KHOA K THUT HO HC

B MN CNG NGH THC PHM

Sinh vin thc hin:

Nguyn Minh Cng 61100464
Trn ngc Thnh
61103437
Trng Thng Vi 61104190

TP.HCM, Thng 9 nm 2013

Mc lc
0.Gii thiu v C Vin:......................................................................................................4
1. S quy trnh sn xut..................................................................................................6
2.Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh:....................................................................................8
2.1 Phn loi v x l:.....................................................................................................8
2.1.1 Mc ch cng ngh:..........................................................................................8
Phn loi c theo kch thc dng x l theo m, loi b nhng phn khng s
dng c....................................................................................................................8
2.1.2 Mi nguy.............................................................................................................8
2.2 Nghin th :...............................................................................................................8
2.2.1

Mc ch cng ngh......................................................................................8

2.2.2 Mi nguy.............................................................................................................8
2.3 Ra:............................................................................................................................8
2.3.1 Mc ch cng ngh:..........................................................................................8
2.3.2 Mi nguy:............................................................................................................9
2.3.3 Phng php thc hin:......................................................................................9
2.4 Tinh ch:....................................................................................................................9
2.4.1 Mc ch cng ngh:..........................................................................................9
2.4.2 Mi nguy.............................................................................................................9
2.5 p tch nc:...........................................................................................................10
2.5.1 Mc ch cng ngh:........................................................................................10
2.5.2 Mi nguy...........................................................................................................10
2.6 Phi trn...................................................................................................................10
2.6.1 Mc ch cng ngh:........................................................................................10
2.6.2 Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:...........................................................................10
2.7 Cc loi ph gia:......................................................................................................11
2.7.1 Cht ty trng:...................................................................................................11
2.7.2 Gluten:..............................................................................................................11
2.7.3 Sodium Polyphosphate, Sodium Calcium Polyphosphatehay cc nhm
Polyposphate
.......................12
2.7.4 Cht Ph Gia 452iii..........................................................................................12
2.7.5 Cht Ph Gia 452i.............................................................................................12
2.7.6 Hn the (Borac khan hay ttraborat natri khan)................................................13

2.8 Cc cht bo qun....................................................................................................14

2.8.1 Cng dng.........................................................................................................14
2.8.2 Mi nguy:..........................................................................................................15
2.9 nh hnh:................................................................................................................15
2.9.1 Mc tiu cng ngh:.........................................................................................15
2.9.2 Mi nguy...........................................................................................................15
2.10 Lnh ng:.............................................................................................................16
2.10.1 Mc ch cng ngh:......................................................................................16
2.10.2 Mi nguy.........................................................................................................16
2.11 D kim loi............................................................................................................17
2.11.1 Mc ch cng ngh:.......................................................................................17
2.11.2 Mi nguy:........................................................................................................17
2.12 ng gi:...............................................................................................................17
2.12.1 Mc ch cng ngh:..........................................................................................17
2.12.2 Mi nguy:........................................................................................................17
3. Cc yu t nh hng n quy trnh sn xut c vin...................................................18
3.1 Cc yu t tc ng bn ngoi.................................................................................18
3.1.1 nh bt c.......................................................................................................18
3.1.2 Bo qun trn tu..............................................................................................19
3.1.3 Nc.................................................................................................................19
3.1.4 Thi gian v nhit trong qu trnh bo qun................................................24
3.2 Nhng yu t sinh hc nh hng n cht lng ca c vin...............................24
3.2.1 nh hng ca ging c...................................................................................24
3.2.2 Cch kim sot cc vi khun gy bnh.............................................................27
3.3 Cc yu t tc ng trong qu trnh ch bin..........................................................27
3.3.1 B u v ni tng............................................................................................27
3.3.2 Fillet..................................................................................................................27
3.4 Nhng yu t ha hc..............................................................................................27
3.4.1 c t Scrombroid Biogenin amin: Histamine.................................................27
3.4.2 c t ciguatera...............................................................................................29
3.4.3. Bin i do enzyme........................................................................................31
4. Cc ch tiu cm quan v ha l, ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm c vin.......................31
4.1 Ch tiu cm quan v ha l....................................................................................32
4.2 Ch tiu vi sinh.........................................................................................................33

5.T liu tham kho...........................................................................................................34

0.Gii thiu v C Vin:

C vin l mt loi Surimi. Surimi l mt thut ng ca Nht Bn ch nhng sn
phm tht c c tch xng, xay nhuyn, ra bng nc v phi trn vi cc
ph gia chng bin tnh do ng lnh c th bo qun c lu nhit thp.
V vy, c vin c ch bin thnh nhiu mn an, nht l thc an nhanh.

c im
l mt dng bn thnh phm giu protein, hm lng cht bo thp,
giu dinh dng, ng vai tr nh mt thnh phn protein chc nng,
c th thay th c nhiu li protein truyn thng t thc vt v ng
vt.
nng myofibrilar protein m c, to gel s cho sn phm c cu
trc dai, n hi, mi v v mu sc trung ha, khng cn v tanh ca
c, do s dng sn xut cc sn phm kamaboko, chikuwa ca
Nht hay m phng cc loi hi sn khc nh tm, cua, s rt c
a thch trn th gii.
Li ch

Tn dng ti a ngun nguyn liu: mt s loi c nh kh ch bin v kh

tm c ngun tiu th quy m cng nghip, s c chuyn n sn
xu thc n gia sc, gy lng ph. Nu s dng chng sn xut c vin s
to nn sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao hn.
Ca vin c thi gian bo qun lu hn so vi c ti nguyn liu v tht c c
cu trc kh lng lo, b h hng nhanh hn tht gia sc, nu ch bin khng
hp l s d n n thi b mt lng ln thy hi sn.
L sn phm gi tr gia tng: do tn dng c ngun nguyn liu r (c nh)
v ph liu (vn c filler), to ra c nhng sn phm m phng c gi tr
kinh t cao hn hn nh tm, cua, s
a dng ha sn phm: to ra cc mn n gi hi sn ph hp vi s thch,
thi quen ca tng ngi, nht l nhng ngi b d ng vi tm, cua. C
vin ph hp cho ngi n king v thc phm lm t c vin thng c hm
lng cht bo thp, nhng khi n c cm gic ging sn phm c m
phng.
Gi tr dinh dng ca c vin
Surimi c hm lng protein cao, lipid thp, khng c cholesterol v glucid, c
th d hp thu thch hp cho nhng ngi bo ph,ngi b bnh ng
huyt,... Protein ca Surimi c kh nng trn ln vi cc protid khc, nng cao
cht lng ca cc loi tht khi trn ln vi tht b,tht heo hay tht g
Bng 3.2. Gi tr dinh dng ca c vin
Bng phn tch
Kt qu
Nng lng ca cht bo
2.76
Tng carbohydrat
6.01
Protein
18.26
Sodium
169
Cht bo
0.34
Tng ng
9.4
Nng Lng
99.87

n v
Cals/100g
%
%
Mg/100
%
% as sucrose
Cals/100g

1. S quy trnh sn xut

C nguyn con

Nc

Phn loi, x l

Nghin th

Nc

Ph gia

Ra

Vy, xng st
Protein sacroplasmic, collagen
Cht bo, mu, mi.

