG e UCG ,k S IQcG dCG N e
k G SDG fCGh ,G dH UG
a ad hCG Jc aJ Y OGc AGS eSG dG SSCG dG jC
k G Y c ,jcG SDG e jdGh G dG a edG XGh dhDG e jd Gh G T
jC
,dG fEG Y G c c ,gdGh iGh G GfCG T eh ,FGdG dG J fc dG SDG a
,jdG UNG J Y IOjRh ,OdG a V IY YCG Y hDG f H c ,dP dEG aVEHh
dEG gc) IQSh UHCG fL a adG Y Y hDk e c fCG dEG J dG JdG dCG e OY aVEG d
.hS LCG VGQCG Qh , G dEGh N dEG e e je GOe IY gch ,(M dG
jYQ Jah H dG HJ T Hh ,IQS fL b a Je Ad be Y f H M ,Jah H
k
k Jh) V 14 FY e JGhQ aO j c M SW
hCG SCG dGh (Yh
fGMh M
JGAch HdCG a dG dG jh ,jFG SW Y G VH jc G e ITe Y M
dhDG e IOa ,jdG Z dCG Y c H GH
k IdG H ae Y Ak H JdhDeh
dH G jcG IQGOEG a eEG ,fl ceCG a G -f f H W e dG JG hhP a CG ,d dG eG a CG ,AdG Yhe Y GTEG a CG ,JdG G a CG ,G
.OdG AfCG fl a LfEG bGeh dG Gh dG Y GTEG

241

240

eh UM GgCG AH Y a GTY jdG AdG e gZ eh f ich f H e c id c

ah ,fl MCG ah ,HLh e dT ,OdG AfCG H fG M ,aJ VGQCG e e
,dG iG ObG SSCG c idG ,dGh ISCH UG IQdG Vf CG d MG QOG AV
eh c X jK ISCG IGf if ,dG Gg b ah ,dG bdG a idG a GkOLe Gj idG eCG gh
k bCG SCG OG``aGC gY j dGh VGQCG e UM
dG ,OG``aGC h idG dG SCGQ aj ,HG ah ,M
dhdG Y e PdG Gd VGh jJ gh ,YGW ghYS jdGh iNCG SCG OGaC jYdG jGh
:David Schloen dT aGO `H UG GQcdG dSQ N e Y WG
d OGeG g c YLG dG j ,KGQdG dG a ,G WGbhdG f KGQdG J{
zIOdG{ H ie c a T HGhH JJ Ya SCG e J e jh (dEG H ddHh) G
eG IQGOEG C ,H zdG{h zUG{ YdG H iCG Lj .zAHCGzh zAHBG{ H hCG zGzh
z..dG Z WGbhdG N e cCG dG P N T bH IKCe
(Lehner 2000, 280)

.aO Yh (cH MQ e) jFG SW

a Ge 8 X M ,SOdG ISCG N e H e dG bCdGh jcedG dM e TdG J eGJh
.SOdG ISCG jf Mh fe Y e jGH WG a Ge 10 f dh c SOdG ISCG a fL
/

AGd SSCG fe Gh G e c YG ?dG hCG a gcP S dG G fGhCH Gg c Jj c

GhGGh cGdGh dG dEG aVEH G e fl GfCG a ,dH bdG hCG dG Y dG H iG
k G Gh G e c ch ,idG L a BG M GkOLe eCG Gg GReh ,iG AGdG SSCG fc dGh
OGe jC
dh - . 7 dG N fG OdG X - H dG dhdG a ahe OdG J ,YCd Hc ad Y
dhdH XG He e TdG e OY jd ,T H ahe fc dG dOe Y WCG dG dG OGG
jdG dG CG M a ,H Y GM OGe e H UG iNCG IG Qe AH eb cJ dGh dG
,f eCG j c H UG jFG HG ah ,Lh N e bH Je aO j c FH a GcQT
.QOdG dG e j c idGh ,dG MCG H ah - Gh G - f OGG e d ajo c M
:Barry Kemp ec iQH j Y dG iG ObG g Uh aCG JCj
c k b G Y j idG dG dh .. f c a jQdG YCG SQ FGQh S jW dH G j
k j a .. e H Gk L QGj
dG d ac J CG dEG fCG a :ad edG Fd e
c idGh if Z f N e edG e jW Ga QGe Y Ic jObG Y jG QGOCGh ..d Vh
jOG IhdG e ej jb M dEG SdG X Y H dG dG a fC FL dH dG Y jQOb Gfa ..k ac
jdG f H c idG SG f jJ e G fCG dEG dP Ljh ,H f cCG - dG - SG
G fGhCGh G ZQCG dG a G HSC dH jdG f Gg a ..G d jdG dEG iODG
..f OGG OLh M hCG cG e He J dG dG IQGOEH J JGAGLEG fc EGh -gZh dG Mh
k M
k c d
...d Oe NBG Y g g..SG G a Gke jdG UCG M :k b k LP Sh
(Kemp 2006, 171)

OGR ch ,jd j jdG OY OGR ch IhdG J IQGOEG Y j jdG ADg OY OGR c ,dG IhK OGR c
k G dh ,edG IG a a d dOG bdG J Me h ,ADg Y JSCGh g OYG
:HG Tf a jC
.HdCGh gDhSCG eh IG GQL Y jQGh HGdG Mh G OY OGR c ,IG MU e OGR a
dGh SCG dEG J M c gh) oikos Y WCG dGh zIG JSCG{ de IOd edG H GQ c c
.J G M ,dG dhdG jf Y MVh
cCG dhdG LQ Qc dSG UCGh ,(dG fdG a
k
:cjh eG ISCH QDj idGh Q Sf jRdG Ie e eCG GH UN f bCG AL
YG bCGh ,YG JCG fEG....
k Ve e c UCG M adG H Vb d
..dG e fc EGh
idG V dG Y aGO
iQd Gh Fd G ebh
k ce idG UhCGh
dh jd d idG aOh
AfEG id k ce Uh
eCG e k dh HCG e
k c c d
gAHCG HQ d

b Y j M :dG MU ce dEG J TdG CG jM SGQO a Detlef Franke fGa jO ch

OGaCG ceh ce C eCG Gg AGOCH de fEG bGdG a) OGaCG L j gh dG mYGQ QYH zIG JSCG{
j c ,dG hCG d VJ Y jh ,JSCG OGaCG L Yj ,jMh OU je a ,(Oe JSCG

243

242

5 Lj M ddG QGG Y NG dU J ,G T NCJ dGh ITe jNCG Ie Ne Nh

ah ,dGh dG aXCG e dGh dG d Xe (idG) U hCG j ,Te aCG U
Xe if HGdG Mh fdG e dG ah ,(fG f NBG ) dG J cGe e if jdG
f e dG M ,dG a Qhj Y e ee TdG e fl AGLCG a if M ,b ie d
QSCG bG hCG bdG e LCG e dPh ,dG a dG eCJ ee e jdG G M hCG IGdGh FdG
.dG a hG j M

,GhGN H Ic S VQCG Y eeCGh bGh FH QdG bCG e CGJ ,Xe HQCG e j dG J hCGh
jh a Y j j gh FdG a ,dG e QN b j idGh HdG Ob eh j U e dG Yh
?S NCG CG fjJ g (dG e) H YJ idG ..dG jCG fCG :OdG a VGh a OQ a d
S Vjh jM jH Vj gh jCG c Y f jH cGQ S LJ gMCG NBG hR jh
S He a (OJ iCG) eW YG{ :LdG d jh ,iNCG j a Mheh j a L IH e eh
.dG e a GQk fG dG GfCG cCG gh ,iQH S fCG dEG J dG J IU a gh z!.AGd c
ICGeG eCG k cGQ Gk LJ if QdG Y ,H gNBG M e S SJ LdG e LhR
k if e dG Y
a) eW WG { :YH d j gh LdG d jh ,W H AfEG IOhG gH gh ,U W eh
dG FJ Y gcJ e cCG dG S Y cJ fCG IGG Y hj dP eh .z!..G G K e (OJ
be e J e Gg z?dG dEG LQCG CG fjJ g{ .JdGh YREG a j h G dG QfG j idGh
.G Lj M IK iCG dG J d fCG hj dG CG
k if ,dG bCHh
dGh He f dh ,jK GP f iJj M UTCG H Y j gh ,Ob eh LQ
j M a !fG..fG :d aGG GG Y iOj gh j M dG bGe gh ,c e GP fc dEG J

