SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
AIM:
To study the various types of accessories and tools used in house wiring.
To study safety precautions for electrical engineering practice
ACCESSORIES REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
ACCESSORIES:
1. Switch
A switch is used to make or break an electric circuit. Under some
abnormal conditions it must retain its rigidity and keep its alignment
between switchblades and contacts correct to a fraction of centimeter.
2. Lamp Holders
A lamp holder is used to hold the lamp required for lighting purposes.
4. Ceiling Roses
It is an end point of an electrical wire, which provides a cover to the wire
end. These are used to provide a tapping to the lamp holder through the
flexible wire or a connection to a fluorescent tube or a ceiling fan. It
consists of a circular base and a cover made of bakelite. One end of the
plates is connected to supply and the other end to a flexible wire connected
to appliances.
5. Mounting Blocks
These are nothing but wooden round blocks. They are used in conjunction
with ceiling roses, batten holder, surface switches, ceiling switches, etc.
~ 1~
6. Socket Outlets
It is a wiring accessory to which electrical appliances are connected for
power supply. These have insulated base with molded or socket base
having three terminal sleeves. The two thin terminal sleeves are meant for
making connection to the load circuit wires and the third terminal sleeve,
larger in cross section, is used for an earth connection.
7. Plugs
These are used for tapping power from socket outlets. Two-pin plugs and
three-pin plugs are commonly available.
8. Main Switch
This is used at the consumer’s premises so that he may have self-control
of the entire distribution circuit. This switch is a master control of all the
wiring circuit made in the building. The different classifications are
double poled and triple poled switches.
10. Fuse
A fuse is a protective device, which is connected such that the current
flowing through the protected circuit also flows through the fuse. There is
a resistive link inside the fuse body that heats or melts up when current
flows through it. If the current is beyond the permissible limit, the resistive
link burns open, which stops all current to flow in the circuit. At this
condition we say that the fuse is blown.
11. Earthing
When a wire is connected from the ground to the outer metal casing of the
electrical appliances, then it attain zero potential and the appliance is said
to be earthed and this process is known as earthing.
~ 2~
TOOLS:
1. Cutting Pliers
They are used to cut the wires, nipping by hand and twisting the wires and
also to hold them. Long nose pliers are used to hold the wires in small
space and also to tighten and loosen small nuts.
2. Nose Pliers
Long nose pliers are used to hold the wires in small space and
also to tighten and loosen small nuts.
3. Screw Driver
They are used to drive and tighten screws into pointed holes in the
switches and electrical machines. They are generally insulated.
4. Hammer
Ball peen and claw hammers are commonly used in electrical work where
greater power is required in striking. It is best suited for riveting purposes
in sheet metal works.
5. Line Tester
It is used to check the electric supply in the line or phase wire. It has a
small neon bulb, which indicates the presence of power supply. It can also
be used as a screw driver.
6. Knife
It is generally used for removing the insulation from the wire. The closing
type knife is always preferred.
7. Poker
It is a long sharp tool used for making pilot holes in wood before fixing
and tightening wood screws.
8. Pincer
The pincer is used for extracting nails from the wood.
9. Center Punch
When a hole is to be drilled in a material, the center punch is always
used for making the starting hole.
~ 3~
11. Soldering Rod
It is used for soldering wires to small joints with solder. It consists of
pointed oval Cu bit fixed to an iron rod, which is heated by an electric
element only.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
11. Wear all the protective clothing and use all the necessary safety
equipment.
~ 4~
12. In case of any person suffered by electrical shook and if the victim
is still in contact with the supply, break the contact either by
switching off or by removing the plug or pulling the cable free.
14. First restore the normal breathing to the victim and ensure that the
patient can breathe normally unaided. Then we can render other
first aids.
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RESULT:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Layout Diagram:
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EXPERIMENT No: DATE:-
AIM:
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:
PRECAUTIONS:
~ 8~
Fuse rating calculations:
~ 9~
RESULT:
Thus the single-phase wiring has been constructed, tested and the results are tabulated.
