It Siwes Technical Report by Nwankwo Jephthah T K Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying Unn

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE
STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) CARRIED OUT IN

FULL
AT
GOOD VALUE GEOINFORMATION CONSULT.

NO 32, EDINBUR ROAD, OGUI NEWLAYOUT, ENUGU, NIGERIA.
PERIOD OF ATTACHMENT: IST APRIL TO 30th SEPTEMBER, 2013.
BY
NWANKWO JEPHTHAH T.K
REG NO: 2009/167372
SUBMITTED TO:
THE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOINFORMATICS AND SURVEYING
FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) DEGREE IN GEOINFORMATICS AND SURVEYING.
OCTOBER, 2013.
DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to the Almighty God whose presence was always with me during my IT period.
I also dedicate it to my Ever Caring Mother, Mrs. Mary Nwankwo.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give in-depth gratitude to God for protecting me throughout the rough times in the field. He never allowed evil to
befall me.
I also thank my parents Elder and Mrs. John Nwankwo, who always encourage and support me. Mummy and daddy,
you are the best I ever have: I love you all.
I sincerely thank the Lecturers of Geoinformatics and Surveying UNEC, especially Dr. V.N Uzodinma, Nwosu K.I
and Chiamaka Ibe for training me during my SIWES period. The connections, advice and field experiences I
received from you will appreciate you all in due time.
Finally I thank my own oga, Surv. Domnic C. Nwankwo, the director of Good Value Geoinformation Consult, for
personally training me in practical surveying. I truly appreciate the computation, instrumentation and field
procedures you taught me. I also thank the Staff of the Company, Anty Patty, Mrs. Stella , Ndidi, CJ, Uchenna, Edu,
Theophilus and Romanus. You all were like mother and siblings to me. I say kudos to all the pupil surveyors like
Obi Mmachie that trained me during the course of my SIWES program.

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ABSTRACT
This Technical Report contains seven chapters. Each chapter contains a particular project carried out during my six
months SIWES (Students Industrial Work Experience) program at Good Value Geoinformation Consult, No 32
Edinbur Ogui Newlayout Enugu. As an IT student, I participated fully in each of the projects among others.
Chapter one contains a landed property Survey which we did for Rev. Christopher Anoke on his land at Nchatancha
Nike Enugu East L.G.A of Enugu state. The aim of the project was to carry out a landed property survey including
burying of beacons round the boundary for Rev. Christopher Anoke for the purpose of Registration and Grant of
Ownership. We did the survey on 5th July 2013 under a very bright weather condition with Kern A1-K Theodolite
instrument and Etrex Handheld GPS. The land covered an area of 563.062 sq.meters and Autodesk land desktop was
used for the drafting and printing of the plan.
Chapter two is a detailed field report on a road preliminary survey carried out for the dualization of abakaliki
Enugu road from 60km to 66km. The aim of the project was to carry out preliminary survey in order to produce,
longitudinal profile, cross section and details plan which will be used for the design of the dual lane. Ashtech
Differential Global Positioning System was used to carry out the survey. The project lasted for one week. It started
on 6th and ended on 12th July 2013.
Chapter three reports on a Building Setting Out Survey of a proposed laboratory building for Ebonyi State College
of Education Ikwo, in Ikwo L.G.A, Eboyi State. The aim of the survey was to set-out the external columns of the
building on the ground in order to commence the profile proper. It was done on 26th September 2013 under a bright
weather condition. We used South Total Station Instrument to execute the project. Ray method was used in the
setting out.
Chapter four contains field report on topographic survey, for Engr. Hillary Odoh at his building Site in Owerri Ani
Street, Independence Layout, Enugu south L.G.A, Enugu State. The aim of the project is to carry out survey in order
to generate perimeter plan and contour plan for the purpose of planning, setting out and leveling of the building area.

2009/167372
The instruments used were South Total Station and Ashtech DGPS. We casted four benchmarks and used the DGPS
to determine their datum parameters. We set total station on BM1 cued in the coordinates of the benchmarks, tested
them for accuracy before we started the survey proper. We used total station to pick the perimeter and grid points
because the weather was dull as such gave our DGPS poor reception. The survey started on 24th to 28th July 2013
under a humid cloudy weather condition. The perimeter covers about 2.475 hectares drafted with AutoCAD 2007
software while the contour was generated with surfer 9 software.
Chapter five is a field report on Ufuma Market Boundary Pillar Re-establishment which we did at Ufuma in
Orumba North L.G.A of Anambra State. The aim of the survey was to re-establish demolished boundary beacons.
The survey was done on Saturday 6th April 2013 at a bright weather condition with kern A1-K Theodolite
instrument. The original plan was used and the survey was done in anti-clockwise direction.
Chapter six contains a report on Obodoma Layout Survey Project at Ugwuaji Enugu south L.G.A of Enugu State.
The aim of the survey was to parcellate plots of land for the purpose of housing and development. The layout covers
about 114.821 hectares with 1516 plots. The instruments used were Hi-Target Total Station Instrument. The survey
started 1st July 2012 and is still in progress till date.
And finally, chapter seven is for general comments, recommendations and conclusion.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT -
ii
ABSTRACT
iii
COMPANYS ORGANOGRAM
xii
INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
PROPERTY SURVEY FOR REV. CHRISTOPHER ANOKE AT NCHATANCHA, NIKE, ENUGU STATE
1.1.0 Introduction-
1.5.0 DATE, TIME AND WEATHER CONDITION -
1.6.0 SIZE OF THE SURVEY
1.2.0 AIM OF THE PROJECT

1.3.0 LOCATION OF THE LAND
1.4.0 CLIENT
1.7.0 CATEGORY OF THE SURVEY
1.8.0 ORDER OF THE SURVEY
1.9.0 PLANNING AND MOBILIZATION -
1.10.0 PLANNING
1.10.1 RECONNAISSANCE
1.10.2 INSTRUMENT TEST
`-
1.10.3 STEEL TAPE CALIBRATION

1.10.4 IN-SITU CHECK -
4
4
1.11.0 MOBILIZATION -
1.11.1 PERSONNEL, INSTRUMENTATION AND MATERIALS USED
1.11.2 PERSONNEL
1.11.3 INSTRUMENTATION
1.12.0 DATA ACQUISITION / METHODOLOGY -
1.12.1 TRAVERSING
1.11.4 MATERIALS USED
1.13.0 MONUMENTATION
1.14.0 DATA PROCESSING
1.14.1 TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

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1.14.2 ANGULAR REDUCTION/ADJUSTMENT
1.14.3 FIELD BOOK / ANGULAR REDUCTION TABLE

