Krazy Kinematics

Suppose

that we walk 1 mile forward.

Then, we walk 1 mile backward.
How much did we move?
Our distance is 2 miles, because the
amount of motion that we went is 1 + 1 =
2 miles!
Our displacement is 0 miles (none!),
because the change in position from our
original location is 1 1 = 0 miles!

Distance and Displacement

You

can move forward, backward, to the

left, to the right, up, down, inside, or
outside. You are creating DISTANCE, and
the more you move the more your
DISTANCE will increase!

Distance

Displacement

is how different your final

location is from your initial (beginning)
location.
If a plane takes off from the Charlotte airport
and then lands back in the Charlotte airport
3 days later, its overall DISPLACEMENT is 0
because its PLACE hasnt changed!
Displacement is equal to distance only if you
were moving in only one direction!

Displacement

A to B, B to C, C to D, D to A

Displacement is in a straight line!

Get

out of your chairs, and move 3 spaces

forward.
What is your DISTANCE? Why?
What is your DISPLACEMENT? Why?
Are they the same? If so, why do you
think they are the same?

Lets do an activity!

Get

out of your chairs! or, stay out of

your chairs if you were already out of your
chairs!
Move 3 spaces forward, then 3 spaces to
the right, then 3 spaces backward.
What is your DISTANCE? Why?
What is your DISPLACEMENT? Why?
Why did you get different answers?

Lets do a sicker activity!

Get

out of your chairs! or, stay out of

your chairs if you were already out of your
chairs!
Move 1 space forward, then 1 space
backward, then 1 space forward, then 1
space backward, then keep doing this
forever.
What will be your DISTANCE?
What will be your DISPLACEMENT?

Lets do a SUPER sick activity!

RATE is the relationship between two

variables.
For now, lets say that a rate is when
something changes over time! Your height
changes over time, so you have a rate of
growth! Who has another example?

Rate

Are

speed and velocity the same thing? If

you think yes, you are wrong! If you think
no, you are correct!
Speed and velocity are both RATES.
Lets start by saying this:
Speed is DISTANCE over TIME.
Velocity is DISPLACEMENT over TIME.
Both of them are time rates!

Speed vs Velocity

Speed

is just how FAST you have moved.

Get up out of your chairs and run around
the classroom as fast as you can!

Speed

Now

get out of your chairs and start

running around the classroom as fast as
you can! If you were already doing this,
keep doing this!
20 seconds later, return to your seats.
Your SPEED was 5-10 miles per hour.
Your VELOCITY was 0 miles per hour.
Why? (See the next slide!)

When Direction Matters

Velocity

is DISPLACEMENT over TIME. Do

not confuse this with speed, which is
DISTANCE over TIME.
When we talk about DISPLACEMENT, our
DIRECTION matters. If you run around
really fast but end up in the same place
that you started, your [average] velocity
is ZERO, because you are dividing ZERO
displacement by some time, to get ZERO.

Velocity

Velocity can be negative!

Asher

walks 120 feet forward in 20

seconds. Then, he walks 60 feet backward
in 10 seconds.
His DISTANCE is 180 feet, because
120 + 60 = 180 feet.
His DISPLACEMENT is 60 feet, because at
the end he is 60 feet away from where he
started. 120 60 = 60 feet.

Math, Part 1

Asher

walks 120 feet forward in 20

seconds. Then, he walks 60 feet backward
in 10 seconds. Distance = 180 feet,
Displacement = 60 feet.
The TIME spent is 20 + 10 = 30 seconds.
His SPEED is 180 feet / 30 seconds = 6
feet per second ( distance / time ).
His VELOCITY is 60 feet / 30 seconds = 2
feet per second ( displacement / time ).

Math, Part 2

Graphical Difference

When

you hear ACCELERATION, what do

you think of? Getting faster or slower?
Saying that acceleration is getting faster
or slower is NOT a good definition, and
we will explain why!
Acceleration is another RATE, meaning
that it represents something changing
over time.
Acceleration = change in velocity / time

Acceleration

Acceleration

is defined by CHANGE in
VELOCITY over CHANGE in TIME.
It is possible for your speed to change
over time but not your velocity. If you are
going around in circles faster and faster,
your average acceleration is ZERO
because your velocity is ZERO!