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FLUORESCENT TUBE WIRING
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
~ 11~
EXPERIMENT No: DATE:-
AIM:
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:
~ 12~
~ 13~
RESULT:
Thus the fluorescent tube wiring has been constructed and the working is tested.
~ 14~
STAIRCASE WIRING
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Power drawn by the circuit =40 watts Voltage of circuit =230volts P=VI cos Ø
Assuming cos Ø = 1 Current in the circuit = power/ voltage = 40W/ 230V = 0.174A
Fuse rating of the circuit = rounding off the current to the nearest 5 =5A
(Normally fuses are available in the ratings of 5A, 10A and etc.)
~ 15~
EXPERIMENT No: DATE:-
STAIRCASE WIRING
AIM:
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
In this wiring a single lamp is controlled from two places. For this purpose
two numbers of two-way switches are used.
PROCEDURE:
1 1 2 OFF
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RESULT:
Thus the staircase wiring has been constructed, tested and the results are
tabulated
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RLC Circuit
~ 19~
EXPERIMENT No: DATE:-
AIM:
To measure real power, reactive power, power factor and impedance RLC
circuit using voltmeter and ammeter
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:
CALCULATION:
~ 21~
RESULT:
The voltage, current, power and power factor of the series RLC circuit are
determined
~ 22~
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PHASOR DIAGRAM:
θ
IXL – IXC
φ β
A V B Vr C
~ 23~
EXPERIMENT No: DATE:-
To measure the energy using single phase energy meter at UPF load
condition
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
FORMULAE USED:
• Energy meter specification = 1200 rev/Kwhr
• = 1 Kwhr
• 1rev = 1Kwhr/1200 = (3600 * 100) / 1200 = 3000 Watt – sec
• For UPF conditions,
Power calculated from energy meter reading = 3000 / (time taken for 10
rev)
• %Error ={(Power calculated from energy meter reading – wattmeter
reading) /(Wattmeter reading)} * 100
~ 24~
TABULAR COLUMN:
~ 25~
RESULT:
Thus the energy is measured using single phase energy meter and the %error is
calculated.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
~ 27~
EXPERIMENT No: DATE:-
AIM:
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Earthing means generally connected to the mass of the earth. It shall be in
such a means as to ensure at all times an immediate & safe discharge of electric
current due to leakage, fault etc. All metallic parts of every electrical insulation
such as conduit, metallic sheathing, metallic panels, motor, gear, Transformer
regulator shall be earthed using continuous bus wire if one earth bus for
installation is found impracticable move than one earthing system shall be
introduced the earthing conductors when taken outdoors to the earthing point,
shall be incased in pipe securely supported and continued upto point not less than
0.3m below the ground. No joints are permitted in earth bus whenever there is
lighting conductors system installed in a building. Its earthing shall not be bonded
to the earthing of electric installation. Before the electric supply on apparatus is
energized all earthing system shall be tested for electrical resistance to ensure
efficient earthing. It shall not be more than 2ohms including the ohmic value of
earth electrode.
PROCEDURE:
~ 28~
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
1. CURRENT ELECTRODE
2. POTENTIAL ELECTRODE
3. EARTH
TABULAR COLUMN:
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RESULT:
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EX: NO: STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND
DATE: EQUIPMENT
Aim:
To study electronic components and equipment such as resistor colour coding,
usage of CRO and Multimeter
Components Required:
1. Resistors
2. Oscilloscope
3. Multimeter
Theory:
Resistor colour coding:
Resistor colour coding is used to indicate the values or ratings of resistors. It is
also used in capacitors and inductors. The advantage of colour coding is that essential
information can be marked on small components of cylindrical shape without the need to
read tiny printing. Resistor values are always coded in ohms.
Band A is the first significant digit of component value.
Band B is the second significant digit.
Band C is the decimal multiplier.
Band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no colour means 20%).
For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red and gold will have first digit
4(yellow), second digit 7(violet), followed by 2(red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies
that the tolerance is ±5%.
Actual resistor value = 4700 ±5% Ω.
~ 32~
Resistor Colour Coding:
~ 33~
Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated CRO for cathode-ray oscilloscope) is
electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-
dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as
a function of time or some other voltage (horizontal axis).
