1

Chronic Hunger in Developing Countries

Preface

Chronic hunger is one of the most demanding problems in the world today and is, in and
of itself, a potentially deadly condition (Freedom From Hunger, 2015). Chronic hunger is different
than hunger; it is the condition in which people do not ingest enough calories or nutrients to live a
healthy and normal life. Chronic hunger and malnutrition are the number one risks to health
worldwide- greater than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined (World Food Programme,
2015). Malnutrition is the result of a diet in which nutrients are either too little or too much that
the diet causes health issues. In this case, the diet does not deliver a healthy amount of nutrients to
the body, and therefore causes malnutrition; this can result from chronic hunger, along with
starvation. This issue is commonly referred to as world hunger, simply due to the fact that it
affects several developing countries and their people. Although there have been various attempts
to alleviate world hunger, none have been completely successful. The causes of hunger are deeply
complex, ranging from political problems and distribution, to production problems. The most
significant advances in the fight against hunger have come from the application of science to
agriculture. The main and most popular attempt used is sustainable farming, which is the act of
farming using principles of ecology, the study of their relationships and their environment
(USDA, 2015). This method exists within developing countries.
Hunger is not the result of food production shortages, but rather of unjust food distribution.
Specifically, millions of people lack access to adequate nutrition, but it is not due to scarcity; it is
due to economic limitations as well as governmental and agricultural policy failures (Hope
International Development Agency, 2015). Additionally, climate change in developing parts of the
world such as Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia will result in decreasing yields. It is not about a
production or a consumption focus, but how the food system relies on a healthy and natural
environment to thrive (Duncan Williams, 2014). This limited access to fertile land and increasing
marginalization of small-scale farmers makes a sustainable harvest difficult to attain. Furthermore,
due to a lack of access to improved farming methods and technology that utilize principles of
agroecology and sustainable agriculture, problems of soil depletion pose an additional challenge
(Hope International Development Agency, 2014). This will prevent any agricultural opportunities.
These are some examples of the root causes and linkages to hunger; therefore, hunger is an issue
that exists due to the ignorance of other issues, such as poor infrastructure, lack of economy,
climate change and lack of government.

2
This issue is significant because it is the result of the ignorance of humanity, and also the
future if humanity does not act upon the root issues. Projections indicate that without significant
effort, over 500 million will be food insecure in developing countries by 2020 (USDA, 2010).
Everyone deserves and should have the right to have access to resources that sustain livelihoods.
These resources include tools, seeds, and access to an evolving knowledge of improved cultivation
techniques and practices (Hope International Development Agency, 2014). Pursuing this further, if
knowledge about agriculture or sustaining and composting is not made available, then maintaining
an agricultural livelihood will not be possible. This knowledge could provide the people of
developing countries with a sense of control and confidence. The United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization estimates that about 805 million people of the 7.3 billion people in the
world (or one in nine) were suffering from chronic undernourishment in 2012-2014. Out of all the
hungry people, 791 million live in developing countries, representing 13.5 percent (or one in
eight), of the population of developing counties. There are 11 million people undernourished in
developed countries (FAO 2014). These statistics are disturbing and the realization and awareness
of these facts is necessary.
Hunger causes a number of issues worldwide, including high-infant mortality rates,
vulnerability to common illnesses, increased risk of infection, vulnerability in times of disaster,
impediments to development, and impediments to economic growth. High-infant mortality rates
are due to the malnourishment of women causing vulnerability to illness and smaller, weaker
babies. Illnesses such as malaria and dehydration are very common to those suffering from
hunger, and most will not survive due to their weakness. Also, due to weak immune systems,
those suffering from hunger will be vulnerable to a number of infections in the body. Vulnerability
to disaster is due to unexpected shocks such as natural disasters and crop failure that result in
devastation and usually death in those suffering from hunger at the time. Also, impediments to
development are due to hunger depriving children from developing safely due to a lack of
nutrients and nourishment. Lastly, impediments to economic growth are an important effect of
hunger. For the nearly 67 million children who weigh less than they should due to chronic hunger,
completing school is an unlikely reality. Studies have shown that those who are malnourished
spend fewer years in school, which, in turn, results in an unsuccessful adulthood (Freedom From
Hunger, 2015).
The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness about this issue- world hunger- and to address
the factors involved that need to be identified in order to fully understand the steps needed to be
taken. Moreover, this paper will go deeper into what issues hunger has caused around the world,

3
both in developing and developed countries. Additionally, this paper will explore specific case
studies that will reveal the struggle that some people living in developing countries have to
endure, relating to chronic hunger. As a result, this paper will examine world hunger, analyze how
it has affected certain countries and people, and work through the practical restrictions that make it
difficult to address hunger effectively.

4
Summary of Research Methods

The research methods for this issue-based report were utilized to discover, conceive and
interpret facts, studies, stories and biographies. In order to thoroughly understand every aspect of
this world issue, research was conducted to identify those aspects and eventually gain the
necessary knowledge to begin the development of the report. To begin, simply identifying and
defining the world issue provided the basic informational outline; as well as the proposal and
preface. To gain a deeper and more personal level for this report, research in case studies and
organizations fighting to alleviate this issue was conducted. This evidence emphasized the
ramifications that this issue has had and continues to have in developing countries. The forms of
secondary research used for this report include sources such as Google scholar, news sites,
YouTube interviews, and a variety of humanitarian organizations websites. Google scholar was
actively used for the background, role of control and logic of evil topics in this report. The news
cites- such as BBC news- were used for the experts, solutions, case studies and Canadian
connection topics in this report. The humanitarian organizations websites were mainly used
towards the experts, international organizations, case studies and religion and spirituality topics in
this report. These humanitarian organizations contained valid information for several of the topics
in this report and were therefore very helpful and contributive. Within these websites, as well as
Google scholar, there were also reliable articles written by authors and experts that provided
academic sources and information. As a result, all of these reliable sources have made valid and
legitimate contributions towards this report.

5
Background

World hunger has been an inevitable issue since the beginning of the sixteenth century.
Historians recognize the origin of food regimes dating back to the sixteenth century; specifically
during the colonial era. During this time, agricultural products were produced in Europe and the
colonies were forced to produce special goods for the mother countries. Global hunger was a
growing problem even before the media picked up on the present food crisis (Eric Holt-Gimnez,
2008). However, societys view and reactions to hunger has changed over time, which led to the
progressiveness of this issue becoming a real, world issue. At the beginning of the nineteenth
century, hunger was viewed as an unavoidable natural phenomenon or as the fault of its lazy and
morally flawed victims. By the middle of the twentieth century, a new understanding of hunger
had taken root. Across the British Empire and beyond, humanitarian groups, political activists,
social reformers, and nutritional scientists established that the hungry were innocent victims of
political and economic forces outside their control. Hunger was now seen as a global social
problem requiring government intervention in the form of welfare to aid the hungry at home and
abroad (James Vernon, 2007).
Although there is no specific date for the origin of world hunger, there have been several
attempts to alleviate it. In 1974, there were 500 million hungry people in the developing world.
The World Food Conference pledged to eradicate child hunger in 10 years. In 1996, there were
830 million hungry people in the world, and the World Food Summit pledged to reduce the
number of hungry people by half by 2015. Also in 1996, 12% of the U.S population was hungry,
so the U.S Farm Bill increased food nutrition programs and food banks augment donations of
government surplus with local and industry-donated food. In the 2000 Millennium Summit, world
leaders pledged to reduce extreme poverty and hunger by half by 2015; this goal was met before
2014. In 2002, 850 million people were hungry in the world, and the World Food Summit admits
to poor progress on the Millennium development goals. In 2008, there were 862 million hungry
people in the world, and the FAO high-level conference on World Food Security announces that
instead of reducing the ranks of the hungry to 400 million, hunger has increased. The World Bank
re-calculates its projections- over three billion people live on less than $2 a day. Also in 2008,
12% of the U.S population is still hungry. Although the government food nutrition programs and
food banks still exist across the nation, one in six children go hungry each month and 35 million
people cannot ensure minimum daily caloric requirements (Eric Holt-Gimnez, 2008).

6
Many factors have played a role in the progressiveness of this global issue, including
shortages of clean drinking water, colonialism, population growth, poverty, loss of or decline in
arable land, climate change, natural disasters, war and conflict, government, and restrictive
economic systems. The main factors are poverty, lack of investment in agriculture, climate
weather and climate change, war and displacement, unstable markets, and food wastage. All of
these factors are interconnected with hunger and have contributed to the rise of world hunger.
Poverty is an ongoing cycle, and once one falls into that trap, it is nearly impossible to get
out of. It is the main cause of world hunger, due to the fact that people suffering from poverty
cannot afford nutrition; therefore making these people weak and less able to earn money. In
developing countries, farmers often cannot afford seeds, so they cannot plant the crops that would
provide for their families. They may have to cultivate crops without the tools and fertilizers they
need, and others have no land, water or education. In short, the poor are hungry and their hunger
traps them in poverty (World Food Programme, 2015). This is an unfortunate continuous cycle.
A lack of investment in agriculture contributes to poor infrastructures and also restrictive
economic systems. This leads to high transport costs, unreliable water supplies and lack of storage
facilities. All of these conspire to limit agricultural yields and access to food (World Food
Programme, 2015). This limited access is dangerous for communities, especially alongside the
high transport costs due to a lack of investment in agriculture.
Climate weather and climate change have major impacts on lifestyle and nutritious needs.
Natural disasters such as tropical storms, floods and droughts are on the increase and have major
consequences for the hungry people in developing countries. Drought is one of the most common
causes of food shortages in the world and is, unfortunately, popular in parts of Africa. Climate
change is exacerbating already unfavorable natural conditions. Increasingly, the worlds fertile
land is under threat from erosion, desertification, and deforestation; therefore preventing the use of
land for growing food (World Food Programme, 2015). This limits agricultural growth and
contributes to poor economic growth. Natural disasters can also put stress on communities and
create a crisis for families. Additionally, crop fields can be destroyed due to natural disasters; crop
fields are usually the only source of food for developing countries, so when they are destroyed it
creates vulnerability to developing chronic hunger.
War and displacement are other major factors contributing to the growth of hunger as a
global issue. Across the globe, conflicts are consistently arising and disrupting farming and food
production. Additionally, war forces many people to flee their homes, which inevitably leads to
hunger emergencies. A recent example is the conflict in Syria. Also, in war, food can be used as a

