KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas limpahan berkah,
rahmat, karunia, serta hidayah-Nya penyusun dapat menuntaskan Laporan
Praktikum Dasar Sistem Telekomunikasi 2013 ini dengan baik.
Laporan ini sebagai bukti autentik pelaksanaan praktikum dimana memuat
hasil percobaan mengenai analisa spektrum sinyal, AM, FM, MPx Stereo dengan
FDM, dan Spektrum AM FM.
Dengan disusunnya laporan ini, tidak lupa penyusun menghaturkan terima
kasih kepada:
1. Ketua jurusan edit dewe
2. Kepala lab kps edit dewe
3. Dosen makul Dasistel pak Yuli Christiono
4. koordinator
5. asisten
6. teman
7. lain2
Karena tanpa bantuan dan bimbingannya, saya tidak akan dapat menyelesaikan
laporan ini dengan lancar.
Tak ada gading yang tak retak. Penyusun menyadari bahwa laporan ini
masih jauh dari kata sempurna sehingga masih terdapat berbagai kesalahan. Oleh
karena itu, penyusun mengharapkan kritik dan saran sebagai acuan ke depan.
Terima kasih.
Semarang, Juni 2013

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
Penyusunan Laporan Praktikum Dasar Sistem Telekomunikasi ini
merupakan bukti kegiatan praktikum yang telah dilaksanakan. Praktikum ini
merupakan kegiatan yang dilakukan agar praktikan dapat mengetahui dasar
sistem telekomunikasi dengan baik.
1.2 Tujuan Percobaan
1. Mahasiswa elektro mengetahui, memahami, dan mampu menguasai dasar
dari sistem telekomunikasi.
2. Mampu menganalisa spektrum sinyal serta beberapa bentuk sinyal seperti
sinus, segitiga, kotak, AM, FM, suara manusia dan lain-lain.
3. Memahami karakteristik, pembangkitan dan pendeteksian sinyal dan
spektrumnya.
1.3 Pembatasan Masalah
Pada praktikum ini, hanya membahas mengenai Analisa Spektrum Sinyal,
AM, FM, MPX Stereo dengan FDM, dan Spektrum Sinyal AM FM.
1.4 Metodologi Penelitian
Metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan percobaan adalah dengan observasi
dan uji coba langsung. Sedangkan metode penulisannya adlah tinjauan
pustaka.
1.5 Sistematika Penulisan
Laporan Praktikum Dasar Sistem Telekomunikasi ini berisikan tujuh bab yang
disusun secara sistematis. Berikut adalah sistematika penulisannya :

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
1.2 Tujuan Penulisan
1.3 Pembatasan Masalah
1.4 Metode Penulisan
1.5 Sistematika Penulisan

BAB II

PERCOBAAN I
ANALISA SPEKTRUM SINYAL
2.1 Tujuan Percobaan
2.2 Dasar Teori
2.3 Alat dan Bahan
2.4 Cara Kerja
2.5Data Percobaan
2.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan
2.7 Kesimpulan

BAB III PERCOBAAN II

AMPLITUDO MODULATION
3.1 Tujuan Percobaan
3.2 Dasar Teori
3.3 Alat dan Bahan
3.4 Cara Kerja
3.5Data Percobaan
3.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan
3.7 Kesimpulan
BAB IV PERCOBAAN III
FREQUENCY MODULATION
4.1 Tujuan Percobaan
4.2 Dasar Teori
4.3 Alat dan Bahan

4.4 Cara Kerja

4.5Data Percobaan
4.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan
4.7 Kesimpulan
BAB V

PERCOBAAN IV
MPX STEREO DENGAN FDM
5.1 Tujuan Percobaan
5.2 Dasar Teori
5.3 Alat dan Bahan
5.4 Cara Kerja
5.5Data Percobaan
5.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan
5.7 Kesimpulan

BAB VI PERCOBAAN V
SPEKTRUM AM DAN FM
6.1 Tujuan Percobaan
6.2 Dasar Teori
6.3 Alat dan Bahan
6.4 Cara Kerja
6.5Data Percobaan
6.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan
6.7 Kesimpulan
BAB VII PENUTUP
7.1 Simpulan
7.2 Saran

BAB VII
PENUTUP
7.1 Kesimpulan
1. Spektrum

masing-masing

sinyal

berbda

sesuai

dengan

bentuk

gelombangnya.
2. Sinyal kotak merupakan bentuk sinyal sinus.
3. Function generator merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk membangkitkan
sinyal.
4. Modulasi amplitudo adalah salah satu jenis modulasi dimana sinyal
informasi akan mengubah sinyal pembawa berfrekuensi tinggi sehingga
amplitudonya berubah-ubah.
5. Modulasi amplitudo dapat dilakukan dengan sistem AMDSBFC,
AMDSBSC, atau AMDSSB.
6. Proses deteksi sinyal Am dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara, yaitu envelope
detector atau envelope product detector.
7. Modulasi frekuensi adalah proses modulasi dengan mengubah frekuensi
gelombang carrier dengan menumpangkan sinyal informasi.
8. Pembangkitan sinyal FM dapat dilakukan dengan metoda osilator clapp
dan dioda varaktor.
9. Tiga poin penting dalam FM adalah linearitas de/modulator, AGC, dan
AFC.
10. Filter LPF mempunyai karakteristik melewatkan sinyal berfrekuensi
rendah dan melemahkan sinyal berfrekuensi tinggi.
11. Keluaran L+R mempunyai amplitudo keluaran jumlah dan komponen
sinyal input L dan R, sedangkan keluaran L_R amplitudo keluaran
merupakan selisih dari L dan R.
12. Multiplexer digunakan untuk menggabungkan berbagai sinyal masukan
dimana media transmisi yang digunakan hanya satu.
13. Jalur sinyal dalam AM transmitter adalah test signal, audio filter, carrier
generator, buffer, balance modulator, dan Rf amplifier.