1.14.4 COMPUTATION SHEET
10
11
1.14.5 AREA COMPUTATION USING BACK COMPUTATION AND DOUBLE LATITUDE METHOD
1.14.6 BACK COMPUATION TABLE
1.14.7 AREA BY DOUBLE LATITUDE METHOD
12
12
1.14.8 GEODETIC PARAMETERS
12
1.15.1 SOFTWARE
`-
12
1.15.0 PRESENTATION
12
1.15.2 Cloth / blue copy plan
13
1.15.3 Client copy plan
14
1.16.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
14
1.17.0 ACCURACY
15
1.18.0 CONCLUSION
15
CHAPTER TWO
ROAD PRELIMINARY SURVEY FOR THE DUALIZATION OF A SECTION OF ABAKALIKI ENUGU ROAD FROM KM60KM66, ABAKALIKI, EBONYI STATE
2.0.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1.0 TITLE
16
16
2.2.0 LOCATION
16
2.3.0 CLIENT
17
2.4.0 CONSULTANT
17
2.5.0 SIZE
17
2.6.0 DATE/WEATHER CONDITION
17
2.7.0 ORDER OF SURVEY
17
2.8.0 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SURVEY
17
2.9.0 AIM OF THE PRELIMINARY SURVEY
17
2.10.0. PLANNING AND MOBILIZATION
18

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2.11.0 PLANNING
18
18
2.12.0 MOBILIZATION -
18
18
2.12.2 PERSONNEL
18
19
19
2.13.0 METHODOLOGY
20
2.13.1 ROAD SURVEY PROCEDURE
20
2.13.2 RUNNING OF CHAINAGES
20
2.13.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF CONTROLS/BENCHMARKS
21
2.14.0 CUTTING OF LINES
22
2.15.0 DATA ACQUISITION
23
2.15.1 PROFILE
24
24
25
2.16.0 BRIDGE/RIVER SURVEY
25
2.16.1 SHAPE OF THE RIVER
25
2.16.2 DEPTH OF THE RIVER
25
26
26
2.17.0 DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION
26
26
2.19.0 PRESENTATION -
26
2.19.1 THE LONGITUDINAL PROFILE PLAN
27
2.19.2 CROSS SECTION PLAN
28
29
29
2.15.2 CROSS SECTION

2.15.3 DETAILLING
2.16.3 RIVER AVERAGE WATER LEVEL

2.16.4 DIRECTION OF FLOW
2.20.0 ACCURACY

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2.22.0 CONCLUSION
29
CHAPTER FOUR
BUILDING SETTING OUT SURVEY FOR COLLEGE OF EDUCATION IKWO PROPOSED LABORATORY BUILDING,
IKWO EBONYI STATE
3.0.0 INTRODUCTION
30
3.1.0 AIM OF THE SURVEY
30
30
3.3.0 DATE DURATION AND WEATHER CONDITION
30
30
30
30
31
3.2.0 LOCATION OF THE SURVEY
3.6.0 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEY

3.7.0 PLANNING AND MOBILIZATION
3.8.0 PLANNING
31
31
3.8.2 BUILDING PLAN GEOREFERENCING
31
3.8.3 GEOREFERENCED SITE PLAN
31
32
3.8.4 SCALLING OUT THE RAYED POINTS ANGLES AND DISTANCES

3.8.5 RAYED COLUMN POINTS
32
3.8.6 RAYED LINES DIMENSION
33
3.9.0 MOBILIZATION
33
33
3.10.1 PERSONNEL
33
3.10.2 INSTRUMENATION
33
33
3.11.0 METHODOLOGY
34
3.11.1 BUILDING SETTING OUT FIELD PROCEDURE
34
3.12.0 ACCURACY CHECK
34
34
3.14.0 CONCLUSION
34
CHAPTER FIVE

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TOPOGRAPHIC/CONTOUR SURVEY FOR ENG. HILLARY BUILDING SITE AT INDEPENDENCE LAYOUT, ENUGU
4.0.0 INTRODUCTION
35
35
35
4.3.0 CLIENT
35
35
4.4.0 DATE, TIME AND WEATHER CONDITION

35
35
36

4.8.0 PLANNING
36
36
4.8.2 CASTING OF BENCHMARKS
36
4.8.3 FIXING OF PERIMETER PEGS
37
4.8.4 FIXING OF GRID PEGS
37
4.9.0 MOBILIZATION
37
37
4.10.1 PERSONNEL
37
37
38
38
5.11.1 DETERMINATION OF THE BENCHMARK 3D COORDINATES
38
4.11.2 BENCHMARK COORDINATES
38
4.11.3 PERIMETER/BOUNDARY SURVEY
39
4.11.4 TOPO PERIMETER DATA
`-
39
4.11.5 GRID POINTS DATA ACQUISITION
40
4.11.6 GRID POINTS DATA
41
44
44
44
46
4.13.1 Gridding Report

4.14.0 PRESENTATION

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4.14.1 Perimeter plan
46
4.14.2 Contour plan
47
4.14.3 3D WIREFRAME MAP OF THE LAND -
48
48
4.16.0 CONCLUSION
48
CHAPTER FIVE
AFOR UFUMA MARKET BOUNDARY PILLAR RE-ESTABLISHMENT SURVEY
5.0.0 INTRODUCTION
49
49
49
5.3.0 CLIENT
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
51
5.8.0 MOBILIZATION
51
51
5.9.1 PERSONNEL


5.7.0 PLANNING
5.7.1 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

51
52
52
5.10.0 OLD SUREY PLAN
53
54
5.11.0 METHODOLOGY / FIELD OPERATIONS

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55
5.13.0 CONCLUSION
55
`-
56
CHAPTER SIX
REPORT ON OBODOMA LAYOUT SURVEY
6.1.0 INTRODUCTION
AIM OF THE LAYOUT SURVEY
56
6.2.0 LOCATION OF THE LAYOUT
56
6.3.0 SIZE OF THE LAYOUT
56
6.4.0 CLIENT
57
57
57
6.7.0 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SURVEY
57
57
6.5.0 DATE AND DURATION

6.6.0 ORDER OF SURVER
6.9.0 PLANNING
57
57
57
6.9.3 INSTRUMENT CHECK
58
6.9.4 IN-SITU CHECK
59
6.10.0 MOBILIZATION
59
59
6.11.1 PERSONNEL
59
59
60
6.12.0 METHODOLOGY / LAYOUT SURVEY PROCEDURE
60
6.13.0 TRAVERSING
6.13.1 PERIMETER SURVEY
60
60
60
61
61
6.13.2 BLOCK TRAVERSING

6.13.3 BLOCK PLAN
6.13.4 PARCELATION

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6.13.5 BURRYING OF BEACONS / MONUMENTATION
62
63
6.13.7 WRITING OF LAYOUT BEACON NUMBERS
63
6.13.8 PLAN LIFTING
6.13.6 BULDOZING OF LAYOUT ROADS
64
6.14.0 OBODOMA LAYOUT PLAN
64
65
6.17.0 CONCLUSION
65
CHAPTER SEVEN
GENERAL COMMENT, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
7.1.0 GENERAL COMMENT
66
7.2.0 RECOMMENDATION
66
7.3.0 CONCLUSION
66

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COMPANYS ORGANOGRAM
GOOD VALUE GEOINFORMATION CONSULT
MANAGING DIRECTOR
SURV. DOM C NWANKWO
RECEPTIONIST/ACCOUNTANT
SECRETARY
Mrs. Stella Okafor
FIELD
WORKERS/SURVEYORS
Mrs. Patty Okonkwo
FOREMAN / PUPIL SURVEYOR
DRAUGHTMAN/CAD
OPERATOR
Omeje Uchenna Victor
Ezeagu Chijioke
DRIVER
Chinedu okorie
IT STUDENTS
INTRO

