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  • Diarmuid Maguire Marxism 2010

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    Política Comparada

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    150 tayangan10 halaman

    Diarmuid Maguire Marxism 2010

    Diunggah oleh

    joesprigfield
    Política Comparada

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 10
    hapter 7 momen heey so He int Maxis Hunnlnidls, bsmgshke, Mompitre < fyeore OR pe ed. * ARMUIO MAGE z (pphiked Sime. One ofthe paradoxical outcomes ofthe collapse ofthe Soviet Union was theeevivalot Maram, No longer were Marsitd esponsible fo sas fol the Soviet Empite, the debate had shifted fous to analyze less how ocildid or work buchov global apitaliom fing, Global cap tals has devloped a system of production that inolves sweatshops, ‘oucourcng and temporary employment. The Its financial crisis bas Sco the reversal of roe maker principles with counties hailing out and ‘nationalizing banks, Wars ae being ought over ol with she Middle Fas fd in Conteal Asia In some lane cites mansions are protected by Private security fem whi slime are Tet with ndown pli sevice ‘The environment ts polluted and faces the efforts of climate change. Finally hestruglebeowcen label and digenoos clare iesaleng io Toss of languages, bu also opportunities for solidarity Next me you tts your local bookshop wines the predominance of books on thse ‘Sones that Marasts would interpret at stemming from global epi ‘Mos ofthe wetes of these books are by no means Maris, but we can sce how Marsism, ia tems of the questions posts has become the ‘common sense of ea eet (Haliday, 1994). “Antonio Grams, the Hain Marast, preferred "good sense to “common sense’, that is, he sae Rood sense as something achieved though analysis wheres common sensei bestowed pave Is nat {dfculeofind someone at andom who wll agree thar thestate ste 6 ‘dominased by greedy politicians, ars ae fought over esouees and that ‘national eulres dominated by outside powers. As they stand; des ate §teas of opinion around the role ofthe state, warfare, ad cutat, For ‘Marxist, the transformation of common fens’ into “good sense ‘chieved through analysts. In other words, sein through the srface to Ss ondelpng reality i fundamental ‘Marx contemporary aac is extensive. In ths chaper we will leave aside the most Tandaatensl aspect of Maram ea politcal pac- thee namely, emancipatory projet and facie instead on the range of polccal analysis that offer. Th chapter bens by looking at Marys 136 Frock Dosh Poh y bem hit Ber ‘20K7:1 Some contemporary Mandst perspectives ol cman ‘The soon of dar or ai otis st pall onan Nationalism The robles of nati bs been the main probe for ‘gts tn te snsceattmy Bee Ando 000 taka a icc coca peeettig es inc ameecikaceese reat Birocebe, drdetdecnraghnseainrers ‘moana ‘State formation Barrington Moor J (1966) angues that different class ‘ojmacon and lignes race fests af ates, Fen Metis Wood (2003), She age inpotat pobegaee : Won Sytm Thesey The world sytem dominated bythe cre and tx hi withthe periphery. The om pcr lays a inet ‘le Accntnges Waren [2004 cls beween hese ee "ees donated bytes penis ‘Space David Hacrey (2006) and Henei Lefebvre (1991) contend that fogeaphi space cuca tthe wokige of cx and labour ‘erstrtstion sndrerstxigaton ply ssiaketea lao al seory of politcal economy trough the Communist Manifesto in 1848 ro “mining heortial development around deface of 2008-9, "en we shlleonsder Marxist those internatonal rations centring, ae ‘on the eationsipbesweon capital, the tate and the interstate ‘stem. The unfolding of the lraq War wil be wed ss cave tad ttt rious Marat acct ofthe mesa for Gonge Bas American {overnnet an going owt Marsa werkrin comparative plies Sp Ely question he inherent loam of the original Matest mode. An ‘ramination of contemporary Marxist comparns of ations, sae, levpraphic boundaries andealtres mot of which arecmpreal~ wil eased against the orginal plbal model of Marusn. Mam, 5 We ‘hall sce m the areas of sebum politics and eur stds, bas rete ‘ew approaches nithn 2 broad Marsan rameworkthat bothstengthen| Sndcomplicate undeding concepts "Martism in general eramines how capitalism operates a sci, conomic and politcal level ad thecby aft sod is ated by the ole of the sae international relations, spatial lations and cate ‘Marm stems rom the secular Enlightenment and ie based on founds ‘Sonal ontology, meaning i this stance ha the sence o eps o ‘ty of Marsa tsk to decover the eaence of eapital ax opowed tt Sppeatance Essences based on what happenin he real word wi for ‘rample, capital explting labour power i ode to make roi. This Stand i sark conta to mere appearance mth cpl the market) epised ological and jut. Epstemologiall, Marxism secs the emp {cclencavaion of reality based through close attention to history tnd ‘aera, to dscover the links between soca economic and poll Iie oe Bor. 1)-Thsequeea dalrical approach eit avaving Aynamc,tansformasive and the contradictory natu of scial ex ‘ence. Some contemporary