14. Kelebihan AM dibanding FM adalah memiliki jangkauan yang luas, sistem

lebih sederhana, dan penyangga gelombang lebih panjang.
15. Kelebihan FM dibanding Am adalah kebal terhadap noise, bandwith lebih
besar, S/N dapat ditingkatkan.
7.2 Saran
1. Diharapkan praktikan membaca dasar teori sebelum memulai praktikum.
2. Praktikan seharusnya sudah tahu mengenai tata cara dan perlengakapan
yang digunakan saat praktikum.
3. Ketelitian adalam membaca skala sangat diperlukan untuk mendapatkan
hasil yang optimal.
4. Praktikan diharapkan melakukan kalibrasi alat terlebih dahulu sebelum
praktikum.
5. Penggunaan kamera sangat disarankan untuk hasil yang tepat, cepat, dan
efisien.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anonim. 2010. Laporan Praktikum Dasar Sistem Telekomunikasi 2010. Semarang
: KPS Laboratory.
Coolean, John. 1584. Komunikasi Elektronika Jilid 1 dan 2. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Freemann, Roger L.. 1987. Telecommunication Transmission Hand Book 4th
Edition.
Leach, Wcoush. 1997. Analog and digital Commmunication System. Singapore.
R, Jacob. 1997. Pemrosesan Sinyal Digital Prinsip Algoritma dan Aplikasi.
Jakarta : PT. Presindo.
Schauel, Mizart. 1990. International Transmission Modulation. New York.
Smak, NN. 1981. Telekomunikasi 1. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Tapik, Scahum. Principle and Communication System Secon Edition. New York.

DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL...............................................................................................i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

..............................................................................ii

KATA PENGANTAR...........................................................................................iii
DAFTAR ISI..........................................................................................................iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................................xii
DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................................xiii
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................xv
ABSTRAK...........................................................................................................xvi
BAB I

PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang.................................................................................1
1.2 Tujuan Penulisan..............................................................................1
1.3 Pembatasan Masalah........................................................................1
1.4 Metode Penulisan.............................................................................1
1.5 Sistematika Penulisan......................................................................1

BAB II

PERCOBAAN I
ANALISA SPEKTRUM SINYAL
2.1 Tujuan Percobaan.............................................................................4
2.2 Dasar Teori.......................................................................................4
2.2.1 Analisa Gelombang Fourier....................................................4
2.2.2 Bentuk spektrum Sinyal..........................................................8
2.2.2.1 Sinyal Sinus................................................................8
2.2.2.2 Sinyal Kotak.............................................................10
2.2.2.3 Sinyal Segitiga..........................................................11
2.2.2.4 Sinyal Gigi Gergaji...................................................14
2.2.3 Transformasi Fourier.............................................................16
2.2.4 Spektrum Sinyal AM.............................................................19
2.2.5 Spektrum Sinyal FM.............................................................20
2.2.6 Sinyal Audio (Suara Manusia)..............................................21

2.2.7 Duty Cycle.............................................................................23

2.2.8 Winscope...............................................................................25
2.2.9 Function Generator................................................................26
2.3 Alat dan Bahan...............................................................................27
2.4 Cara Kerja......................................................................................27
2.4.1 Sinyal Sinus...........................................................................27
2.4.2 Spektrum Sinyal Kotak.........................................................27
2.4.3 Spektrum Sinyal Segitiga......................................................27
2.4.4 Sinyal pulsa...........................................................................28
2.4.5 Sinyal gigi gergaji.................................................................28
2.4.6 Sinyal Modulasi AM.............................................................28
2.4.7 Spektrum sinyal FFT.............................................................28
2.5 Data Percobaan..............................................................................29
2.5.1 Sinyal Sinus...........................................................................29
2.5.2 Sinyal Kotak..........................................................................32
2.5.3 Sinyal Segitiga.......................................................................34
2.5.4 Sinyal Gergaji........................................................................36
2.5.5 Sinyal pulse...........................................................................38
2.5.5.1 Duty cycle 25%..........................................................38
2.5.5.2 Duty cycle 50%..........................................................40
2.5.5.3 Duty cycle 75%..........................................................42
2.5.6 Sinyal modulasi AM..............................................................44
2.5.6.1 Sinyal modulasi AM Sinus.........................................44
2.5.7 Sinyal modulasi FM..............................................................44
2.5.8 Spektrum FFT.......................................................................45
2.5.8.1 Spektrum Sinyal Sinus...............................................45
2.5.8.2 Spektrum Sinyal Kotak..............................................47
2.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan................................................................49
2.6.1 Sinyal Sinus.................................................................49
2.6.2 Sinyal Kotak..........................................................................54
2.6.3 Sinyal Segitiga.......................................................................58
2.6.4 Sinyal Pulse...........................................................................60

2.6.2.1 Untuk Duty Cycle 25%...............................................60

2.6.2.2 Untuk Duty Cycle 50 %..............................................63
2.6.2.3 Duty Cycle 75%......................................................... .66
2.6.2.4 Perbandingan Duty Cycle........................................... 69
2.6.5 Sinyal Gigi Gergaji................................................................70
2.6.6 Sinyal Modulasi AM.............................................................72
2.6.7 Sinyal Modulasi FM..............................................................73
2.7 Kesimpulan..................................................................................79
BAB III PERCOBAAN II
AMPLITUDO MODULATION
3.1 Tujuan Percobaan...........................................................................80
3.2 Dasar Teori......................................................................80
3.2.1 Tinjauan Umum.....................................................................80
3.2.2 Modulasi Amplitudo..............................................................83
3.2.2.1 Sinyal AM.................................................................83
3.2.2.2 Tujuan Modulasi.......................................................84
3.2.3 SSB........................................................................................85
3.2.3.1 Pengertian SSB.........................................................85
3.2.3.2 Sinyal Ideal Dan Persamaan Umum.........................85
3.2.3.3 Pembangkitan SSB...................................................86
3.2.3.4 Pengertian darifungsi masing-masing blok
pembangkitan SSB....................................................87
3.2.3.5 Keuntungan SSB.......................................................89
3.2.4 AMDSBFC............................................................................91
3.2.4.1 Pengertian AMDSBFC.............................................91
3.2.4.2 Pembangkit Sinyal AMDSBFC................................91
3.2.4.1 Detector Sinyal AMDSBFC......................................95
3.2.5 AMDSBSC............................................................................97
3.2.5.1 Pengertian AMDSBSC.............................................97