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INTRODUCTION
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a curricular provision of the University of Nigeria, where
students of most technology-based courses are given the privilege to work with a company, industry, firm, or
Ministry, that is related to their professions, in order to get acquainted with the Methodology, Instrumentation,
Procedures, and mode of Processing acquired data and also to get them prepared for the life after School.
It has always been my dream to develop practically in field surveys, methodology and instrumentation. I saw this
dream come true in this six months industrial training. I participated fully in property survey, pillar re-establishment
survey, layout surveys, topographic survey, building setting out survey and road survey. I practically learnt how to
use theodolite, handheld GPS, Total Stations, and Differential GPS. I learnt and used the following softwares:
AutoCad, Autodesk Land Desktop, ArcGis, Surfer 9, ILWIS, and Transfo. I now do survey computation of all types
and personally plot Plan, process, acquire beacon numbers and register land in Ministry of Land.
All these broad acquisitions were achieved under Good Value Geoinformation Consult, 32 Edinbur Ogui
Newlayout Enugu, where I did my six months SIWES attachment. The company is a private surveying firm
registered with SURCON and Corporate Affairs Commission since 2012. Good Value Geoinformation Consult is
specialized in handling projects/consultancy services such as Land Development (Layout Survey), Property Survey,
Engineering Surveys, Route Survey, Dredging, Erosion Surveys, GIS/Mapping surveys and training/pupilage of
graduate surveyors.
This report is on some of the major projects we did during my six months SIWES Attachment with the Company.
However I was allowed to work with some of the companys pupil surveyors so as to gather wide range of
experience in the different areas of surveying.

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CHAPTER ONE
PROPERTY SURVEY FOR REV. CHRISTOPHER ANOKE AT NCHATANCHA, NIKE, ENUGU STATE
1.1.0 INTRODUCTION
Property survey involves the spatial determination of the boundaries of a particular area of land by traversing with
survey instruments (compass, theodolite, total station, handheld GPS, or DGPS), establishing monuments (beacons),
producing the plan of the land and its registration for the Clients acquisition of Certificate of Occupancy (C of O).
Property survey must be executed on the land before the owner can have legal right of ownership. Owners of a land
are diverse. A land can be owned by a single individual, a family, an organization, a community and/or the
government. It is acquired by inheritance or purchase.
Generally before a permanent development and/or purchase are made on the land, a property/cadastral/land survey
must be carried out on it by a land Surveyor. The reasons are to legally register the land to the ministry of land
(evidence of legal property right), to determine the area of the land for the purpose of planning, development and to
prevent intruders (monumented beacons round the land boundary).
It is this kind of Survey that we did for Rev. Christopher Anoke for his purchased Land in Nchatancha Nike, Enugu
North Local Government Area of Enugu State. The land is only one Plot which he purchased from an inherited
indigene of Nchatancha. The survey was done according to Enugu State SURCON specification in which a plots
dimension is 60 x 100 in feet or 18.3 x 30.5 in meters and a minimum area of 558 square meters. We used 18.3m
x 30.50m dimension.
1.2.0 AIM OF THE PROJECT
To carry out land Survey in order to:
To run a loop traverse round the particular land.
Establish Beacons on the corners of the land.

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Produce the survey plan of the survey.

Register the land to the ministry of land and housing.
Process for the acquisition of Title Deed (Certificate of Ownership)
1.3.0 LOCATION OF THE LAND
The land is located along Nchatanta main road in Nchatancha Nike, Enugu East Local Govt. Area Enugu State
1.4.0 CLIENT
The client is Rev. Christopher Anoke.
The survey was done on 5th of July 2013. It started by 10pm and ended by 2pm and the weather was bright and
clement.
The land is only a plot covering an Enugu SURCON stipulated area of 558sq.meters.
1.7.0 CATEGORY OF THE SURVEY: the survey is categorized under Cadastral Survey.
1.8.0 ORDER OF THE SURVEY: It is a third order survey.
1.10.0 PLANNING
Prior to the day of the survey, the client Rev Christopher took us to the land. We walked round the area and fixed
signal plant on the boundaries. We then moved round looking for connection beacons and fortunately we found four

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established beacons of which we chose two and extra one beacon for in-situ check with beacon numbers of
SC/ENW3878P, SC/ENW3879P and SC/EN3880.
The Theodolite had to be checked to confirm its suitability and accuracy. The theodolite (Kern A1-K), which was
used underwent the three-points (three peg test) observation method of checking. The instrument was set at a point
(Z) and three distant Ranging Poles were sighted to, and a reading was taken sighting to A, and then to B; a reading
was also taken sighting to B first and then to C; the last reading was taken sighting A, to C, directly; the angles were
reduced and we had the following results:
A
Z
C
Angle
A-B=85 13 35
B-C= 89 44 25
A-C = 174 57 59
A-B 85 13 35
89 44 25
+ B-C
(A-B) + (B-C) 17458 00

- (A-C)
17457 59
000 00 01
This is a difference of one second, (01); the same check was carried out on face right and we had consistent results.

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The fifty metre (50m.) steel tape used was calibrated in front of the office under normal temperature and pressure,
and the error was +0.002. This was always applied in the field especially where a long line was measured. A
permanent two fixed points of known length was used for the calibration.
1.10.4 IN-SITU CHECK
By in-situ check, I mean the process of investigating whether the beacons are still in place or tampered with. We
made use of the angles and distances computed from the connection co-ordinates supplied to us, to check whether
they agree with our angular measurements and the distances we measured on the ground. We used three beacons and
they include SC/ENW3878P, SC/ENW3879P and SC/EN3880P.
This check was carried out before we started the survey and the summary of the in-situ check is given below:
We set over SC/ENW3878P and back-sighted SC/ENW3879P and turned 162 38 15 to hit SC/EN 3880P. The
next setting was over SC/EN 3879P back-sighted to SC/EN3880P and turned to SC/EN3878, we measured an angle
of 186 16 20.This was done setting over SC/EN3880P and had the angle as 264 43 41. This differs from the
angle calculated from the plan bearings and distances, we went on with our measured value. The results are shown
thus:
SC/EN3879P to SC/EN3880P Measured: 162 38 15
Calculated: 162 38 11
Difference: 000 00 04
SC/EN3880P to SC/EN3878PMeasured: 186 16 20
SC/EN3878P to SC/EN3879P Measured: 51 39 20

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1.11.0 MOBILIZATION
1.11.2 PERSONNEL
The survey party consisted of the following:
Surv. Dom C. Nwankwo
Supervisor
Omeje Uchenna Victor
Pupil Surveyor
Okorie Theophilus
Survey Assistant
Nwankwo Jephthah T.K
Survey Assistant/IT Student
Nwokoro Chinedu
Driver/Labourer
The equipments we used to carry out the field work include:
Kern A1-K theodolite with its Tripod
50m steel tape
Six Ranging Poles
Etrex Garmin Handheld GPS
Four Beacons
Two Shovels
Two Crowbars
A Harmer
Wooden pegs

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1.12.0 DATA ACQUISITION / METHODOLOGY