The Basics of Acceleration

a = acceleration
v = velocity
t = time

Dequan is a bug that is moving in a straight

line (in one direction). [So, this means that
speed = velocity.]
At 8am, Dequans velocity is 20 miles per
hour forward.
At 10am, Dequans velocity is 40 miles per
hour forward.
What is Dequans acceleration?
Let mph = miles per hour! Abbreviation!

Basic example of acceleration

At 8am, Dequans velocity is 20 miles per hour

forward. At 10am, Dequans velocity is 40 miles
per hour forward.
Acceleration = change in velocity / time
Final velocity = 40 miles per hour
Initial velocity = 20 miles per hour
Change in velocity = 40 20 = 20mph
Change in time = 10am 8am = 2 hours!
Acceleration = (20mph) / (2 hours) =
10 miles per hour per hour

Example continued

What

is that unit? Miles per hour per

hour?
No! Lets talk about units.
Displacement is in MILES.
Velocity is in MILES PER HOUR, because
its displacement / time (in hours).
Acceleration is velocity / time, so its unit
is MILES PER HOUR, PER HOUR!!!

Miles per hour per hour?

Kristina

Nakanishi is a baseball player.

She keeps running around the baseball
diamond but gets tired and slows down.
Her speed for the first lap is 12mph.
Her speed for the second lap is 8mph.
Her speed for the third lap is 4mph.
She is too tired for a fourth lap.
What was her acceleration?
Is it positive? Negative? Zero? Guess!

Tricky Example of Acceleration

Kristina

Nakanishi does NOT accelerate (or

decelerate, a term that we use for negative
acceleration).
Remember that acceleration is change in
velocity over [change in] time.
Even though Kristinas speed is changing, her
VELOCITY is zero because her DISPLACEMENT
is zero (she started and finished on home
base)!
Acceleration = 0 mph / (time?) = 0

HER ACCELERATION IS ZERO!

Zero slope? Constant velocity.

force is an interaction that tends to

change the motion of an object.
Get out of your chairs, and push the chair
so that it moves.
We say that you are EXERTING a force on
the chair. This general type of push/pull is
called an applied force.
Can you think of another example of an
applied force?

Intro to Forces / Applied Forces

This man applies a force!

In

the 17th century, Isaac Newton

discovered gravity when he was sitting
under an apple tree and an apple fell on
his head.
There is an attraction between objects of
MASS. The two objects here are the Earth
and the apple.

Gravitational Force

Get

up out of your chairs, and jump! Fly!

No, you cant fly, because your body is
attracted to the Earth, and the
gravitational attraction between your body
and Earth will overcome the force that you
use to jump into the air!
Airplanes need fuel not only so that they
go forward, but also so that they dont fall
down and crash into this building!

Examples of Gravitational Force

Gravitational Attraction

Have

you ever heard of friction? Where have

you heard it?
When you rub your hands together, you are
creating HEAT, which is a product of friction.
Your hands would more easily be able to slide
across one another if there was not a layer of
FRICTION between them!
Now, separate your hands by 1 inch and do
the same thing. Is it easier? You are not
generating heat, and there is no friction!

Frictional Force

When

you are skateboarding to school,

you are moving forward for a while and
then slow down (DECELERATE if you are
the road to your school is a straight line),
so you have to keep pushing off the
ground. Why? Because the SOUND and
HEAT that your skateboards wheels make
while moving is evidence of the frictional
force!

Examples of Frictional Force

You cant ski down grass!

Ever

since that apple fell tragically on Isaac

Newtons skull and nearly crushed it to 7
million pieces, he made some observations
(postulates) about the Earth.
These postulates are called NEWTONS
LAWS. They have not been proven, but they
rise out of observation. For example, we
observe that the sun rises between 6am and
8am and sets between 5pm and 9pm, but we
cannot PROVE that it does this!