3.3 Alat dan Bahan...............................................................................99

3.4 Langkah Percobaan........................................................................99
3.4.1 AMDSBFC............................................................................99
3.4.1.1 Sinyal AMDSBFC....................................................99
3.4.1.2 Deteksi dengan Envelope Detector...........................99
3.4.1.3 Deteksi dengan Product Detektor.............................99
3.4.1.4 Percobaan m=100%................................................100
3.4.2 AMDSBSC..........................................................................100
3.4.2.1 Sinyal AMDSBSC..................................................100
3.4.2.2 Deteksi dengan Envelope Detector.........................100
3.4.2.3 Deteksi dengan Product Detektor...........................100
3.5 Data Percobaan............................................................................102
3.5.1 AMDSBFC..........................................................................102
3.5.2 AMDSBSC..........................................................................113
3.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan..............................................................118
3.6.1 AMDSBFC..........................................................................118
3.6.1.1 Sinyal AMDSBFC..................................................119
3.6.1.2 Deteksi dengan Envelope Detector.........................122
3.6.1.3 Deteksi dengan Envelope Product Detektor...........127
3.6.1.4 Percobaan dengan m=100%....................................133
3.6.2 AMDSBSC..........................................................................145
3.6.2.1 Sinyal AMDSBSC..................................................146
3.6.2.2 Deteksi dengan Envelope Detector.........................147
3.6.2.3 Deteksi dengan Envelope Product Detektor...........149
3.6.3 Aplikasi AM Transmitter.....................................................157
3.7 Kesimpulan..................................................................................158
BAB IV PERCOBAAN III
FREQUENCY MODULATION
4.1 Tujuan Percobaan.........................................................................159
4.2 Dasar Teori...................................................................................159
4.2.1 Pengertian Umum Modulasi Frekuensi...............................159

4.2.2 Pembangkitan Sinyal FM....................................................160

4.2.2.1 Osilator Clapp.........................................................160
4.2.2.2 Dioda Varaktor........................................................162
4.2.3 Memperbaiki Linieritas Modulasi FM................................163
4.2.4 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)..........................................164
4.2.5 Pendeteksian Sinyal FM......................................................165
4.2.5.1 Phase Locked Loop (PLL)......................................166
4.2.5.2 Quadrature Detector................................................168
4.2.5.3 Detector Perbandingan (Ratio Detector).................169
4.2.6 Spektrum sinyal FM............................................................170
4.2.7 Bandwidth Sinyal FM.........................................................172
4.2.8 Modulasi Sinyal Sinus pada FM.........................................173
4.3 Alat dan Bahan.............................................................................174
4.4 Cara Kerja....................................................................................175
4.4.1 Linearitas Modulator, Linearitas Demodulator dan AFC....175
4.4.2 AGC.....................................................................................175
4.4.3 Modulasi Sinyal Sinus.........................................................175
4.5 Data Percobaan............................................................................177
4.5.1 Modulasi Sinyal Sinusoidal.................................................177
4.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan..............................................................179
4.6.1 Linearitas Modulator, Linearitas Demodulator dan AFC....179
4.6.1.1 Perbandingan Vinput dan frekuensi...........................180
4.6.1.2 Hubungan Vin dan AFC...........................................182
4.6.1.3 Perbandingan Vin dan Audio....................................184
4.6.1.4 Perbandingan Vaudio dan f........................................186
4.6.1.5 Hubungan VAFC dan frekuensi.................................188
4.6.2 AGC.....................................................................................190
4.6.2.1 Perbandingan Vaudiodengan IF..................................191
4.6.2.2 Hubungan VAGC dan Vaudio................................................................... 193
4.6.3 Modulasi Sinyal Sinus.........................................................195
4.6.3.1 Frekuensi Input 500 Hz...........................................196
4.6.3.2Frekuensi Input 700 Hz............................................197

4.6.3.3 Frekuensi Input 800 Hz...........................................198

4.6.3.4 Frekuensi Input 1500 Hz.........................................199
4.6.3.5 Frekuensi Input 2 KHz............................................200
4.6.3.6 Frekuensi Input 2.5 KHz.........................................201
4.6.3.7 Frekuensi Input 3 KHz ...........................................202
4.6.3.8 Frekuensi Input 4 KHz ...........................................203
4.6.3.9 Frekuensi Input 6 KHz ...........................................204
4.6.3.10 Frekuensi Input 10 KHz .......................................205
4.6.3.11 Frekuensi F(input-output) dengan T(ms) .............206
4.7 Kesimpulan..................................................................................208
BAB V

PERCOBAAN IV
MPX STEREO DENGAN FDM
5.1 Tujuan Percobaan.........................................................................209
5.2 Dasar Teori...................................................................................209
5.2.1 Pengertian Teknik FDM......................................................209
5.2.2 Transmitter FM Stereo........................................................210
5.2.3 Receiver FM Stereo.............................................................214
5.2.4 Low Pass Filter (LPF).........................................................216
5.2.5 Penjumlahan dan Pengurangan R dan L.............................217
5.2.6 Frekuensi Generator............................................................217
5.2.7 Band Pass Filter (BPF)........................................................218
5.2.8 Phase Filter..........................................................................218
5.2.9 Demultiplexer Stereo...........................................................220
5.2.10 Filter..................................................................................220
5.2.11 Sub Carrier 38 KHz...........................................................220
5.2.12 Pilot 19 KHz......................................................................221
5.2.13 Jenis Modulasi Amplitudo.................................................221
5.3 Alat dan Bahan.............................................................................223
5.4 Cara Kerja....................................................................................224
5.4.1 L+R dan L-R.......................................................................224
5.4.1.1 L+R.........................................................................224

5.4.1.2 L-R..........................................................................224
5.4.2 AMDSBSC..........................................................................224
5.4.3 Generator Frekuensi............................................................224
5.4.4 Multiplexer Stereo...............................................................225
5.5 Data Percobaan............................................................................226
5.5.1 Pengukuran Bagian MPX (Multiplexer).............................226
5.5.2 BPF 38 KHz, LPF 15KHz, BPF 19KHz.............................232
5.5.3 Demultiplexer......................................................................235
5.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan............................................................. 237
5.6.1 Penjumlahan dan Pengurangan L dan R..............................237
5.6.2 AMDSBSC..........................................................................241
5.6.3 Linear Mixer........................................................................244
5.6.3.1 Gambar gelombang sinus linear Mixer f=2KHz.....244
5.6.3.2 Gambar gelombang sinus linear Mixer f=3KHz.....244
5.6.3.3 Gambar gelombang kotak linear Mixer f=3KHz....244
5.6.4 Band Pass Filter...................................................................246
5.6.5 Low Pass Filter....................................................................249
5.6.6 Multiplexer Stereo...............................................................252
5.7 Kesimpulan..................................................................................253
BAB VI PERCOBAAN V
SPEKTRUM AM DAN FM
6.1 Tujuan Percobaan.........................................................................254
6.2 Dasar Teori...................................................................................254
6.2.1 AM (Amplitudo Modulatio)................................................254
6.2.2 AM Transmitter...................................................................256
6.2.2.1 Test Signal...............................................................256
6.2.2.2 Audio Filter............................................................. 257
6.2.2.3 Carrier Generator....................................................257
6.2.2.4 Buffer......................................................................258
6.2.2.5 Balance Modulator..................................................258
6.2.2.6 RF Amplifier...........................................................259