1.12.1 TRAVERSING
A traverse survey is one in which the framework consists of series of connected lines whose distances and bearings
are determined by measurement. A traverse can either be closed or open. Traversing is a major aspect of this work
and which we observed. We ran a loop traverse.
Typically, the field method involves the sequential clockwise surveying from known (connection) points to
unknown (boundary) points and close back to a starting known (connection) point thereby forming a loop traverse.
Cutting of lines, chaining and burying of beacons at the newly established points and finally writing beacon
numbers on the buried beacons.
Below is the detailed description of the field work.
We set instrument on connection beacon SC/ENW3879P, back-sighted and zero on SC/ENW3878P,
foresighted at P1 and clamped. We cut the line, measured the distance, buried its beacon, retook the
distance and the face left and face right readings were observed and all recorded in the field book.
We set instrument on Beacon 1 back-sighted and zero on SC/EN3879P, foresighted on P2 and clamped.
We cut the line, measured the distance, buried its beacon, the face left and face right readings were
observed, retook the distance and all recorded in the field book.
We set instrument on Beacon2, back- sighted and zero on beacon1, foresighted on P3 and clamped. We
cut the line, measured the distance, buried its beacon, retook the distance and the face left and face right
readings were observed, and all recorded in the field book.
We set instrument on Beacon3, back-sighted and zero on Beacon2, foresighted on poin4 and clamped.
We cut the line, measured the distance, buried its beacon, retook the distance and the face left and face
right readings were observed and all recorded in the field book.

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We set instrument on Beacon4, back-sighted and zero on Beacon3, foresighted on SC/ENW3879P and
clamped. We cut the line, measured the distance, and the face left and face right readings were
observed, and all recorded in the field book.
Then finally we set on SC/ENW3879P, back-sighted and zero on beacon4, foresighted on
SC/ENW3878P, measured the distance, the face left and face right readings were observed, and all
recorded in the field book.
1.13.0 MONUMENTATION
Beacons served as monuments in this project. We buried the beacons during traversing. There are two types of
beacons: government beacons and property/layout beacons. We used property beacons in this project.
The beacons consist of a mixture of cement, sand, and gravel, in the ratio of 1: 8:10 respectively with water. It
consists of 40mm nail, punched in the centre of its top. It is molded firmly into the beacon to form the point to be
bisected during traversing. The dimension of the beacon is as follows.
Length of cross section = 18cm.
Width of cross section = 18cm.
Height of the beacon = 75cm.
The beacons are buried in clockwise direction and for utmost accuracy; they are aligned with the instrument. They
are positioned to face the next beacon in clockwise direction according to the shape of the block. Finally the beacons
are buried in such a way that the ratio of (50cm) is buried on the ground while (25cm) is made to project
above the ground. Similarly beacon numbers are written with well mixed mortar carved on the beacon. The numbers
are written in such a way that they face the direction of the next beacon according to the clockwise direction (shape)
of the land.

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1.14.1 TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
In property survey, data processing involves, angular reduction, traverse computation, drafting and printing of the
plan. Below is the detailed description of data processing of the survey.
1.14.2 ANGULAR REDUCTION/ADJUSTMENT
Angular reduction involves adjusting the angles into reduced angle, mean angle and adjusted angle.
Reduced angle is done for the face right angle - reducing it to be close to the face left angle. The formula is
FR Angle - BS Angle (if FR angle >180d) or FR Angle + 360d BS Angle (if FR Angle <180d).. Where FR is
Face Right and BS is Back-Sight.
Mean Angle is gotten by adding FL and FR reduced angle and divide it by 2. The formula is (FL + FR)/2
The principle behind adjusted Angle is the Area of Polygon size formula.
(2n+4)90d. where n is the number of instrument points.
From our survey n=5 (2(5) +4)90d = 1260d 0000
When you add all the mean angles it ought to give this value but due to errors in survey it doesnt give the exact
value. It can either be slightly over or below the value. This is what is called MISCLOSURE.
From our survey, mean angle=65 07 58+204 18 15+269 57 45+270 21 15+259 03 15+191 07 40 = 1259d 56 08
MISCLOSURE= 1260 00 00 1259 56 08 = 00 03 52.
There are two formulas for adjusting misclosure. They are
1. M/N +or PA
Where M= Misclosure, n= Number of points angles and
PA =individual Point Angles.
2. M/TMA X PA (+ or -) PA
where M=Misclosure, TMA= Total (sum of ) Mean Angles and PA= Individual Point Angles.
You add PA if the total mean angle is less than polygon angle or subtract if its more than polygon angle.
Our company uses method two and thus: 00 00 52/ 1259 56 08 = 5.114900057 x10^-0.5.
We multiplied this value to each of the angle and added it to the multiplied angle to get the adjusted angle of that
particular point angle.
The new angles are called adjusted angle and that is what is used in computation.
Below is the angular reduction/adjustment table

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1.14.3 FIELD BOOK / ANGULAR REDUCTION TABLE

TRAVERSE FIELD BOOK
STATION
AT
STATION
TO
BACK BEARING
REDUCED
MEAN
ADJUSTED
OBSERVED ANGLE
ANGLE
ANGLE
ANGLE
DISTANCE
FORWARD BEARING
SC/EN
W3879P
P1
P2
P3
P4
SC/EN
W3878P
00
00
00
P1
65
08
00
P1
245 06
36
W3878P
179 58
40
W3879P
00
00
00
P2
204 17
30
P2
24
17
00
W3879P
179 58
00
P1
00
00
00
P3
269 57
20
P3
89
56
20
W3879P
179 58
10
P2
00
00
00
P4
270 20
20
P4
90
19
20
P2
179 57
10
P3
00
00
00
W3879P
259
03
05
W3879P
79
02
05
P3
179
58
40
P4
00
00
00
W3878P
191
07
35
65 08 00
65 07 58
65 07 56
65 08 10
5.780
204 18 53
18.460
269 58 34
30.530
270 21 15
270 22 05
18.485
259 03 15
259 04 03
28.540
204 17 30
204 18 15
204 19 00
269 57 20
269 57 45
269 58 10
270 20 20
270 22 10
259 03 05
259 03 25
191 07 35

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25
W3879P
W3878P
11
06
10
P4
179
58
25
191 07 45
191 07 40
191 08 15
TOTAL
125 56 08
126 0 00 00
(2(5)+4)90
1260 00 00
MISCLOSURE
00 03 52
18.381
1.14.4 COMPUTATION SHEET