A typical oscilloscope is a rectangular box with a small screen, numerous input
connectors and control knobs and buttons on the front panel. To aid measurement, a grid
called the graticule is drawn on the face of the screen. Each square in the graticule is
known as a division. The signal to be measured is fed to one of the input connectors,
which is usually a coaxial connector such as a BNC or N type.
In the simplest mode, the oscilloscope repeatedly draws a horizontal line called
the trace across the middle of the screen from left to right. One of the controls, the time
base control, sets the speed at which the line is drawn, and is calibrated in seconds per
division. If the input voltage departs from zero, the trace is deflected either upwards or
downwards. Another control, the vertical control, sets the scale of the vertical deflection,
and is calibrated in volts per division. The resulting trace is a graph of voltage against
time.
If the input signal is periodic, a nearly stable trace can be obtained just by setting
the time base to match the frequency of the input signal. For example, if the input signal
is a 50 Hz sine wave, then its period is 20 ms, so the time base should be adjusted so that
the time between successive horizontal sweeps is 20ms. This mode is called continual
sweep. To provide a more stable trace, modern oscilloscopes have a function called the
trigger. When using triggering, the scope will pause each time the sweep reaches the
extreme right side of the screen. The scope then waits for a specified event before
drawing the next trace. The trigger event is usually the input waveform reaching some
user-specified threshold voltage in the specified direction (going positive or going
negative).
The effect is to resynchronise the time base to the input signal, preventing
horizontal drift of the trace. In this way, triggering allows the display of periodic signals
such as sine waves and square waves. Trigger circuits also allow the display of no
periodic signals such as a single pulses or pulses that don’t recur at a fixed rate.
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Tabulation
Sl. No. Resistance Value by Colour Coding (Ω) Resistance Value by Multimeter (Ω)
~ 35~
Most oscilloscopes allow the user to bypass the time base and feed an external signal into
the horizontal amplifier. This is called X-Y mode, and is useful for viewing the phase
relationship between tow signals, which is commonly done in radio and television
engineering. When the two signals are sinusoids of varying frequency and phase, the
resulting trace is called a Lissajous curve.
Oscilloscopes may have two or more input channels, allowing them to display
more than one input signal on the screen. Usually, the oscilloscope has a separate set of
vertical controls for each channel, but only one triggering system and time base.
Usage of CRO:
One of the most frequent uses of oscilloscopes is troubleshooting malfunctioning
electronic equipments. An oscilloscope can graphically show signals: whereas a
voltmeter can show totally unexpected voltage, a scope may reveal that the circuit is
oscillating. In other cases, the precise shape of pulse is important.
In electronic equipment, for example, the connections between stages (e.g.
electronic mixers, electronic oscillators, amplifiers) may be ‘probed’ for the expected
signal, using the scope as a simple signal tracer. If the expected signal is absent or
incorrect, some preceding stage of the electronics circuit is not operating correctly. Since
most failures occur because of a single faculty component, each measurement can prove
that half of the stages of a complex piece of equipment either work or probably did not
cause the fault.
Once the faulty stage is discovered, further probing can usually tell a skilled
technician exactly which component has failed. Once the component is replaced, the unit
can be restored to service, or at least the next fault can be isolated.
Another use is to check newly designed circuitry. Often a newly designed circuit
will suffer from design errors, bad voltage levels, electrical noise etc.
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~ 37~
Multimeter:
A Multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that contributes several
functions in one unit. The most basic instruments include ammeter, voltmeter, and
ohmmeter. Analog multimeters are sometimes referred to as “volt-ohmmeters”,
abbreviated as VOM
A multimeter is a handheld device and used to find basic fault and for field
service work. It can measure to seven or eight and a half digit of accuracy. Current,
voltage and resistance measurements are considered standard features for multimeter.
A multimeter may be implemented with an analog meter deflected by an
electromagnet, as a classic galvanometer; or with a digital display such as an LCD or
vacuum fluorescent display.