6.2.3 FM (Frequency Modulation)...............................................260

6.2.4 Perbandingan AM dan FM..................................................262
6.2.5 Standar Penyiaran Radio AM dan FM................................264
6.2.5.1 Radio AM................................................................264
6.2.5.2 Radio FM................................................................264
6.2.6 Spectrum Analyzer..............................................................265
6.3 Alat dan Bahan.............................................................................266
6.4 Cara Kerja....................................................................................267
6.4.1 AM Transmitter...................................................................267
6.4.2 Spektrum dari AM Transmitter...........................................268
6.4.3 Siaran Radio FM.................................................................268
6.5 Data Percobaan............................................................................269
6.5.1 AM Transmitter dan Receiver.............................................269
6.5.1.1 Test Signal...............................................................269
6.5.1.2 Carrier Generator....................................................269
6.5.1.3 Audio Filter.............................................................270
6.5.1.4 Buffer......................................................................270
6.5.1.5 Balance Modulator..................................................271
6.5.1.6 RF Amplifier...........................................................271
6.5.2 Spektrum AM......................................................................272
6.5.2.1 Spektrum Balance Modulator.................................272
6.5.2.2 Spektrum RF Amplifier..........................................272
6.5.3 Siaran Radio FM.................................................................273
6.5.3.1 Radio Prambor FM 102 MHz.................................273
6.5.3.2 Radio RCT FM 101.2 MHz....................................273
6.5.3.3 Radio Rasika FM 101.1 MHz.................................274
6.5.3.4 Radio Pro Alma FM 97.7 MHz...............................274
6.5.3.5 Radio Suara Semarang 96.9 MHz...........................275
6.6 Analisa dan Pembahasan..............................................................276
6.6.1 AM Transmitter dan Receiver ............................................276
6.6.1.1 Test Signal...............................................................277
6.6.1.2 Carrier Generator....................................................279

6.6.1.3 Audio Filter.............................................................281

6.6.1.4 Buffer......................................................................282
6.6.1.5 Balance Modulator..................................................284
6.6.1.6 RF Amplifier...........................................................286
6.6.2 Perbandingan Tegangan dan f AM Transmitter...................288
6.6.3 Spektrum AM......................................................................289
6.6.3.1 Balance Modulator..................................................290
6.6.3.2 RF Amplifier...........................................................291
6.6.4 Siaran Radio FM.................................................................292
6.6.4.1 Frekuensi Radio Prambor FM 102 MHz................293
6.6.4.2 Frekuensi Radio RCT FM 101.2 MHz...................294
6.6.4.3 Frekuensi Radio Rasika FM 100.1 MHz................295
6.6.4.4 Frekuensi Radio Pro Alma FM 97.7 MHz..............296
6.6.4.5 Frekuensi Radio Suara Semarang 96.9 MHz..........297
6.6.5 Perbandingan Spektrum FM Keseluruhan..........................298
6.6.6 Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Spektrum Radio FM...300
6.6.7 Perbedaan Tiap jenis tipe demodulasi.................................301
6.7 Kesimpulan..................................................................................302
BAB VII PENUTUP
7.1 Simpulan......................................................................................303
7.2 Saran............................................................................................304
DAFTAR PUSTAKA........................................................................................
LAMPIRAN

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1

Gelombang fourier fungsi genap......................................................6

Gambar 2.2

Gelombang fourier fungsi ganjil......................................................7

Gambar 2.3

Fungsi simetri gelombang setengah.................................................7

Gambar 2.4

Gelombang sinusoidal......................................................................8

Gambar 2.5

Gelombang sinyal kotak.................................................................10

Gambar 2.6

Gelombang sinyal segitiga.............................................................11

Gambar 2.7

Gelombang sinyal gergaji...............................................................14

Gambar 2.8

Spektrum ampitudo transformasi fourier.......................................18

Gambar 2.9

Contoh spektrum fasa fourier.........................................................18

Gambar 2.10 Spektrum modulasi AM.................................................................19

Gambar 2.11 (a) Gelombang carrier....................................................................20
(b) Gelombang modulasi................................................................20
(c) Gelombang FM.........................................................................20
Gambar 2.12 Gelombang audio longitudinal.......................................................21
Gambar 2.13 Gelombang duty cycle 25%...........................................................23
Gambar 2.14 Gelombang duty cycle 0%.............................................................23
Gambar 2.15 Gelombang duty cycle 25%...........................................................24
Gambar 2.16 Gelombang duty cycle 50%...........................................................24
Gambar 2.17 Gelombang duty cycle 75%...........................................................24
Gambar 2.18 Gelombang duty cycle 100%.........................................................24
Gambar 2.19 Screenshoot winscope....................................................................25
Gambar 2.20 Function generator..........................................................................26
Gambar 2.21 Sinyal sinus 100 Hz........................................................................29
Gambar 2.22 Sinyal sinus 500 Hz........................................................................29
Gambar 2.23 Sinyal sinus 1 KHz.........................................................................30
Gambar 2.24 Sinyal sinus 3 KHz.........................................................................30
Gambar 2.25 Sinyal sinus 5 KHz.........................................................................31
Gambar 2.26 Sinyal kotak f = 100 Hz..................................................................32
Gambar 2.27 Sinyal kotak f = 500 Hz..................................................................32
Gambar 2.28 Sinyal kotak 1 KHz (1000 Hz).......................................................33

Gambar 2.29 Sinyal kotak 1 KHz (2000 Hz).......................................................33