245

hCG Gk T Y jh ,UHCH Q Sh f G G S Y ,ae iFL Jh gc fCG J

gc a ,FGdG e c OY g c dG e a ,G ?dG H S a ,dG a a jT
UG dG SdG ebEG a dG d Gk NBG dh Gk NCGh ,jNBG jFL He a j CG d
k Gh UHCGh IQH jFG SdG ebEG a GY d M gh ,aQ ie ihP X
IG jC
dG a hCG dhdG IQGOEG a Ye e YLG Ue J d a ,dP dEG aVEH ,c 20 f H Y bGdG
G Y gf ,dG e a iQGOEG Gh JdG G H OhM g j fEa ,b e cP ch ,G
G M Nh ,jObG IFa d e c ,YG G e GdG OdG a XG Qc j e IOY ,idG
AH J UCG ,S a jcG IjT fc dG dhdGh ,KGQh d dhdG Ue ZCG d ,Q Sh f
.jdG FdG H ijCG a Sh
MG MCG c M ,( Lh N ddG a) dG JGQ e j CG OGQCG e GPEG XG MC G JCJ
He GQL Y XG XG e GdG N a ,b ie S dEG QHEG g G H
XG e Y IQdG Jh ,MGVh UdG GSCG Y dG aY IGh IQSh UHCG e e fL
e fdG dG e iM H QOG J JCJ M ,IQH fh d edG Yd YdG jdG e
.SOdGh eG ISCG
b~7b<vA*cDb+xAb;&*~|C<*wD*Hdg01H1t<FJ1&*,EEx;b*~}A&*-&b-H
IjdG IG J Ea ,dP eh ,IQS fH IOLG HG LCG e IMGh Hh Q Sh f G Y N G kj
Hj idG jdG Gg J Nh ,fh d YdG jdG Y dG YCG N adH cG b Yf e
c eSG M a e AL Y e dH eG IG J fc ,iFG H H UG iOGdG e
MCG c dG cG e hCGh ,YdG jdG AH SSCG SCG NG c IG Ea Gd ,Se AH OGc QMCG
.IG AH GOYCGh dG GOYCG GdGh Hartwig Altenmller de dCG JQg eh dG a Se
[

244

ICGd MG dG jh ,Ld YCG dG fBG a

C M dG gj a Sb SCch idG gH IU
z!IR M fEG..QJ b fCG ZQ ..(AfEG) eG{ :LdG Oj M a ,HhG H fl eON fCG dEG
CG dEG dG j M - G e G hG MCG b fCG hj c EGh CeG b H CG QdG e jh
k G dO jd gh ,zG{ e g hG
.GSCG a J fc G CG Y jC
d dGh ,bCG IQ jd cdG j idGh NCG G JCj ,dG V j idGh NCG dG e
GQk MG fc ddG IOG GP bCG YU C Yf e G kja G JCjh ,G dP iS Y dO iCG jd
Jv+/4zmJD*~|B&b+HJ2vEDH'~zAdGwJ*cD*7bBE})bD*&*0AbK E
dG Y idGh e g QdG Y Lda ,Tb jT j gh LQ j eeCGh ,OdG Y Y j
Y bGdG LdG Ojh ..shat `dG e (GMGh) 6 H TdG e (?) MGh GQP{ :CGf CG bah ,FdG g
k VdG Gg Y dG
e fh .z..IL YU (g) netjeru `dG Tb e dG Gg ,H d bCG fEG :Fb
dC k Wh ,Od Sh Y IY dEG j M ,SdGh dG dhdG Y e b FKh N e shat `dG
e jb e j a dG iG dG H j eQ gh) shat `dG eQ Ea ,UdG J H b idGh de

247

k j gh OdG
dhfi a dG jh ,bS hj gh jh efl fGhCG 4 QGH VH j idGh jk QY W
!..G kH gHG !VQCG Y cJG !H J iS j :bGG eCG f Y ad
Gk je N ZQ IOhG H FdG ,dG LdG e LhR
k QdG Mf ddG dG CGjh
a j S eh e j e dG Y ,dG M LJ ZQCG H CG M a ,dG e dG a Lj
IjG H Y G N eh ,(FdG d gYCG Q dGh) H gh jh ,c Y j Jje
k
k J hCG dG a NfG
VGYCG MCG c idGh SQdG Ve e fj ZCG EG M ,S OU c fCG j
a ,UdG j HG XG J e f idGh dG iG dG Ea G Hh ,dG c a
e (M) jQGe ihJ (ZQCG) J e S hT N dEG fCG :j gh G ZQCG d j gh FdG
k hT N e Ye
.. e TCG c k T YEG z:Fb
Hk he j CG iG Cjh !(sut M) G
k
z!..jg id EG M
Hk he j gh AGdG S eh j gh jG MCG if M ,dG NBH dG dEG IQTEG Qjh
fBG ICGG h ,jM H GkOe L Y ij Q AfEG if G ah ,dG bCH J IS d eb
. [

246

Y a Sc IdG G ``fGhCGh IdG SdCG fGhCG e IOfih IQfl OGe GSG Y dO Lj

IdG HG e dOJ c SdCG fGhCG GSG Y ddG JCjh ,(aheh HK b GP S gh) jG
af dG adG eCG L ah ,TG AGT a fGhCG eSG M (Qbh ,T Hh ,J) eG ISCG e
J G S Y J .djevet SH dG jG dG a J fc ,jdH UG ``fGhCG M
f IdG b fc Qb Ie ah ,fGhCG J e 50 f ihJ fc Hc YCG S IH CG dEG UdG
KG a j M ,K e UN jH 4 jd UHCH T H e ah ,jdG fGhCG e 200 ihJ
MG e fEa ,G fGhC dHh .djevet AfEG 105 hCG 104 f HGdG IH K CG e f Me Uf
, NBG h efl fc fCG MG eh ,dG a Hch AdG Y QLCG aO a IH J fc fCG
.ech S Jjfi EG iCG
,1991 Y G fGhCG MC Sb Y eCG iNCG Ie fCG fEa ,ITe Z jW N eh Gd
,eH Hh dG GP a ,G d f e cCG GdG H G J f H c SdG Ggh
Yc XG Ie e :ceCG 3 e AL dGh ,e Zh Xfi Y Y dG G fGhCG MCG H b
e EG f Q d edG YG eh ,eG ISCG NGhCG e a gdG Ie eh ,eG ISCG FGhCG e
.eG ISCG e fdG dG
IMh dEG dH J CG k FGO MCG a ,S QG jk RGeh k LP k FGO c fGhCG J M CG hjh
M CG SdG Y Jh ,d 4,8 iRGJ dGh hekat M SG Y j c dGh dG e a IO Sb
2,41 d QGG OGR ISCG e fdG dG eh ,(M K f) eG ISCG jGH a 1,61 f c G IL
ee a jG eSG dGh dOJ Sc YG dG dG iMEG fc fCG VGdG eh ,(M f)
dG G c - j CG j hCG - j jG Y a Qe c Ea ,k LP k M G fGhC CG h ,dG
.ej hCG Y j idG dG He a aS
[

249

Oc J G bGdG fch ,bGb T Y j CG adG CG j gh ,He bb H j (e c

.bCGh fOCG dG a jb bh Mh dG QdG a

c 20 f bGdG IG e e MGh P g a) UHCGh IQS fL e cdG dS XG L AL

k
Xe a IQG G W k We MGVh g fch ,GfBG Ud Ne fc G Jh ,(T
He LCG Y fc dG J CG cf CG Y jh ,dhdG Xeh dGh YQGGh aG :dG
Qf CG G e fCG c ,bdG dP a jRJ OG ObEd G G e IMGh JBae V EG M ,JeN
fdG) ASG hO SOdG ISCG jGHh eG ISCG e fdG dG e AL XG L M IdG J
FY eb eY dP Mh ,XG H SG cM h dfG e Gk c GQk b T dG -(. 23-24
.dhdG IQGOEG a Ue dd f H jb
Gh dG g Od GQk fG dG cCG fc ,gQfG QGeh J dG dG dEG f jGdG a fYO
j dG Gh ,Gh G e G kL Ie fc UN S gh ,GhGGh cGdGh dG e YGQdG
.hGGh fGhCGh RGh OdGh dG e aG
a fl YLG W CG VhG Fd c Jh J dG dG GfCG fl N hjh
ej jdG YQGG UNh QdG W fc dG J dhCG ,dG a cQT b dG e
Gfc cdGh YQGG e c AcT eCG ,Yc GhX jdG dG iOU dEG aVEH ,d YH
e
k VN J dGh fi TQh e H k S j aM :Y dEG Gb jdGh jG
,(..gZh bdG Yh jGGh OdGh jdGh hGG e fl GfCGh dG e) dhdG Id
HH edG fdG dG hhP dG YG d jh ,AdG bGe a j hQLCe aMh
Y GM dG JJe gh ,G fGhCGh G GSCd e GhMCG jdG H UG jFG
.dH dGSG LCG e ,gSCG e RhJ fc dGh LCc
[ [