COMPUTATION SHEET
FROM
W3879P
P1
P2
P3
P4
W3879P
BACK BEARING
OBSERVED
ANGLE
FORWARD
BEARING
231 39
65 08
296 47
116
204 18
321 06
141
269 58
51 04
231
270 22
141 27
321
259 04
220 31
40
191 08
231 39
CORRECTED
BEARING
DISTANCE
N+
N-
ARI
TH
E+
E-
SU
M
ARIT
H
NORTHING
EASTING
SUM
N(m)
E(m)
713774.822
713786.225
713788.830
+0.00009
713788.830
713822.377
+0.0002
713803.198
713822.377
+0.0005
713822.378
713807.920
+0.0006
713807.921
713786.224
+0.0008
713786.225
713774.821
+0.001
713774.822
346229.293
346243.709
346238.550
+0.0010
346238.551
346226.960
+0.003
346226.963
346250.714
+0.008
346250.722
346262.234
+0.010
346262.244
346243.695
+0.014
346243.709
346229.276
+0.017
346229.293
22
10
32
296 47 32
5.780
2.605
5.159
53
25
321 06 25
18.460
14.368
17
11.590
17
34
59
51 04 59
30.530
19.179
36
23.754
41
05
04
141 27 04
18.485
14.457
50
11.520
53
03
07
220 31 07
28.540
21.696
72
18.542
72
15
22
231 39 22
18.381
11.403
83
14.416
86

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W3878P
W3879P
P1
P2
P3
P4
W3879P
W3878P
26
1.14.5 AREA COMPUTATION USING BACK COMPUTATION AND DOUBLE LATITUDE METHOD
1.14.6 BACK COMPUATION TABLE
FROM BEARING
DISTANCE N+
P1
P2
P3
P4
18.459
30.535
18.487
30.427
321 06 48
51 05 13
141 26 45
231 08 22
N-
14.368
19.180
33.548
E+
E11.588
14.457
19.091
33.548
23.759
11.522
35.281
23.693
35.281
NORTHING
713788.830
713380.198
713822.378
713807.921
713788.830
EASTING
346238.551
346226.963
346250.722
346262.244
346238.551
TO
P1
P2
P3
P4
P1
1.14.7 AREA BY DOUBLE LATITUDE METHOD

COMPUTED
LATITUDE
14.368
47.916
52.639
19.091
DEPARTURE
CL X
DEPATURE
-11.588
23.759
11.522
-23.693
-166.496
1138.436
606.507
452.323
1126.12412 /2
AREA
563.062 Sq.m
1.14.8 GEODETIC PARAMETERS

We used traverse Mercator projection, datum is minna datum, coordinate system is minna/ Nigeria Mid Belt. These
parameters were selected inside Autodesk land desktop software during the drawing of the plan. But the origin of the
survey was TB20 which is located beside railway bridge at EMENE, though it has been removed.
1.15.0 PRESENTATION
The plan was produced in client and cloth copy. Client copy is the plan you give to the client: it doesnt contain
connection while cloth copy is the plan you submit to the ministry which contains connection.
1.15.1 SOFTWARE
Autodesk Land Desktop was used to plot the computed coordinates. And the area was acquired from the software.
And was printed with the scale of 1:500

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1.15.2 Cloth / blue copy plan

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1.15.3 Client copy plan

We encountered a tree along one of the lines which we cut down with cutlass.

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1.17.0 ACCURACY
In this survey, we made sure that the accuracy in length is maintained. We endeavored to chain in horizontal
direction. Also we measured accurately 18.30m length and 30.50m width. And we were able to get the area of
563.062Sq.M which is above 558Sq.m SURCON plot size specification for Enugu state lands.
Also we made sure that the traverse is closed by adjusting the misclosure.
(2n+4)90d = (2(5) +4)90d=1260d 0000 and Total Angle =1259d5608
Misclosure=1260 00 00 1259 56 08 = 00 03 52
We used this second formula ( M/TMA) X (PA + PA). The final adjusted angles: 65 08 10 + 204 18 53 + 269 58 34
+ 270 22 05 + 259 04 03 + 191 08 15=12600 00 00.
However sometimes it will misclose by 1 which is acceptable because of human imperfections (errors) which
cannot be totally eliminated. Also the third order minimum misclosure is not adhered by most surveyors. The
formula is 30 Where n is the number of instrument points. For our work, n = 5. 30 =00 01 7.08.
Finally we made sure that the coordinates are accurate by adjusting the coordinate.
The formula is: ( LCC-OC/TS) x IS +or - PC.
where LCC is Last Computed Coordinate, OC is Original Coordinate where the computation started from
(Connection Coordinate),
TS is Total Sum,
IS is individual Sum of each point and
PC is individual Point Coordinate. You add if the LCC-OC Value is negative or subtract if its positive.
However another alternative is to adjust the latitudes and departures using Bowditch rule, but we didnt use that
method.
1.18.0 CONCLUSION
The survey was successful and the aims were realized.

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CHAPTER TWO
ROAD PRELIMINARY SURVEY FOR THE DUALIZATION OF A SECTION OF ABAKALIKI ENUGU
ROAD FROM KM60-KM66, ABAKALIKI, EBONYI STATE
2.0.0 INTRODUCTION
Road preliminary survey is a type of Route Survey done to acquire the data that will be used to design the road and
most importantly it is done to show the extent and direction of the road. This data is acquired and presented in form
of plan and they include Longitudinal Profile, Cross section and details. This preliminary survey prepares the way
for the setting out of the designed road and full construction. The major need of this survey is for Planning and
decision making. It helps the civil Engineer, to know the length of the road, the topography of the land, the extent
mapped-out width of the road area (Right of Way) and the man -made and natural features that exist within the road
area (details). These data helps the Civil Engineer, to design the best direction of the road, the best height (level) the
road will be, the types and number of curves, the number of bridge and culverts and the number of detailed
properties ( buildings, electric poles, fences, OFC (Optical Fibre Cable) that will be removed from the Road site.
Also Controls/Benchmarks are established which will be used during and after the road construction.
It is this survey that we did for JILL Engineering on their Road contract at Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. The contract is
to first design the road starting from the end of already dualized Road, opposite PDP headquarters before ahiaohuru
market to the front of Ebonyi State University, Ishieke Campus Gate. This area covers 6km. The contract was
awarded to JILL by Ministry of Transportation, Abuja.
2.1.0 TITLE
Dualization of a section of Abakaliki Enugu Road from 60km-66km

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2.2.0 LOCATION
The road site starts from the front of PDP headquarters, before Ahiaohuru Market and stops in front of Ebonyi state
University, Ishieke Campus gate.
2.3.0 CLIENT
Ministry of Transportation, Abuja
2.4.0 CONSULTANT
Jill Nigeria Limited. NO 24 Zik Avenue, Enugu.
2.5.0 SIZE
The road is to cover a distance of six kilometers (6km).
2.6.0 DATE/WEATHER CONDITION

The survey started on Saturday 6th and ended on Friday 12th July 2013. The weather was bright throughout the six
days.
2.7.0
ORDER OF SURVEY: Third Order Survey.
2.8.0 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SURVEY: Route Survey.
2.9.0 AIM OF THE PRELIMINARY SURVEY

To determine the exact length of the road.
To establish Controls/Benchmark and it references at every one kilometer (1km).
To carry out Longitudinal Profile survey and produce the profile Plan.
To carry out the cross section survey and produce the cross section survey.
To carry out detailing survey and produce the detailing plan.