Modern multimeters are, exclusively digital and identified by the term DMM or
digital multimeter. In such an instrument, the signal under test is converted to a digital
voltage and an amplifier with an electronically controlled gain preconditions the signal.
Since the digital display directly indicates a quantity as a number, there is no risk of error
when viewing a reading. Similarly, better circuitry and electronics have improved the
meter accuracy. Older analog meters might have basic accuracies of ±5%. Modern
potable DMMs have accuracies as good as ±0.025%
Result:
Thus the resistor colour coding, usage of CRO and multimeter are studied.
~ 38~
Pin Diagrams:
AND Gate:
IC 7408
OR Gate:
NOT Gate:
~ 39~
EX: NO: STUDY AND VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES
DATE:
Aim:
To verify the truth table of the logic gates AND, OR, NOT, NAND & NOR using
74XX ICs.
Components Required:
IC 7432(OR Gate)
IC 7408(AND Gate)
IC 7404(NOT Gate)
IC 7400(NAND Gate)
IC 7402(NOR Gate)
Digital IC trainer kit
Theory:
Logic gates are digital circuits with one or more input signals and only one output
signal. Gates are digital circuits because the input and output signals are either low or
high voltages. Gates are often called logic circuits because they can be analysed using
Boolean algebra.
AND Gate:
An AND gate can have two or more inputs but only one output. Its output can go to
logic 1 if all its inputs are at the high state.
The Boolean expression for a two input AND gate is: F=x.y
~ 40~
NAND Gate:
IC 7400
NOR Gate:
~ 41~
OR Gate:
An OR gate can have two or more inputs but only one output. Its output will be at
logic 1 if any or both of its inputs are at the high state.
The Boolean expression for a two input OR gate is:
F=x+y
NOT Gate:
A NOT gate has a single input and a single output. It is also called as an inverter.
The output will be at logic 1 if its input is at low state, otherwise its output will be at
logic 0. Thus its output is the complement of its input.
NAND Gate:
It is the combination of AND gate and NOT gate. It is also called as an universal
gate. The output of this gate will go to logic 0 iff all its inputs are at the high state.
The Boolean expression for a two input NAND gate is F = (x.y)′
~ 42~
~ 43~
NOR Gate:
It is the combination of an OR gate and a NOT gate. It is also called as an universal
gate. The output of this gate will go to logic 1 iff all its inputs are at the low state.
The Boolean expression for a two input NOR gate is:
F = (x + y)′
Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the logic diagrams and the pin-out diagrams of
the individual ICs.
2. Supply and ground connections are given to the ICs.
3. Inputs are applied by using the switches that provide the logic High and
Low levels.
4. The outputs are observed by using the LED’s.
Result:
Thus the logic gates AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR are studied and their truth tables verified.
~ 44~
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
+Vcc=+5V
5.1K+2.2K
4 8
7
OA79
Ω
3.3K+330Ω IC555
6
Vo
3
µF
0.01µ
2
5 1
µF
0.01µ
~ 45~
EX: NO: Generation of Clock Signal
DATE:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
DESIGN:
Case (I)
~ 46~
TABULAR COLUMN:
Output
MODEL GRAPH:
Vcc
2/3 Vcc
1/3 Vcc
t (ms)
~ 47~
Let C = 0.1µF, RA =RB =R
1.45
f=
( R A + R B )C
1.45 1.45
f= =>1KHz =
2RC 2 * 0.1 * 10 -6 * R
R = 7.2Kohm
Case (ii)
1.45
f=
( R A + 2 R B )C
1.45 1.45
f= =>1KHz =
4R B C 4 * 0.1 * 10 -6 * R B
RB = 3.625Kohm
RA =7.25Kohms
~ 48~
~ 49~
THEORY:
The 555 timers is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay or
oscillation. A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to
hours whereas counter timer can have a maximum timing range of days.
An astable multi vibrator is a square waveform generator. Forcing the Op-amp to
operate in the saturation region generates square waveform. It is a free running
symmetrical multivibrator because it does not require any external trigger
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus IC555 timer was operated in astable mode to generate square wave.