248

k ZCG c GSCG H jG CG Ia jC
,c Gh G ej LQ
k G Yj dG Gg
a d gQLCH eOdG dG e c e YCG OGdG CG hj fEa ,fej dG dG SSCG Yh
YG Jgh ,aMh YQGe ZCG a FdG eCG ,HG e c hCG dhdH UN AH jQe
dG e k W GAk L c dG C Ggh ,d dG S Geb jdGh cdG H dG e k dZ
jJ fEa ,gQX fh Ye S IYh ,YLG dG L Y dG iG FGdG
YQGGh dGh XGh dG e MGVh UdH dH SSCG YLG YG hCG dG
.cdGh aGh
,UHCH T H jRdG Ie Xe a j dG iG dG dBH UN e ASG g
MH UG FSG VdG AV a eCG dP J h ,M K a dG H j M
d c a Gd ,ITe G H dhdG IQGOEG a T cCG fK g T H jRdG c M ,IG
dG IQh fEG M Ic QOe g j ,dG e IQOf S Y G Y UN IQb
IS c (dG SCGQ Yh) dG CG dEG VH j e H e c EGh ,dG dhdG a
[ [

251

Y j CG aM OGQCG GPEG fCG j Ggh ,k f cCG G fGhCG M UCG ,eG ISCG Ia N

Y j S fEa ,eG ISCG jGH e fGhCG e c OH hCG dG GH dG e jCG 10 I LCG
gd G e ?jQdG a J e OLh Y dO hCG dP j g ,f fGhCG OY a bCG L
d YLGh SdG QdG Hj c Gg c ,jC
k G JQG b SdCG fGhCG a Gh dG S CG
,4*2(*i*3fvD*fJx~|*fDHvDo4vg*4bF*H~zD*pFq~9*HEf0Ek0hBD*D3A
.QSCG JQG c dd fh ,jcG

250

k j CG H kS QcGh ddG IOG GP bCG e e dG ch ,G SDG hCG G

Gja
k e
.LCd IOc Yf e
jaEG hCG e a AGS VG G CG dEG IQTEG Q fEa ,eOdG LSG gdG J bh
gm*bC8~|D*~8$~9ABgFbC&*I2b~|gB*b~{D*EfDb<ivE<,42bBhFbC
IQe jObG IYb d c ,YLGh adG QdG e f iG Y G H e iG
iG jW jQ YCG Y IQOb fc c ,YCG e IQe Y e dGh
dEG dG e e Y j Y IQdG e JCG IQhdG Jh ,(cG dH j e SCGQ Yh)
jObG IM -TY b LQCG ah Y Y GQk Ob G ch ,cQG GWCG ee Oe
G QdGh Y W a G Qj idG G gh dG AGOCH UN VGh NBG eY g ,jK
,deh ee IYb Y J CG zd{ a jdG H ,dG J Y G hCG fE e
j Y aGLKG SCH G S Y MT IgX M dG jG Od dOCG jdh
e IOfi YGfC
k G gOGaCG SG dGh d d H OdG b bGQ a ,Mary Douglas SLhO iQe
M e SCH G OGaCG f dGh Sh TdG UCGh ,dG Od de c TdG
.dG J b

k Gh ,dG dhdG N ,iFG

dG a OLdG V g HG QNR e dG ch ,INCe QY N jC
?Id ifdGh jdG dG H VGh GkOhM Sf CG d Ve iCG a dh ,H NBG
/

Od iObG FdG jRJ IOYEGh ,L e dG Y JGQb jJ dG jG dhdG YSG eY

jG G Uh e Y j e k FGO ,iNCG g QJ dG e Ad dG OQGG Ea ,iNCG L e
c eY ,HGdG ISCG jGH e JhQP QdG Gg Hh ,SQM dEG d eg Y J gh CG ,TdG dEG
j M ,. ddG dCG N YhG YCG Ca ,aN dhh hS gh f ISCG e L H G
.IGh QgOh h GgCG W IQjR N e dYCG Yfh T VH
fH e g ?FfEH ITe Jj idG eh ?QKBG J AfEG j idG e f CG gd G eh
g d M ,dG a SdG dG BG CGJ TdG dEG jG G Uh a ,dG Y f dGh IG
AVQEG LCG e za{ dPh FH a OdG feEG e Fg c eSG a ,G Ie AH V g MGh
SSCG dG a SSCG e T a . ddG dCG Y Nh ,IdG a UCG G dG
.Od iObG VdGh c H JQG dGh ,YhG d
G e H dG dG SG M ,G e eg Y bCG e hCG g ShR hCG N if G c

HG GQL Y J c G GSCG CG hj ,. ddG dCG N dG iG G dM a

,WH eCG JQG ch ,fe Z OLh M ,IdG J a UdG MGH a Lh b
fG IhdGh YGQdG G a j ,jRdG IOYE ib f OLh eh ,dG LQO OGR c
CGG M a -fe
j CG H UdG f QN G Ea ,aG G jC
k G H ,a
k
CG G e ,dhdG IQGOEG e aQ iNCGh YQGG e jY W e G dP j CG
eCG Gg a Ye eY gh ,IOLe J - dG iG dG a e e gh- aG W
IYdG CG c ,gOLh dG e UCG dG H a :jG adG aGZd UG HdG gh
Gg fh ,jRJ j K eh dG/cG dEG j idG e OdG fEG a ,idG g jObG
je /dG MU CG M a ,k Yf JCj c aG Y K CG d J dG HG Tf AV a eCG
:c e Q Ie Tf a j c G YbEG e AfEG c G
..jHCH UG Je UH
fEG M ,J NBG LQ MCG T iCG NBG ,dEGh LdG jYQ a imakhu dG bEG f e JT d
.dG a dGdG YGQ
e d aO d ,IG J GhT jdG d e dGh Gh G He a LCG e U IG J
..Y dEG GhTh W idG dG e GfCG L
(Strudwick 2005, 257, No. 188)

Gj c G dG dEG gdG Y c M ,Gh G e fc aGh dG QLCG ZCG CG T

..NBG e iCG a Y G e Gj PEG ,G Y
ifdG UCG dG Ea (IQSh UHCGh IG He) GSCG J Xe ceCG N eh ,Gk NBG dh Gk NCGh
iS ,dG a dG W e dEG b Y ff e GPEG ,dG jG GQdG ac d SJ gC
KCH UN OGe Y G M :G H IG M iG OYG M SSCG GQJ J dG Xe CG

.(Kamil Vodra: )

253

252

a fNCG e GPEGh ,(GhOCGh Heh GhGNh Lh Nh e) dG d iQhdG AGdGh H AdG

CG f fEa (ddG a jdGh dEG aVEH) WCG KK Y j h LhR e dH T c CG QYG
e S OY Qb idG bdG a ,dG Yhe Y jk ObG hj Gfc dhdG S HQ hCG N
.f e H dG dhdG N
Gg a cCG dG e bdG G dEG e 800 H J e a d Qe H b idG dG OaCG
bdG fH dG df jb H OhG eh k VjQ jk Ofh Y VQC
k G G fc M ,VG
J c ,SOdGh eG JSCG N IG e d ce G Vh ,HdG e AGUh
.GgCG IH Y e We Jh IH Y dG dG WG aCG e IMGh
fc GM Y Y gQGHh ,G OGYEG Weh Hfl d ja H b dG dhCG acG V
YG AH dG BG fc LfEG WG Jh ,dG e Ic OGYCG d fl
H dGh ,dG je e SSCG ceCG Y dG Y ddG GdG Yh ,Gh dH edG
edG dGh jQGOEG j Mh IdG c e J M ,GQg IY a eGh dG dH
Z Rfl jC
k G gh ,(XG eSG NC W IY N e Me e Ggh) hH
H eY 2000 f H j c M ,QeCG IY UCG a YJQG H dGh VQCG a e fGSG
,MGdGh dG d ah dGh W Ic eSG ahe IYCG dU bCG g c c ,je
dG dG e GfCG IY Y AV a aY e gh ,FGdG dG g cG J a cCj jdG ch
j c k a gh) b a bCG idGh IdG ch Xd d f idG G ah ,g Y Y
.(Sandro Vannini : )