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2.10.0. PLANNING AND MOBILIZATION

2.11.0 PLANNING
The manager of JILL, Engr Okeoma, took us to the road site. We first stopped where the project will stop because
we were coming from Enugu. Then from there we drove down to where it will start. We stopped on the way to see
the bridge. We worked about 30m away from the road to see the nature of the river. When we reached origin, we
determined the best position to cast origin benchmark and its reference.
We discussed with the manager and he gave us specifications for the survey. He told us to use 25m interval for
profile and 20m right of way for cross section at every 50m interval. And to establish benchmark and it reference at
every one kilometer which is in according to the federal governments road project specification. Finally due to the
busy nature of the road, we chose to measure and write the chainages by the side of the road.
2.12.0 MOBILIZATION
2.12.2 PERSONNEL
The survey was done by two teams. The surveyors team and the civil Engineers team. Our team consisted of the
following
Dom C Nwankwo
Supervisor
Obi S.I
Party chief/chief surveyor
Eric Nkemjika
Nwankwo Jephthah t.k
Miss Chika Nwafor
Batho Okafor
Labourer
Joseph Barsey
Labourer

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The Site Engineers team consist of the following:

Engr Ifedi
Site Manager
Sonna Okeoma
Assistant site manager
Micheal
Site assistant/IT Student
Johnbosco
Site Assitant/IT Student
Bigi
Site Assistant/IT Student
The instruments we used to carry out this survey were as follow:
Ashtech DGPS
Bipod Stand
50m Linen Tape
Six ranging poles
Two red markers
Two pieces of 1 inch Brush
A Tin of red Sharon Emulsion paint
Two bunches of 2 x 2 plank pegs
Three cutlasses
One shovel
A trowel
Short rod pegs
3 inches Nails
Broom

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A harmer
A headpan
Constructed Wooden benchmark frame
One bag of cement
A gallon of water
Headpans of sharp sand
Headpans of gravel
2.13.0 METHODOLOGY
2.13.1 ROAD SURVEY PROCEDURE
2.13.2 RUNNING OF CHAINAGES
According to the Consultant specification, we are to run the profile in 25m interval and 50m interval in cross section
and in 20m left and 20m right (Right Of Way)
So the chainage started from Origin. The origin was formed with a bottle cover and a nail. We came to the centre of
the road, fix the counter use harmer and thrust the nail across the middle of the counter till it entered the ground and
balanced with the road floor. We used the red paint and brush and circled it and wrote 0+000.
The back chainman placed his pole on top of 0+000 and the front chain man moved with the tape and measured 25m
and the sweeper, will sweep out the sands while the writer will come and write 0+025. Then the back chain main
man will come to 0+025 while the front chainman will from there measure another 25m and the writer will come
and write 0+050. This is how we continued measuring and writing till we reached 0+975 then the next measurement
we wrote was 1+000. We started from there and reached 2+000, 3+000, 4+000, 5+000 and 6+000. But we added
extra 100m, so the chainage stopped at 6+100m.
We fixed and wrote on the wooden pegs in sandy areas where the paint cant show or where it will be easily cleared.
But normally in non-existing road preliminary surveys, pegs are used but you can write on the tar if its motor-able

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road likes ours. Also you can write the chainage distances on the walls and electric poles on inhabited areas like
streets. Chainage took us a whole day.
2.13.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF CONTROLS/BENCHMARKS

We casted 3D benchmark which consist of X, Y, Z. This was possible with the use of differential GPS. With it there
is no need of transfer of control rather the DGPS will determine the datum of the casted monuments. The controls
were casted with square plank frame of about one ruler height. You mix the concrete, place the frame on a very level
surface, fix a rod at the centre and cast it till it levels with the frame. At 0+000 (origin) we established two
benchmarks- the master control and its reference. The reference serves as a back-sight both during the setting out
survey and transfer of height (leveling). Then at every one kilometer (1+000, 2+0000 ) we established likewise.
The benchmark is established about 10m away from the road area where it cannot be tampered with. Below is the
picture of the benchmark.
Fig1: showing BM1

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Fig2: showing casted BM4.
2.14.0 CUTTING OF LINES

The mapped out road site width area was meant to be 40m. That means 20m left and 20m right of way from the
longitudinal profile chainage point. So at every 50m interval we paced and cut the ROW lines till we covered 20m.
We cut all the cross section points till we covered 6+100km road area. We didnt cut profile line because its not a
virgin road (i.e. not bushy).

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Ashtech DGPS was used in the data acquisition process. The master station was mounted on BM1 and the Rover
was used to pick the points. The sequence of data acquisition is: profile leveling, cross section leveling and detailing.
Below is the master station.

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2.15.1 PROFILE
The profile data was picked at every 25m chainage interval with the ROVER. The rover was configured thus:
File name: Profile leveling
File Code: 30001 (hint if master station is 3000, then rover will be 3001)
Coordinate system: vertical
Time range: 20secs.
The profile leveling data acquisition started from chainage 0+000. The stylus is used to select the log icon on the
rover GPS. Then you hold it making sure the plumb bulb levels correctly until the 20secs elapses. We picked from
0+000 till we reached 6+100. Profile leveling took us a whole day.
2.15.2 CROSS SECTION

The cross section data was picked at every 50m interval. It was done by pacing but technically, data was picked at
every 5m pacing till the 20m is covered. You do this at one side of the road and go to other side and do likewise. The
same configuration that was used in profile leveling was used in cross section but the file name was changed to cross
section leveling. It took us two days.
Below is the picture of cross section data acquisition.

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2.15.3 DETAILLING
Man-made features that were within the survey area were picked as details. These features include electric poles,
underground Telecommunication cables (OFC), walls, culverts, filling stations, shops, generator plant stations, etc.
when picking any of the features we change the file name to the name of the particular feature in other to avoid
confusion during the data processing. At culvert feature, the coordinate system was changed to invert because its
the depth that is required. It was during detailing that I found out that high way electric poles are 50m apart.
2.16.0 BRIDGE/RIVER SURVEY

The essence of bridge survey during preliminary road surveys is to determine the meandering shape/area of the river
and its depth. This information helps the civil engineer to design the best dredging/draining method and then for new
bridge construction. Before the beginning of the survey we first recorded the date, time, and weather of the day.
Below are the detailed procedures of how we did the bridge survey.
2.16.1 SHAPE OF THE RIVER
We used the rover to pick the edges of the bridge beams so as to acquire the length of the bridge. Then we also
picked the two side corners of the bridge till we paced a distance of 50m away from the road. These when
downloaded and processed will produce the shape and coverage/area of the river.
2.16.2 DEPTH OF THE RIVER

We used the conventional method since we dont have echo sounder. We used tape to measure the length of the
bridge and then determine the center and made mark there. Then we tied a long rope to a heavy gyming round rod.
From that center mark we gradually propelled the rod inside the river till it touched the river floor. The confirmation
is when it starts bouncing like ball; it shows it has reached the bottom. Then we used marker and made point on the
thread where it coincided with the center bridge mark. We removed it and then measured the distance between
thread mark to the gyming rod. We got 30.54m.

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2.16.3 RIVER AVERAGE WATER LEVEL

We inserted the rod until it coincides with the surface of the water and we marked the corresponding thread point.
We removed it and measured and got 15.30m. Then we looked at the bridge to see marks of water level. We
measured it and got 14.45m. We added 15.30+14.45 =29.75/2 = 14.875m
(Hint: the local method has been in practice before the advent of modern method and it is said to be a little bit less
accurate to the later)
2.16.4 DIRECTION OF FLOW

We measured the water levels of the two sides of the bridge. One is 15.30m while the other is 18.05m. So we
concluded that the river flows in 15.30m direction.