7
weapon. Soldiers will starve their opponents by seizing or destroying their food and livestock, and
systematically wrecking local markets. In doing this, fields are often mined and water wells are
contaminated, forcing farmers to vacate their land (World Food Programme, 2015).
Unstable markets relate to unstable prices of food products. Up and down food prices make
it difficult for the poor to access nutritious food consistently. Price spikes may put food out of
reach, and the poor need access to adequate food all year round. Putting this food out of reach can
have lasting consequences for the poor, especially small children. When these prices rise,
consumers will shift to cheaper and less-nutritious foods, heightening the risks of different forms
of malnutrition.
Lastly, food wastage represents a missed opportunity to improve global food security in a
world where one in eight is hungry. One-third of all food produced (1.3 billion tons) is never
consumed. The production of this wasted food uses up precious natural resources. Each year, food
that is produced and wasted guzzles up a volume of water equivalent to the annual flow of
Russias Volga River. The production of this food also adds 3.3 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases
to the atmosphere, with consequences for the climate, and ultimately, for food production (World
Food Programme, 2015).
World hunger is considered a global issue today simply because it affects everyone. Due to
the fact that hunger interconnects with so many other world issues, it has an impact on several
nations and citizens. It creates economic, development and educational issues, therefore having a
negative impact on the future of these developing countries with so many people suffering.

8
Experts

There are multiple organizations and important figures aiming to alleviate world hunger.
After thorough research, The World Food Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization and
the International Fund for Agricultural Development have made major contributions to this cause.
More specifically, the main leaders representing these organizations have been recognized as
experts in the subject of world hunger.
The World Food Programme is the worlds largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger
worldwide. It was born in 1961 and pursues a vision of the world in which every man, woman and
child has access to the food that is needed to build a healthy and active life. The purpose of the
World Food Programme is to get food where it is needed in emergencies and save the lives of
victims of war, civil conflict and natural disasters. After an emergency has passed, the World Food
Programme uses food to help rebuild communities. On average, the World Food Programme
reaches more than 80 million people with food assistance in 75 countries each year, and over
11,500 people work for the organization- most directly serving the hungry poor (World Food
Programme, 2015).
Ertharin Cousin, the Executive Director of the World Food Programme, brings more than
twenty-five years of national and international non-profit, government, and corporate leadership
experience focusing on food, hunger and resilience strategies. Cousin guides the World Food
Programme in meeting urgent food needs while advocating longer-term solutions to hunger and
food insecurity. As the leader of the worlds largest humanitarian organization, she is an
exceptional spokeswoman for improving the lives of hungry people worldwide, and travels
considerably to raise awareness of chronic malnutrition (World Food Programme, 2015). In 2009,
Ertharin Cousin was nominated by Barack Obama and confirmed by the U.S Senate to be the
United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture, and head of
the U.S Mission to the U.N Agencies in Rome. During these years, Cousins helped guide U.S and
International policy around some of the most devastating and life-threatening situations in the
world. She advocated for aid strategies following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, and for country-led
sustainable agricultural programs, specifically in the aftermath of the 2010 flooding in Pakistan
and in response to the 2011 drought in Africa (World Food Programme, 2015).
As the U.S representative in Rome, Cousin played a significant role in advocating for
improved collaboration between, and promoting gender equality and mainstreaming in the
operations of the three Rome-based food and agricultural agencies- the Food and Agricultural

9
Organization, the International Fund for Agriculture Development and the World Food
Programme. In 2011, she also assumed the presidency of the International Development Law
Organizations Assembly of Parties (World Food Programme, 2015).
As a young girl growing up in a lower-income neighborhood in Chicago, Cousin understood
from an early age the importance of a familys ability to provide food (Rahm Emanuel, 2014).
This past experience has allowed Cousin to incorporate her own personal story with her mission to
feed the world. Cousins life goal is to end global hunger, and she has witnessed many things that
have motivated her to do so. One experience that has stuck with Cousin was seeing two children in
Somalia, the age of her own grandchildren, who were so malnourished they could not move (Julia
Llewellyn-Smith, 2014). Cousin states that hunger can be solved in her lifetime because, we have
the tools, the technology, the commitment at a global level from donor countries (Julia
Llewellyn-Smith, 2014). During an interview shortly after Cousin was appointed tenure as
Executive Director of the World Food Programme, Cousin was asked if the emphasis on fighting
chronic hunger has become stronger, and Cousin responded:
Well, when youre providing emergency aid, youre fighting hunger; youre filling
stomachs. If theres a difference in the work weve traditionally performed and what
we are hoping to achieve now as we move from food aid to food assistance, is that
we are working to not simply filling stomachs, but to build resilience of individuals
or communities, of those who are the most vulnerable, particularly hungry people
around the world so that they can withstand the shocks and crises that occur, that
impact their ability to feed themselves (UN News Centre, 2013).
Cousin is obviously very passionate about her words and her life goals. She has worked in the
administration of U.S President Bill Clinton for four years, and also served as Executive Vice
President and Chief Operating Officer of Feeding America, the largest domestic hunger
organization in the United States. Additionally, while working for Albertsons, she served as
President and Chair of the companys corporate foundation (World Food Programme, 2015). She
is currently based in Rome, Italy; she is a successful published author and accomplished speaker
on food insecurity and chronic malnutrition (World Food Programme, 2015).
The Food and Agricultural Organization has also contributed greatly to ensuring the highquality food access to all people. Achieving food security for all is at the heart of the Food and
Agricultural Organizations efforts. The purpose of the Food and Agricultural Organization is to
help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition, make agriculture, forestry and fishery
more productive and sustainable, reduce rural poverty, enable inclusive and efficient agricultural

10
and food systems, and increase the resilience of livelihoods to disasters. The Organization has
three main goals: the eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition; the elimination of
poverty and the driving forward of social and economic progress for all. Also, the sustainable
management and utilization of natural resources, including water, air, land, climate and genetic
resources for the benefit of present and future generations (Food and Agricultural Organization of
the United nations, 2015).
Jos Graziano, the Director-General of the Food and Agricultural Organization, has
spearheaded major transformational changes within the organization. These improvements have
entailed refocusing the Food and Agricultural Organizations work, reinforcing its institutional
capacities, strengthening partnerships private sector and academia and lifting the Food and
Agricultural Organizations support for South-South Cooperation. Graziano has worked on issues
of food insecurity, rural development, and agriculture for over thirty years; he was elected
Director-General of the Food and Agricultural Organization in June of 2011 (Food and
Agricultural Organization, 2015). In 2001, Graziano led the team that designed Brazils Zero
Hunger programme. In 2003, he was named Special Minister of Food Security and the Fight
against Hunger. Zero Hunger has helped lift millions out of hunger and extreme poverty by
emphasizing social inclusion and policies that address macro-economic, productive and social
challenges (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2015). As stated by Graziano, "We cannot
improve nutrition without food security. And we cannot achieve food security without better food
systems" (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2015). Therefore, in order to improve food
security, better food systems must be in place. Government policies are rules created by
governments that help achieve certain results to help strengthen and protect citizens. When it
comes to hunger-related issues, laws and policies can impact when and where the crops are
planted and harvested. Additionally, policies can influence the prices of crops and jobs, therefore
making policies and governments inevitably powerful and influential (Revolution Hunger, 2013).
During a Food and Agricultural Organization conference with Pope Francis in 2013, Graziano
said, The fight against hunger must have no color, no religion, no political affiliation. Ending
hunger is absolutely necessary if we want a truly sustainable and more secure future. It makes
political and economic sense, but morally and ethically, it is also the right thing (FAO, 2013).
Graziano believes that fighting against hunger does not always have to involve factors such as
politics and religion; it is the humane thing to do.
Graziano, as Director-General, has been working to transform the Food and Agricultural
Organization into a knowledge Organization with its feet on the ground and pushing for a more

11
decentralized approach. On an International level, Graziano is working to build a consensus on
food security-related issues, such as supporting the Committee on World Food Security, the
United Nations High-Level Task Force on Global Food Security and the Zero Hunger Challenge.
He has written and edited over twenty-five books on rural development, agrarian economics, food
security, and regularly contributes to leading publications and imperative discussions on food
security and sustainable agriculture (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2015). Additionally, he
has emphasized the importance of addressing the connection between economic, social and
environmental factors that can lead to hunger and malnutrition, and has sharpened the
organizations strategic focus to transform the vision of a hunger-free world into reality by
utilizing how to achieve objectives. (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2015).
The International Fund for Agricultural Development is a specialized agency of the United
Nations. It was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as a major outcome of
the World Food Conference in 1974. One of the most important insights emerging from the
conference was that the causes of food insecurity and famine were not so many failures in food
production, but structural problems relating to poverty, and to the fact that the majority of poor
populations were concentrated in rural areas. IFAD will ensure that poor rural people have better
access to, and the skills and organization they need to take advantage of natural resources,
improved agricultural technologies and effective production services, a broad range of financial
services, transparent markets for agricultural inputs and produce, opportunities for rural off-farm
employment and enterprise development, and local and national policy and programming
processes (International Fund for Agricultural development, 2015). Working with poor rural
people, governments, donors, non-governmental organizations and many more partners, the
International Fund for Agricultural Development focuses on specific country solutions, which can
involve rural peoples access to natural resources, land, technology, markets and financial
services. Its main goal is to empower poor rural women and men in developing countries to
achieve food security and higher incomes (International Fund for Agricultural Development,
2015).
Kanayo F. Nwanze, the president of the International Fund for Agricultural Development,
was appointed to presidency on February thirteenth, 2013. Nwanze has a strong record as an
advocate and leader with a keen understanding of development issues, along with over thirty-five
years of experience across three continents, focusing on poverty reduction. Under Nwanzes
guidance, the International Fund for Agricultural Development has stepped up its advocacy efforts
to ensure that agriculture is a central part of the international development agenda. As an