255

hCG AH HGdG ISCG Nh ,dGh jdG a dG dG c jGdG a fc fCG e ZdG Y ,iG

H Rh Uh dGh ,G e fl GfCG e V c GSG M ,G edG dG GP HG
OLh M eG ISCG N ,a Jd k W bGe edG YG J JGh ,WCG IY d
a jObG QOGh dG e c c Vhh ,Hc JeGgC dG dG Y G kH G :e NBG
e H AJh ,edG jFG SdG LCG e QNOGh ,edG Yd NGdG jFG WG aNR
adG GM T SOdGh eG JSCG NGhCG eh jdG ah ,dG MdG e eGgCG b gG
LCG e U dGh ,GgCG Uf SH aY jO UH fGQL J M ,Gk J H UG dG
.NBG dG a dG jG GOG H JMh G IOh IOYEG V
edG YG H a ,NdG CG dG ,NBG b AL jCG Vf CG a d dG
dhdG LdjjCG EG CG ?bO iQGOEG f f h jG dhdG fCG c iObG Fa KCJ
HLEG dG e ?dG YhG J e AH dEG iOCG idGh dhdG IQGOEG e dG Gg N Y JLCG
.QKBG Y a dG INCG h dhCG dG d Jh ,d U HLEG LJ fCG c GDdG Gg Y
T eGgCG EG zjQdG HCG{ hOhg d MCG eDj ,BG eG e dG f fEa ,dP eh
fEa ,f QOe Y e ALh ,jKCG QOe Y Gh dG Je ka ,eY dCG Fe j Y
a OGaCGh ,AH Y e dG GW eY BG 10 e cCG aN G g AH a j fCH eDf
e K OY gh ,bG a j jdG AfEG Yh ,AdG be dEG QMCG hj jdG Y
be Yj jdG cSh YQGeh aM e j gh YdG ja`H j e GT jdG UTCG
[ [

254

SG N dG Y e c OY Y Y c ,(XG Qc R Icfi a Ic GM IY e
.dG d Ih IQOf S c idGh dG
Y of b G dG CG Y edG YG AH a d GhLDSG jdG LdG e dG OdG O
YG J ASCG fch ,T Fe j e c Y Y dEG dG ADg b M ,U SSCG
GQL Y Xfi (dG ja hCG aper dG jG dG a SG Y H Y WCG dGh) G
hezh za idG HCG dG JCG{ h zaN AbUCG{ H e gDhSCG YJ M ,NGdG e aN g
a eCG ,phylai a SH aY UCG Y dEG f dGh c gOj dG J ,gZh zaN VQCG
M iP M T Y eH ZhdH SJ fc dP eh,sa SG Y j c dG jG
e fEa dGh ,J M TG YCG M VJ fch ,W c Yh fG Y Ke H JQ
hNBGh CaH j LdG a dG bW J Hj phylai `dG hCG ddG J J CG G
.INDH J Yh eH J iNCG Yh dG Mf j
g c M ,H UG edG YG a jFG eG J j c f SCHh
dGh NCGh Gh dG J ``a O``Lh Y dO jd - ``a N Y
aVEH ,UTCG 10 j e c ,Y e j ja c Ea UHCG jOd kWh ,Gh
YCG e c J g YG J e SSCG dG Ea ,G jFG YG AfEG J dEG
b~{D**w+EJfgs*xD*2*xA&*bCHIy)b*vcb+f*6DfED*fEvsDbD*HgD*
.c eG QJh gQhO GhNCG b dG hCG OGaCG L c QT 10 H fEa Gd ,T I
j dG e fEa dP eh ,fe YLG a fc Y J e HCG dGh YG J fc
idG bdG ah ,HG eCG bGdG ADg iCG T iNh ,dEG c iCG f M :gh SSCG Y
dG ja YO Y dhDe fdG bdG Ea ,d jFG SdG Y dhDe dhCG bdG a fc
dG GdGh WCG GfCG L fc ,G dd (OGeh GTh W) dG L e dhCG GOGeEH
k G HG Y ieQ H VJ c f Y J
Sd edG eG AKCG dPh G hd LE
.jFG

hdG e HdG jh ,AedG jG e IdG W NGH aj b gh ,HdG :H Y

a adG SGe jf Y HdG j idG AdGh ,aG dG L H bj idG dG AG gh
dG AG JCjh ,c hDe dh e d jG IG e k SSCG GAk L UCG G Ggh ,adG IM
k J fCG a gCG JCJh ,HdG YU dH Uh gh cS H a
XJ Y VGh
dO
k
YdGh dGh dG T jM Ge SGH Q IH cS b bh ,jGh SdG OGG
CG dG IG M Ia SGQdG J eb f bdG ah ,dG e a YdG d Icfi a
.GhOCGh OGG M e Y fCG ch Gg e HJ d J
jJ e IOY HdG GQL fch ,MdGh TG S fc dGh ,G J e jG HGdG QJ
e gh (Mh UHh Nh W c) N OG e H LGh T Y J dGh dG LGh TH

bM j e a ,jdG a HGdG Y J dG ceCG g HGG J J ,G H

Ea Gd ,HdCGh gcG kW dG H dGH jRJh SGG AfG H j ZCG CG M a
a ,QdGh ffdG HdG iG G a jRdG IOYEG CGe JG M ,ec M a NJ dG
,hdG J dG a dG ZQ c ,dG e M OLh d IOLe jObG QOG fc
N e bh a fCG LG e a ,jk HCG fV Y dGh G dG f a GZQ c iNCG IQHh
?QfG a k jQJ GC Hh OQGe dG gQCG . 22 dG
/

,jG Y j Y a Gk NDe Me UCG dG eG H bCG CG OhCG ,dG Gg jf e

GH Denys Stocks cS fd SGQO f 2003 Y a ,jdG QKBG Y GSG N e dPh
YU SCGQ Yh dG e a OGe IY YU J Y M ,d a jG QKBG a Q
k CG U
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fEH UN eSG idG G JCj gh ,dG iG N dG GhOCG J N J dG dGh IGh

.(Martin Frouz : )

257

256

ISCG N G HCG iG G e YG HGdG X ,NBG dG a aG e Y YfG

j
k
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dG G OGG e IOG J fch ,(he a M 17 G a Y Y bCG CG M a) GSCG e OdG MCG
iG G d eG OGG f JG k jQJh ,fh Y a HU J fc dGh dY J J
.SdCGh
:YdG a G G d kW HdG YU a HdG e LQO 3 g Ea ,cd kW
GhOCG GSH J iG G e YG HGdG fc ,fGL - (SdCG) dc - iL M
IL fc GdGh G e YG GhOCG CG e ZdG Y (Tch ShDah eGRCG) Sf
GSH dPh hdG e U dG f dG e HdG AZ b j CG OG eh ,SG
k WCG c M Sf Qe
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Y KDJ CG h jW Y S hdG jJ LCG e jG QG GSG CG cS cG
fc M ,G SCG GeSG ( H a cS eh) AedG jG Ea Gd ,HdG fL
M dGh dG J N e AdG IOYEH J GhOCG KMCG dGh HdG fGL Y IOLG edG
.IH aN G HJ hU a cS
aN HJ hU SH 19 dG NGhCG a cCG dH Y idGh jG QKBG Y SDe iH RQa dh b
jG eCG ,(VY) S105h (JQG) S97,8 h (W) S 227,6 J LQG OHCG EG M :jd bO H
ac J M) c 6310 c j b dG Rh CG M a .S 87,4h S 68,1h S 198,3 a NGdG
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Ea G Hh ,( H e jb Gd) jNBG k K 18 jW Y dGREG NGdG IGdG CG M a ,dG
,S 20 c e gQGJ c dG Ea Gd ,Y SC IMGh Ie EG j c hd NGdG dG
g LQ 3 LMG IM c CG QdG ch ,G Y SGH aCG W 6 dGREG b fEa Y Hh
b SGH G b Y dH ddG j M a G OY M JdG j H G Sb 2 e
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e OdG Ggh ,Y YS 28000 f aN G HJ Y J a Gd ,AdG Ydh Jh d
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f j dGREG idG fGG CG M a ,c 240 f j M idG fGG QGeh ,W
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..af dG HGGh KdGh gdG GHCGh jG fGhCGh HGh HGdG OY a f CG a d

259

258

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jQdG HCG hOhg H GC H dG J ,"dG g

Y GkH j M ,dG e ``Y Hc
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:

dCG d e a dG e a aj dG c
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e IdG J a fc dG HG OhG) OdG L
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c 350 f ) SdG bGdG G e a fCG M a c
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k eCG jGH a dG iOGh a IG UCG . SOdG
M
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N e T k M cCG cGG CG M a ,G hCG iOdG
MdG Y k dM bGdG SH je e OQj c idG RQCG
c dh ,a dG Y TGh dG f j h ,d ddG
WCG IY f J dG jG dG e IdG MCG f j
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[
.(Martin Frouz : )