Tinh ch

T c sm Collagen

p tch nc

Nc thi

Phi trn

nh hnh

Lnh ng

D kim loi

Bao b

u, ui, da, vy, vy, ni tng, xng, mu

Nc thi

Bao gi

C vin

Hnh 2.1. S khi quy trnh cng ngh sn xut C vin

2.Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh:

2.1 Phn loi v x l:
2.1.1 Mc ch cng ngh:
Phn loi c theo kch thc dng x l theo m, loi b nhng
phn khng s dng c.
2.1.2 Mi nguy
Vt l: vic phn loi khng k mu v xng c th lm tn thng c quan tiu
ha, gim gi tr to gel ca sn phm,
Ha hoc: c c nhiu m d b xi ha gy tht thot dinh dng
Vi sinh : gia tng lng vi sinh vt xm nhp t mi trng ngoi vo.
Cm quan: c c nhiu nht nu khng lm sch k s lm c b sm mu

2.2 Nghin th :
2.2.1 Mc ch cng ngh : tht c c nghin nh (ng
knh l sng khong 3-4 mm) qu trnh ra v loi b tp cht c d dng
hn.
2.2.2 Mi nguy:
Vt l: gim kch thc khi tht c, nhit sn phm tng dn do qu trnh ma st, tng
s tip xc vi oxi do tng kh nng oxi ha, lm bin i cht lng sn phm.
Trong qu trnh nghin do ma st nhit ca vt liu s tng ln s gy ra mt s bin
i v cu trc, cng nh tng tc phn ng nh hng n kh nng to gel ca sn
phm
Ha hc v ha sinh: cu trc ca vt liu b ph v,cc thnh phn d b oxi ha bn
trong vt liu nh vitamin, acid bo...c iu kin tip xc vi oxi gy ra mt s phn
ng, lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm. Do sn phm sau khi nghin cn phi
bo qun nghim ngt hn so vi trc
Ha l: din tch b mt ring tng ln, tc bay hi ca cc cu t cng tng ln (do
s sinh nhit). lm gim gi tr cm quan v mi sn phm
Sinh hc: din tch b mt ring ca vt liu tng ln, ng thi mt vsv c th tng
ln kt hp vi cc thnh phn dinh dng ca nguyn liu thot ra khi b mt cng lm
cho vsv pht triern mnh m hn. iu ny lm gim cht lng sn phm, to mi v
xu cho sn phm

2.3 Ra:
-

2.3.1 Mc ch cng ngh:

Tng hm lng protein myofibrillar

Loi b cc protein tan trong nc v cc protein ny tn ti dng lng bn trong cc

si c bn, cn tr s to gel, lm gim s n nh v tnh cht chc nng ca protein
ca sn phm C vin trong thi gian lu tr.
Loi b cc tp cht (mu, mi, m).
2.3.2 Mi nguy: nc ra cng nh hng rt nhiu
Ha hc: hm m c s tng cao, iu kin thun li cho cc phn ng thy phn,
gim dinh dng. Nhng phn ng thng gp l thy phn cht bo, protein; oxy
ha cht b
Ha l: S khuych tn mt s cht m ha tan, khong, vitamin, phn mu st v
cc cht mi tanh t c vo trong nc.
Vi sinh: vi sinh vt b c ch do nhit thp.

2.3.3 Phng php thc hin:

- S ln ra v lng nc ra cho mi ln khc nhau i vi tng loi c. Ra qu
nhiu ln s lm tht thot tht c v gim m trong tht c, nhng ra qu t ln s
gim cht lng gel trong thi gian lu tr.
- Tin hnh ra trong in kin pH thp n trung tnh (6.5 7.0) v nhit thp (3
100C).
- Tht c xay c ngm vo dung dch, phi khuy o u n v lin tc sut thi
gian ra. Nhit nc ra c duy tr trong khong 5 100C cho tt c cc ln ra.
Sau mi ln ra, bc tht c vi bn lp vi mn, ro nc t nhin trong 2 3
pht, ri li tip tc ra ln sau. Sau khi tin hnh ra ba lnth tht c c em i p
tch nc.
Chu k ra ca c vi nc l giai on quan trng ca tin trnh sn xut c vin.
Ra c khnh sch s li:
Mu
kh mi v mu ca tht c m cn loi i mt lng m ng k.
Ngoi ra ra cn l mt bc quan trng trong vic loi b cc protein tan
trong nc, ch yu l protein tng c, l protein c xem l cn tr
vic hnh thnh kh nng to gel ca c vin v nhng tp cht lm gim
cht lng sn phm.
Ra s lm cho nng actin v myosin tng, gip gel hnh thnh tt
=> Do , mt qu trnh ra thch hp l rt quan trng t c c vin vi
cht lng v kh nng thu hi cao. Tuy nhin, bn cnh vic tng gi tr sn phm trong
qu trnh ra phi lu n lng nc s dng sao cho hp l gim thiu lng
nc thi ra mi trng.

2.4 Tinh ch:

2.4.1 Mc ch cng ngh: tch b phn t c sm, ch gi
li phn t c trng c kh nng to gel tt nht.
2.4.2 Mi nguy: c th nh hng t my mc . Ngoi ra vn c
th nhim lng histidine cng gy nh hng ti sc khe

2.5 p tch nc:

2.5.1 Mc ch cng ngh:
Sau qu trnh ra m trong tht c tng ln ti 90 -92%. Theo yu cu, m ca tht
c cho qu trnh phi trn v lnh ng l 80 -82%, tc gn ging vi m ca tht c
t nhin. Do cn thit phi loi b nc c trong tht c.
-

2.5.2 Mi nguy
Ha hc: hm lng m gim.
Vt l: qu trnh ma st cng to ra nhit, gp phn cho cc phn ng thy phn mt
lng nh lipit, protein, cc loi vitamin
Ha sinh: hin tng bin tnh protein do nhit, gy mt dinh dng

2.6 Phi trn

2.6.1 Mc ch cng ngh:
To s ng nht cho hn hp, to mn v bn ca cu to trc gel do cc cht
c phi trn c chc nng bo v cu trc v tnh cht chc nng ca protein c trong
qu trnh tr ng.
-

2.6.2 Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:

Vt l: nhit tng do s ma st khi o trn, ging nh p tch nc.
Ha hc: thnh phn cc cht trong hn hp thay i ty theo cng thc phi trn s
dng.
Vic s dng ph gia cng gy nhiu nh hng ti cht lng sn phm cng nh
sc khe con ngi.

S trn cho ta thy vic s dng hm lng ph gia km cht lng hay khng
bit ngun gc xut s vn cn. l mt vn nan gin gia vic kinh t v an
ton sc khe ngi tiu dng

2.7 Cc loi ph gia:

-

2.7.1 Cht ty trng:

Nguyn liu s dng sn xut surimi l tht c c mu trng cc loi, do vic
la chn nguyn liu s nh hng cht lng sn phm cng nh cm quan ca sn
phm. Nguyn liu ch bin surimi c th l:
+ C nc mn: Alaska pollock, Pacific whiting, Croaker, Lizafish, Horse mackerel.
+ C nc ngt: r phi (Tilapia), c mng bin (milkfish Chanos chanos). Milkfish
c kh nng to sn phm vi cu trc gel cng, cn Tilapia c kh nng to gel tt
hn nhng hiu sut thu hi li thp hn.
+ Ph liu c: c vn l ph liu ca qu trnh x l s b tht c, sa fillet Phn
ny c th chim n 10% khi lng c nguyn liu. Tn dng lng c vn ny
khng nhng lm tng hiu qu kinh t m cn gp phn khp kn qui trnh sn xut,
gim lng ph liu gy nhim mi trng
V trong nguyn liu c th l vn c trong cc qu trnh s l khc, nn vic ty
trng cho nguyn liu cng l mt vn cn ch trng v xem xt k lng. Nhiu
c s sn xut nh l s dng cc cht cm dng trong sn phm nh Axid Oxalic
hay formol. Gy nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng.