12
intellectual leader on issues of food security, Nwanze has been a member of the World Economic
Forums Global Agenda Council on Food Security since 2010 (International Fund for Agricultural
Development, 2015).
During Nwanzes incumbency, the International Fund for Agricultural Development has
increased the number of country programme managers and country offices. This enhances the
International Fund for Agricultural Development supervision of its projects, benefiting Member
States, partner institutions and project participants. As a result, the International Fund for
Agricultural development has become a valued and results-focused international development
partner and is delivering a much larger programme of loans and grants due to the leadership of
Nwanze (International Development Fund for Agricultural Development, 2015).
Without a shadow of a doubt, these three agencies- and the influential, determined leaders
representing them- have all made major contributions to alleviating world hunger and the issues
that go along with it. One thing that they all have in common is that they are working to relieve
food insecurity and provide the access to food that is needed to live a healthy, developmental life.
As said by Graziano, We have the opportunity to end hunger within our lifetimes. This is the
greatest legacy we can leave to future generations (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2015).

13
Role of Control

The role of control is simply the identification of what or who has the control of the issue.
Undoubtedly, alleviating a global issue is not easy; it takes power and motivation. In order to
determine who has the role of control for this global issue, the root problems and causes of hunger
need to be recognized, discussed, and handled. This includes the lack of economy and
government, poor infrastructure and poor distribution of nutritious foods in developing countries.
Therefore, the roles of control for this issue are powerful and influential; this power is controlling
of chronic hunger and lies in the hands of governments, developing countries and corporations.
Governments control the food distribution in and out of their own countries. This affects the
access that people in developing countries have to food, which determines their food security. The
governments of developing countries determine how their food is distributed, and most of these
governments are weak. This weak governance has increased the corruption in land occupancy and
administration; this land insecurity puts social stability, growth in agriculture and ensuring food
security at risk. The corruption results in the people of the country losing control over their own
land resources, which then results in chronic hunger. Therefore, governments of developing
countries have control of this issue. Similarly, the governments of first world countries have
control of this issue as well; hunger infiltrates all types of government, such as democracies and
dictatorships. Also, there have been instances where first world countries have exploited land and
resources in developing countries; this proves that the governments of first world countries also
have a role in worsening chronic hunger.
Developing countries have control of the issue because of money. Specifically, the larger
amount of money that a country has, the more food they will have. For example, developing
countries are poor due to a lack of money for the country- this makes the people vulnerable to
poverty, and in turn, vulnerable to hunger.
Corporations also have a role of control in this issue. It is necessary to do more than send
emergency food aid to countries facing famine. Leaders must address the globalized system of
agricultural production and trade favouring large corporate agriculture and export-oriented crops
while discriminating against small-scale farmers and agriculture oriented to local needs. Excessive
meat production requires mass amounts of grains that might otherwise be able to sustain poor
families (Global Policy Forum, 2015). Corporations require certain resources that developing
countries have to offer, and they also require land within those developing countries. This limits
the access that people in developing countries have to both land and resources- contributing to

14
hunger. Therefore, corporations control where the resources go, and what land needs to be taken
over.
Alleviating world hunger requires people coming together from all career fields including
agriculturalists, economists, community builders, nutritionists, journalists and more. Fighting
malnutrition and hunger requires improving roads, setting up clean water systems and food
systems, getting politicians to make smart and informed policies and laws, and making sure people
have access to healthy food. This issue requires humanity to view the problem with fresh eyes and
new perspectives for all the ways that humanity can fight. The more expertise and ideas that are
put towards this cause, the more humanity can ensure that nobody goes to bed hungry (Revolution
Hunger, 2013).

15
Logic of Evil
The concept of the logic of evil simply means the reasoning behind an evil act, or the
justification of an evil act. This applies to this issue. Although there is no single man or woman, or
event that caused world hunger, the governments and corporations that have control over this issue
definitely contribute to worsening it. As stated before, hunger is not the result of food production
shortages, but rather of unjust food distribution. This applies to the logic of evil because although
the management of food distribution is unjust, there are logical reasons for exactly why it is
unjust.
The worlds recurrent food crisis is making a handful of multinational corporations and
investors very rich- as they devastate the poor and put the rest of the planet at economic and
environmental risk (Hunger Notes, 2009). In many parts of the world, it is the higher-class people
who own the land in developing countries, instead of the local, rural people. The struggle for land
reform, which would shift the balance of power in favour of the marginalized landless farmers, has
been going on for several decades. However, the financial and food crisis contribute to worsening
the trend towards land concentration, in which governments, corporations and agro-industrial and
private investors buy up fertile land in poor countries, depriving small farmers of their ability to
grow their own food (Global Policy Forum, 2015). This obviously puts the people in developing
countries at risk of hunger and poverty.
The logic of evil behind this lies in the management of food distribution, and the land
grabbing, which is the buying or leasing of lands in developing countries by domestic and
transnational governments and individuals. Land grabbing destroys rural farming and worsens
poverty and hunger. However, the governments that commit these land grabs and unjust
distributions of food believe that in doing so, it will benefit first world countries by providing a
valid source of food and access to this food. Despite the harmful effects, the governments in
developing countries that manage food distribution are more focused on providing for developed
countries and maintaining income rather than providing for the local needs. As for the developed
countries that are land grabbing, these governments are more focused on providing for the first
world countries through the exploitation of resources in developing countries. Therefore, the logic
of evil behind all of this revolves around one thing, money. The governments who are land
grabbing are simply looking for a good source of income- or, in other words, money- to provide
for their own countries. This ignorance is somewhat justifiable.

16
Therefore, although the governments are worsening hunger and poverty conditions (whether
knowingly or unknowingly), these governments have good intentions for the countries that they
govern and provide for. Providing order, stability and access in a country is vital, and that is what
these governments are attempting to do. Additionally, making the people of the country happy and
maintaining partnerships with other countries is also vital for the survival of a country, to an
extent.

17
Religion and Spirituality

Religion plays a big role in alleviating world hunger. Specifically, Christian church groups and
organizations continuously spread the word of God to third world countries. These humanitarian
Christian groups seek to spread faith, hope and charity. Christians use these three words frequently
when talking about their motives in life, what keeps them grounded, and especially when talking
about helping the poor. There are five particular Christian humanitarian organizations that are
dedicated to fighting poverty, persecution and helping the poor all over the world. Through their
members, volunteers, and Christian charity donations, they can work tirelessly in poverty-stricken
areas of the world to dig wells, build schools and administer the needs of the poor. They do so by
assisting young mothers and children, putting an end to the persecution of helpless children,
allocating emergency resources to impoverished people by fighting poverty and hunger, and
providing assistance to disaster-stricken regions. These top five Christian humanitarian
organizations are Compassion International, Food for the Hungry, World Vision, Samaritans
Purse and Hunger relief International (Sharefaith, 2013).
Compassion International is one of the worlds leading child development organizations. It
partners with local churches in twenty-six different countries to end poverty in the lives of
children. Compassions vision for developing children has taken root in the hearts of Christians all
over the world as they work together to liberate children from poverty in Jesus name. According
to Compassions ministry, if you could sum up our ministry in a phrase, it would be holistic child
development (Compassion, 2015). Compassion specifically works with children because they
realized that real and lasting change happens when children are developed to become adults who
will have the incentive to create change. Through this program, children learn that they are loved
deeply, they develop hope for the future and they realize that God wants to use them to help others
and be givers. This compassion works through age-appropriate Christian teaching and
discipleship, formal and non-formal educational opportunities, health care and hygiene training,
supplementary food, and personal attention, guidance and love. As a result, more than 1.6 million
children in twenty-six countries are learning skills and receiving opportunities to overcome hunger
and poverty. Compassion has been and continues to be successful in their missions to help
children overcome hunger. Additionally, Compassion children are twenty-seven to forty percent
more likely to finish secondary education, about thirty-five percent more likely to have white
collar employment as adults, and forty to seventy percent more likely to become church leaders