261

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k G d c
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dG Lh dG dO a eCG ,dEG UdG dG j M dG iOGh a JG ceCG a cJ dG
~6E1~6g~zcD*x~|<x1*H&*Aj*fJxgD*b~{FfmgFh+gD*H,~84ym+b~}D*:bEAf~zD*
.G a dG dG c e M dG eGdG iMEG fc dGh ddH QG e J dG
jFG YH iOGdG He We ah ,QeCG IY f dEG j S GP SGhQ dG q c ,dG BG Y
QeCG 5 f dEG J Y BG 5 W SGhQ fJ b fCG a OQNQH YG ,eGgCG W dG dhdG
,G dG W e QeCG 6-4 H SGhQ SCG IOLe dG dhdG We ZCG fc dG dO a ,dG a
J WG J CG k Y j e gh ,e 2-1 H W g c OG jGH Y dEG LJ dG ceCG ah
a ,GgCG IH d LJ dG WH a FM Y IQOf M ah ,jG VQCG ie Y ahe
Y dGh ,ddH af dG dG WG e IMGh - k M bS dGh - G c e J G S
fEa Gd ,G ie SCG QGJ hCG NG a bGG ZCG eCG ,e
k e be a Tf e fc M IjL
.dG gH e e GSH a IOhfi HCG Y
k FGO M ,IY fh QRCG dG gh HKCG gh jaEG SGhCG e jQe Y j jaGQ dG ij
OH k Z k W e dG jh ,HKCG a SG dG QeCd f dG a a fa jj e
MCG edH M jh ,jG HdG KCG N SGhQ dEG d - dH dG iOGh Z Ia N dGh
fc ,eG ISCG Mh iG jQdG jGH e e c Y a dG JQG YCG jQdG QOG bCG
Gdh ,jG HG GP VGQCG FGdG Y idG SSCG g dG j bdG dG
c jd c EGh ,INCe QY e je iS jd j h ,dG Se Y WCG e AedG jG T VdG

263

Yh ,dG a c 20 a c 60 Rh j CG Qd M ,aG VQCG Y d G eSG

GSG if M ,IQH M EG c Ie a MGh e a iS J dGh dG dH AedG jG
bh ,. fdG dCG e M QOf H EG dG J h ,jSBG je QM AKCG S M a dG
k cCG IdG J a dG YG
e jdG WG CG M a ,iOdG eh TGMCH e fc M MJ
N dG e fc dG GdG e We dG JHh G e I We fc dG dG
e f dEG AG S j M jW HSCG I H IQe VGQCG ZCG fc IdG J Nh ,dG Ia
Y N a fSG dGh H e e H IjdG ddG VQCG fc f bdG a ,G fh
.dG dhdG
eh ,Gke dG j c 15-10 e cCG CG j e gh 15000 dEG 1:10.000 f dEG e a dG QJ j
a k dM IgdG e M dCG b Y Od HG OhG e dG G e fEa ,d dG iG
cM j dG Gh QH k e dG j M QdG YS N dG a QHEG a h ,YSCG
ie c e GPEGh ,(YdG a c 7,4) IY 4 YH QdG e MdG G e UCG dG e c c eh ,dG
.dG J MdG Ea bCG G
dG iOGh Y dG a j idG bdG a S e Mh dj T e k jQJ dG a j e IOY
k
G kL Y
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.fcCj e SdG j h T c ej fEa
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e ddG AG bCG a HSCG 6 H IgdG J h ,k dM GSCG Mf OdG L bGdG ceCG a Gg
j HcCG a ,dG dG VGMCG dEG GdG Y J G Ea ,iOGdG HQ L dG j CG Hh ,dG iOGh

262

Y dhd IG dG SCJ T dG WG L a fCG g FdG hfQc M fch ,HdGh bdG

YGQdG VGQCG e Ohfi c g c -hH MdG WGh dGh Gh dG jOhCG Yh LOh GdG VM
eG MG QfG dG e fEa ,IdG cGe a fdG dG eh ,dG e Ohfi Od G aJ dG
M jf zjJ{ a dG eGY GSG c d j G Gg ,iNCG VGQCG QSG e H ddHh
d V eCG g fEa ,fEG QJ e dhdG f jGH J e fCG f fEa ,dP eh ,dGh ,dhdG SCJ
d jOG ZdG g gCG ,dG J a GQkn hO d eGY IY LJ M jCG Yh ,e S Y dG a
k Gh ,Jb cDJ dG INdG OGGh dG a G cG
d SSCG LMG d jObG OQGe J jC
k G gh ,Te Z hCG Te H Y J dGh dG e iNCG
W GAfEG AH OGe Yd LG jC
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hdG J L CG jO H fQdc eH Guillermo Alaze iRCG ejL jeCG LdHhfCG Y jh
Y G eCJ g e dG c ,gOhM QN Ge Y dG SS JG gQJ e Ie Me Y
.cG dG LMG J ddHh k fi IaGe J dGh IQOf OGe
edG QYG fCG ZdG Y dG g fCH dG jG IQG f dRe fEa ,TdG e
INCG jQdG b e ad SdGh YLG eGdG CG cDG a ,IMG dG jG dhdG d MdG
.IG jG dhdG QX Y g KCJ d c dG iOGh a

dGh dG iOG`` d HdG dG gO eSe OhM NGO JQhO dG e a YGQdG IQhdG NG

jdG JMh dG jG dhdGh ObG d e IGOCG fc M e a Gk c GQk hO dG dh ,idG
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,ej
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g idG dG c ,dG HQh ej
k 356 G kj J dG dG CG M a j 354 f e Gk T Y KG jh
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.fe J a ddG

fGQL eCG ,dH SCG j YU H hCG LQO e SG jh ,dG QdG a gOLH OYG a SCG
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.(S 52= GQP) Sb IMc dG iG GQdG jG eSG bh

Jh dhdG IQGOEG LMG ah SSCG a Uo M ,ShR G j Y H a fG dG bCG

M) QT 4 a c j a 3 dEG dG bo M a Gk T 12 dEG dG bo ,gZh FGdG Lh ObG
,dG jCH J jCG 5 dEG j ej
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e gDhSCG TGh 4-1 e JJ QdG fch ,T/OG Seh (dG e e QdGh VQCG J eY)
.H JQG dG idG jdG OYCG

H M ,Y dCG H a e 2,1 f H M a ,f e f dEG . ddG dCG N e OGJ Uh

YCG Uh hdGh jdG SdG e jdG Y dG e c fCG Vf CG G e ,0,13% f jdG IOjdG
dG dG (G ) dhdG f fEa ,SQCG jZEG dG dEG QTCG e Y Y ,b SCG Y Ic
dG AY H Qe dGRe jG dhdG ICf dEG iODJ idG G J Ea Gd ,ffEG G d MdGh
dG iOGh J N e hCG G a Cf dG jG jcG dhdG CG j c ,jb bh Mh ,jG
dG CG Ia Y Karl Wittfogel La Qc aGO (1957) bdG OGSG Hc ah ,dG d IG FGh
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.e gG a Od jObG feEG LJ Y IQdG d jQGOEGh jJ GhOCG T H j

M GYCG UCG ,H ah fdG ISCG e jGHh ,H gCG iP M cCH j Y c c QdG bCG e

N ,eY hCG Y c OdG AfCG a J fc dGh ,IdGh e IdG ,fGG IhdG OGJ SGH J G
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.QdG ASCG k e AedG jH UG UCG dG ee dG
dSG ,jW Ih M bh ah ,``YGQR M hCG H Y H Jj dH T c c ,dG e a

dhdG SCJ N SSCG edG CG Robert L. Carneiro hfQc . HhQ bG ,1970 Y a fEa ,dP eh
J bh ,ShHCGh dgGH dG jdG SdG cGG a UN fdG dG g edG jG
iQdH JG dG Yh f dH Gh dG V Y G dG jdG dG Gg GMEG a
.(Lucie Vaekov : ) [

265

264

jd T dG dG QdG ASCG Jh ,dG jG GOG e b ASCG hCG GOd e MH ddG

NG hdG d HG FG AHEG Y J QdG ASCG Ea ,dP dEG aVEHh ,dG jG dUC
.H e Kh H AedG jG J c M eY hCG GQk e J fjCG H T c SG jh ,IOG
tekhi SG Y j c M ,J T dG e a jh ,k dM S T dG dG a T hCG Hj