Gambar 2.30 Sinyal segitiga f = (100 Hz)...........................................................34
Gambar 2.31 Sinyal segitiga f = (500 Hz)...........................................................34
Gambar 2.32 Sinyal segitiga 1 KHz (1000 Hz)...................................................35
Gambar 2.33 Sinyal segitiga 1 KHz (2000 Hz)...................................................35
Gambar 2.34 Duty cycle 25%..............................................................................36
Gambar 2.35 Duty cycle 25% f = 500 Hz............................................................36
Gambar 2.36 Duty cycle 25% f = 1000 Hz..........................................................37
Gambar 2.37 Duty cycle 25% f = 2000 Hz..........................................................37
Gambar 2.38 Duty cycle 50% f = 100 Hz............................................................38
Gambar 2.39 Duty cycle 50% f = 500 Hz............................................................38
Gambar 2.40 Duty cycle 50% f = 1 KHz (1000 Hz)............................................39
Gambar 2.41 Duty cycle 50% f = 2 KHz (2000 Hz)............................................39
Gambar 2.42 Duty cycle 75% f = 100 Hz............................................................40
Gambar 2.43 Duty cycle 75% f = 500 Hz............................................................40
Gambar 2.44 Duty cycle 75% f = 1 KHz (1000 Hz)............................................41
Gambar 2.45 Duty cycle 75% f = 2 KHz (2000 Hz)............................................41
Gambar 2.46 Sinyal gergaji f = 100 Hz...............................................................42
Gambar 2.47 Sinyal gergaji f = 500 Hz...............................................................42
Gambar 2.48 Sinyal gergaji 1 KHz (1000 Hz).....................................................43
Gambar 2.49 Sinyal gergaji 2 KHz (2000 Hz).....................................................43
Gambar 2.50 Sinyal modulasi AM sinus..............................................................44
Gambar 2.51 Sinyal modulasi FM sinus..............................................................44
Gambar 2.52 Spektrum FFT sinyal sinus 100 Hz................................................45
Gambar 2.53 Spektrum FFT sinyal sinus 500 Hz................................................45
Gambar 2.54 Spektrum FFT sinyal sinus (1000 Hz)...........................................46
Gambar 2.55 Spektrum FFT sinyal kotak 100 Hz...............................................47
Gambar 2.56 Spektrum FFT sinyal kotak 500 Hz...............................................47
Gambar 2.57 Spektrum FFT sinyal kotak 1 KHz (1000 Hz)...............................48
Gambar 2.58 Sinyal sinus 100 Hz........................................................................49
Gambar 2.59 Sinyal sinus 500 Hz........................................................................49
Gambar 2.60 Sinyal sinus 1 KHz (1000 Hz)........................................................50

Gambar 2.61 Sinyal sinus 3 KHz (3000 Hz)........................................................50

Gambar 2.62 Sinyal sinus 5 KHz (5000 Hz)........................................................51
Gambar 2.63 Sinyal kotak f = 100 Hz..................................................................54
Gambar 2.64 Sinyal kotak f = 500 Hz..................................................................54
Gambar 2.65 Sinyal kotak 1 KHz (1000 Hz).......................................................55
Gambar 2.66 Sinyal kotak 2 KHz (2000 Hz).......................................................55
Gambar 2.67 Sinyal segitiga f = (100 Hz)...........................................................58
Gambar 2.68 Duty cycle 25% f = 100 Hz............................................................60
Gambar 2.69 Duty cycle 50% f = 100 Hz............................................................63
Gambar 2.70 Duty cycle 75% f = 100 Hz............................................................66
Gambar 2.71 Sinyal gergaji f = 100 Hz...............................................................70
Gambar 2.72 Sinyal modulasi AM sinus..............................................................72
Gambar 2.73 Sinyal modulasi FM sinus..............................................................73
Gambar 2.74 Sinyal ideal modulasi frekuensi.....................................................74
Gambar 2.75 Spektrum FFT sinyal sinus 100 Hz................................................75
Gambar 2.76 Spektrum FFT sinyal kotak 100 Hz...............................................77
Gambar 3.1

Spektre sinyal yang dimodulasi amplitudo

a.DSBFC..................................................................................85
b.DCBSC..................................................................................85
c.SSBSC yang menggunakan USB..........................................85
d. SSBSC yang menggunakan LSB.........................................85

Gambar 3.2

Bagan metode filter balans.............................................................86

Gambar 3.3

Blok diagram pembangkit SSB metode filter jalur sisi..................87

Gambar 3.4

Blok diagram pembangkit SSB metode pergeseran fasa................88

Gambar 3.5

Blok diagram pembangkit SSB metode ketiga..............................91

Gambar 3.6

Pembangkit AMDSBSC.................................................................92

Gambar 3.7

Sinyal switching.............................................................................93

Gambar 3.8

Rangkaian modulasi switch............................................................93

Gambar 3.9

Kurva square law dioda..................................................................94

Gambar 3.10 Pembangkit AMDSBFC.................................................................94

Gambar 3.11 Detektor AMDSBFC......................................................................95
Gambar 3.12 Diagram blok detektor AMDSBFC................................................96
Gambar 3.13 Pembangkitan AMDSBSC.............................................................98

Gambar 3.14 Sinyal AMDSBSC di titik C.........................................................102

Gambar 3.15 Pola lissajous di titik D dan E minimum......................................102
Gambar 3.16 Pola lissajous di titik D dan E maksimum....................................102
Gambar 3.17 Pola keluaran deteksi dengan envelope di titik J..........................103
Gambar 3.18 Pola keluaran deteksi dengan envelope di titik K........................104
Gambar 3.19 Pola keluaran envelope detector di titik H minimum...................104
Gambar 3.20 Sinyal keluaran envelope product detector di titik H maksimum 105
Gambar 3.21 Sinyal keluaran envelope product detector di titik K minimum. .105
Gambar 3.22 Sinyal keluaran envelope product detector di titik K maksimum 106
Gambar 3.23 Beda fasa envelope detector dititik D dan E minimum................106
Gambar 3.24 Beda fasa envelope detector dititik D dan E maksimum.............107
Gambar 3.25 Sinyal keluaran AMDSBFC Sin = 100% dititik C.......................107
Gambar 3.26 Beda fasa m = 100% dititik G dan E minimum...........................108
Gambar 3.27 Beda fasa m = 100% dititik D dan E maksimum.........................108
Gambar 3.28 Beda fasa envelope product detector m = 100% dititik D dan
E minimum...................................................................................109
Gambar 3.29 Beda fasa envelope product detector m = 100% dititik D dan
E maksimum.................................................................................109
Gambar 3.30 Sinyal keluaran envelope detector m = 100% dititik J.................110
Gambar 3.31 Sinyal keluaran envelope detector m = 100% dititik K................110
Gambar 3.32 Sinyal keluaran envelope detector m = 100% dititik H
minimum.......................................................................................111
Gambar 3.33 Sinyal keluaran envelope product m = 100% dititik H
maksimum....................................................................................111
Gambar 3.34 Sinyal keluaran envelope product m = 100% dititik K
minuimum....................................................................................112
Gambar 3.35 Sinyal keluaran envelope detector m = 100% dititik K
maksimum....................................................................................112
Gambar 3.36 Sinyal keluaran AMDSBSC dititik C...........................................113
Gambar 3.37 Sinyal keluaran envelope detector AMDSBSC dititik J...............113
Gambar 3.38 Sinyal keluaran envelope detector AMDSBSC dititik K.............114
Gambar 3.39 Sinyal keluaran envelope product detector dititik H minimum. . .114