18
(Compassion, 2015). Therefore, Compassion International helps children develop healthy bodies,
minds and relationships while discovering Gods love for them.
Food For The hungry is a Christian organization serving the poor globally since Dr. Larry
Ward founded it in 1971. Dr. Larry Ward founded the organization due to his hurting heart for
the suffering of the 12,000 children dying of hunger at the time in Bangladesh and Haiti
(Sharefaith, 2015). They reflect the love of Christ in short-term emergency relief and long-term
work to end world hunger (Food For The Hungry, 2015). Food For The Hungry has a vision and a
mission- both revolving around Gods word and spreading His word. Their vision is, God called
and we responded until physical and spiritual hungers ended worldwide (Book of Psalms 146:7).
Their mission is, to walk with churches, leaders and families in overcoming all forms of human
poverty by living in a healthy relationship with God and His creation (Food For The Hungry,
2015). Their vision indicates that they will respond to Gods word until hunger is conquered
worldwide, and their mission indicates that in order to fulfill their vision, they will partner with
churches, leaders and families to help overcome poverty and outline the importance of their
relationship with God. Food For The Hungry is Christ-centered, child-focused, innovative and
relational and it also cherishes culture. The truth of Christs love serves as the inspiration for their
work. They focus on helping children and suffering communities while supporting churches,
families, and leaders in caring for children. Their programs are designed with input from the poor,
and their experts bring in new practices for agriculture and health. Also, more than ninety percent
of the 2000+ staff members are actually citizens of the more than 20 countries they operate in
around the world. Not only do they partner up with third world countries, but they also respect
their culture (Food For The Hungry, 2015). Therefore, Food For The Hungry responds to Gods
call to end spiritual and physical hunger worldwide while also providing the public with the
opportunity to sponsor children in third world countries.
World Vision is an Evangelical Christian humanitarian organization founded by Bob Pierce in
1950 and is active in ninety-seven countries. It is dedicated to helping the poor and working with
children and families to help beat the fight against hunger. In Christ, we have a role model who
healed the sick, fed the hungry, clothed the naked, and comforted the outcast, and whose message
was about restoring relationships and reconciliation (Sharefaith, 2015). World Vision believes in
this and incorporates this Christian belief into its missions of helping the poor, providing
emergency relief and promoting justice. Just last year, 10.7 million disaster survivors, displaced
people and refugees were assisted by World Vision, and 4.3 million children benefited from
sponsorship (World Vision, 2015). World Visions sponsorship is unlike any other child

19
sponsorship. It is not a handout, it is child-focused and community-based, it serves all children
with Christs love, and it is time-tested. Depending on the communitys needs, sponsorship
provides things like clean and drinkable water, protection from exploitation, better education,
better nutrition, caring staff, job training, equal opportunities for boys and girls, and simply
freedom to just be a child. They focus on issues ranging from health and disaster response, to
integrating lasting solutions to the root causes of hunger and poverty, to sharing Gods hope for a
brighter future. With 46,000 staff members, these missions are made possible across 100 different
countries. Therefore, World Vision provides many opportunities for children and communities
through Christs love.
Samaritans Purse is a Christian humanitarian organization that is dedicated to helping the
poor, assisting people with physical needs as well as engaging in missionary work across 100
countries worldwide. In fact, Bob Pierce-the founder of World Vision- also founded Samaritans
Purse in 1970. His vision for Samaritans Purse was to: meet emergency needs in crisis areas
through existing evangelical mission agencies and national churches (Sharefaith, 2015).
Samaritan Purses origin was inspired by the story of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:30-37). The
story describes how a Samaritan rescued a hurting man whom others had passed by, and Jesus told
His hearers, Go and do likewise (Samaritans Purse, 2015). Samaritan Purse has done their
utmost to follow Christs command for forty years now. They tell everyone they come into contact
with who questions their motives, We have come to help you in the Lord Jesus Christ. This is
similar to what the Apostle Paul said, For we do not preach ourselves, but Jesus Christ as Lord,
and ourselves as your servants for Jesus sake (2 Corinthians 4:5, NIV). Since many people in
third world countries are vulnerable to floods and droughts that can destroy crops, Samaritans
Purse works in displacement camps and distributes food staples to hungry families. They
specifically provide emergency kits containing rice, beans, soy meal, corn, salt, and cooking oil in
case disaster strikes. Samaritans Purse also provides daily meals that fill the nutritional gaps that
are so common for poor children. This nutrition is especially important for children because it
promotes attendance, fuels studies and nourishes growing bodies.
Hunger Relief International is a Christian relief and development organization working in
partnership with local communities to alleviate hunger and the lives of malnourished children and
their families. This is all part of a long-term strategy to achieve family and community selfsufficiency (Hunger Relief International, 2015). Its vision is to promote a world where children,
their families and communities can have access to the basic necessities of life including nutrition,
clean water, sanitation, health care and education (Hunger Relief International, 2015). Hunger

20
Relief International uses a specific strategy in order to fulfill its vision. It addresses the immediate
issues of hunger and food insecurity. It implements nutrition programs in communities and plans
development projects in partnership with local communities and leadership (Hunger Relief
International, 2015). An important part of this organization is that it partners with local and
international churches, farmers, universities, businesses and governments in order to facilitate
long-term and sustainable community growth and development. Hunger Relief International
provided 1,775,500 meals just last year, and 95% of funds go directly to programs within the
organization (Hunger Relief International, 2015). Overall, this organization works to alleviate
hunger through fulfilling its visions from the word of God.
In a Canadian survey of May 2014 asking about the role Canada has in world hunger, 63% of
respondents believe that the church has a role to play in the effort to end world hunger (Canadian
Foodgrains Bank, 2014). The pollster said, "due to its core values of sharing, the church has a part
to play in the fight against world hunger" (Canadian Foodgrains Bank, 2014). This places great
significance in the role that religion plays and is sought to play in ending hunger. According to
Michael Casey, an Executive Director of Development and Peace, "as a Catholic organization that
has been campaigning on ending world hunger, we are pleased to see that Canadians see this issue
as a priority and feel that the church has an important role to play. It gives added resolve in
moving forward with the fight against hunger" (Canadian Foodgrains bank, 2014).
Compassion International, Food For The Hungry, World Vision, Samaritans Purse and Hunger
Relief International are all Christian humanitarian organizations that deliver the word of God and
promote the importance of faith, hope and charity. They all have specific missions that specifically
refer to verses or stories in the bible that share a moral message or value. The Feeding of the Five
Thousand is a story in the bible that describes the importance of the equal food distribution among
the people. And he said to them, How many loaves do you have? Go and see. And when they
had found out, they said, Five, and two fish. Then he commanded them all to sit down in groups
on the green grass. So they sat down in groups, by hundreds and by fifties. And taking the five
loaves and the two fish he looked up to heaven and said a blessing and broke the loaves and gave
them to the disciples to set before the people. And he divided the two fish among them all. And
they all ate and were satisfied (Matthew 14:13-21; Luke 9:10-17; John 6:1-15). This story
expresses the importance of food distribution that Jesus believed in, and, therefore, all Christians
as well. Therefore, religion plays an important role in alleviating world hunger.

21
International Organizations

International organizations are organizations with an international membership or presence.

The two main types of international organizations are: international nongovernmental
organizations (INGOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Community-based
organizations (CGOs) are also very common. There are both INGOs and NGOs seeking to
alleviate world hunger- however, the most successful organizations are organizations as part of the
United Nations. The World Food Programme, the Food and Agricultural Organization, the
International Fund for Agricultural Development, Action Against Hunger and Stop Hunger Now
and the UNICEF. These organizations work very closely with other NGOs that each play a critical
role in assisting the organizations to reach their goal.
The World Food Programme is the worlds largest humanitarian agency addressing and
fighting hunger worldwide while promoting food security. It is a part of the United Nations system
and is voluntarily funded by governments, corporations and individuals. It was founded in 1961,
pursuing a vision where every man, woman and child has access at all times to a healthy
development and active life (World Food Programme, 2015). The World Food Programme works
to help people who are unable to obtain or produce enough food for themselves or their families
from its headquarters in Rome, along with its 80 country offices around the world. It is an
Executive Board consisting of representatives in thirty-six member states and has a huge staff of
13,500 serving more than ninety million beneficiaries in eighty countries across the world (World
Food Programme, 2015). The World Food Programme has four main objectives: to save lives and
protect livelihoods in emergencies, to support food security and nutrition while rebuilding
livelihoods in fragile settings and follow emergencies, to reduce risk and enable people,
communities, and countries to meet their own food and nutrition needs, and to reduce malnutrition
and break the intergenerational cycle of hunger (World Food Programme, 2015). The World Food
Programme saves lives by getting food to the hungry fast, specifically in emergency situations.
However, the World Food Programme also helps to prevent food insecurity in the future by
building assets and nurturing stronger and more dynamic communities. As the United Nations
frontline agency in fighting against hunger, the World Food Programme has expertise in
preparedness, responding to emergencies, food security analysis, procurement, nutrition, logistics,
disaster risk reduction and climate change.
In 2013, the World Food Programme reached a total of eighty million people in seventy-five
countries with assistance (World Food Programme, 2015). With its focus on children, the World

22
Food Programme has nutritionally supported 7.8 million malnourished children, has reduced and
stabilized undernutrition for 7.2 million children under the age of five, has reached 18.6 million
children through School meals projects, and has supported three million pregnant women of
nursing mothers (World Food Programme, 2015). The World Food Programme has been a very
successful organization in the past and still continues to achieve their objectives. Levels of acute
malnutrition fell in 90% of projects, 86% of food was purchased in developing countries, and 15.1
people received food as an incentive to build assets or to attend training (World Food Programme,
2015). Therefore, the World Food Programme is a motivated and successful organization that
strives to relieve food insecurity and malnutrition.
The Food and Agricultural Organization is an intergovernmental organization of the United
Nations with 194 Member Nations, two associate members and the European Union (FAO of the
UN, 2015). Their mandate is to support members in their efforts to make certain that people have
regular access to high-quality food. To meet the global demands of agricultural development and
other challenges faced by member nations, the Food and Agricultural Organization has set
strategic objectives: to help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition, to make
agriculture, forestry and fisheries more sustainable, to reduce rural poverty, to enable inclusive
and efficient agricultural and food systems, and to increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats
and crises. As of November 2013, the Food and Agricultural Organization employed 1795
personal staff and 1654 support staff; 58% of which are based at the headquarters in Rome, while
the remainder work in offices worldwide either creating projects or out in the field (FAO of the
UN, 2015). Five percent of these projects and programmes are funded by contributions through
the Food and Agricultural Organization Technical Cooperation Programme and the Special
Programme for Food security, while the remaining 95% are funded by voluntary contributions,
through the Government Cooperative Programme (25%), Unilateral Trust Fund (6%), other forms
of Trust Funds (64%) and United Nations Joint Programmes (FAO of the UN, 2015). The Food
and Agricultural Organization as a whole is funded through member countries, voluntary
contributions and other partners. The total Food and Agricultural Organization budget planned for
2014-2015 is USD 2.4 billion (FAO of the UN, 2015).
The Food and Agricultural Organization believes that by working on food systems, on the way
people eat and how food is distributed, they can improve diets in third world countries and impacts
on natural resources. It also believes that the eradication of hunger and the right to adequate food
are achievable goals and must be fulfilled (FAO of the UN, 2015). The Food and Agricultural
Organization consistently plays a decisive role in the advancement of the right to adequate food at