.cCH dG iOGh d HdG AGdG e J dG aGh dG jdG e ej

k 50
a ,OG jf Oj SdG dG gh ,N OG W H Jj a HdH H hCG NH T eCG
a fhDH hCG fhH g TdG dGh ,e VQCG SG FdG NO j g H 24 j c INCG dG ddG
dEG e SG TG idGh HCG HdH hCG jEG T g Y iOG dG eCG ,jdG G UH Jj idGh HdG
e cM VQCG HCG jQh g QMh ,(S Ye j Y hCG) QM dEG eCG g idG HCG dG
hCG iQe gh Y fdG dG JCj Gk NCGh ,H IQGG LQO JQH hGh fdG dG g dG Ggh ,aG jRhCG
dG dhdG d a aY dGh dG jCG JCJ Hh ,Q dG dEG de IOYEG SG a j idGh HdH ie
QM j jRhCG a dh j hCG :IdG J a Ghdh dBG 5 Ea IQSCd k Wh ,(dBG Oe iCG) mesut netjeru
.M f K jEG HdGh S Y K

fGG Qch QU HJh G Y C f idGh ,gObGh dG jG dhdG OLh SSCG g dG c

k G gh ,(Y dCH gH jaEG a X idG G LdGh dGh RhEG)QdG HJh dG Uh
dG dG jC
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267

eMh HdG eh AedG jG id G Q H a UCG idGh , dG Q SG gh djehuti K

j idGh dG a jGH Oj M dG e k e kbh Gg ch ,jCG FW SCGH LQ T Y Qjh ,dG
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k G J jh ,Gh dGh dG OM Se aGj
.jG jGHh IQG jCG jf jC
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f+44pg0,xcD*f+xDb+c-xJA4-bGkDbjD*x~{D*bE&*<*4yD*b~{D*BgJH$bb+,4EhFbCbC2cD*&**wG
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TG CG dEG YCG OLh Yh ,dG Y a Sd ddG dG Jh ,dhCG ISCG bGe bCG e IMGh
cCG dK g SdG j ,dG Mh ,OG SdG Y iJh dG e NCG AG a FGQdG a J fc
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ZCGh YH fCG Vj G YQGG CG M a ,IdG Heh edG YGh HG HGe dEG
.JdG AGdG fH jRGh

.(Sandro Vannini : )

281

280

Suitable introductions to the history and culture of ancient Egypt can be found in the
following books
1999. Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of
Art;
Arnold, D. 1991. Building in Egypt: pharaonic stone masonry, New York, N.Y.: Oxford
University Press;
2003. The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Princeton: Princeton University
Press;
Arnold, Do. 1999. When the pyramids were built. Egyptian Art of the Old Kingdom, New
York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art;
Bard, K. A. 2008. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, London: Blackwell
Publishing;
Bard, K. A., Shubert, S. B. 1999. Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt,
London: Routledge;
Baud, M. 1999. Famille royale et pouvoir sous lAncien Empire gyptien, Bibliothque
dEtude, 126, Cairo: Institut franais darchologie orientale;
Callender, V. G. 2011. In Hathors image I. The wives and mothers of Egyptian kings from
dynasties IVI, Prague: Charles University in Prague;
Davies, V., Friedman, R. eds., Egypt Uncovered, New York: Stewart, Tabori and Chang;
Fagan, B. M., 2004. The rape of the Nile: tomb robbers, tourists, and archaeologists in
Egypt, Boulder, Colorado, Oxford: Westview Press;
Grimal, N., 1992. A History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press;
Helck, W., 1981. Geschichte des Alten gypten, Leiden: Brill;
Kemp, B. 1989. Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, London: Routledge;
Lehner, M. 2000. Fractal House of the Pharaoh: Ancient Egypt as a Complex Adaptive
System, a Trial Formulation, in Kohler, T. A. & G. J. Gumerman, eds., Dynamics in
Human and Primate Societies. Agent-based modelling of social and spatial processes,
New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 275353;
Malek, J. 1986. In the Shadow of the Pyramids, London: Opus Publishing;
Malek, J., Baines, J. 1980. Atlas of Ancient Egypt, New York, N.Y.: Facts on File;
Mannley, B. 1996. The Penguin historical atlas of ancient Egypt, London: Penguin Books;
Reeves, C. N., 2000. Ancient Egypt: the great discoveries: a year-by-year chronicle,
London: Thames & Hudson;
Schloen, J. David. 2001. The house of the father as fact and symbol: patrimonialism in

283

282

Sonnenheiligtum des Niuserre, Gttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht;

Edel, E. 1981. Hieroglyphische Inschriften des Alten Reiches, Opladen: Westdeutscher
Verlag;
Hannig, R. 2003. gyptisches Wrterbuch. 1. Altes Reich und Erste Zwischenzeit., Mainz
am Rhein: Philip von Zabern;
Kahl, J., N. Kloth & U. Zimmermann 1995. Die Inschriften der 3. Dynastie: eine
Bestandsaufnahme, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz;
Kahl, J., M. Bretschneider & B. Kneissler, 2002. Frhgyptisches Wrterbuch, Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz;
Lichtheim, M. 1975. Ancient Egyptian Literature. Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms,
Los Angeles: University of California Press;
Strudwick, N., 2005. Texts from the pyramid age, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.

General reading
Bard, K. A. 1994. From farmers to pharaohs: mortuary evidence for the rise of complex
society in Egypt
Brta, M. 2010. Swimmers in the sand: On the Neolithic origins of ancient Egyptian
mythology and symbolism, Prague: Dryada;
Drower, M. S. 1995. Flinders Petrie: a life in archaeology, Madison, Wis.: University of
Wisconsin Press;
Hendrickx, Stan, and Barbara Adams. 2004. Egypt at its origins: studies in memory of
Barbara Adams: proceedings of the international conference Origin of the State,
Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt, Krakow, 28 August 1st September 2002.
Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta 138, Dudley, MA: Peeters;
Hoffmann, M. A. 1979. Egypt before the Pharaohs: the prehistoric foundations of Egyptian
civilization, New York: Knopf;
Hoffman, M. A., E. B. Stanton, K. L. Willoughby 1988. The First Egyptians: an exhibition,
Columbia, S.C.: McKissick Museum, University of South Carolina;
Midant-Reynes, B. 2000.
pharaohs, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers;
Midant-Reynes, B., Y. Tristant, J. Rowland, and S. Hendrickx. 2008. Egypt at its origins 2.
Proceedings of the international conference Origin of the State, Predynastic and Early
Dynastic Egypt, Toulouse (France), 5th8th September 2005, Orientalia Lovaniensia
analecta 172, Leuven; Dudley, MA: Peeters;
Friedman R. F., Fiske P. N., eds. 2011. Egypt at its Origins 3. Proceedings of the Third
International Conference Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt,
London, 27th July 1st August 2008, Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta 205, Leuven;
Dudley, MA: Peeters;

285

Ugarit and the ancient Near East. Studies in the archaeology and history of the Levant,
Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns;
Shaw, I., ed. 2000. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford; New York: Oxford
University Press;
Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., OConnor, D. & Lloyd, A. B. 1983. Ancient Egypt: a social
history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
Vercoutter, J., 1992.
Paris: Gallimard;
Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt: social transformations in North-East
Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
Wilkinson, R. H. ed. 2008. Egyptology Today, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ancient Egyptian tombs are treated, among other publications, in
Cherpion, N. 1989. Mastabas et hypoges dAncien Empire: le problme de la datation,
Bruxelles: Connaissance de lgypte ancienne;
Elsner, P. 2004. Die Typologie der Felsgrber. Strukturanalytische Untersuchung
altgyptischer Grabarchitektur, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Gmbh;
Fitzenreiter, M., Herb, M. eds. 2006. Dekorierte Grabanlagen im Alten Reich: Methodik
und Interpretation, Internet-Beitrge zur gyptologie und Sudanarchologie VI,
London: Golden House Publications;
Harpur, Y. 1987. Decoration in Egyptian tombs of the Old Kingdom: studies in orientation
and scene content, London: KPI;
Ikram, S. & Dodson, A. 2008. The tomb in Ancient Egypt, London: Thames and Hudson;
Jnosi, P. 2006. Die Grberwelt der Pyramidenzeit, Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von
Zabern;
Kanawati, N. 2001.
Warminster:
Aris & Phillips;
Reisner, G. A. 1936. The Development of the Egyptian Tomb Down to the Accession of
Cheops. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press;
Smith, W. S. 1949. A History of Egyptian Sculpture and Painting in the Old Kingdom, 2nd
ed., Boston;
Snape, S. 2011. Ancient Egyptian Tombs. The Culture of Life and Death, Oxford: Wiley
and Blackwell;
van Walsem, R. 2005. Iconography of Old Kingdom elite tombs: analysis & interpretation,
theoretical and methodological aspects, Dudley, MA: Peeters.
The third millenium BCE texts can be consulted in the following publications
Allen, J. P. 2005. The ancient Egyptian pyramid texts, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature;
Edel, E. 1944. Untersuchungen zur Phraseologie der gyptischen Inschriften des alten
Reiches, Berlin: Reichsverlagsamt;
1961. Zu den Inschriften auf den Jahreszeitenreliefs der Weltkammer aus dem

284

1988. Maadi. 2, The lithic industries of the predynastic settlement, Mainz: Philip von
Zabern;
1989.
settlement, Mainz: Philip von Zabern;
1990. Maadi. 4, The predynastic cemeteries of Maadi and Wadi Digla, Mainz: Philip von
Zabern.