Gambar 3.40 Sinyal keluaran envelope product detector dititik H maksimum. 115
Gambar 3.41 Sinyal keluaran envelope product detector dititik K minimum. . .115
Gambar 3.42 Sinyal keluaran envelope product detector dititik K maksimum. 116
Gambar 3.43 Beda fasa envelope detector dititik D dan E minimum................116
Gambar 3.44 Beda fasa envelope detector dititik D dan E maksimum..............116
Gambar 3.45 Sinyal AMDSBSC dititik C..........................................................119
Gambar 3.46 Pola lissajous dititik D dan E
a.Carrier shift maksimum.......................................................120
b.Carrier shift minimum.........................................................120
Gambar 3.47 Sinyal keluaran deteksi dengan envelope
a.Dipoint J..............................................................................123
b.Dipoint K ............................................................................123
Gambar 3.48 Deteksi dengan envelope product detector
a.Point K, CS minimum.........................................................125
b.Point K, CS maksimum.......................................................125
Gambar 3.49 Rangkaian AMDSBSC dengan product detector.........................127
Gambar 3.50 Sinyal keluaran deteksi dengan envelope product detector
a.Point H carrier maksimum..................................................127
b.Point H carrier minimum....................................................127
Gambar 3.51 Sinyal keluaran deteksi dengan envelope product detector
a.Point H carrier minimum.....................................................129
b.Point H carrier maksimum..................................................129
Gambar 3.52 Beda fasa deteksi dengan envelope product detector di D dan E
a.Carrier maksimum
b.Carrier minimum.................................................................132
Gambar 3.53 Sinyal AMDSBSC dengan m = 100% dipoint C .........................133
Gambar 3.54 Deteksi dengan envelope
a.Point J..................................................................................134
b.Point K................................................................................134
Gambar 3.55 Deteksi dengan envelope product detector
a.Point K, CS minimum.........................................................136
b.Point K, CS maksimum.......................................................136
Gambar 3.56 Deteksi envelope product detector m = 100% dipoint H
a.Point H, CS maksimum.......................................................139
b.Point H, CS minimum.........................................................139

Gambar 3.57 Deteksi envelope product detector

a.Point K, Carrier shift maksimum........................................141
b.Point K, Carrier shift minimum..........................................141
Gambar 3.58 Beda fasa di titik D dan E saat carrier
a.Carrier shift minimum.........................................................143
b.Carrier shift maksimum.......................................................143
Gambar 3.59 Blok diagram AMDSBSC............................................................145
Gambar 3.60 Sinyal AMDSBSC dititik C..........................................................146
Gambar 3.61 Deteksi dengan envelope detector
a.Point J..................................................................................147
b.Point K................................................................................147
Gambar 3.62 Deteksi dengan envelope product detector
a. Point H, Carrier Shift Maksimum........................................
b. Point H, Carrier Shift Minimum..............................................149
Gambar 3.63 Deteksi dengan envelope product detector
a. Point K, Carrier Shift Minimum
b. Point K, Carrier Shift Minimum.......................................... 151
Gambar 3.64 Deteksi dengan envelope product detector
c. Point H, Carrier Shift Minimum
d. Point H, Carrier Shift Maksimum........................................ 153
Gambar 3.65 Beda fasa di E dan B
a. Carrier Shifter Minimum
b. Carrier Shifter Maksimum................................................... 155
Gambar 4.1

Diagram Pembangkitan Sinyal FM........................................... 160

Gambar 4.2

Rangkaian Osilator Clapp......................................................... 161

Gambar 4.3

Simbol Dioda Varaktor.............................................................. 162

Gambar 4.4

Diagram Pendeteksi Sinyal FM................................................ 165

Gambar 4.5

Diskriminator PLL.................................................................... 166

Gambar 4.6

Quadrature Detector.................................................................. 168

Gambar 4.7

Rangkaian Ratio Detector......................................................... 169

Gambar 4.8

Spektrum Sinyal FM................................................................. 170

Gambar 4.9

Spektrum Frekuensi FM............................................................ 171

Gambar 4.10

Mentuk Sinyal Modulasi FM.................................................... 173

Gambar 4.11

Grafik Hubungan Vin dan Frekuensi........................................ 180

Gambar 4.12

Grafik Ideal Hubungan Vin dan Frekuensi............................... 181

Gambar 4.13

Grafik Hubungan Vinput dan Vafc................................................. 182

Gambar 4.14

Grafik Ideal Hubungan Vinput dan Vafc........................................ 183

Gambar 4.15

Grafik Hubungan Vinput dan Vaudio............................................... 184

Gambar 4.16

Grafik Ideal Hubungan Vinput dan Vaudio..................................... 185

Gambar 4.17

Grafik Hubungan Vaudio dan frekuensi....................................... 186

Gambar 4.18

Grafik Ideal Hubungan Vaudio dan frekuensi.............................. 187

Gambar 4.19

Grafik Hubungan Vafc dan frekuensi......................................... 188

Gambar 4.20

Grafik Ideal Hubungan Vafc dan frekuensi................................. 189

Gambar 4.21

Grafik Hubungan Vaudio dan IF................................................... 191

Gambar 4.22

Grafik Ideal Hubungan Vaudio dan IF.......................................... 192

Gambar 4.23

Grafik Hubungan VAGC dan Vaudio.............................................. 193

Gambar 4.24

Grafik Ideal Hubungan VAGC dan Vaudio.....................................194

Gambar 4.25

Modulasi Sinyal 500 Hz............................................................ 196

Gambar 4.26

Modulasi Sinyal 700 Hz............................................................ 197

Gambar 4.27

Modulasi Sinyal 800 Hz............................................................ 198

Gambar 4.28

Modulasi Sinyal 1500 Hz.......................................................... 199

Gambar 4.29

Modulasi Sinyal 2000 Hz.......................................................... 200

Gambar 4.30

Modulasi Sinyal 2500 Hz.......................................................... 201

Gambar 4.31

Modulasi Sinyal 3000 Hz.......................................................... 202