2.7.2 Gluten:
Gluten l hn hp hai protein gm gliadin v glutenin. Cc cht ny lin kt vi
tinh bt, v tn ti trong ni nh ca ht ca mt s loi cy ho tho, c bit l la m,
yn mch v la mch la mch, gip to nn tnh n hi c trng ca bt (nhng
m bt do v snh). Gluten c s dng nh mt cht lm c ( hay cht to gel ) trong
sp, bnh ko, quy trnh ch bin cc loi tht v hi sn, marinades, nc tht, nc
tng, ch, thc phm chc nng, thuc.
Cng dng
Gluten c trn chung vi c v tinh bt ( t sn, ng ) khi xay s lm cho
hn hp c dai v kt dnh, lm tng tnh cm quan cho sn phm cng nh tng
hm lng protein c trong sn phm
Mi nguy:
Tuy nhin, Gluten c th kch hot mt phn ng tiu cc v th cht nhiu
ngi. in hnh nht l bnh celiac, mt ri lon t min nh hng n 3 triu ngi
M. Vi mt ai b mc bnh ny, khi n thc phm c cha v cng nh lng
Gluten, h thng min dch s tn cng vo rut non v ngn nga s hp th cc cht
dinh dng quan trng, c th dn n suy dinh dng, thm ch e da tnh mng. Mt
loi bnh t nghim trng hn l d ng vi Gluten (hay cn gi l bnh khng dung np
Gluten) vi cc triu chng khc nhau mi ngi nh tiu chy, to bn, y hi, nn
ma, chng mt, kch ng da, mt mi, chut rt v trm cm.
Thc t Vit Nam vn cha c nhng ban hnh quy nh v vic s dng hay
khng s dng Gluten trong cc thc phm ch bin cng nghip. V cng bng m ni
nu ngi s dng khng mc nhng chng bnh khng dung np Gluten khi s dng
sn phm c cha gluten s khng gy nh hng g n sc khe ca bn thn, li c
hng thc c s dai ngon m Gluten mang li cho sn phm.
Polyphosphate

2.7.3 Sodium Polyphosphate, Sodium Calcium

Polyphosphate
hay cc nhm Polyposphate
nm trong danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm do b Y t
ban hnh.
Mt s nhm tiu biu ( trch dn )
2.7.4 Cht Ph Gia 452iii
Tn Ting Vit

Natri canxi polyphosphat

INS

Tn Ting Anh

Sodium Calcium Polyphosphate

ADI

70

Chc nng

Nh ho, n nh, iu chnh axit, to xp

ML

Ghi
Ch

STT

Nhm Thc Phm

Tht v sn phm tht bao gm tht gia cm v tht th

5000

Thy sn v sn phm thy sn, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai

1000
qua ch bin

2.7.5 Cht Ph Gia 452i

Tn
Ting
Vit

Natri polyphosphat

INS

Tn
Ting
Anh

Sodium Polyphosphate

ADI

Chc
nng

iu chnh axt, bo qun, to xp, chng ng vn, n nh mu, chng

oxy ho, nh ho, iu v, lm rn chc, x l bt, lm m, n nh, lm dy

STT

Nhm Thc Phm

70

ML

Sa v sa b

440

ung c sa, c hng liu hoc ln men (VD: Sa so co la, sa

660
cacao, bia trng, sa chua ung, sa c)

M v du thc vt

110

M ln, m ng vt, du c v du ng thc vt khc

110

18

Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti

1100

Ghi
Ch

19

Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th ng lnh nguyn ming hoc

1100
ct nh x l nhit

20

Sn phm tht, tht gia cm v tht th ng lnh nguyn ming hoc

1100
ct nh

21

C ti

GMP

22

Nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai x l nhit

2200

23

Cc sn phm c, ng vt nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai xay nh

ng lnh

1100

24

Thu sn, sn phm thu sn hun khi, sy kh, ln men hoc p

muI, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai

GMP

Cng dng:
iu chnh axt, nh ho, n nh, bo qun, to xp, chng ng vn, n nh mu,
chng oxy ho.
Mi nguy:
Nu lm dng cc cht trn v s dng qu liu lng cho php s dn n
Lm cho sn phm c cu trc nh cao su
Lm cho sn phm c v tanh ng, cm gic nga li,
Hm lng ln c th gy nh hng n sc khe: nn ma, au bng.
2.7.6 Hn the (Borac khan hay ttraborat natri khan)
Hn the c tnh st khun nh, li lm cho sn phm tinh bt, c, tht,... tr nn dai
nn hay c cc nh sn xut Vit Nam cho vo thc phm sn phm ch bin ra
dai v ko di thi gian bo qun v s dng.
Tuy nhin hn the c th gy ng c. Liu t 5 gam tr ln gy ng c cp
tnh, c th dn n t vong. Dng vi liu lng thp c th gy ng c mn tnh, nh

hng n gan, thn, gy bing n v suy nhc c th. Khi vo c th, hn the kh b
o thi m tch t trong gan, n khi lng tch t ln s gy tc hi mn tnh.
Mc d hn the l cht b B Y t Vit Nam lit k vo danh sch cc ha cht
cm s dng trong vai tr ca ph gia thc phm, nhng n vn c s dng trong cc
loi thc phm nh gi, ch, nem chua, bn, bnh ph, bnh cun, bnh su s, bnh c
vi hm lng khng c c quan no kim sot. V th, vic s dng gi, ch cn ht sc
cn thn. Mt biu quyt gn y trn VnExpress.net cho thy ngi s dng vn cha
thc ht nguy him ca borac. Trong s 1.003 kt qu biu quyt cho thy c 67,8%
ngi c hi cho rng bit l hn the c hi nhng khng c la chn no khc,
22,6% tr li l khng . 6,7% cho rng t nn khng sao v 2,9% cho rng hn the
chng nh hng g.
Hin nay cc nh khoa hc ca Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Vit Nam sn xut
c mt loi ph gia thc phm c tn l PDP t nguyn liu t nhin nh v tm, cua,
mai, mc, c th thay th hn the trong sn phm ch bin.

Hnh..Thit b o trn Silent cutter

2.8 Cc cht bo qun

Potassium Sorbate, Acid Sorbic, Sodium Benzoat, Acid Benzoic, l nhng cht c
php s dng bo qun thc phm trong mt liu lng cho php nht nh.
2.8.1 Cng dng
Chng mc

 Chng nht
Tng thi gian bo qun
2.8.2 Mi nguy:
Nu s dng qu hm lng cho php s nh hng n sc khe ngi dng:
Sodium Benzoat: Trong dng ho hp vi acid ascorbic (vitamin C, E300), natri benzoat
v kali benzoat hnh thnh benzen, mt cht gy ung th, tuy nhin khng nguy
him cho vic tiu dng Nhit , nh sng v thi hn s dng c th nh hng n t
l benzen hnh thnh.
Vic s dng cc cht ph gia khng c trong danh mc cho php v khng ng liu
lng ngoi vic hon ton khng c gi tr dinh dng cn s gy nn cc trng hp
ng c thc phm cp tnh. Mc nh biu hin ri lon tiu ha nh bun nn, nn
ma, gy d ng da lm ni mn, nga, ph. Mc nng c th dn n t vong. S
dng lu di v thng xuyn nguy c tch lu cht ph gia n vo trong c th dn n
cc bnh nguy him kh cha gan, thn, d dy, no.

2.9 nh hnh:
-

2.9.1 Mc tiu cng ngh:

nh hnh gip vn chuyn, phn phi v tiu th sn phm d dng hn.
Thc hin qu trnh suvari , tc l hnh thnh cu trc gel cht ch.