Reisner, G. A. 1923. Excavations at Kerma I, Harvard African Studies Volume V, Peabody

Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge Mass;
Teeter, E. ed. 2011. Before the pyramids. The origins of Ancient Egyptian civilisation,
Chicago: Oriental Institute Museum Publications 33;
Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt: social transformations in North-East
Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Petrie, W. M. F., Quibell, J. E., 1896. Naqada and Ballas, London: British School of
Archaeology in Egypt.

Bestock, L. 2009. The development of royal funerary cult at Abydos: two funerary
enclosures from the reign of Aha, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz;
OConnor, D. B. 2009.
London:
Thames & Hudson;
Dreyer, G., U. Hartung, F. Pumpenmeier 1998. Umm el-Qaab I: das prdynastische
Knigsgrab U-j und seine frhen Schriftzeugnisse, Mainz: Verlag Philip von Zabern;
Hartung, U., L. J. Exner, N. Porat & Y. Goren 2001. Umm el-Qaab II: Importkeramik
aus dem Friedhof U in Abydos (Umm el-Qaab) und die Beziehungen gyptens zu
Vorderasien im 4. Jahrtausend v. Chr., Mainz am Rhein: Philip von Zabern.

The best overview of the third millennium BCE development of Memphis, Abusir and
Saqqara can be found in
Brta, M. ed. 2005. Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology. Proceedings of the conference held
in Prague in 2004, Prague: Academia;
Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000
Supplementa IX, Prague: Oriental Institute;
Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Prague:
Czech Institute of Egyptology;
Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010, Prague:
Czech Institute of Egyptology;
Coppens, F. ed. 2002. Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2001. Proceedings of the Symposium,
Prague, September 25th27th, 2001, Archiv Orientln 70, no. 3 (August 2002);
Strudwick, N., H. Strudwick eds. 2011. Old Kingdom, New Perspectives. Egyptian Art and
Archaeology 2750-2150 BC, Oxford and Oakville: Oxbowbooks;
Vymazalov, H., Brta, M., eds. 2008. Chronology and Archaeology in Ancient Egypt
(The Third Millennium B.C.). Proceedings of the Conference Held in Prague (June
1114, 2007). Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology;
Wilkinson, T. A. H. 1999. Early Dynastic Egypt. London: Routledge.

Bunbury, J., D, Jeffreys 2010. Real and literary landscapes in Ancient Egypt, Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 21:1, 6575.
Jeffreys, D. 1998. The Topography of Heliopolis and Memphis: Some Cognitive Aspects,
in Guksch, H., D. Polz, eds., Stationen: Beitrge zur Kulturgeschichte gyptens, Rainer
Stadelmann gewidmet, Mainz: Philip von Zabern, 6371;

287

Khler, E. C. 1998. Tell el-Faran Buto. III, Die Keramik von der spten Naqada-Kultur
bis zum frhen Alten Reich (Schichten III bis VI), Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern;
Way, T. v. d., J. Boessneck 1997. Tell el-Faran Buto. I, Ergebnisse zum frhen Kontext
Kampagnen der Jahre 19831989, Mainz: Philip von Zabern.

Adams, B. 1974. Ancient Hierakonpolis, Warminster, Eng: Aris & Phillips;

1995. Ancient Nekhen: Garstang in the city of Hierakonpolis, New Malden: SIA;
2000. Excavations in the Locality 6 cemetery at Hierakonpolis, 19791985, Oxford,
England: Archaeopress;
Adams, B. & M. A. Hoffman 1987. The fort cemetery at Hierakonpolis: excavated by John
Garstang, London; New York;
Quibell, J. E., F. W. Green & W. M. F. Petrie 1989. Hierakonpolis, London: Histories and
Mysteries of Man Ltd.;
Quibell, J. E., F. W. Green 1900. Hierakonpolis, London: B. Quaritch.

Rizkana, I., J. Seeher 1987. Maadi. 1, The pottery of the predynastic settlement, Mainz:
Philip von Zabern;

286

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 52, Berlin

WiesbadenMainz, 33754.

Essential literature on the Old Kingdom pyramids is as follows

Allen, J. P. 1994. Reading a pyramid, in C. Berger, G. Clerc, N. Grimal, eds. Hommages
Jean Leclant. Vol. 1. tudes Pharaoniques, Cairo: French Archaeological Institute,
528;
Brta, M. 2005. Location of the Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt, Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 15 (2), Cambridge, 177191;
Satellite atlas of the pyramids: Abu Ghurab, Abusir, Saqqara,
Dahshur
Edwards, I. E. S. 1985. The pyramids of Egypt, Harmondsworth, New York: Penguin;
Haase, M. 2004. Eine Sttte fr die Ewigkeit: der Pyramidenkomplex des Cheops aus
baulicher, architektonischer und kulturgeschichtlicher Sicht. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag
Philipp von Zabern.
Hawass, Z. A. 2003. The treasures of the pyramids, Cairo: American University in Cairo
Press;
Jackson, K., Stamp, J. 2003. Building the Great Pyramid
Jnosi, P. 1994. Die Entwicklung und Deutung des Totenopferraumes in den
Pyramidentempeln des Alten Reiches, in Gundlach, R., Rochholz, M., eds.,
gyptische Tempel Struktur, Funktion und Programm: Akten der gyptologischen
Tempeltagungen in Gosen 1990 und in Mainz 1992, HB 37, Hildesheim: Gerstenberg,
143162;
Lehner, M. 1997. The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson;
Stadelmann, R. 1997. Die gyptischen Pyramiden: vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder, Mainz
am Rhein: P. von Zabern;
1990. Die grossen Pyramiden von Giza, Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt;
Verner, M. 2001. The pyramids: a complete guide, New York: Grove Press.

Baud, M. 2002. Djser et la IIIe dynastie, Paris: Pygmalion;

Kahl, J. 2007. Ra is my Lord: searching for the rise of the Sun God at the dawn of
Egyptian history, Menes, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz;
Lauer, J-P. 19361965. Fouilles Saqqara. La pyramide degrs, 6 vols., Cairo;
1976. Saqqara: the royal cemetery of Memphis: excavations and discoveries since 1850,
London: Thames and Hudson;
Swelim, Nabil M. A. 1983. Some problems on the history of the Third Dynasty. of

289

2010. The survey of Memphis VII: the Hekekyan papers and other sources for the survey
of Memphis, London: Egypt Exploration Society;
Jeffreys, D., A. Tavares 1994. The historic landscape of Early Dynastic Memphis,
MDAIK 50, 143173;
Lacher, C. 2011. The tomb of king Ninetjer and its reuse in later periods, in M. Brta,
Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010, Prague: Charles
University in Prague, 532545.

Emery, W. B. 1949. Excavations at Sakkara: Great Tombs of the First Dynasty, Cairo:
Govt. Press;
1954. Great Tombs of the First Dynasty, IIIII; Excavations at Sakkara, London: Egypt
Exploration Society;
1962. Archaic Egypt, Baltimore: Penguin Books;
1962. A funerary repast in an Egyptian tomb of the archaic period, Leiden: Nederlands
Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten;
Petrie, W. M. F. 19001901. The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty, London: Egypt
Exploration Fund;
Smith, H. S., 1971. Walter Brian Emery, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 57, 190201.
Spencer, A. J. 1993. Early Egypt. The Rise of Civilisation in the Nile Valley, London:
British Museum Press;
Spencer, A. J., ed. 1996. Aspects of Early Egypt, London: British Museum Press.

Khler, E. C. 2005. Helwan I: Excavations in the Early Dynastic Cemetery Season 1997/98,
Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag;
2008. Early Dynastic society in Memphis, in Engel, E., V. Mller & U. Hartung, eds.,
Dreyer, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 381399;
Saad, Z. Y. 1947. Royal excavations at Saqqara and Helwan (19411945), Cairo: Impr. de
lInstitut franais darchologie orientale;
1951. Royal excavations at Helwan (19451947), Cairo: Institut Franais dArchologie
Orientale;
1957. Ceiling stelae in second dynasty tombs from the excavations at Helwan, Cairo:
Impr. de lInstitut franais darchologie orientale;
1969.
dynasties, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press;
Wilkinson, T. 1996. A re-examination of the Early Dynastic necropolis at Helwan,

288

University Press;
Reisner, G. A., W. S. Smith, 1955. A History of the Giza Necropolis, vol. 2. The Tomb of
Hetep-heres, the Mother of Cheops. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Publications of the Archaeological Society of Alexandria. Archaeological & historical

studies, Alexandria: Archaeological Society of Alexandria.