Marxists mains the orignal demand for feznd shear we eter cll for laity of approaches funded on ‘verse epstemologies and meodolopes: ‘The continuing relevance of Marxism: From ‘Communist Manifesto to No Logo Iris important to understand how Marxism wat formed in order to tindertand is development and cvoluton, According to classical Marni captain introduces complenentary and contrary (that alec lationship between wage labour and capt Thi el ‘Sonhip is extabinhedhrowph inking he mean of prodecton hat [abound echaoogy In arh, this process was subject reaions of production and exchange, dchined aarowiy ar the organizational erngemenss or crculaton of commodities. A broader detaion othe {clason of prodocon andexchange relate tothe many seamen of production ch labour conerat, maining agreements 040 “slivery of goods, managing the ieactons between producer and sumer bat aso 0 sn economic snd politcal foes more feel Ais most bas, captalmorgasaed 2 woxMorce which was re 0 work and po paid. Foe Macs tht ae bat erating and ppeesine works had the reedomo choose betwen jobs bt they lade sl ‘hee abo power spy pt at ar you wl hae ny eieren job ‘n your working fe you wi ssp ling your labour power In The Communist Manfesto of 1848 Marx od Eagle wrote: "Tae Inston ofall hitherto exis sociey hasbeen testo of cass sta He? Marais begins witha cipal mode of development 2 the plobsl lerel within system of explotation that sustaies but paradoxically Uindermins ie Capitalism srees within sytem of production that sed exits namely feudal; capilsm Becomes the new system of ‘las explovtation For Mar, capitalism was confined = handl of “oun the West but it would spread worldwide and eg pea ‘altmode of production andexplosation. Capitalism war preted by the ave mode of production. The Yea yee of indus (Tucker, 1978473} with pope labour pd national markers ws surpaseed by ‘ boureoisie demanding wap abou apd acco global makers. The bourgeoisie continual changes th inruments of procs’ (Takes, 1978:476) wih marvellous achievement tite though forthe come: quences. The Commantt Manifesto ea hymn the bourgeoisie aod rates tremendous accomplishment ealbosevesasa warning about the growing power of wage labosr with socialism and communis portage a the mxe eo agen ior. His important orale har Marx wanted ofall cal capitalism Inodace inc every quarter ofthe le’ (Tacke, 1978: 476) He had le ime for those seeking 2 nostalg return oan imagined past (oe ‘example, Od Money procasming superiority over New Money) o foe ‘aris fms of socialism that offer onl corm o pia For Mats, ‘ees imperative tha the Bourgeois phbaled the economy Ths would “reat the cotraditions that would lend to an isternationl working las coming to power Most importa, the wocking class Would be fnliguened ae 3 rol of ete ine wage labour ander the oneaney ‘hanging political and economic Condon extabied by abana Sm ke Man aad ges woe Constant revoltonning of production, unintrrupted disturbance of alloca condions, eveatinguncesint and agitation Singh ‘he bourgecs epoch fom all ater nes. Al ine fast roren rea ‘ons ith the tam of ancient and venerable peades and = tow, ae swept aay al pewformed ons become atiguated btore they can os Alltharssoldenesintosiallthar tbl profane, sndmanis tlt compel face with aber senseshisrel condition fle and hic relations wis Kind (Cd in Toke, 1978-476) Here Max linked socio-economic relations experienced trough wage Iabou to Ealghtenment Mess about doing away with supesion people would be ‘compelled a face with ser rene there condiion fife: iret cxlastston of the worktore thereto stripped the fle ‘Soncipberween dominant and subordinated cat of any excuae other than bate reason, The worker was not being exploweddueto infront ‘or reiio (Tecker, 1978475), bat asa esa of eling labour powe it = competiv station, Tati: the bourgeoisie produces eapatal rough ‘xplting labour dec Ara resale Marx prised the bourgeoisie foe {ntatings socio economiesytem in Wich allthat slid melts nai {Tuckes197% 476) Reason, mane ar expt, tans that everything ‘an be bough an old within he mare, troducng uncertain abd Stason in social ile wah everyone forced to adape‘on pan of extn ton? Tucker, 1978-477), Tnsome ways tranlatng these inl lime about plies economy in 1848 to cece’ event in the ety 215 century sands hereto tme [though clas seogae' is ical to measure Beyond the rational foleof strikes and mass demonstration, recent evens in Europe, the ‘America and Asia sungest tata lene tis form of protests key ‘ominue The comention that the working cls has appeared (made ‘Gor, 1983} based on examining tee within Westen counties ‘her an global tends and wally tlt to inurl workers. Alex lnc (1989: 125) tated tae the percentage of industrial wakes [aduen ts labs sesley more rece Higres (IL, 2009) confirm that ‘in 2008 tre ilo peopl, o 61 pr cnt ofthe population were wage ‘worker. This represents a miorEctease intl term over 2007 Wihileseetru tha the majority of wage workers within the West donot ome from the manufacturing working class hs asi fee erm ‘feaptalit explotation (Calhmcos, 1989: 127), and in new arenas of Sod ssh shore reserved frcanul pare-ime apd mire about Tithe contemporary content we see captalism survive of precapt- is foc of exponation, in the wort cats slavery to ne form of tplostation sch at asalzation. This has heen documented by Naot iein (2001, whone poplar bas No Lag helped form the corporate ‘nti globlization movement In thi book she bighlghs how Nore ‘Amerasimultancusy expos ow paid about domestically andiower paid labour sheoad optasing mich wneafe work paces. This nals oul explain why eaptalhas been atacted o Chin i provides alge Tabour force which slowly paid no independent ade utons and usa ‘work condone The wage labourer Chisa now has the Weedon t0 ‘choot amongst jobs availabe and to leave thelnd sod live in big cies, uth eed ited by both the power of the stand capa Howeve nbourers mast spend more of thariacome oo esource that ‘were previously fee, de to increasing disparities ia income within Chinese ‘Ding the financial crisis of 2008-9 wat aot dificult argue that, cpialam continues tsffer rom oer prduction and oer invent “The global economy i presemed bythe mala ost autence as mathe smal purl ha individual of households most eave praca [News ominteret ratlevl, he stock market and busines pores high light the need to aves financial dvs, fot hone whe ca ford one ‘The dtbation oleae a sophisticated form of aking second dp into the surplus (Beyan, 2008) Oras Maes himel put tone a worker ‘a5 pad he would test upon by “he landlord, the shopkeeper he avabroke (Tuckey 1978: 499) Farther, n examining the ole of Sates, it is undeniable that daring severe ees they ball out financial insarons,pationaie them exporaiy and the case ofthe Usted States, spend mone to rave automate Companies ranks. From the peropetveaclassal Matis, the state aempttomanage the fie ‘feaptalsm by eaking action ores global depession, Continuing problems in Marxism Mans’ univer tems demyriy the oe of capital and labour ae ‘ella ate and interstate lations conated with tory haved ‘heores portrayed i The Cod Wars Bramce (Mart 1871) of The ExghicentsBromareof Lous Bonaparte, 1852), Tat works del wits how the French state with ts peor Duresuracy deal th tothe French bourgeois and an emerging French worksng clase In other words the state hada degre of autonomy which Mars work ‘res bat aledeonclade here. Three points remade win ‘Mar politcal economy whicheonnue wo dog ater Marit First the den that capralinm r condemaed o over podaction and cies nroduced ene of automat or nentably thi ae. Kees van deri (2007625) has put: One of the mtaen often made Jsco assume hat capitals development drives forward socalieation “bjectiey bo shat, at Some point, only the apical shell has to be emoved and we have thefinshel inet of soit saciry™ Economie development cil society and the sate move acording £0 {elated bat eeparatedcimssons. Daring the Pst World Wan, the Bolherks were able vo seize power ina pect of are reakown it essa wile their Westen counterparts aly and Germany were me unable to repeat his because of sate sength in both couse. alan ‘ommunst leader Antonio Grams called for more reconnasnane ‘atonal suations with greater aensonto polit oer Thera of communis parts prodacng radical change has ended with enon tured owt loot nd more naive calves the an ‘corporate lobalaation movement rary, capt s dominated by explotation, ducovery of new markets and evelopment of aew Iatruments of production and his sytem «eater unintentional ‘outcomes duct overproduction. Athi age, Mas described he ea tals a the sorcerer deprivd oft powers, Yet the solution fr these {ists oversnvetment and over produeoyin tpl devalaaon of ‘pital labour and prices seer the seed of eee ae wii the ‘iisitel? (Desa, 3002-77 tn fae, Mars (1867) sn Capt! wondered ‘wheter apts is designedofll ara rea oferta contradictions, {i capalism bs automat powers of sgeneration This bung inthe ‘uestion of apency Bab Jessops 2002, 2008 development o the seat {He-eatioal approach allows us to understand Now "tuctre and $eeney’ works foutinely but also in these sot of crn: Structures ate thereby treated analytically av strategcallyselcive in thet fom, onten,and operation; and actions are ikewie seated as actualy ‘onsraned, more or les context env an seturia ‘Second, the aaion state x portrayed 3 the Execnve Commitee managing the afar of the bourgeois, with Limited options fr the ‘workings itervene aa progres aon This declaration oes ‘ot fare well under compass. How ean Maris explain nation states Improving or impairing) the condos af workers in counties Ike Sweden or Brazil? One way st cxamine the nate of ling comiions at the national evel by engapng in comparative analysis: However, Praeworski (1986) uses hs approach anally mgs tha soi democracy ithe est shat labour could Bop ford, n pt, tft thar full scale socialism would see imernational dstwestent, Patadosiclly this argument enforces Mars’ ies othe tied oe of states within the international sytem, Politics reduced to a mere

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