2.9.2 Mi nguy
Vt l: thit b ln tp cht, r st

Sn phm to hnh khng to c bn c hc cn thit c th nh hng n gi

tr cm quan cng nh cht lng sn phm

Vt liu c lm khun:

- Kim loi: c th gy ra mt s mi nguy cho sn phm thc phm nu khng c

quan tm, ch trng n c tnh ca kim loi s dng . Bi trong cc mn n, nht l
cc mn chua u c mt lng axit nht nh. Lng axit ny sau khi c "ngm"
trong ni s lm thi ra mt lng kim loi hoc lm oxy ha lp b mt vt ng
bng kim loi. Nng cng nh hm lng kim loi b thi nhim ra d khng
nhiu nhng lu dn tch t trong c th ngi dng cng s nh hng khng tt cho
sc kho
- Nha : to iu kin cho vsv pht trin do kh tr ra, bt tin trong vic v sinh.
ng thi mt s loi nha nh nha PE t trng cao, c gi tt l HDPE (high
density polyethylene) hay PVC (polyvinyl chloride) loi chuyn dng cho thc phm
cng s dng ti cc ho cht c hi nh hexane v benzne c th xm nhim v sn
phm nh hng ti sc khe ngi s dng

Hnh. My nh hnh

2.10 Lnh ng:

2.10.1 Mc ch cng ngh:
Bo qun, lm ko di thi hn s dng sn phm c vin.
2.10.2 Mi nguy:
Nhit bo qun cng ty thuc vo tng loi c s dng, nu dung qu lnh th gy
nh hng th nc kt bang gy ph v mng t bo, ni tr ng ca nhiu loi vi sinh
vt, lm gim thi hn s dng sn phm.
Ha hc: Actomyyosine: s b bin tnh khi bo qun lnh, hu qu l kh nng gi nc
gim i, gy mt nc, tn tht cht kh v cu trc km bn.
- Vi sinh: c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.

Hnh:. h thng bng chuyn cp ng siu tc IQF

2.11 D kim loi

2.11.1 Mc ch cng ngh:
Hon thin sn phm
2.11.2 Mi nguy:
Loi b nhng sn phm b ln kim loi, tuy nhin cn phi s dng ng quy trnh v
bo qun thit b, nu khng th s cho kt qu sai lch.

Hnh. my d kim loi

2.12 ng gi:
2.12.1 Mc ch cng ngh:
Hon thin sn phm, bo qun sn phm
2.12.2 Mi nguy:
Bao b s dng:
Nhng loi nha c s dng trong thc phm cn phi lu ti vic c phi nhim
cht c, c tit ra cc cht gy hi cho sn phm hay khng
+ PET c dung tch khc nhau cn c s dng ng du thc vt (u nnh, m,
lc) Tuy nhin, nhng loi nha ny c th r r vo trong nc kim loi an-ti-mn

v -xt ch rt c hi nht l khi ng nc nng hay trong mi trng c nhit

cao. Ngoi ra nha PET cn kh lm sch v c th cha nhiu loi vi khun gy bnh
+ Nhng chai ng sa, nc ngt v mt s thc phm lng khc thng lm bng
nha PE t trng cao, c gi tt l HDPE (high density polyethylene) hay PVC
(polyvinyl chloride) loi chuyn dng cho thc phm. C th ni tt c cc ch ln,
nh, siu th hay ch ven ng hng ho giao cho khch hng u ng ti PE. Tuy
nhin, vic sn xut ra HDPE cng s dng ti cc ho cht c hi nh hexane v
benzne
+ Bao b c khng r ngun gc tht khng an ton khi dng nhng thng nha ng
sn nc cha ng thc phm. Mt s ha cht c hi c trong sn thm vo
nha s khuych tn ra mi trng nc - axit ca c vin gy ra tc hi khn lng n
sc khe ca ngi tiu dng
Bao b ng gi c cha kim loi nng , cc c t kim loi nng trn li d b ha tan
trong mi trng c PH thp.. N c th khng gy ng c tc thi nhng nu dng
trong thi gian di s gy ra cc bnh mn tnh nguy him (tim mch, gan, thn, ung th,
)

Hnh. Thit b ng gi ht chn khng

3. Cc yu t nh hng n quy trnh sn xut c

vin
3.1 Cc yu t tc ng bn ngoi
3.1.1 nh bt c
Cht lng c vin chu tc ng bi cc iu kin thu hoch v phng php s
dng trong qu trnh nh bt. Chng hn nh phng php ch bin c s b trn tu,

thng bo qun nguyn liu. Cc thnh phn dinh dng nh hm lng protein, vitamin,
cht bophi ht sc lu trong qu trnh bo qun.
c im a l khu vc nh bt c cng lm nh hng su sc n cht
lng sn phm. Cc yu t xc nh nh: kch c c, thi gian ko mt m c ln b
Mt vi yu t lin quan trong khi nh bt nh: iu kin thi tit, ln ca mi m
c, nhit bung bt c (i vi tu ln)cng nh hng n cht lng sn phm
sau cng.
Tt c cc yu t trn tng tc qua li ln nhau v cng khng th xc nh c
yu t no quan trong hn.
3.1.2 Bo qun trn tu
Thi gian v nhit bo qun t khi bt c cho n khi em vo sn xut c th
c coi l 2 yu t quan trng nht nh hng n cht lng c vin.
C sau khi nh bt phi c bo qun lnh nhit di 00C v phi c
ch bin trong 20-100 gi.
Nhng loai c c hm lng cht bo cng cao th giai on x l cng phi
nhanh trnh qu trnh oxy ha cht bo lm tht c thm i.
Bi ti ca nguyn liu c rt quan trng t c hiu qu ch bin cao
nht. Mi loi phi c x l da trn gi tr ca n. Cht lng nguyn liu c nh
hng rt ln n gi tr cm quan v tnh cht ha hc ca sn phm. C ti ch bin
thch hp hn, to ra sn phm t mu v cc lin kt ca m c hnh thnh gel tt hn
3.1.3 Nc
C th ni nc l va l nguyn liu tham gia sn xut, cng va tham gia hu
ht cc qu trnh sn xut nn nc nh hng rt nhiu ti cht lng cng nh an ton
v sinh ca sn phm. V vy, nc sch l yu t tin quyt c c nhng vin c
va tt va sch.
Mi v
- Nc ging ngm: mi trng thi l do c kh H2S, kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy cc
cht hu c trong lng t v ha tan vo mch nc ngm. Mi tanh ca st v mangan.
- Nc mt (sng, sui, ao h): mi tanh ca to l do s xut hin ca cc loi to v vi
sinh vt. Trong trng hp ny nc thng c mu xanh.
- Nc my: mi ha cht kh trng (clo) cn d li trong nc.
Mi v khc l s gy cm gic kh chu khi dng nc. Tu theo loi mi v m c cch
x l ph hp nh dng ha cht dit to trong ao h, keo t lng lc, hp ph bng than
hot tnh,
Mu
- Mu vng ca hp cht st v mangan.
- Mu xanh ca to, hp cht hu c.
Nc c mu cao thng gy kh chu v mt cm quan. Vi cc quy trnh x l nh
sc kh ozn, clo ha s b, keo t, lng lc c th lm gim mu ca nc. Cn lu

, khi ngun nc c mu do hp cht hu c, vic s dng Clo c th to ra cht mi l

trihalomethane c kh nng gy ung th.
pH
Ngun nc c pH > 7 thng cha nhiu ion nhm carbonate v bicarbonate (do chy
qua nhiu tng t ). Ngun nc c pH < 7 thng cha nhiu ion gc axit.
pH ca nc phi c duy tr 6,8 7 nc c th c gi li trong
nguyn liu tng cht lng cho qu trnh to gel.
Bng chng d thy nht lin quan gia pH v sc khe ca ngi s dng l n lm
hng men rng pH ca nc c lin quan n tnh n mn thit b, ng ng dn nc
v dng c cha nc.
c
c l i lng o hm lng cht l lng trong nc, thng do s hin din ca
cht keo, st, to v vi sinh vt.
Nc c gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi dng v c kh nng nhim vi sinh. Tiu
chun nc sch quy nh c nh hn 5NTU, nhng gii hn ti a ca nc ung
ch l 2 NTU. Cc quy trnh x l nh keo t, lng, lc gp phn lm gim c ca
nc.
kim
kim ca nc l do cc ion bicarbonate, carbonate v hydroxide to nn. Vic xc
nh kim ca nc gip cho vic nh lng ha cht trong qu trnh keo t, lm
mm nc cng nh x l chng n mn.
Thng thng, nc dng cho n ung nn c kim thp hn 100 mg/l.
cng
cng ca nc cng lm nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nc cng l
nc c hm lng cht khong nh l: Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+. Nhng thnh phn ny gy h
hng cu trc v mu sc trong sut qu trnh bo qun c vin. Trong , cc ion Ca2+,
Mg2+ tc ng lm thay i cu trc. Cc ion Fe2+, Mg2+ gy ra nhng bin i v mu
sc.
Nc cng thng cn nhiu x phng hn to bt, hoc gy hin tng ng cn
trng trong thit b un, ng dn nc nng, thit b gii nhit hay l hi. Ngc li,
nc cng thng khng gy hin tng n mn ng ng v thit b.Theo tiu chun
nc sch, cng c quy nh nh hn 350 mg/l. i vi nc n ung, cng nh
hn 300 mg/l. Tuy nhin, khi cng vt qu 50 mg/l, trong cc thit b un nu
xut hin cn trng. Trong thnh phn ca cng, canxi v magi l 2 yu t quan trng
thng c b sung cho c th qua ng thc n. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi c nguy c
mc bnh si thn cn hn ch vic hp th canxi v magi hm lng cao.
C th kh cng bng phng php trao i ion.

Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS)

TDS l i lng o tng cht rn ha tan c trong nc, hay cn gi l tng cht
khong.
Tiu chun nc sch quy nh TDS nh hn 1.000 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh
TDS nh hn 500 mg/l.
oxy ha (Cht hu c)
oxy ha c dng nh gi mc nhim ca ngun nc. C 2 phng php
xc nh oxy ha ty theo ha cht s dng l phng php KMnO4 v K2CrO7.
Tiu chun nc sch quy nh oxy ha theo KMnO4) nh hn 2 mg/l.
Nhm
Nhm l thnh phn chnh trong cc loi khong, t st. Nhm c dng trong cc
ngnh cng nghip sn xut cht bn dn, thuc nhum, sn v c bit l ha cht keo
t trong x l nc. Nc khai thc t vng t nhim phn thng c pH thp v
hm lng nhm cao.
Nhm khng gy ri lon c ch trao i cht, tuy nhin c lin quan n cc bnh
Alzheimei v gia tng qu trnh lo ha. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh hm lng
nhm nh hn 0,2 mg/l.
St
i vi nc ngm, trong iu kin thiu kh, st thng tn ti dng ion Fe2+ v ho
tan trong nc. Khi c lm thong, st hai s chuyn ha thnh st ba, xut hin kt ta
hydroxyt st ba c mu vng, d lng. Trong trng hp ngun nc c nhiu cht hu
c, st c th tn ti dng keo (phc hu c) rt kh x l. Ngoi ra, nc c pH
thp s gy hin tng n mn ng ng v dng c cha, lm tng hm lng st trong
nc.
St khng gy c hi cho c th. Khi hm lng st cao s lm cho nc c v tanh,
mu vng, c v mu tng nn kh s dng. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch
u quy nh hm lng st nh hn 0,5 mg/l.
Mangan
Mangan thng tn ti trong nc cng vi st nhng vi hm lng t hn. Khi trong
nc c mangan thng to lp cn mu en ng bm vo thnh v y bn cha.
Mangan c c tnh rt thp v khng gy ung th. hm lng cao hn 0,15 mg/l c
th to ra v kh chu, lm hoen qun o. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy
nh hm lng mangan nh hn 0,5 mg/l.
Asen (thch tn)
Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha asen nhiu hn
nc mt. Ngoi ra asen c mt trong ngun nc khi b nhim nc thi cng nghip,
thuc tr su.

Khi b nhim asen, c kh nng gy ung th da v phi. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh
asen nh hn 0,05 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh asen nh hn 0,01 mg/l.
Cadimi
Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha hm lng cadimi
nhiu hn nc mt. Ngoi ra Cadimi cn thy trong ngun nc b nhim nc thi
cng nghip khai thc m, nc r bi rc. Cadimi c th xut hin trong ng ng thp
trng km nu xy ra hin tng n mn.
Cadimi c tc ng xu n thn. Khi b nhim c cao c kh nng gy i ma. Tiu
chun nc ung quy nh Cadimi nh hn 0,003 mg/l.
Crm
Crm c mt trong ngun nc khi b nhim nc thi cng nghip khai thc m, xi m,
thuc da, thuc nhum, sn xut giy v gm s.
Crm ha tr 6 c c tnh mnh hn Crm ha tr 3 v tc ng xu n cc b phn c
th nh gan, thn, c quan h hp. Nhim c Crm cp tnh c th gy xut huyt, vim
da, u nht. Crm c xp vo cht c nhm 1 (c kh nng gy ung th cho ngi v
vt nui). Tiu chun nc ung quy nh crm nh hn 0,05 mg/l.
ng
ng hin din trong nc do hin tng n mn trn ng ng v cc dng c thit b
lm bng ng hoc ng thau. Cc loi ha cht dit to c s dng rng ri trn ao
h cng lm tng hm lng ng trong ngun nc. Nc thi t nh my luyn kim, xi
m, thuc da, sn xut thuc tr su, dit c hay phim nh cng gp phn lm tng lng
ng trong ngun nc.
ng khng tch ly trong c th nhiu n mc gy c. hm lng 1 2 mg/l lm
cho nc c v kh chu, v khng th ung c khi nng cao t 5 8 mg/l. Tiu
chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng ng nh hn 2 mg/l.
Ch
Trong ngun nc thin nhin ch pht hin hm lng ch 0,4 0,8 mg/l. Tuy nhin do
nhim nc thi cng nghip hoc hin tng n mn ng ng nn c th pht hin ch
trong nc ung mc cao hn.
Khi hm lng ch trong mu cao c th gy tn thng no, ri lon tiu ha, yu c,
ph hy hng cu. Ch c th tch ly trong c th n mc cao v gy c. Tiu chun
nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng ch nh hn 0,01 mg/l.
Km
Km t khi c trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun nc thi ca cc khu khai thc
qung.
Cha pht hin km gy c cho c th ngi, nhng hm lng > 5 mg/l lm cho
nc c mu trng sa. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng
km < 3mg/l.

Niken
Niken t khi hin din trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun nc thi ca ngnh
in t, gm s, c quy, sn xut thp.
Niken c c tnh thp v khng tch ly trong cc m. Tiu chun nc ung v nc
sch u quy nh hm lng niken nh hn 0,02mg/l.
Thy ngn
Thy ngn him khi tn ti trong nc. Tuy nhin cc mui thy ngn c dng trong
cng ngh khai khong c kh nng lm nhim ngun nc.
Khi nhim c thy ngn cc c quan nh thn v h thn kinh s b ri lon. Tiu chun
nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng thy ngn nh hn 0,001 mg/l.
Molybden
Molybden t khi c mt trong nc. Molybden thng c trong nc thi ngnh in, ha
du, thy tinh, gm s v thuc nhum.
Molybden d hp th theo ng tiu ha v tn cng cc c quan nh gan, thn. Tiu
chun nc ung quy nh molybden nh hn 0,07 mg/l.
Clorua
Ngun nc c hm lng clorua cao thng do hin tng thm thu t nc bin hoc
do nhim t cc lai nc thi nh m km, khai thc du, sn xut giy, sn xut nc
t quy trnh lm mm.
Clorua khng gy hi cho sc khe. Gii hn ti a ca clorua c la chn theo hm
lng natri trong nc, khi kt hp vi clorua s gy v mn kh ung. Tiu chun nc
sch quy nh Clorua nh hn 300 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh Clorua nh hn
250 mg/l.
Amni Nitrit Nitrat
Cc dng thng gp trong nc ca hp cht nit l amni, nitrit, nitrat, l kt qu ca
qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c hoc do nhim t nc thi. Trong nhm ny,
amni l cht gy c nhiu nht cho c v cc loi thy sinh. Nitrit c hnh thnh t
phn ng phn hy nit hu c v amni v vi s tham gia ca vi khun. Sau nitrit
s c oxy ha thnh nitrat. Ngoi ra, nitrat cn c mt trong ngun nc l do nc
thi t cc ngnh ha cht, t ng rung c s dng phn ha hc, nc r bi rc, nc
ma chy trn. S c mt hp cht nit trong thnh phn ha hc ca nc cho thy du
hiu nhim ngun nc.
Sunfat
Sunfat thng c mt trong nc l do qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c c cha sunfua
hoc do nhim t ngun nc thi ngnh dt nhum, thuc da, luyn kim, sn xut
giy. Nc nhim phn thng cha hm lng sunfat cao.
nng sunfat 200mg/l nc c v cht, hm lng cao hn c th gy bnh tiu chy.