23
global and national levels. Therefore, the Food and Agricultural Organization fully supports the
obvious right to food that humans have and is motivated to fulfill that right.
The International Fund for Agricultural Development was established as an international
financial institution in 1977 as one of the main outcomes of the 1974 World Food Conference. The
conference was organized in reaction to the food crisis of the early 1970s that primarily affected
the Sahelian countries of Africa (IFAD, 2015). The conference resolved that an International Fun
for Agricultural Development should be established immediately to fund agricultural development
projects in developing countries. Another important insight from the conference was the
realization that the causes of food insecurity and famine were not so much related to food
shortages, but structural problems relating to poverty. Due to its creation in 1977, the International
Fund for Agricultural Development has focused primarily on rural poverty reduction, while
working with poor rural populations in developing countries to eliminate hunger, malnutrition and
poverty (IFAD, 2015). The Fund also raises productivity and incomes, while improving the
quality of lives. Most of its projects are in remote areas and target some of the poorest and most
deprived segments of the rural population. It provides a stable global platform for discussing rural
policy issues- and for increasing awareness of why investment in agriculture is crucial to reducing
poverty and eliminating food insecurity (IFAD, 2015).
Action Against Hunger is an international humanitarian organization committed to alleviating
world hunger. It works to save the lives of malnourished children while providing access to clean
water and sustainable solutions to hunger (Action Against Hunger, 2015). Action Against Hunger
provides long-term strategies for self-sufficiency and has made a lifesaving impact on 45+
countries. It has 5,000+ field staff helping more than nine million people each year, and the
organization itself has 30+ years of expertise in contexts of disasters, food crises and conflict
(Action Against Hunger, 2015). The money from donations mostly goes to lifesaving
humanitarian programs. In fact, $0.92 of every dollar donated in 2013 went to program activities
(Action Against Hunger, 2015). Action Against Hunger saves the lives of malnourished children
while helping communities to become self-sufficient. It has pioneered revolutionary nutrition
products and field-tested treatment protocols that have become industry standards. It is a very
successful organization, being awarded the "Best in America" seal by the independent charities of
America, and being listed as an A-rated organization by CharityWatch (Action Against Hunger,
2015).
Stop Hunger Now is an international hunger-relief organization, coordinating the distribution
of food and other aid to crisis areas across the globe. Its mission is to end hunger in this

24
generations lifetime by providing life-changing aid to the worlds most vulnerable areas (Stop
Hunger Now, 2015). It was founded in 1998 by Ray Buchanan and has provided over 180 million
meals in 65 countries. Engaging over 500,000 students, civic and faith-based volunteers, this
organization has educated people about hunger. Stop Hunger Now distributes meals through
feeding programs operated by partner organizations in developing countries that promote
education, improve the health and nutrition of students, fight child labor, address gender inequality
and stimulate economic growth (Stop Hunger Now, 2015). It also provides meals in response to
any kind of crisis and funds partner organizations in developing countries. Counting entirely on
donations for funds to operate its programs, Stop Hunger Now has received nearly $12 million in
money donations and $9 million in donated goods just in 2013 (Stop Hunger Now, 2015). This
organization makes its efforts a growing success every year in its mission to end hunger.
UNICEF is a Canadian non-governmental organization established more than 50 years ago. It
has saved more lives than any other humanitarian organization and does whatever it takes to
ensure that children survive. It provides healthcare, clean water, food security, emergency relief
and education to children who need it (UNICEF, 2015). As part of the United Nations, UNICEF is
active in over 190 countries, more than any other organization. Its mission is to mobilize and
empower Canadians to invest in the positive transformation of every childs future, and its values
include vision, resolve, resourcefulness, and inclusiveness (UNICEF, 2015). UNICEF works on
child advocacy, childrens rights for survival, child exploitation, child development and education,
and protection of children with HIV and AIDS (UNICEF, 2015). A donation of just $50 will
provide 20 litres of therapeutic milk to children in need, a donation of $100 will provide seven
water sanitation kits, and a gift of $500 will provide twenty emergency first aid kits containing
equipment used by healthcare centres during emergencies (UNICEF, 2015). UNICEF specifically
saves the lives of children in order to change the future for the better, because no child is too far.

25
Canadian Connection

Hunger is prevalent all over the world, mostly in developing countries, however, it is
something that affects many developed countries including Canada. Hunger in Canada does not
compare to the extent of hunger in developing countries, it is simply due to food insecurity, which
simply means worrying about whether there will be enough money for food. In fact, 12% of
Canadian households are experiencing this struggle of food insecurity (the homeless hub, 2013).
This food insecurity greatly contributes to mental health problems such as anxiety and depression,
specifically in children. The homeless in Canada are assisted greatly by food banks across the
country. These food banks accommodate close to 850,000 of the homeless each month, and 364%
of those helped are children and youth (Food Banks Canada, 2015). The hunger count in Canada
calls for five areas of government action: invest in affordable housing at the federal level, address
the extremely high levels of food insecurity in the north, replace ineffective social assistance,
more effective support for low-income families with children, help Canadians with low levels of
literacy to upgrade their skills for the jobs of today (Food Banks Canada, 2015). These actions
from the government would help decrease the number of people receiving assistance from food
banks in Canada, and, therefore, decrease the population of homeless people in Canada.
Canada has a role to play in the hunger that is affecting third world countries, and is constantly
trying to fulfill it. A survey was conducted in May of 2014 asking Canadians over 18 if they think
that Canada has a role to play in ending world hunger. According to the survey, 61% of
respondents think that Canada should do more to help farmers in the developing world to grow
more and better food, and 52% said that they would donate to help that cause (Canadian
Foodgrains Bank, 2014). Additionally, 39% of Canadians think that world hunger is getting
worse, 66% think that multi-national corporations also have a role to play in ending world hunger
but 43% think that the activities of big agricultural companies in developing countries are
detrimental to local populations (Canadian Foodgrains Bank, 2014). Also, respondents said that
they trust non-governmental organizations and international (UN) bodies the most when it comes
to operating programs that address poverty and hunger (Canadian Foodgrains Bank, 2014). Said
the pollster, "civil society and major international organizations are the bodies that elicit the
greatest confidence among respondents in their ability to fight the battle against world hunger.
Non-profit organizations are clearly the standout players that inspire the most confidence in the
fight against world hunger" (Canadian Foodgrains Bank, 2014). As a result, most Canadians
believe that Canada has an important role to play in ending hunger, especially due to our

26
contributions through organizations and corporations. Most Canadians are willing to help with the
cause.
Canada plays a role in fighting against hunger, but cannot fully solve world hunger and
alleviate it fully. However, one-third of Canadians rank hunger among the first, second or third
most concerning global issues (inter-council network, 2012). There are several opportunities for
Canadians to get involved, including sponsoring children in developing countries, donating funds,
volunteering, getting involved in hunger-fighting organizations and so on. Canada fully supports
the fight against hunger and is constantly attempting to fulfill its missions focused no alleviating
world hunger. In fact, Canada is the second-largest donor to the World Food Programme, which
relies completely on donations to operate. In 2011, Canada announced that they would give $25
million per year for five years to the United Nations for its humanitarian emergency food aid
programs and its school meal program (CBC news, 2011). According to Oda at a news conference
in Parliament Hill, "Canada has made food security a focus because the food security challenges
we face today are not diminishing, in fact, they are getting greater" (CBC news, 2011).
Additionally, the federal government of Canada also committed to donating $25 million for five
years to the Canadian Foodgrains Bank, which is an organization made up of 15 church-based
agencies working in developing countries (CBC news, 2011). This stresses the contributions ad
efforts Canada has and continues to make to the fight against hunger.
With Canadas abundant natural resources and highly educated population, it has the ability,
compassion and responsibility to lead the world in developing innovative means of fighting
hunger (University of Toronto, 2015). Canada recognizes the actions that need to be taken in order
to fight against hunger worldwide and the power that it has to create change. Canada should
continue to educate people about hunger and the steps that need to be taken to alleviate it.