Gambar 4.32

Modulasi Sinyal 4000 Hz.......................................................... 203

Gambar 4.33

Modulasi Sinyal 6000 Hz.......................................................... 204

Gambar 4.34

Modulasi Sinyal 10000 Hz........................................................ 205

Gambar 4.35

Gragik Perbandingan Frekuensi dan Periode............................ 207

Gambar 5.1

Blok Diagram Pemancar FM Stereo......................................... 210

Gambar 5.2

Blok Diagram Radio Penerima FM Stereo............................... 214

Gambar 5.3

Rangkaian dan Frekuensi Respon LPF.................................... 216

Gambar 5.4

Rangkaian penjumlahan dan pengurangan sinyal R dan L....... 217

Gambar 5.5

Rangkaiandan Frekuensi Respon BPF...................................... 218

Gambar 5.6

Gelombang Sinus R................................................................... 226

Gambar 5.7

Gelombang Sinus L................................................................... 226

Gambar 5.8

Gelombang Sinus L+R.............................................................. 226

Gambar 5.9

Gelombang Sinus L - R............................................................. 226

Gambar 5.10

AMDSBSC................................................................................ 227

Gambar 5.11

Subcarrier(2000Hz)...................................................................227

Gambar 5.12

Pilot(2000Hz)............................................................................ 227

Gambar 5.13

Linear Mixer (2000Hz)............................................................. 227

Gambar 5.14

Gelombang Sinus R 3000Hz..................................................... 228

Gambar 5.15

Gelombang Sinus L 3000Hz..................................................... 228

Gambar 5.16

Gelombang Sinus L + R f=3000 Hz.......................................... 228

Gambar 5.17

Gelombang Sinus L - R f=3000 Hz.......................................... 228

Gambar 5.18

AMDSBSC 3000Hz.................................................................. 228

Gambar 5.19

Subcarrier(3000Hz)................................................................... 228

Gambar 5.20

Pilot(3000Hz)............................................................................ 229

Gambar 5.21

Linear Mixer (3000Hz)............................................................. 229

Gambar 5.22

Gelombang Kotak R f=3000Hz................................................ 230

Gambar 5.23

Gelombang Kotak L f=3000Hz Hz........................................... 230

Gambar 5.24

Gelombang Kotak L +R f=3000Hz.......................................... 230

Gambar 5.25

Gelombang Kotak L -R f=3000Hz...........................................230

Gambar 5.26

AMDSBSC Kotak 3000Hz...................................................... 230

Gambar 5.27

Subcarrier kotak(3000Hz)......................................................... 230

Gambar 5.28

Pilot kotak (3000Hz)................................................................. 230

Gambar 5.29

Linear Mixer kotak (3000Hz)................................................... 230

Gambar 5.30

Gelombang Sinus BPF 38 KHz (2000Hz)................................ 232

Gambar 5.31

Gelombang Sinus LPF 15 KHz(2000Hz)................................. 232

Gambar 5.32

Gelombang Sinus BPF 19 KHz(2000Hz)................................. 232

Gambar 5.33

Gelombang Sinus BPF 38 KHz (3000Hz)................................ 233

Gambar 5.34

Gelombang Sinus BPF 19 KHz(3000Hz)................................. 233

Gambar 5.35

Gelombang Sinus LPF 15 KHz(3000Hz)................................. 233

Gambar 5.36

Gelombang Kotak BPF 38 KHz (3000Hz)............................... 234

Gambar 5.37

Gelombang Kotak BPF 19 KHz (3000Hz)............................... 234

Gambar 5.38

Gelombang Kotak LPF 15 KHz (3000Hz)................................ 234

Gambar 5.39

Gelombang sinus Demultiplexer L+R 2000Hz......................... 235

Gambar 5.40

Gelombang sinus Demultiplexer L-R 2000Hz.......................... 235

Gambar 5.41

Gelombang sinus Demultiplexer L+R 3000Hz......................... 235

Gambar 5.42

Gelombang sinus Demultiplexer L-R 3000Hz.......................... 235

Gambar 5.43

Gelombang kotak Demultiplexer L+R 3000Hz........................ 236

Gambar 5.44

Gelombang kotak Demultiplexer L-R 3000Hz......................... 236

Gambar 5.45

(a) Rankaian Penjumlahan (L+R)

(b) Rangkaian Selisih (L-R)...................................................... 237

Gambar 5.46

Spektrum Sinyal FM Stereo...................................................... 237

Gambar 5.47

Gelombang L+R....................................................................... 238

Gambar 5.48

Gelombang L+R Pada 3 KHz.................................................. 238

Gambar 5.49

Gelombang L+R Pada 3000 Hz (Kotak).................................. 239

Gambar 5.50

Gelombang L-R 2KHz.............................................................. 239

Gambar 5.51

Gelombang L-R 3 KHz (Sinus)............................................... 240

Gambar 5.52

Gelombang L-R 3000 Hz (Kotak)........................................... 240

Gambar 5.53

Spektrum AMDSBSC............................................................... 241

Gambar 5.54

Gelombang AMDSBSC sinus 2KHz........................................ 242

Gambar 5.55

Gelombang AMDSBSC 3000 Hz Sinus.................................... 242

Gambar 5.56

Gelombang AMDSBSC 3000 Hz Kotak................................... 242

Gambar 5.57

Gelombang Sinus Linear Mixer f = 2000 Hz............................ 244

Gambar 5.58

Gelombang Sinus Linear Mixer f = 3000 Hz............................ 244

Gambar 5.59

Gelombang Kotak Linear Mixer f = 1000 Hz........................... 244

Gambar 5.60

Gelombang Sinus BPF 38 KHz(2000Hz)................................. 246

Gambar 5.61

Gelombang Sinus BPF 19 KHz(2000Hz)................................. 246

Gambar 5.62

Gelombang Sinus BPF 38 KHz(3000Hz)................................. 246

Gambar 5.63

Gelombang Sinus BPF 19 KHz(3000Hz)................................. 247

Gambar 5.64

Gelombang Kotak BPF 38 KHz................................................ 247

Gambar 5.65

Gelombang Kotak BPF 19 KHz................................................ 247

Gambar 5.66

Rangkaian BPF.......................................................................... 248

Gambar 5.67

Grafik Ideal BPF....................................................................... 248