Newtons Laws

The

first of Newtons three laws of motion is called

INERTIA. It says that when no external FORCES
are present on an object, it will move at constant
velocity.
Suppose that we were gliding on ice. There is
VERY little frictional force, so our velocity will
decrease but VERY slowly (almost constant).
Suppose that a Lamborghini proceeds up I-77 at
127 miles per hour. Then, it crashes into a big fat
truck that is accelerating very slowly. What would
happen to the drivers head?

Newtons First Law

If

a Lamborghini were driving at 127 mph on I-77 and

crashed into a big fat truck that was accelerating very
slowly, the drivers head in the Lamborghini would be in
big trouble.

The

drivers head be used to going 127 miles per hour

and would decrease velocity to 0 miles per hour in VERY
little time. This insanely large deceleration would cause
the drivers head to smash forward into the airbag!

Similarly,

when you accelerate in a Lamborghini, your

head launches back into the headrest because its used
to moving at 0mph, not some immediately fast speed!

More of the First Law

Two examples of inertia

Newtons

Second Law of Motion argues that a

force acting an object causes the object to
accelerate in the same direction in which the
force was applied.
Get out of your chairs, and push your chairs
in a certain direction. The chair will
accelerate precisely in that direction!
The harder it is to push your chair forward,
the more force you are exerting! (See the
next slide.)

Newtons Second Law

We

said in the previous slide that an external

force produces an acceleration in that
direction.
Specifically, we can relate the net force acting
on an object to the acceleration that the
object will experience.
F = ma
Let F be the NET FORCE on the object.
Let m be the MASS of the object.
Let a be the ACCELERATION of the object.

The Math of the 2nd Law

If

the object is more MASSIVE (i.e.

heavier), it will require MORE force for
the same acceleration (or it will accelerate
LESS when the same force is applied).
The unit of mass, m, is a KILOGRAM. The
unit of force, F, is called a NEWTON and is
named after Isaac Newton, the person to
which we can attribute this gnarly physics.

Breaking down F = ma

Suppose

that an object has a mass of 8

kilograms and accelerates at 4 m/s/s
(m/s/s is the standard unit for
acceleration). What is the NET force acting
on the object?
F = ma
F = (8 kilograms)(4 m/s/s)
F = 32 N (32 Newtons)

First Example with F = ma

Suppose

that Tyrone applies a force of

100 N on an object. He observes that it
accelerates at 2 m/s/s. What must be the
mass of the object?
F = ma
F/a = (ma)/a
F/a = m
m = F/a
m = 100 N / 2 m/s/s = 50 kg (kilograms)

Another example with F = ma

The

F = ma formula requires that F be a NET

force, not just some force.
For example, if I apply an 80 N force on a
box, but the frictional force is 30 N in the
opposite direction, then the NET force is 50 N
in the direction I am trying to push the box.
If the frictional force is MORE than the
applied force, what do you think the box
would do?

What is this NET term?

Melissa

pushes a backpack with a 200 N force,

but the interaction between the backpack and
the ground creates 160 N of frictional force.
The backpack has a mass of 10 kilograms.
How much does the backpack accelerate?
F = ma
a = F/m, does everyone understand why?
a = (200N 160N) / 10kg
a = 40N / 10kg = 4 m/s/s
So, the backpack accelerates at 4 m/s/s.

One last example

For

every action, there exists an equal and

opposite reaction.
Get out of your chairs, and try pushing your
chairs in a certain direction. Does it seem like
the chair is pushing back on you?
It is! Your chair is exerting a force on you!
In Isaac Newtons example, the apple is
attracted to the Earth, but this means that the
Earth is also (very very slightly) attracted to
the apple!

Newtons Third Law of Motion

Diving board vs swimmer

Suppose

that you exert a net force of 150N on

a grandfather clock that has a mass of
42.5392859327 kilograms. What net force will
the grandfather clock exert on you?
Do you need your calculators for this one? No!
You acted (action) on the clock with 150N, so
it will act on you (reaction) with a force of
150N (equal) in the opposite (opposite)
direction. Every action has an equal and
opposite reaction!

Last Physics Example!!!!!!!!!!!!!