27
Case Study #1
Zambia
Zambia is a country located in Southern Africa, neighboring the Democratic Republic of the
Congo to the North and Zimbabwe and Botswana to the South. There are 73 ethnic groups in
Zambia, which creates ethnic tension; this conflict leads to issues with chronic hunger.
Additionally, the two seasons in Zambia are dry season and rainy season; this creates hardship in
agriculture and crop planting.
Despite the improved economic performance, issues in Zambia such as poor access to services
have not been addressed as expected. Multiple challenges burden the country including high rates
of malnutrition, food insecurity, poverty, HIV and malaria. In 2011, Zambia was reclassified by
the World Bank as a lower middle-income country but still ranks 163 out of 186 countries on the
2012 Human Development index. The food insecurity in Zambia is worsened by a high
dependence on rain-fed agriculture and the absence of market incentives to encourage a shift from
subsistence farming (World Food Programme, 2015). As a result, access to food is inadequate.
According to the Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee, the amount of people at risk of
food insecurity went up from about 63,000 in 2012 to about 209,000 in 2013. This is specifically
attributed to localize poor production of crops due to poor weather conditions in parts of the
country. This issue is prevalent among many developing countries, but Zambia has a very high
percentage of undernourishment within its population.
High food prices and high unemployment rates combine to place substantial strain on the
vulnerable sectors of the population. Chronic malnutrition stands at 45.4%, and some 53% and
46% of Zambian children have vitamin A and iron deficiency, compromising their long-term
development (World Food Programme, 2015). These health barriers are attained from a lack of
access to the nutritional foods needed for a healthy development.
The country of Zambia suffers from geographical isolation, which limits access to services and
markets and technological knowledge. Although the government is now supporting development,
social and political development has been neglected for many years, which has resulted in the
agriculture issues. The neglect of agriculture in the 1990s led to a spread of cattle disease, which
destroyed about half of the country's livestock (IFAD, 2010). This loss of livestock affected smallscale farmers since many farmers depended on draught animals to prepare the soil for cultivation,
along with their manure to fertilize the land (IFAD, 2010). Additionally, agricultural productivity
is held back due to a lack of input and output services as well as transportation barriers.

28
Investment in this sector is necessary in order to commercialize and cultivate agriculture.
Therefore, hunger has always been a part of Zambia's history, however, with the continued
development plans from the government, it will reduce in severity with time.
Zambia has granted asylum to refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the
1960s. Many of these refugees reside in settlements in Mayukwayukwa refugee Settlement in the
Western province and Meheba Refugee Settlement in the North-Western province, while the rest
of the refugees reside outside of the camps and do not receive material assistance (World Food
Programme, 2015). The Zambian government supports these 34,000 refugees whether they choose
to stay in Zambia for specific needs or return to their home. The camps provide accommodations
for the refugees and its goals are to reduce acute malnutrition in the refugee camps, reduce
mortality in the refugee camps and improve food consumption. The overall goal of the camps is to
provide access to basic nutritional needs of the refugees until they attain food self-efficiency,
which is lacking. Additionally, the camps promote the participation of female refugees in food
management, distributions, income generating activities and other capacity-building activities
(World Food Programme, 2015).
Many of the refugees who have left the Democratic Republic of the Congo and now stay in the
refugee camps have created homes and families there. The camps provide a safe and sustainable
place to raise a family and have access to nutritional food. Kafuti Mbambi, a woman who fled
from Angola forty-five years ago, now lives in the Mayukwayukwa settlement camp in the
Western province. She had seven family members, but all of them have died since in
Mayukwayukwa. After her sister's death, she was left with her sister's four orphan grandchildren.
This situation has become difficult due to her developed health problems that have prevented her
from working on her small plot of land. Without the support of the settlement camp, Kafuti says
she would not be able to care for her charges and children. In order to reduce dependency and
stimulate self-reliance, each new arrival to the camps is provided with monthly food rations of
cooking oil, beans and salt, and maize during their first year in the country (World Food
Programme, 2015). This is a demonstration of the opportunities and chances that the camps
provide for the refugees that have suffered from hunger and poverty.
Flooding is a prominent threat in Zambia. Heavy rain falling causes flooding which
contributes to famine- it is a chain reaction. In 2013, heavy rain caused flooding throughout
Zambia with the district of Mumbwa being the worst hit. It was reported that more than 1,600
families were affected. Due to the severity of the flooding, the Disaster Relief Emergency Fund
provided food assistance for one month, along with basic household items and clean water to

29
around 300 families (DREF, 2013). The flooding destroyed agriculture and any attempts at
producing and sustaining food. The crop failure results in chronic hunger. This is a perfect
example of vulnerable communities because they live in disaster-prone areas.
There are many threats to food security in Zambia including floods, drought, cattle diseases,
low agricultural technologies and refugees and the internally displaced. When drought hit in 1991
and 1992 in Zambia, it was clear that much of the rural population was vulnerable. In 2014, the
vulnerability assessment was conducted in thirty-three flood and dry spell affected districts out of
a total of eighty-nine districts. Additionally, an increase in vulnerable population by almost 66%
was reported due to the occurrence of shocks (World Food Programme, 2015). These threats
contribute to the severity of the suffering that comes from hunger and increase the vulnerability to
hunger. The Government of the Republic of Zambia has adopted the Sixth National Development
Plan to battle malnutrition and promote sustainable agriculture while providing social protection
(World Food Programme, 2015). The country program 200157 aims to support social protection
for vulnerable households and assist the Government's national social protection strategy. The
country programme 200157 in Zambia will focus specifically on: improving human capital
through using food-based safety nets, using vouchers and including school food programs and
support for vulnerable homes; disaster risk management by increasing the Government's capacity
to reduce vulnerability to climate shocks, disasters and environmental degradation; and expanding
market opportunities for small farmers by leveraging local food procurement for social protection
programs (World Food Programme, 2015).
The Zambian government has made agricultural development one of their top priorities and has
established disaster-free zones to facilitate the import and export of their livestock and livestock
products to strengthen the livestock sector. The government is also in the midst of establishing an
anti gender-based violence act that will ensure equal opportunities and protection for men, women
and children in the nation's development agenda (Heifer International, 2015). Additionally,
organizations such as the World Food Programme are doing an enormous amount to assist with
the development of food security in Zambia.

30
Case Study #2
Bangladesh

The country of Bangladesh is located in South Asia and is bordered by India to its west, north
and east. It is among the most densely populated countries and is the world's eighth-most populous
country with over 160 million people. The most hunger-affected region in the world is Asia and
the Pacific, with 526 million hungry people living there (see Appendix).
Despite its economic progress, the country of Bangladesh still remains highly food insecure. It
is ranked 68th out of 79 countries in the 2012 Global Hunger Index, and is ranked 146th out of
1886 countries in the 2013 Human Development Index (World Food Programme, 2015). There
was a decade in reducing poverty in Bangladesh from 2000-2010, although low dietary diversity is
still a persistent problem. Challenges within the country still remain, such as food insecurity,
gender inequality and disparities in health, low income and poor education (World Food
Programme, 2015). These challenges contribute to the lack of development within the country and
pose significant health problems for people living in Bangladesh.
High poverty and child undernutrition rates constantly affect Bangladesh, which are aggravated
by consistent natural disasters and high population density. Throughout the reducing poverty
decade, the proportion of people living under the poverty line dropped from 49% to 31.5% as a
result of economic growth (World Food Programme, 2015). However, the overall amount of
people living in poverty still remains high due to the high population density. This poverty and
undernutrition hinder children's ability to learn, and that lack of education has a significant impact
on the nutrition status of the next generation. A staggering 16% of children in Bangladesh under
the age of five are acutely undernourished, and one in four women of reproductive age are too thin
for her height (World Food Programme, 2015). Additionally, with more than two in three girls
being married before the age of eighteen, the risk of early pregnancy and giving birth to a baby
that weighs much too little remains very high. One-third of these adolescent girls suffer from
micronutrient deficiency and anemia. In Bangladesh today, more than one in five babies that are
born have a low birth weight (World Food Programme, 2015). These statistics pose an enormous
threat to the health and development of the people living in Bangladesh. People from all age
groups suffer from health conditions due to the severity of the hunger and poverty in Bangladesh.
In 1974, Bangladesh suffered from a mass starvation beginning in March and ending in
December that same year. The Bangladesh famine of 1974 is considered the worst in recent years.
It was characterized by flooding along the Brahmaputra River, along with high mortality. The

31
price of rice rose sharply in March of that year, which arose warnings of the starvation. The formal
creation and independence for Bangladesh had only occurred three years before the famine,
therefore Bangladesh's new state was very unprepared to deal with the situation. From April to
July, Bangladesh was hit by heavy rainfall and a series of destructive floods with notably
destructive incidents in May and July. Prices of rice rocketed until October when foreign aid
arrived. Although the famine ended in December, excess mortality continued throughout the next
year. Most people suffered due to starvation and the flooding just increased the vulnerability to
hunger. Many people believe that this famine was not caused by the failure in the availability of
food, but in the distribution where one market gained market command over food. The two
distributional failures that occurred were: the specific configuration of the state rationing system
and the market resulted in speculative hoarding by farmers and a consequent rise in prices, and the
U.S withholding 2.2 million tonnes of food aid due to Bangladesh's policy of exporting jute to
Cuba (Famine as Commerce, 2002). This famine affected Bangladesh's economic development
greatly, and, unfortunately, Bangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world
(World food Programme, 2015). Increased frequency of floods and droughts continuously
undermine poverty reduction efforts. The prospects for escaping the poverty and hunger cycle are
being worsened due to the coping strategies being adopted, such as withdrawing children from
school and selling productive assets that increase the vulnerability of low-income households
(World food Programme, 2015). These disasters cause loss of property, displacement, disruption
of livelihoods and food insecurity.
Gender inequality is very high in Bangladesh, and many believe that women are the key to
escaping poverty and undernutrition in Bangladesh. Fulasa Begum is a woman in Bangladesh who
fought her way out of poverty by assisting to nourish the minds and bodies of children in her
community. Fulasa earns BDT20,000 (US$ 257) a month (World Food Programme, 2015). This
only recently became a reality for Fulasa because she took the opportunity to establish herself as
an entrepreneurial vegetable cultivator. Prior to her new job, Fulasa and her husband Omad Ali,
were day labourers but were trapped in the cycle of poverty due to irregular job opportunities and
sporadic payments. Through the School Meals Programme and partnership with the Bangladesh
government, the World Food Programme serves cooked meals to students. Fulasa showed interest
in working in the kitchen, and the local procurement committee decided to recruit her as an
assistant cook. Throughout her time working in the kitchen, Fulasa noticed that there were vast
amounts of vegetables used for the childrens meals every day and spotted another opportunity to
boost the familys economy. Fulasa leased two plots of land for cultivating vegetables after saving