Gambar 5.68

Gelombang LPF 15 KHz f= 2000 Hz....................................... 249

Gambar 5.69

Gelombang LPF Sinus 15 KHz f= 3000 Hz............................. 249

Gambar 5.70

Gelombang Kotak LPF 15 KHz f= 1000 Hz............................. 250

Gambar 5.71

Rangkaian LPF.......................................................................... 251

Gambar 5.72

Grafik Ideal LPF.......................................................................251

Gambar 6.1

Spektrum AM............................................................................254

Gambar 6.2

Pemancar AM Penguat Daya.................................................... 256

Gambar 6.3

Diagram Blok AM Transmitter Pada Percobaan....................... 256

Gambar 6.4

Rangkaian Diode Balance Modulator....................................... 258

Gambar 6.5

Rangkaian RF Amplifier........................................................... 259

Gambar 6.6

Spektrum FM............................................................................ 261

Gambar 6.7

Spectrum Analyzer.................................................................... 265

Gambar 6.8

AM Transmitter......................................................................... 267

Gambar 6.9

Sinyal Keluaran Test Signal...................................................... 269

Gambar 6.10

Sinyal Keluaran Carrier Generator............................................ 269

Gambar 6.11

Sinyal Keluaran Audio Filter.................................................... 270

Gambar 6.12

Sinyal Keluaran Buffer............................................................. 270

Gambar 6.13

Sinyal Keluaran Balanced Modulator...................................... 271

Gambar 6.14

Sinyal Keluaran RF Amplifier.................................................. 271

Gambar 6.15

Spektrum Balance Modulator................................................... 272

Gambar 6.16

Spektrum RF Amplifier............................................................. 272

Gambar 6.17

Spektrum 102 FM..................................................................... 273

Gambar 6.18

Spektrum 101,2 FM.................................................................. 273

Gambar 6.19

Spektrum 100,1 FM.................................................................. 274

Gambar 6.20

Spektrum 97,7 FM.................................................................... 274

Gambar 6.21

Spektrum 96,9 FM.................................................................... 275

Gambar 6.22

AM Transmitter......................................................................... 276

Gambar 6.23

Sinyal Keluaran Test Signal...................................................... 277

Gambar 6.24

Gelombang Output Carrier Generator....................................... 279

Gambar 6.25

Gelombang Keluaran Audio Filter............................................ 281

Gambar 6.26

Sinyal Keluaran Buffer............................................................. 282

Gambar 6.27

Sinyal Output Balanced Modulator........................................... 284

Gambar 6.28

Sinyal Output RF Amplifier...................................................... 286

Gambar 6.29

Spektrum Sinyal AM................................................................. 289

Gambar 6.30

Spektrum Balanced Modulator................................................. 290

Gambar 6.31

Spektrum RF Amplifier............................................................. 291

Gambar 6.32

Spektrum pada FM 102 MHz.................................................... 293

Gambar 6.33

Spektrum pada FM 101,2 MHz................................................. 294

Gambar 6.34

Spektrum pada FM 101,1 MHz................................................. 295

Gambar 6.35

Spektrum pada FM 97.7 MHz................................................... 296

Gambar 6.36

Spektrum pada FM 96.9 MHz...................................................297

Gambar 6.37

Grafik perbandingan spectrum frekuensi radio FM..................297

DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1

Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan periode sinyal sinus.......................52

Tabel 2.2

Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan frekuensi sinyal sinus....................52

Tabel 2.3

Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan amplitudo sinyal sinus...................53

Tabel 2.4

Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan periode sinyal kotak......................56

Tabel 2.5

Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan frekuensi sinyal kotak....................56

Tabel 2.6

Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan amplitudo sinyal kotak..................57

Tabel 2.7

Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan periode sinyal segitiga...................58

Tabel 2.8

Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan frekuensi sinyal segitiga................59

Tabel 2.9

Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan amplitudo sinyal segitiga...............59

Tabel 2.10 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan periode duty cycle 25%.................60
Tabel 2.11 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan frekuensi duty cycle 25%..............61
Tabel 2.12 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan amplitudo duty cycle 25%.............61
Tabel 2.13 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan duty cycle......................................62
Tabel 2.14 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan periode duty cycle 50%.................63
Tabel 2.15 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan frekuensi duty cycle 50%..............64
Tabel 2.16 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan amplitudo duty cycle 50%.............64
Tabel 2.17 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan duty cycle......................................65
Tabel 2.18 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan periode duty cycle 75%.................66
Tabel 2.19 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan frekuensi duty cycle 75%..............67
Tabel 2.20 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan amplitudo duty cycle 75%.............67
Table 2.21 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan duty cycle......................................68
Table 2.22 Perbandingan duty cycle.....................................................................69
Table 2.23 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan periode sinyal gergaji....................70
Table 2.24 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan frekuensi sinyal gergaji.................71
Table 2.25 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan amplitudo sinyal gergaji................71
Table 2.26 Hasil percobaan dan perhitungan indeks modulasi AM......................72
Table 2.27 Perbandingan percobaan dan perhitungan..........................................76
Table 2.28 Perbandingan percobaan dan perhitungan..........................................78
Table 4.1

Tabel Besel........................................................................................172

Table 4.2

Data hasil percobaan modulasi sinyal sinus......................................177

Table 4.3

Percobaan linearitas modulator, demodulator dan AFC...................180

Table 4.4

Vinput dan frekuensi.........................................................................180

Table 4.5

Vinput dan VAFC..............................................................................182

Table 4.6

Vinput dan Vaudio.............................................................................184

Table 4.7

Vaudio dan frekuensi.........................................................................185

Table 4.8

VAFC dan frekuensi..........................................................................188

Table 4.9

Hasil percobaan AGC........................................................................190

Table 4.10 Nilai Vaudio dan Iif...........................................................................191

Table 4.11 Nilai VAGC dan Vaudio....................................................................193
Table 4.12 Data percobaan modulasi sinyal sinus..............................................195
Table 4.13 Data percobaan modulasi sinyal sinus..............................................208
Tabel 5.1

Data percobaan multiplexer..............................................................226

Tabel 5.2

Data percobaan BPF dan LPF...........................................................232

Tabel 5.3

Data percobaan multiplexer..............................................................235

Tabel 5.4

Data percobaan multiplexer..............................................................238

Tabel 5.5

Data percobaan AMDSBSC..............................................................241

Tabel 5.6

Data percobaan Linier mixer.............................................................245

Tabel 5.7

Perbandingan MPX dan DMPX........................................................252

Tabel 6.1

Perbandingan V dan f pada AM Transmitter.....................................288

Tabel 6.2

Perbandingan Spektrum Radio FM...................................................298