Tiu chun nc ung quy nh sunfat nh hn 250 mg/l.

Florua
Nc mt thng c hm lng flo thp khong 0,2 mg/l. i vi nc ngm, khi chy
qua cc tng vi, dolomit, t st, hm lng flo trong nc c th cao n 8 9 mg/l.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy khi hm lng flo t 2 mg/l lm en rng. Nu s dng
thng xuyn ngun nc c hm lng Flo cao hn 4 mg/l c th lm mc xng. Flo
khng c biu hin gy ung th. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh hm lng flo trong
khong 0,7 1,5 mg/l.
Xyanua
Xyanua c mt trong ngun nc do nhim t cc loi nc thi ngnh nha, xi m,
luyn kim, ha cht, si tng hp.
Xyanua rt c, thng tn cng cc c quan nh phi, da, ng tiu ha. Tiu chun
nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng xuanua nh hn 0,07 mg/l.

3.1.4 Thi gian v nhit trong qu trnh bo qun

V thi gian nh bt c ko di nn mi m c thu c u c bo qun trong
nhng thng cha ln nhit v thi gian thch hp. Trong thi gian bo qun, nhit
c th thay i theo hng tng dn. Bo qun nhit cao v thi gian di c th
dn n hin tng protein trong c t phn hy v lng protein t c b ha tan tng
dn.
Nh vy, nhit v thi gian c kh nng tc ng ln cc cch bo qun sau
nh bt, s t phn protein v ha tan ca cc loi protein.
S thoi ha ca si myosin theo nhit v thi gian.
S thoi ha ny din ra ngay c khi nhit c gi n nh 00C v nhit
cng tng qu trnh ny cng din ra nhanh hn
.

3.2 Nhng yu t sinh hc nh hng n cht lng

ca c vin
3.2.1 nh hng ca ging c
c im cu to v chc nng ca c vin thay i ty theo ging c. c im
chc nng ca c vin ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to. Tuy nhin, vic hiu c mi
lin h gia nhng tnh cht ha l ca c v c im chc nng v thnh phn cu to
ca c vin l rt quan trng. Chng hn:
i cc ging c c c tht ti hoc (chc nng gel protein thp hn, mu sm
hn, hm lng cht bo cao)rt giu myoglobin, ty th, cht bo v collagen. y l
nhng thnh phn bt li trong qu trnh chun b c vin. Cc thnh phn ny nh hng
n mu sc, mi v ca sn phm, cn phi c lai ra trong qu trnh chun b c vin.

Ngc li c c t l c tht trng thp, c cha hm lng myoglobin, ty th, cht bo,
thp. Do hm lng chung ca cc cht ny trong c bo cao hn c nc, qui trnh
sn xut c nc t b nh hng bi cc yu t ny.
c tht v cc c quan bn trong ca c ti, vi khun hin din rt t. c ti vi
khun ch c th tm thy trn da ( 102 107cfu/cm2 ), mang ( 103 109cfu/g) v ni tng
(103 109cfu/g) ( Shewan, 1962 ).

Vi khun c mi va nh bt ch yu gm vi khun hiu kh, k kh khng bt

buc, vi khun G- nhPseudomonas, Alteromonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella,
Flavolacberium, Cytophaga and Vibrio. C sng trong vng nc m d b nhim bi vi
khun G+ nh Micrococcus, Bacillus v Coryneform.
Vi khun hin din loi thn mm ging vi vi khun trong c bin nhng s
lng vi khun G+ nh Bacillus, Micrococcus,
Enterobacteriaceae v Streptococcus chim s lng ln hn.
Hai loi vi khun gy bnh thng lm bin i mi v ca c v nhuyn th
gm: Clostridium botulinum loi E, B, F v Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
- Clostridium botulinum l vi khun sinh bo t khng nhit. Vi khun ny khng
c hi nu tn ti mt lng nh trong c ti. Vi khun s tr nn rt nguy him khi
iu kin bo qun hoc ch bin khng tt to iu kin thun li cho bo t sinh sn,
pht trin v sn sinh c t. Vi khun loi E, B, F c kh nng khng nhit thp.
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus l loi vi khun t chu nhit, a mui gy bnh vim
ng rut vi cc triu chng bnh ging nh triu chng bnh gy ra do Salmonella.
Bnh ch xy ra khi n vo lng ln t bo vi khun (khong 106cfu/g), mc thng
thng c th chp nhn c l 103cfu/g. Loi vi khun ny rt nhy cm vi nhit
(nng v lnh).
Ngoi ra, mt s loi vi khun khc c tm thy trong c v cc loi hi sn
khc nh Clostridium perfringen,Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. , Shigella
spp. b ly nhim do qu trnh vn chuyn v ch bin khng m bo v sinh
Nguyn liu sau khi nh ch s sng th qu trnh tng hp trong c th s dng li,
men trong c tht tin hnh qu trnh phn gii, ng thi vi sinh vt s phn hy nhng
sn vt cp thp lm cho nguyn liu bin cht h hng d l qu trnh thi ra.

C khi cn sng ngoi da c 1 lp nht l mi trng sinh sng cho vi sinh vt.
y tn ti cc loi trc khun sinh va khng sinh nha bo nhPseudomonas fluorescens,
Proteus vulgaris, Micrococcus roseus, E. coli v mt s loi nm mc, nm men sng
trong nc.
Trong mang c, i a s l vi sinh vt hiu kh thng gp Pseudomonas
fluorescens.
Trong rut c c nhiu vi sinh vt ca nc, t bn v thc n a vo, c nhiu vi
khun ki kh sinh nha bo. Trong rut c thng thy Cl. sporogenes, Cl. putrificus
aerobacter, Cl. Welchii v nhm E. coli. Lng vi sinh vt trn m c ca c tng i
t, cc loi thng gp
l Sarcinalutea, Sarcina flava, Chromobacterium, Micrococcus, E. coli, Bac. subtilis.
Sau khi c cht, gp diu kin thun li th cc loi vi sinh vt pht trin rt nhanh.
i vi qu trnh gy thi ra ca nguyn liu khng phi cc loi vi sinh vt u c tc
dng nh nhau m trong h Pseudomonas l tch cc nht cn cc loi khc th pht
trin t v mt s th gim i.
C sau khi cht nu khng kp thi bo qun th s lng vi sinh vt tng ln rt
nhanh c bit phm vi nhit cao. khi cc n thi, s lng vi sinh vt trong 1g tht
c t ti 107 108 t bo.
S thi ra ca thy sn bt u l do vi khun ym kh k sinh trong c th ng
vt cn sng, khi cht do iu kin thch hp nh cht dinh dng cao, nc nhiu, nh
sng mt tri v khng kh th s pht trin nhanh chng. B phn th hai pht trin
mnh mang c. ng thi vi khun hiu kh dnh trn da c cng n dn vo t chc c
th tht. Thi gian thm nhp ca vi khun vo c tht c khong 24- 60 gi. Vi khun
ym kh pht trin t trong ni tng n dn ra c tht, hin tng thi ra xy ra l u
tin mang mt mu v xm li, cht nht trn da c ngu, vy d bong trc, mi hi
thi.
Trong qu trnh thi ra ch yu l phn hy cc acid amin thnh cc sn vt cp
thp nh indol, skatol, cadaverin, putrescin, cc loi acid c m, acid bo cp thp: H2S,
thioalcol, CH4, NH3, CO2.
Tht c rt d b thi ra l v:
Lng nc trong tht c cao v ni chung th lng m tng i t.
Sau khi cht c d chuyn sang mi trng kim to iu kin cho vi khun pht
trin.
Kt cu t chc ca tht c lng lo, mm nho.
Khi nhit bnh thng vi khun sng trn thn c rt nhiu c bit ngoi da
c lp cht nht l mi trng tt cho vi sinh vt pht trin.
Trong tht c cht c rt t cht min dch t nhin, khng th km.
C c nhiu men ni ti v hot tnh ca chng rt mnh khi c cht s pht trin
theo hng thy phn to iu kin tt cho vi sinh vt gy thi ra. Qu trnh thi ra
lm cho tht c thiu thi mt gi tr thc phm