The DGPS process the data itself using the radio signal program and we downloaded them using the wire cable into
the computer. The importation into autoCAD was done bit by bit. The profile was download and joined before cross
section and then details. These were done to avoid confusion and mistakes.
2.19.0 PRESENTATION
The acquired information was presented in form of plans. There is profile plan, cross section plan, detail plan and
bridge survey plan. I was only given the longitudinal profile and cross section plan. Below are the plans.

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2.19.1 THE LONGITUDINAL PROFILE PLAN

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2.19.2 CROSS SECTION PLAN

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2.20.0 ACCURACY
Strict care was taken while picking the points data. We maintained time interval of 20secs for profiles, cross section,
details and bridge survey and 4mins for Benchmarks and References. Ashtech DGPS will calculate and bring out the
average as the single point data. Since it picks point at 1sec, that means it will make 20 observation at one point and
bring out the average. For Benchmarks it will be 240 observations and it will average it and bring out single result
as the dimension for that point. With this method we maintained a very high accuracy throughout the survey.

The traffic made it very dangerous during chainage and profile data acquisition. In order to avoid vehicle jamming
any of us, we used leaves to block road both at front and back and some workers used it to be signaling, slowing and
directing vehicles.
2.22.0 CONCLUSION
With the advent of high technological survey equipment like DGPS, Road survey projects are now more accurate,
less stressful and faster.

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CHAPTER FOUR
BUILDING SETTING OUT SURVEY FOR COLLEGE OF EDUCATION IKWO PROPOSED
LABORATORY BUILDING, IKWO EBONYI STATE
3.0.0 INTRODUCTION
Building setting out survey is an engineering type of survey that involves establishing on the ground, the engineers/
architects plan design of a building and Engineering /construction designs.
In the construction/Engineering Sector, it is the duty of a surveyor to set out the project master plans be it road,
airport, tunnel, Dam, Reservoir, Electricity Power-line, Bridge designs, etc.
Setting out warrants much carefulness in accurately measuring the exact angles/bearings, distances, slopes or
elevations as indicated in the Site plan.
It is exactly this special engineering survey that we went to ESCE ikwo in Ebonyi State to execute for our Client- Jill
Engineering. We were given the site plan and were instructed to set out only the outside columns (corners) of the
building.

To exactly set out (peg) the column positions of the building at the specified designed space within the building
mapped out area.

The laboratory building is beside the auditorium of Ebony state college of Education Ikwo in Ebonyi state.
3.3.0 DATE DURATION AND WEATHER CONDITION
The survey was done on Tuesday 24th September 2004. It was a day work. It started around 11:30am and ended by
4pm. The weather was sunny on that day.
3.4.0 SIZE OF THE SURVEY: The mapped out area covers about three plots with the area of 1774.658 square
meters.
3.5.0 ORDER OF SURVEY: Third Order Survey

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3.6.0 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEY: Engineering Survey

3.8.0 PLANNING
Before the setting out survey, we went to the site and extended control from the nearby school perimeter beacons
round the site mapped out boundary. Established five controls namely EB1, EB2, EB3, EB4 and EB5. These
boundary controls are what will be used to perform all types of survey within the building site. Then since we are to
use the modern setting out method which is called the RAY METHOD, we chose EB5 as our instrument point and
EB1 as our back-sight (Reference) point.
The site has already been cleared by the companys bulldozer and the terrain is flat, therefore there was no need for
transfer of height (leveling). The area of the land is 1774.658m while the area of the building is 1352.910m.
3.8.2 BUILDING PLAN GEOREFERENCING
For Ray method to be used to set out buildings, the building plan must be georerenced into the Site boundary plan.
There are two method of doing this.
First, one is to scan the building plan which will contain the surrounding land and then perform rubber sheating on
the boundary points of the land in order to have accurate coordinates. Second method is done by copying with base
point, the building plan into the site land plan if the raw file (soft copy) of both the land survey and building plan are
available. The accuracy of georeferencing during building or design setting out determines the accuracy of the
setting out survey. The area of the land will determine, the landscaping design of the available land after the building
area is covered. So due to the area of the land, the architect mapped out 20m front space, for exterior designs and
walk-way. However the building was centralized and the space for laboratory plants plantation was well designed.
Below is the georeferenced site plan which we used to set out the building.
3.8.3 GEOREFERENCED SITE PLAN

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3.8.4 SCALLING OUT THE RAYED POINTS ANGLES AND DISTANCES

In order for us to be able to stay at one point and fix all the column positions , we must ray from our instrument
point to all the column points and copy out the given point lines angle and distance. We labeled the columns
alphabetically from A, B, C, D, E..K. We rayed from EB5 to all the labeled column points. Raying means
drawing line from instrument point to those column points. Copying the angles and distances of each line is achieved
when you double click on each line and a mini property window will display, you scroll down to see the angle and
distance of that line. At each line you double click, scroll and copy out its distance and angle. Below are the rayed
lines of the building plan.
3.8.5 RAYED COLUMN POINTS

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3.8.6 RAYED LINES DIMENSION

Below are the written dimensions of each rayed line.
POINT
AT
EB5
EB5
EB5
EB5
EB5
EB5
EB5
EB5
EB5
EB5
EB5
Eb5
POINT
TO
EB1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
k
RAYED COLUMNS
ANGLE
195d 37 38
181d 13 01
181d 00 10
165d 51 04
167d 01 30
161d 15 28
159d 34 51
144d 37 01
137d 51 47
143d 16 42
97d 13 15
160d 5139
DISTANCE
75.810m
49.230m
59.750m
57.090m
62.150m
62.100m
57.190m
60.370m
25.100m
50.100m
30.190m
12.060m
3.9.0 MOBILIZATION
3.10.1 PERSONNEL
The survey party consisted of four men and their names are as follows:
Dom C Nwankwo
Obi Mmachie
Eric Nkemjika
Joseph Bassey
Supervisor
party chief/Pupil Surveyor
Survey Assistant/IT student
Survey Assistant/IT student
Labourer
3.10.2 INSTRUMENATION
South Total Station

Universal Tripod
Reflector and its target
50m Steel Tape
Five Ranging Poles
Dell laptop
Mouse.