~ 50~
EX: NO: SOLDERING AND CHECKING CONTINUITY
DATE:
Aim:
To practice soldering of plates and wires
Tools Required:
1. Soldering iron
2. Solder and
3. Flux
Theory:
Soldering:
Soldering is the process of joining thin metal plates or wires made of steel, copper
or brass. It is very commonly used to join wires in electrical work and mount electronic
components on a circuit board. The joining material used in soldering is called as solder
or filler rod. An alloy of tin and lead is commonly used as the solder. The flux is used to
clean the surface of the plates/wires to be soldered. Aluminium chloride or zinc chloride
is commonly used as flux. A good soldering iron is a variable temperature setting type
with interchangeable irons and tips. The tip should be removed regularly to prevent
oxidation scale from accumulating between the heating element and the tip.
Procedure:
1. The surface to be soldered is cleaned and flux applied.
2. The soldering iron is heated to the required temperature.
3. The soldering iron melts the solder rod and a thin film of solder spreads over
the surface to join the plates/wires.
~ 51~
~ 52~
Soldering Simple Electronic Components:
A printed circuit board (PCB) consists of copper strips and pads bonded to a
plastic board. The copper strip is the network of interconnecting conductive path. Leads
of components mounted on the board are inserted through holes on the board and the
conductive copper. These leads are soldered to the copper at the end of the hole. If
excessive heat is applied to copper, it may get lifted from the board or the components on
the board get damaged. Soldering pencil gun of about 30 Watts is used to heat the
junction. The surface of copper bonded to the board should be properly prepared and
cleaned before soldering. Flux is applied on circuits and component leads.
Check the conductive strips and pads on the board before soldering. Avoid excess
solder to prevent two copper paths from bridging. When solder globules form on the
junction area, remove them by cleaning the soldering tip using a cloth.
Checking Continuity:
The continuity of a wire conductor without a break has practically zero ohms of
resistance. Therefore, an ohmmeter may be used to test continuity. To test continuity,
select the lowest ohm range. A wire may have an internal break, which is not visible due
to insulation, or the wire may have a bad connection at the terminals. Checking for zero
ohms between any two points tests the continuity. A break in the conducting path is
evident from the reading of infinite resistance.
In a cable of wires, individual wires are identified with colours. Consider the
figure, where the individual wires are not seen, but you wish to find the wire that
connects to terminal A. This is done by, checking continuity of each wire to terminal A.
The wire that has zero ohms is the one connected to this terminal. Continuity of a long
cable may be tested by temporarily short-circuiting the other ends of the wires. The
continuity of both wires may be checked for zero ohms.
In a digital multimeter, a beep mode is available to check continuity. The
connectivity between the terminals is identified by the beep sound.
Result:
The electronic components are soldered and continuity of a circuit or wire is
checked.
~ 53~
Electronic Components
Resistor Capacitor
PN Diode
Transistor
~ 54~
EX: NO: ASSEMBLING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ON
DATE: A PCB AND TESTING
Aim:
To assemble electronic components on a PCB and test it
Tools Required:
1. Soldering iron
2. Solder and
3. Flux
Components Required:
1. PCB and
2. Electronic Components
Procedure:
The electronic components are carefully assembled as per the circuit design. The
assembling of electronic components on a PCB involves the following steps.
~ 55~
~ 56~
Component Mounting:
Components are mounted on one side of the board and leads are soldered on the
other side of the board. The components are oriented both horizontally and vertically but
uniformity in reading directions must be maintained. The uniformity in orientation of
diodes, capacitors, transistors, IC’s etc. is determined at the time of PCB design.
Components dissipating more heat should be separated from the board surface.
~ 57~
~ 58~
PCB Cleaning:
The soldered PCB may have contaminants that could cause trouble during the
functioning of the circuit. The contaminants include flux and chips of plastics, metals,
and other materials. Hence, the PCB must be cleaned before use. A wide range of
cleaning media is available; usually chemicals such as acetone and alcohols are used.
Result:
The electronic components are assembled on PCB and are tested.