32
lots of money, and began to sell eggplants, pumpkin and tomatoes to the schools kitchen and the
local market. This gave her additional income that helped to free her family from poverty (World
Food Programme, 2015). This is a demonstration of what women can accomplish when they are
empowered and take opportunities. Gender equality, in many countries around the world, has been
proven to help reduce poverty and hunger.
Over the past two decades, the Bangladesh government has worked to reduce poverty and child
mortality- changes that will assist to propel the country towards its aim of attaining middle-income
status. The goal of the country program 200243 is to improve the long-term food security and
nutrition of ultra-poor households in Bangladesh. Its objectives are: to reduce malnutrition among
women and children under 5, to increase the children's access to pre-primary and primary
education, to enhance the resilience of vulnerable communities to natural disasters and climate
change, and to enhance nationally owned safety-net programmes addressing hunger and food
insecurity (World Food Programme, 2011). Therefore, the government of Bangladesh is working
closely with international organizations such as the World Food Programme to help reduce the
hunger and food insecurity. Together, the government and the World Food Programme support
communities vulnerable to the ramifications of climate change, with a focus on building
community and household preparedness through innovative food and cash for work training
programs (World Food Programme, 2015). With the continued support from the government and
help from the international organizations, people in communities in Bangladesh can continue to be
empowered and get the health treatment they need for a healthy development. The Bangladesh
government will also continuously work on progressing their economy, just as they have done for
the past two decades.

33
Case Study #3
Yemen

Yemen is an Arab country located in Southwest Asia. It is the second largest country in the
Peninsula and is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, the Arabian Sea
to the south, and Oman to the east.
Yemen is currently experiencing excessive civil unrest, contributing to the hunger. The hunger
situation in Yemen is characterized by displacement, civil conflict, food insecurity, endemic
poverty, high food prices, diminishing resources, and inundations of refugees and migrants (World
Food Programme, 2015). It has been hit by the global food crisis and global recession because of
its high dependency on oil exports and food imports (IFPRI, Yemen). Just last year, the World
Food Programme conducted a Comprehensive Food Security Survey in Yemen, which found that
41% (10.6 million people) is food insecure. Additionally, the Global Hunger Index ranks Yemen
74th out of 85 developing countries (IFPRI, Yemen). About five million of those are severely food
insecure, and 5.6 million are moderately food insecure (World Food Programme, 2015). Child
malnutrition rates in Yemen are among the highest in the world, ranging from critical to denoting
an emergency to poor or serious in almost all other governorates (World Food Programme, 2015).
The high food insecurity and malnutrition are obviously due to other big issues within the country,
and it is not being recognized as much as it should be. Progress to alleviate this hunger has been
extremely slow due to political instability.
Bilad at-Taam is one of the hungriest areas of Yemen, where half of all families suffer from
chronic food shortages (BBC, 2010). Since the hunger in Yemen gets no media coverage, it is
simply a fact of life there. Declines in health, education and employment are just continuously
passed down from one generation to the next with no change. Abdo al-Amry is a farmer from
Bilad at-Taam who uses his motorbike as a taxi to earn a dollar or two to feed his family of
twenty. His children's legs are bony and thin, supporting a body that is too small for their age. "We
rely on bread for breakfast, lunch and dinner, the same every day. We get the okra from the
market. Sometimes there is okra and sometimes there is nothing" (BBC, 2010). Clearly this family
is struggling to earn enough money for food. Abdo has two wives, and one of them, Saeda, is
pregnant for the 12th time; Yemen has one of the fastest growing populations in the world (BBC,
2010). Saeda says, "I have been pregnant now for eight months and I have seven children, six girls
and one boy. Four of my children died. One of them was eight months old, but was very weak and
thin due to lack of food. She died of dehydration. The rest died during my pregnancy. I had

34
miscarriages" (BBC, 2010). These miscarriages are very likely to have been caused by the
mother's lack of nutrients to the body during pregnancy. This is an awful situation to be in,
especially considering the size o their family. Abdo al-Almry contemplates the upheaval his
hunger may soon bring and says; "We have become exhausted over the past eight months. If it
stays like this for another year or two we may leave and migrate. How do you live in an area
without anything?" (BBC, 2010). Abdo al-Almry is aware of the danger of the situation, and,
unfortunately, must plan ahead if the situation does not get alleviated. The World Food
Programme's Yemen representative, Gian Carlo Cirri, rephrased what Abdo al-Almry said by
saying, "The destabilizing role of hunger should not be underestimated. It is of high concern
because when people don't have food they have three options. The first one is to revolt. The
second is to migrate. And the third is to starve" (BBC, 2010).
The political crisis in Yemen has made things unbearable for families. An 18-year-old girl,
Anisa, living in Yemen was already the mother of two children and a widow in 2013 (The
Economist, 2012). Her younger daughter Anima was just shy of her third birthday, however, she
looked more like a baby than a toddler. Anisa and her children had a series of shocks from which
they were trying to recover from. Before 2011 when an uprising unseated Yemen's ruler of 33
years, Ali Abdullah Saleh, and fighting between military and tribal factions threatened to tear the
country apart, life was very hard for the poor living in Yemen (The Economist, 2012). Anisa's
village, Rabbat, was hit continuously by droughts and rising fuel prices. It got to the point where
young men would travel in search of dangerous jobs on fishing boats or try their hand at
smuggling to Saudi Arabia, just to earn some money. For Anisa specifically, life was just bearable
before the political crisis because her father gave her what he earned, and neighbors in the
community would help out with food and money. This sort of community spirit has cushioned
suffering in a country that has been described as on the brink for decades (The Economist,
2012). However, better-off Yemenis have had less to give to their poorer neighbors due to the
shrinking household budgets. Anisa now worries about paying off the 20,000 riyals she owes her
for water, and he family now eats only twice a day when others can spare food or money if they
are lucky (The Economist, 2012). This is a demonstration of how the political and economic
unrest affect the poorer communities already suffering from hunger and poverty.
Although Yemen's government has failed to appeal for international assistance from other
countries, many operations from the World Food Programme and other organizations are in the
midst in Yemen. Some current operations in Yemen include: Safeguarding Lives, Improving Food
Security and Nutrition, and Building Resilience (Project 200636), Food Assistance to Promote

35
girls Education in Yemen (Project 200432), Emergency Food and Nutritional Support to Conflictaffected Populations in Yemen (Project 200306), and Relief Food Assistance to refugees in
Yemen (Project 200305). These operations are all under the World Food Programme, which has
been in Yemen since 1967. The organization's main operation is a protracted relief and recovery
operation, which aims to reach six million people between mid-2014 and mid-2016 with 366,734
metric tons of food and US$74.5 million in cash and vouchers. This is an overall cost of US$491
million (World Food Programme, 2015). The operation aims at supporting displaced persons and
returnees, vulnerable populations in the most food insecure areas, people affected by crisis,
pregnant women affected by acute and chronic malnutrition, and school-age children (World Food
Programme, 2015). This operation was planned and is being implemented in partnership with
agencies of the United Nations, government ministries, the World Bank, non-governmental
organizations, as well as the Yemen Humanitarian Response Plan (World Food Programme,
2015). The operation will continue to attempt to increase the government's capacity to respond to
the crisis and promote recovery and resilience to enable food insecure households to better
withstand and endure effects of conflicts and shocks (World Food Programme, 2015). This is a
very appropriate response to the hunger situation in Yemen, considering the civil conflict.
Households and communities need to learn how to be able to withstand conflicts and violence in
order to reduce malnutrition and hunger. Although Yemen's government is somewhat ignorant of
the hunger issue, its cooperation and support to international organizations and their operations is
necessary to improve the lives of people suffering in Yemen.

36
Solutions

Solving world hunger is not something that can happen overnight. However, alleviating hunger
in developing countries and recognizing the root causes of hunger are big steps that can lead
towards the end of hunger. There is not one single solution for hunger because all over the world
there are different answers as to why people are hungry in certain areas. The different causes can
include climate change, food insecurity, civil unrest, economic or political instability, vulnerability
to natural disasters, lack of education, and so on. Therefore, there are multiple solutions to ending
hunger that involve issues that need to be resolved or addressed, and techniques that need to be
taught. The good news is that hunger is entirely susceptible of solution due to the unlimited supply
of food in the world to feed everyone, therefore eliminating any need for new breakthroughs. With
todays knowledge, tools and policies, combined with political will, the problem will be solvedthat is, with the right amount of control and power (World Food Programme, 2015). These
solutions include cooperation among nations, time, food distribution, gender equality, education
and sustainable farming.
Cooperation among nations is necessary to aid developing countries and ensure their
development. At a meeting in Buenos Aires, a co-chair of the meeting, Mr. da Silva, said;
international cooperation plays an important role in achieving the sustainable and hunger-free
future we all want because, in the globalized world we live in today, it is impossible to achieve the
eradication of hunger and extreme poverty without working together (UN News Centre, 2013).
This is very important for developing countries in order to gain the support that they need from
first world countries. The integrated leadership among nations is necessary to solve food
insecurity and malnutrition. Nations must work together to solve hunger and invest in good
nutrition, and in the end they will be rewarded with increased productivity and new economic
opportunities. As a result, this effort will eventually benefit the nations and their economic
progress. Similarly, studies have shown that countries lose millions of dollars in economic output
as a result of child malnutrition. When governments cannot provide adequate food supplies, states
are prone to fall. Solving hunger is also a contribution to peace and stability (World Food
Programme, 2015). As a result, cooperation among international organizations should be
continued because the exchange in techniques and aid is benefitting developing countries greatly.
Time is also a solution for hunger, as helpless and unusual as it may sound. A slow reduction in
hunger among developing countries has occurred over the past few decades and this is mostly due
to the aid of organizations and donations. Organizations are very successful in alleviating hunger