3.2.2 Cch kim sot cc vi khun gy bnh

Thc hin 4 nguyn tc v sinh thc phm (Ngn nga nguy c nhim cho, hn
ch, gim thiu v tiu dit vi sinh vt).
Kim sot nhit , thi gian m bo nhanh, lnh, sch
Soi gp.
- Nu chn trc khi n.
- Cp ng.
- p dng nguyn tc HACCP trong nui thy sn (x l nc trong mi trng
nui).
V vy, an ton thc phm thu sn nht thit phi lit k c cc mi nguy
trong cc cng on t c s nui, tu nh bt, c s thu gom, cng c, c s s ch, c
s sn xut nc , nh my ch bin xc nh ngun gc nguyn nhn gy nhim
v a ra bin php khc phc trc mt v lu di

3.3 Cc yu t tc ng trong qu trnh ch bin

3.3.1 B u v ni tng
Phn ni tng c cha rt nhiu vi khun v to ra cc enzyme tiu ha mnh,
enzym proteolytic. Cc enzyme ny gy ra cc qu trnh bin i mnh m ca c sau khi
cht lm tng cc mi kh chu, c bit vng bng v thm ch c th gy v bng c.
i vi c bo va v nh th thng khng m bng c, cn vi c gy th vic m bng
l bt buc
Tuy nhin, vic m bng s lm l khoang bng v tng b mt tip xc vi O2
khng kh nn chng d b oxi ha v bin mu. Cho nn cn cn nhc k nhng yu t
nh tui ca c, loi c, hm lng lipid, ng trng v phng php nh bttrc
khi quyt nh c nn m bng c hay khng.
3.3.2 Fillet
Vi sn phm c vin c chun b t tht c c fillet sn s cho sn phm
c cht lng n nh hn. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh chun b tht fillet, hiu sut thu hi
tht s gim do mt phn tht cn dnh li cc phn xng. Vic s dng tht c cn
nguyn xng s lm cho sn phm c vin c cht lng km hn. Bi v trong qu
trnh p ly tht c dch lng trong cc t bo thn kinh, ty v cc thnh phn cn st li
trn xng nh l lch, thn, rut, d dy... rt giu enzyme gy bin tnh protein, mc d
qu trnh ra c th loi cc enzyme ny nhng khng trit . B li hiu sut thu hi
tht trong trng hp ny cao hn.

3.4 Nhng yu t ha hc
3.4.1 c t Scrombroid Biogenin amin: Histamine
Histamine c ngun gc t qu trnh decarboxy ha ca acid amin histidine, phn
ng c xc tc bi enzyme L - histidine decarboxylase. N l mt amin c tnh ht
nc v tnh gy gin mch
iu kin hnh thnh histamine:

+ S hin din ca histidine: Cc loi c c c tht sm v thng vn ng nh

c ng, c thu, c da, c trch, c nc, c heo c hm lng histidine cao.
+ S pht trin ca vi khun sinh enzyme decarboxylase to histamine
- Mt s loi vi sinh vt c kh nng to c t histamine nh:
+ Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio sp, Lactobacillus sp
+ Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Hafnia alvei
Cc loi vi khun trn c tm thy hu ht cc loi c. Chng pht trin tt
100C. Nhng 50C chng pht trin rt chm. Tuy nhin loi Morganella morganii li
to ra histamine nhit 0- 50C sau khi cc sn phm c lu trong kho 24 gi.
Loi Morganella morganii l loi vi khun to histamine nhiu nht pH trung tnh,
nhng chng li c kh nng pht trin pH = 4. 7 8. 1
c tnh ca histamine: chu c nhit, thm ch c c nu chn, ng hp
qua thanh trng histamine vn khng b ph hy.
- iu kin ng c histamine khi n c:
+ C tht c cha cc acid amin tin t sinh ra histamine v cc amin sinh hc:
cadaverine (1, 4- diaminopentane), putrescine (1, 4- diaminobutane)
+ C cha hoc nhim vi khun c kh nng kh carboxyl acid amin
+ Qu trnh x l v bo qun (iu kin v sinh v thi gian nhit ) thch hp
cho s pht trin ca vi khun ny
+ Ngi tiu dung n c vi nng histamine v c amin c hot tnh sinh hc
cao
+ Tnh nhy cm cu ngi tiu dng (ru, histaminase)
- Cc ch nh hm lng Histamine trong c:
+ <>
+ 5 20mg/100g: c th gy c
+ 20 100mg / 100g: c v khng an ton cho ngi s dng
+ >100mg / 100g: c v khng an ton cho ngi s dng
- Hm lng Histamine quy nh Hoa K
+ 50 ppm: cn c hnh ng theo di
+ 500 ppm: hm lng gy c
+ FDA yu cu dng phng php ph hunh quang AOAC xc hm lng
histamine
- Hm lng quy nh histamine EU
+ Hm lng khng qu 100 ppm
+ c php c 2 mu hm lng trong khong 100 200 ppm
+ Khng c mu no qu 200 ppm

+ Kim tra theo phng php c EU cng nhn (HPLC)

- Cc triu chng khi ng c histamine: d ng, bun nn, i tiu ra mu, sn tiu, sng
ph, au rut v thn kinh. Triu chng ko di t 3 gi n vi ngy
3.4.2 c t ciguatera
Ciguatera l loi c t gy c ph bin nht c tnh nng chu nhit rt cao nn
hu nh khng b phn hy trong qu trnh nu nng, ch bin thc n.
Ngun gc:
- Do c sng trong nhng rn san h n phi to vi sinh Dinoflagellate c cha c t
ny
- Do loi trng roi y bin: Gambierdicus toxicus k sinh trn c cha c
t Ciguatera
- C khong 400 loi c cha c t Ciguatera c th gy c nh: c nhng, c m, c
thu, c ch vng, c ch Liu lng gy hi l 1 ppb. Trc y, cc loi c b nhim
c ciguatera ch c cc vng bin thuc khu vc Nam Thi Bnh Dng, Carribea, n
Dng, nhng hin nay c nhim c t ny c mt cc vng bin thuc khu
vc chu , chu u v Bc M
Cu trc: Gm 2 c t chnh l: Ciguatoxin v Maitotoxin
Trng lng phn t: ciguatoxin: 1000; Maitotoxin: 3400
LD-50: 0.1g/kg Maitotoxin; 0.4g/kg Ciguatoxin (chut)
C ch tc ng: Ciguatera tch t trong gan, u, rut v trng c. Ciguatoxin tan
trong du, ngn cn knh vn chuyn ion Na+, Maitotoxin gy c ch ln knh vn
chuyn Ca2+ trong mng t bo dn n s khng cc ca mng (depolarization) lm
ngng xung in thn kinh. Gy ra chng tc nghn thn kinh. Nn nhn t vong do t
lit h hp.
Triu chng: Xut hin vi gi sau khi n: bun nn, nhc u, au c, kh th, ri lon
tim, cm gic t cc u ngn chn, tay, nga ngy, hn m, ni sng, dn n tiu
chy, thm ch b cm khu v c th gy v mch mu dn n t vng. Thng thng
ng c ciguatera khng c nguy c dn n t vong cao, nhng thi gian iu tr cc
bin chng do ng c thng ko di, c khi phi mt nhiu nm v nh hng n sc
khe ca ngi bnh sau ny. Cc trang thit b y t hin i nht hin vn rt kh xc
nh c c t ciguatera v tnh phc tp ca cc phn t v thng biu hin di
nhiu dng khc nhau. Hn na, cc triu chng ca dng ng c ciguatera li c triu
chng ging vi cc dng ng c khc, ng thi cng ging vi cc cn bnh kinh nin
thng thng, nn rt kh pht hin v iu tr
DSP
c t gy tiu chy (Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning) l nhm gm nhiu c t, sinh ra
do nhuyn th n phi to c thuc nhm dinoflagellates loi Dinophysis
spp,Aurocentum, prorocentrumlima.