Giza Mastabas series deals with most prominent Giza tombs and cemeteries and is
published by the Department of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian and Near Eastern Art,
Museum of Fine Arts in Boston
Dunham, D., W. K.Simpson 1974. The Mastaba of Queen Mersyankh III, Giza Mastabas
1;
Simpson, W. K. 1976. The mastabas of Qar and Idu, G7101 and 7102, Giza Mastabas 2;
1978. The mastabas of Kawab, Khafkhufu I and II: G711020, 713040, and 7150, and
subsidiary mastabas of Street G7100, Giza Mastabas 3;
1980. Mastabas of the Western Cemetery, Giza Mastabas 4;
Weeks, K. R. 1994. Mastabas of Cemetery G 6000: including G 6010 (Neferbauptah);
G 6020 (Iymery); G 6030 (Ity); G 6040 (Shepseskafankh), Giza Mastabas 5;
Roth, A. M., 1995. A cemetery of palace attendants: including G 20842099, G 2230+2231,
and G 2240, Giza Mastabas 6;
Brovarski, E., 2001. The Senedjemib Complex. Part 1, The mastabas of Senedjemib Inti
(G2370), Khnumenti (G2374), and Senedjemib Mehi (G2378), Giza Mastabas 7;
Der Manuelian, P. 2009. Mastabas of Nucleus Cemetery G 2100. Part I: major mastabas
G 21002200, Giza Mastabas 8.

Brta, M. 2001. Abusir V: the cemeteries at Abusir South I, Prague: Set Out;
2006. The transitional type of tomb in Saqqara North and Abusir South, in W. Schenkel,
S. Seidlmayer, eds., Texte und Denkmler des gyptischen Alten Reiches, Berlin: Achet
Verlag, 2006, 122;
Brta, M., H. Vymazalov and F. Coppens, eds. 2010. Abusir XIX: tomb of Hetepi (AS 20),
tombs AS 3335 and AS 5053, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology.

Harpur, Y., P. J. Scremin 2001. The tombs of Nefermaat and Rahotep at Maidum:
discovery, destruction and reconstruction, Presbury, Cheltenham: Oxford Expedition
to Egypt;
Medum, London: D. Nutt;
Rowe, A. 1931. The Eckley B. Coxe Jr. Expedition. Excavation at Meydm, 19291930,
The Museum Journal XXII/I, 384.

Alexanian, N. 1999. Das Grab des Prinzen Netjer-aperef: die Mastabe II/1 in Dahschur,
Mainz am Rhein: Philip von Zabern;
Alexanian, N. et al. 2010. The Necropolis of Dahshur. Seventh Excavation Report Autumn
2009 and Spring 2010. German Archaeological Institute/Free University of Berlin,
Cairo: Deutsches Archologisches Institut Abteilung Kairo (http://www.dainst.org/
);
Alexanian, N., Seidlmayer, S. J. 2002 Die Residenznekropole von Dahschur: Erster

291

Assmann, J. 2001. The search for god in Ancient Egypt, Ithaca: Cornell University Press;
2003. The mind of Egypt: History and meaning in the time of the pharaohs, Cambridge,
MA.: Harvard University Press;
P. Silverman, eds., Ancient Egyptian Kingship, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 347;
Brisch, N. M. 2008. Religion and Power Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and
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Institute, University of Chicago;
Frankfort, H. 1948. Kingship and the Gods. Chicago and London: University of Chicago.

Hassan, S. Excavations at Gza, Cairo 19291960, 10 volumes, Cairo: Faculty of Arts of

the Egyptian University and Cairo: Government Press;
Jnosi, P. 2005. Giza in der 4. Dynastie: die Baugeschichte und Belegung einer Nekropole
des Alten Reiches, Vienna: Verlag der sterrreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften;
Junker, H. Gza: Bericht ber die von der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien auf
gemeinsame Kosten mit Dr. Wilhelm Pelizaeus unternommenen Grabungen auf dem
Friedhof des Alten Reiches bei den Pyramiden von Gza, 19291955 (Leipzig and
Vienna), 12 volumes, Wien: Hlder Pichler Tempsky and Wien: Rohrer;
Der Manuelian, P., 2003. Slab stelae of the Giza necropolis, New Haven, Conn.,
Philadelphia: The Peabody Museum of Natural History of Yale University, The
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology;
Reisner, G. A., 1942. A History of the Giza Necropolis 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

290

Davies, N. de G. 1900. The Mastaba of Ptahhetep and Akhethetep at Saqqara I, London:

Egypt Exploration Fund;
1901. The mastaba of Ptahhetep and Akhethetep at Saqqareh II. The mastaba. The
sculptures of Akhethetep, London: Keegan Paul;
pron, L., Daumas, F., Goyon, J. and Wild, H. 1939. Le tombeau de Ti, 3 vols, Cairo:
Imprimerie de lInstitut franais darchologie orientale;
Harpur, Y., P. J. Scremin. 2006. The Chapel of Kagemni. Scene Details, Oxford Expedition
to Egypt, Oxford: Linacre College;
Lloyd, A. B., A. J. Spencer, A. Khouli 1990. The Mastabas of Meru, Semdenti, Khui and
others, Saqqara tombs 1, London: Egypt Exploration Society;
2008. The mastaba of Neferseshemptah, Saqqra tombs 2, London: Egypt Exploration
Society;
Mariette, A. & G. Maspero 1889. Les mastabas de lancien empire: fragment du dernier
ouvrage de A. Mariette, Paris: F. Vieweg;
McFarlane, A., N. Kanawati, and M. Abd El-Raziq 2000. The Unis cemetery at Saqqara,
Warminster: Aris and Phillips;
Munro, P. 1993. Das Unas-Friedhof Nord-West: topographisch-historische Einleitung,
Mainz am Rhein: Philip von Zabern;
Onderka, P. 2009. The tomb of Unisankh at Saqqara and Chicago: Unis cemetery northwest II. Editio Monographica Musei Nationalis Pragae, Prague: National Museum;
Reisner, G. A. The Dog which was honored by the King of Upper and Lower Egypt.
Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 34, No. 206 (December 1936), 96-99;
Ziegler, Ch. 2007. Le mastaba dAkhethetep, Paris: Muse du Louvre ditions Peeters.

El Awady, T. 2009. Abusir XVI: Sahure the pyramid causeway: history and decoration
program in the Old Kingdom, Prague: Charles University in Prague;
Brta, M. 2005. Architectural Innovations in the development of the non-royal tomb
during the reign of Nyuserra, in P. Jnosi, ed.,
ancient Egyptian Architecture, Vienna: Akademie Verlag, 105130;
Memories 4 500 years old, Brands n. L.: FOTO-GRAFIKA;
Abusir XI. The Architecture of the Mastaba of Ptahshepses, Prague:
Charles University;
Abusir XII. Minor tombs in the Royal
Necropolis I. The Mastabas of Nebtyemneferes and Nakhtsare, Pyramid Complexes
Lepsius no. 24 and Tomb Complex Lepsius no. 25, Prague: Charles University in Prague;
PosenerKriger, P. 1976. Les archives du temple funraire de NferirkarKakai (Les
papyrus dAbousir). Traduction et commentaire III, Bibliothque dEtude 65, Cairo:
Institut franais darchologie orientale ;

293

Grabungsbericht, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung

Kairo 58, BerlinWiesbadenMainz, 128;
Alexanian, N., H. Becker, M. Mller & S. J. Seidlmayer 2006. Die Residenznekropole von
Dahschur. Zweiter Grabungsbericht, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen
Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 62,BerlinWiesbadenMainz, 741;
Fakhry, A. 1959. The monuments of Sneferu at Dahshur, 2 vols., Cairo: General Organization
Stadelmann, R. 1982. Snofru und die Pyramiden von Meidum und Dahschur, Mitteilungen
des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 36, BerlinWiesbaden
Mainz, 43749;
1983. Die Pyramiden des Snofru in Dahschur. Zweiter Bericht ber die Ausgrabungen
an der nrdlichen Steinpyramide mit einem Excursus ber Scheintr oder Stelen im
Totentempel des AR, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung
Kairo 39, BerlinWiesbadenMainz, 225241;
Stadelmann, R. et al. 1993. Pyramiden und nekropole des Snofru in Dahschur. Dritter
Vorbericht ber die Grabungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts in Dahschur,
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 49, Berlin
WiesbadenMainz, 259295;
Stadelmann, R., Alexanian, N. 1998 Die Friedhfe des Alten und Mittleren Reiches in
Dahschur: Bericht ber die im Frhjahr 1997 durch das Deutsche Archologische
Institut Kairo durchgefhrte Felderkundung in Dahschur, Mitteilungen des Deutschen
Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 54, BerlinWiesbadenMainz, 293317.

Haase, M. 1999. Im Zeichen des Re. Die geheimnisvollen Sonnenknige gyptens.

Ungelste Rtsel der Pyramidenforschung, Munich: Herbig;
Lauer, J.P. 1976. Saqqara, the royal cemetery of Memphis: Excavations and Discoveries
since 1850, New York: Knopf;
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