37
and saving lives in developing countries. Not only do they provide nutrition, but also target
children in order to guarantee a healthy development and education and future for communities.
As long as organizations are being funded and controlled, hunger will continue to reduce with
time. Also, causes such as economic, political and civil unrest will eventually come to their
resolutions. Therefore, areas that are affected by civil, political and economic unrest will benefit
from time to solve conflicts, and hopefully develop into a stable country in the future.
Unequal food distribution is undermining social stability and growth in developing countries.
This is caused by government corruption. Secure access to land and agriculture and protection of
natural resources is needed to ensure food security, sustainable growth and economic
development. Therefore, equal distribution of food would create opportunities for developing
countries to grow and repair themselves. To create long-term solutions, nations and governments
must work together to build economies in developing countries, closely monitor the distribution of
the countrys natural resources and food in order to sustain a fair system, and also educate the
people of developing countries. Due to the unstable governments in developing countries, third
parties are crucial, specifically for monitoring the distribution of goods in and out of the country.
The growth of natural resources in developing countries is not a problem- it is the human
institutions controlling foreign aid, exports and imports that create problems. Reform of global
agricultural trade and international aid must go together to end hunger.
Gender equality is being encouraged all over the world, but it is needed most in developing
countries. At the moment, the majority of women in developing countries lack economic power
resulting in a higher rate of girls not attending school and a larger amount of girls experiencing
health issues. As stated by Ertharin Cousin, one of the experts in this world issue, Women are the
priority. The majority of small-holder farmers in Africa are women and, in urban areas, youre
primarily looking at women-led households. So we cant solve hunger if we dont have gendersensitive programming that addresses access to opportunities for women, whether its through
education or tools for cooking, like solar-powered stoves (Julia Llewellyn Smith, 2014). Gender
equality in developing countries will empower women to build capacity, self-sufficiency and selfreliance as a way of overcoming obstacles. Well-nourished women have healthier, stronger babies.
This is why women need access to nutrition. Simply promoting community leadership roles for
women can empower women to stand up for themselves and build confidence. By granting women
access to land, markets, inputs and education, they will become empowered and be able to provide
for their families and themselves, therefore producing additional food for local markets and more
income.

38
Education is extremely important for communities in developing countries. This education is
beneficial for children specifically so that it becomes a routine and will, therefore, increase the
number of people going to school. Additionally, education is essential to creating an economy, and
also in creating leadership opportunities. When people learn, inspiration, potential and influence is
unleashed, creating endless opportunities for the future. The organizations and agencies that
provide nutritious foods today for those suffering from hunger are giving children the chance to
attend school and be educated. With this education comes potential to create an economy that will
give structure to the country. Humanitarian Organizations are prescribing solutions that are
rooted in the same policies that created the problem in the first place: increased food aid,
deregulated global trade in agricultural commodities, and more genetic and technological fixes.
These measures only strengthen the corporate status quo controlling the worlds food system. As a
result, thus far, there has been limited official leadership in the face of the crisis, nor has there
been any informed public debate about the real reasons why the number of hungry people are
growing and what we can do about it (Eric Holt-Gimnez, 2008). Education can ensure social
justice, hope and freedom from hunger and poverty. Additionally, school meal programs from
international organizations provide children the access to food while at school. These school meals
provide a strong incentive to send children to school and keep them there. Education can also
benefit people living in disaster-prone areas specifically, because the programs providing the
access to education will give lessons on how to build self-sufficiency, sustain food and appropriate
responses to natural disasters in order to survive. Additionally, sustainable farming must be taught
to people in communities in order to provide food sources. With this education, communities will
continue to develop and build, along with children.
Sustainable farming demonstrates that forms of land use, which are adapted to suit a particular
site condition, can make a difference in ending hunger. Sustainable farming improves the land by
making it more fertile and produces safe and nutritious food. It also supports farmers and their
way of life. These sustainable growth systems bring food sources to areas that are unable to grow
or produce their own food, and can be easily taught to many people. Simply, sustainable farming
is the solution to giving rural areas a consistent income and food source. Moreover, sustainable
farming changes lives by making people feel helpful and useful to their communities. A growth in
confidence is important in order to create hope for change and a better future.
In light of these different solutions, it is clear to see that solving world hunger will take multiple
reactions and improvements in developing countries. According to article 25(1) of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate health and

39
well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and
necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness,
disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control
(United Nations, 2015). Therefore, everyone has the right to a standard of living with adequate
health and well-being of oneself and of ones food. The right to food is a human right protecting
the right for people to feed themselves in dignity, that people have the means to access it, and that
it adequately meets the individuals dietary needs. The right to food protects the right of all human
beings to be free from hunger, malnutrition, and food insecurity, as well as requires the
government to provide food directly to those who have been affected by events that are out of
control- such as natural disasters and war conflicts (Olivier De Schutter, 2014). Solving hunger
lays the foundation for progress in many other areas of development, such as health, poverty,
conflict and education. Todays knowledge, tools and policies together can end hunger once and
for all. The food crisis is anything but silent, and as long as people are aware of its true causes, it
is not helpless. Chronic hunger is the number one health risk worldwide- this needs to be put to an
end.

40
Works Cited

(2015, January 1). Retrieved January 1, 2015, from http://www.fao.org/home/en/

(2015, January 1). Retrieved January 1, 2015, from http://www.ifad.org/

(2015, January 1). Retrieved January 1, 2015, from http://www.wfp.org/

(n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2015, from https://www.wfp.org/sites/default/files/images/2014/whohungry-banner_01-(2).jpg

(n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from

http://one.wfp.org/operations/current_operations/project_docs/200243.pdf

(n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.ifrc.org/docs/Appeals/13/MDRZM008.pdf

About Us - Hunger Relief International. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from

http://www.hungerreliefinternational.org/about-us

About Us | Food for the Hungry. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://fh.org/about
Canada Has Responsibility to Address World Hunger: Survey | Canadian Foodgrains Bank. (n.d.).
Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://foodgrainsbank.ca/?news=canada-has-responsibility-toaddress-world-hunger-survey

Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from
https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/centres/ccwhr

Disaster approaching. (2012, April 21). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from

http://www.economist.com/node/21553086

Ertharin Cousin: The World's 100 Most Influential People. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2015, from
http://time.com/70914/ertharin-cousin-2014-time-100/

41
FAO.org. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2015, from
http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/178668/icode/?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=soci
almedia&utm_campaign=facebook

Fitting time to reflect on hunger in Canada. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from
http://www.homelesshub.ca/blog/fitting-time-reflect-hunger-canada

Food Banks Canada. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.foodbankscanada.ca/LearnAbout-Hunger/About-Hunger-in-Canada.aspx

Heifer's work in Zambia | Heifer International | Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty. (n.d.).
Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.heifer.org/ending-hunger/our-work/africa/zambia.html

Homepage - Olivier De Schutter | United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food. (n.d.).
Retrieved May 7, 2015, from http://www.srfood.org

Interview with Ertharin Cousin, Executive Director of the UN World Food Programme. (2013,
May 1). Retrieved May 7, 2015, from http://www.un.org/apps/news/newsmakers.asp?NewsID=89

Land Ownership and Hunger. (2015, January 1). Retrieved January 1, 2015, from
https://www.globalpolicy.org/social-and-economic-policy/world-hunger/land-ownership-andhunger.html

Opinion: Devinder Sharma - Famine as commerce. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from
http://indiatogether.org/agriculture/opinions/dsharma/faminecommerce.htm
Promoting global South cooperation key for agricultural development, ending hunger UN
official. (2013, August 21). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45663#.VSLxqz7rV_M

Reducing Poverty and Hunger in Yemen | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
(n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.ifpri.org/blog/reducing-poverty-and-hungeryemen?print

42

Right to Food. (2015, January 1). Retrieved January 1, 2015, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_food

Rural Poverty Portal. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from

http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/zambia

Self-help for a Hungry World. (2015, January 1). Retrieved January 1, 2015, from
https://www.freedomfromhunger.org/help-worldhunger?origin=g2014SEMGB&gclid=COSapueGkMQCFQKTaQodIoIALg

Special report: The Right to Food is a Basic Human Right. (2009, January 1). Retrieved January 1,
2015, from http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/global/foodashumrgt/special.htm

Sustainable Agriculture. (2015, January 1). Retrieved January 1, 2015, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture

The Issue. (2013, January 1). Retrieved January 1, 2015, from

http://www.revolutionhunger.org/the-issue

The World Food Crisis: What is behind it and what we can do. (2008, January 1). Retrieved
January 1, 2015, from http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/09/editorials/holt-gimenez.htm

Top 4 Christian humanitarian organizations fighting poverty, slavery and world hunger. (2013,
June 18). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.sharefaith.com/blog/2013/06/top-4-christianhumanitarian-organizations-fighting-poverty-slavery-world-hunger

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2015, from

http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome

UNICEF Canada : No Child too Far. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.unicef.ca/en

Vernon, J. (2007). Hunger (p. 384).

43

Yemen suffers 'silent emergency' as food runs short. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10871020

44
Appendix
Hunger-Affected Areas In The World