~ 59~
Circuit diagram :( Half wave rectifier with capacitor)
15
1N 4007 + +
470Ω -470 µF /25V
230 V 0 R A V +
dc
- A Vac
15 -
15
1N 4007
470Ω CRO
230 V 0 R
Vac
15
15V
D1 D2
230 V 1N 4007
+
D3 D4 R + 470 µF
A
470Ω Vdc - 25 V
- A
Vac
15V
D1 D2
230 V 1N 4007
D3 D4 + 470 µF CRO
R - 25 V
~ 60~
EX: NO: 5 MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR
DATE: HALF-WAVE AND FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
Aim:
To study half-wave and full-wave rectifiers and measure the ripple factors with
and without capacitor filter.
Apparatus Required:
Theory:
The process of converting AC voltage and current to Direct current is called
rectification. An electronic device that offers a low resistance to current in one direction
and a high resistance in the other direction is capable of converting a sinusoidal
waveform into a unidirectional waveform. Diodes have this characteristic, which makes it
a useful component in the design of rectifiers. In order to achieve a constant/pure DC
voltage at the output, filtering should be done to the pulsating DC output of the rectifier.
The output varies with the variation in AC mains. Hence a voltage regulator is used to
maintain the output voltage at the same value.
~ 61~
Model Graph:
VI(v)
t (msec)
Without filter
t (msec)
VO (V)
With filter
Without filter
t (msec)
~ 62~
Diodes are used in a rectifier circuit to convert AC into DC. When only one half
of the AC cycle is rectified, it is known as half-wave rectification. When both the half
cycles are rectified, it is known as full-wave rectification.
Procedure:
Half Wave Rectifier:
(i) Without Capacitor filter:
1. Test your transformer: Give 230v, 50Hz source to the primary coil of the
transformer and observe the AC waveform of rated value without any distortion at
the secondary of the transformer.
2. Connect the half wave rectifier as shown in figure.
3. Measure the Vdc & Vac using DC and AC Voltmeters.
4. Calculate the Ripple factor
5. Compare the theoretical ripple factor with the practical ripple factor.
~ 63~
~ 64~
4. Calculate the Ripple factor
5. Compare the theoretical ripple factor with the practical ripple factor.
(ii)With capacitor:
1. To plot ripple peak-to-peak voltage Vs. Idc to choose C a ripple factor of 0.15 is
assumed.
2. To get a variable load resistance a number of 500Ω, 5W of resistance are to be
connected in parallel. Hence Idc = Vdc /(N X 500). Where N is number of 500Ω
resistances connected in parallel.
3. Plot the graph Idc Vs ripple peak to peak.
4. The above steps are repeated for the various values of capacitance.
Result:
Thus the Half-wave and Full-wave rectifiers, with and without filters are
constructed and their ripple factors are obtained.
~ 65~
Half Adder:
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
~ 66~
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT
DATE:
Aim:
To design and construct a half adder and a full adder using suitable logic gates and to
verify their truth table
Components Required:
IC 7432(OR Gate)
IC 7408(AND Gate)
IC 7486(EX-OR Gate)
Digital IC trainer kit
Theory:
Half Adder
A Combinational circuit that performs the addition of two binary digits is called a
half adder. When two single bit data are added, the result can have a maximum of two
bits i.e. the sum bit and a carry bit. Thus this circuit needs two binary inputs and two
outputs. The inputs are designated as addend and augend.
The Boolean expression for sum and carry are:
Sum, S = AB′ + A′B
S=A⊕B
Carry, C = A.B
where A & B are the input variables and S & C are the output variables. Thus to get the
output sum an XOR gate is used. To get the output carry an AND gate is used.
~ 67~
Full Adder
A 1 3 4 S=A⊕B ⊕Cin
6
B 2 IC 7486 5 IC 7486
Cin
1 3
5 IC 7408
~ 68~
Full Adder
A Combinational circuit that performs the addition of three bits is called as a full
adder. The circuit consists of three inputs and two outputs. The input variables denote the
augend, addend and carry from the previous stage. Sum and carry are the outputs.
Procedure:
Result:
Thus the half adder and full adder circuits are designed with their truth tables verified.
~ 69~