LD_50: 192 g.kg (i.p.) chut.

Triu chng: biu hin bnh sau 30 pht cho n vi gi sau khi dng phi
nhuyn th c cha c t. Ri lon ng rut (tiu chy, nn ma, au bng) nn
nhn c th bnh phc sau 3-4 ngy khng cn iu tr. Cha thy t vong
ng xm nhp: ng ming

c t gy mt tr nh (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning)

Ngun gc ASP, domoic acid sinh ra t to Chondiria armuta, sn sinh t to

Digenea simplex, Pseudo nitzschia pungren f. multiseries. Domoic acid thuc
nhmprotein gi l kainoid, thuc nhm kch thch thn kinh hay c t kch thch,
gy tr ngi cho chu trnh vn chuyn thn kinh no.

Cu trc Domoic acid, kainic acid v cc ng phn: 5 epi DA,Isodomoic

acid A H.
LD_50 4 mg.kg chut

Triu chng: Gy bun nn v tiu chy sau 30 pht 6 gi, tc ng d dy,

thn kinh gy hoa mt, chong, ngt c th bnh phc sau vi ngy. Nu nng cao
c th ph hu t bo thn kinh tm thi hoc vnh vin gy mt tr nh, c th dn
n t vong.

C ch tc ng: Hot ha th quan Kainate Glutamate, kt qu lm tng Ca^2+

ni bo. Lin kt vi NMDA v NMDA glutamate th cm, in p ph thuc vo
knh calcium. c t thn kinh, DA lm tng cao Ca^2+ v thng tn tip theo
vng no ni ng dn glutaminergic c nng tng cao, c bit trong vng CA1
v CA3, vng chu trch nhim v vic vic hc v nh. Tuy vy, liu lng gy mt
tr nh thp hn mc gy c. Mc tc dng ca vic n phi v thc cht thp hn
(35-70 mg.kg).

c tnh: Trng lng phn t: 311,14 C15H21NO6

ng xm nhp: n phi.

CFP[
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning l loi c t gy c ph bin nht. C khong 400 loi c c
th nhim c. Liu lng gy hi l 1 ppb.

Ngun gc: Sinh ra bi loi trng roi y Gambierdicus toxicus k sinh trn c.

Cu trc: Gm 2 c t chnh l: Ciguatoxin v Maitotoxin

LD_50 0,1g.kg Maitotoxin, 0,4g.kg Ciguatoxin ( chut)

Triu chng: Xut hin vi gi sau khi n: nn, tiu chy, nga, yu, mt ko di
2 3 ngy c khi n 1 nm. C th gy v mch mu dn n t vong.

C ch tc ng: Ciguatoxin tan trong du, ngn cn knh vn chuyn ion Na^+
trong mng t bo dn n s khng cc ca mng (depolarization) lm ngng xung
in thn kinh. Gy ra chng tt nghn thn kinh. Nn nhn t vong do t lit h hp.

Trng lng phn t: ciguatoxin: 1.000; Maitotoxin: 3.400

ng xm nhp: ng ming
3.4.3. Bin i do enzyme

- Do enzyme c sn trong thc phm hoc c tit ra t cc vi sinh vt bn ngoi xm

nhp vo thc phm
- Cc phn ng kh amin: R- NH2 + H2O R- OH + NH3
R- NH2 + H2 R- H + NH3
- Cc phn ng kh carboxyl: R- COOH R- H + CO2
- Cc phn ng kh amin kh carboxyl
- Kt qu l cc acid amin, c bit l mch kn s hnh thnh nn cc amin rt c, c
tn chung l promain:
Phenylalanyl phenylethylamine
Tyrosin tyramine
Tryptophan tryptamine
Histidin histamine
- Tryptamine lm co gin ng mch
- Cc phn ng to scatol, cresol, phenol, indol l nhng cht c c mi kh chu
Triptophan acid indoloxypsopinic acid indolacetic scatol indol
- Phn ng to thnh phosphin khi phn hu cc acid phosphoric c trong phosphoprotein
v nucleoprotein: H3PO4 PH3 l kh khng mu, mi thi, rt c

4. Cc ch tiu cm quan v ha l, ch tiu vi sinh ca

sn phm c vin
Ch tiu cho ta bit c nhng kt qu t c cho mt sn phm v sinh, an ton
v cht lng. Vic sn xut khng ng ch tiu cng gy hi cho sc khe con
ngi nu dung phi nhng sn phm ny.
Cn c vo cc ch tiu sau

- Ch tiu v mt ha l
- Ch tiu v mt cm quan
- Ch tiu v mt vi sinh

4.1 Ch tiu cm quan v ha l

C vin c phn thnh ba hng cht lng: hng c bit, hng 1 v hng 2
Ch tiu

Mc v yu cu
Hng c bit

Hng 1

Hng 2

1.Mu sc

Trng n trng ng

2. Mi

Mi c trng ca sn phm c vin c bin, khng c mi l

3. pH

6,5-7,2

4. Hm lng nc,
tnh bng t l % khi
lng, khng ln hn

76,0

78,0

80,0

5. Lng tp cht tnh

theo thang im 10
bc, trong khong

10 9

87

65

6. do xp theo
loi(A,B,C,D), khng
nh hn

AA

6. ng kt, tnh
trn th theo g.cm,
khng nh hn.

350

330

300

7. trng, tnh bng

t l %, khng nh
hn

50

45

40

Bng 4.1. Ch tiu cm quan v ha l ca sn phm c vin theo TCVN 199-1998

4.2 Ch tiu vi sinh

Tn ch tiu

Mc v yu cu

1. Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, tnh bng

s khun lc trong 1g sn phm, khng ln
hn

100.000

2. Tng s Cloriform, tnh bng s khun

lc trong 1g sn phm, khng ln hn

100

3.Staphylococcus aureus, tnh bng s

khun lc trong 1g sn phm, khng ln
hn

100

4. Escherichia coli, tnh bng s khun lc

trong 1g sn phm

Khng cho php

5. Salmonella, tnh bng s khun lc trong

25g sn phm

Khng cho php

6. Vibro cholera, tnh bng s khun lc

trong 25g sn phm

Khng cho php

Bng 4.2. Ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm c vin theo TCVN 119-1998

5.T liu tham kho

Nguyn Liu ch bin thu sn, TS. Nguyn Trng Cn v KS. Minh Phng
Cng ngh ch bin thc phm, L Vn Vit Mn. Trn Th Thu Tr, Tn N Minh
Nguyt
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1_vi%C3%AAn
http://congnghethucpham1112.blogspot.com/2012/09/cha-ca-vien-tuong-tu.html
http://www.5giay.vn/am-thuc/2284817-chat-bao-quan-thay-han-the-tao-gion-dai-cho-chalua-nem-chua-ca-vien-bo-vien.html