Harmer
2 x 2 1m pegs
Two cutlasses

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Instrument Umbrella
3.11.0 METHODOLOGY
We used ray method because of the digital instrument we used for the project. We didnt use manual traverse
method.
3.11.1 BUILDING SETTING OUT FIELD PROCEDURE
We set total station on EB5 back-sighted EB1 and set the line angle to 195d 3738. With the reflector
properly focused, we measured the distances and it corresponded to 83.85m which is the same with the plan
distance
Then from the clamped Telescope focused on EB1 we turned instrument angle to 181d 13 01. With the
reflector man pacing, we measured 49.230m and peg column A.
From column A we shifted the angle to 181d 0010 measured 59.750m and peg column B. we used tape
with pole and measured the distance between column A and B and it gave 10.520m which is the plans
distance.
We turned the instrument angle until it was reduced to 165d 5104 and measured 57.090m and peg column
C. we taped the distance between column B and C and it gave us 15.630m which is corresponding with the
plan dimension.
We increased the angle to 167d 0130 and measured 62.150m and peg column D. we taped their distance
between CD and it was correct.
We continued with this method until we established column E, F, G, H, I, J and K.
The site Engineer later came and confirmed that our work was perfect before we called it a day for the work.
3.12.0 ACCURACY CHECK
Before the main survey began we, verified if the angles and distances were correct. We mounted instrument on EB5
back-sighted and set its own angle of 195d 37 38 then we turned 181d 1301 measured 49.230m and pegged
column A . We turned another 181d 00 10, measured 59.750m and pegged column B. we measured the distance
between column A and B and it gave us 10.520m which is exactly the same with the plan dimension. This gave us
the confidence to start the survey proper.
The Engineers dimensions are always in millimeters (mm). It gave us stress in converting the dimensions to meters
anytime we want to take a reading.
3.14.0 CONCLUSION
The aim of the survey was achieved: the column pegs were accurately established on the ground and the carpenters
will start the profile the next day.

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CHAPTER FIVE
TOPOGRAPHIC/CONTOUR SURVEY FOR ENG. HILLARY BUILDING SITE AT INDEPENDENCE

LAYOUT, ENUGU
4.0.0 INTRODUCTION
Topographic survey is carried out on a parcel of land in other to determine the lands elevation and depression. The
topography of the land is needed to be accurately determined when engineering projects like building, dam, road,
pipeline, stadium, airport, etc are to be executed on the land.
At our project site, a hotel was planned to be erected. The topography of the site was sloppy, hence the need for a
topographic survey to produce the contour map of the terrain which will help to determine the level of cut and fill
and the level of the foundation.

To accurately carry out contour survey and produce the contour plan of the site. And also to determine the boundary
and the area of the land.

The proposed hotel site is located at Owerri Ani Street behind UNTH Quarters. It is opposite Osisatech Girls
Secondary School, Independence Layout Enugu.
4.3.0 CLIENT
Our client is Engr. Hillary Odoh

The survey lasted for four days. It started on 24th July and ended 28th July 2013. Each day we start at about 9am and
end 5pm. The weather was dull and humid because of the rainy season period.
4.5.0 ORDER OF SURVEY: Third Order Survey
4.6.0 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEY: Topographic Survey

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4.8.0 PLANNING
We drove to the site before the survey day with our client and he took us round the land. Fortunately the site has
been bulldozed thereby eliminating cutting of lines. He instructed us to determine the boundary shape, the area of the
land and then use 10m interval (grid interval) to carry out the contour survey.
We also moved around to check if we can see an established benchmark but we found none. So the alternative was
for us to establish ours. Therefore we walked round the site and chose best positions to cast four 3D benchmarks.
The principle is to choose higher places that will create inter-visibility round the site.
4.8.2 CASTING OF BENCHMARKS

We mixed a 6 x 6 aggregate concrete and casted the four benchmarks on our chosen positions. A wooden rectangular
frame was placed on the ground and a spike rod was fixed at its center before the concrete was poured until it
reached the level of the frame. Trowel was used to settle and level the surface allowing a small protrusion of the
centre rod which serves as the survey point. The frame is carefully removed when the concrete has solidified.
The benchmarks consist of Easting, Northing and Height (X, Y, Z coordinate). The benchmark serves as instrument
point and reference point hence its called a control point. You determine the parameters (X Y Z coordinates) with
survey instruments like DGPS, or hand held GPS. Then you set instrument on one of them and input its coordinate
in the total station and the back-sight man places the reflector on another benchmark and you back-sight and input its
coordinate before you can now start picking ground points anywhere within the survey area. It works with the same
survey principle of working from known point to unknown points.
Below is the diagram of the 3D benchmark.

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4.8.3 FIXING OF PERIMETER PEGS

We fixed rod pegs at strategic points round the survey boundary starting from the edges. These pegs serves as a
guide to land extent (survey area) and also they can serve as a control or reference points during future survey. We
acquired their positions (coordinates) during the data acquisition process.
4.8.4 FIXING OF GRID PEGS

Similarly we fixed three major grid lines. We divided the site into three horizontal lines and we used the instrument
to align and fix the pegs. Then at each peg we measure 10m, align with poles and fixed another peg. This we
continued till we covered the length of the land. We did likewise on the other two pegs. By this method we divided
the land into three major longitudinal/ vertical lines and many horizontal grid lines. The intermediate 10m interval
points was done by pacing after properly aligning our reflector poles to the three major aligned peg poles at each
line. This method was successful during the data acquisition proper.
4.9.0 MOBILIZATION
4.10.1 PERSONNEL
The survey team consisted of the following persons:
Dom C Nwankwo
Supervisor
Obi S.I
Party chief/pupil surveyor
Eric Nkemjika

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The following are the equipments we used to carry out the topo survey.
Ashtech Differential GPS with its rover and stylus
South Total Station
Universal Tripod
Two Reflectors with their rods
Six Ranging Poles
50M linen Tape

Two cutlasses
Two shovels
Four casting frames
Two trowel
A harmer
Two head-pans
Short pegging rods
25liters keg of water
Five head-pans of fine sand
five head-pans of gravel
Instrument Umbrella

5.11.1 DETERMINATION OF THE BENCHMARK 3D COORDINATES
The benchmark coordinates was determined with Ashtech DGPS. The master was mounted on BM1. Its time range
was set to four (4) minutes. DGPS picks data at every 1sec so we chose 4 acquisition range so as to give us a very
accurate final average result. With 4 minutes it will make 240 observations and bring out the average as the
coordinate of that point. Also the Rover was configured same and we waited till there was enough reception
(signal) before the rover was used to acquire the remaining three benchmarks. We planned to use DGPS to pick the
Grid data but due to fluctuating/poor reception, we decided to use total station. Below are the X, Y, Z coordinates of
the four benchmarks.

2009/167372
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4.11.2 BENCHMARK COORDINATES

BENCHMARK
EASTING
NORTHING
HEIGHT
BM1
337889.502mE
711626.339mN
184.022m
BM2
337864.406mE
711712.875mN
183.592m
BM3
338012.592mE
711708.100mN
198.005m
BM4
338009.604mE
711620.371mN
198.500m
4.11.3 PERIMETER/BOUNDARY SURVEY

The clients instruction was to produce the boundary plan with its area and then produce the topographic/contour
plan. So we first ran the perimeter survey before we began the topo survey proper. It was done with 10m pacing
interval in clockwise direction. We set total station on BM2 back-sighted BM1 then the two reflector men set the
rod height to 2.15m. The first stood at A1 peg faced the instrument and the point was picked while the next
following the boundary fence paced 10m and did likewise. This method was done until we picked round the
boundary. The file was saved as topo perimeter and below is the data table.
4.11.4 TOPO PERIMETER DATA

NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
POINT ID
A1
P101
P102
P103
A2
P105
P106
P107
P108
P109
P110
A3
P112
P113
P114
P115
P116
B1
P201
P202
P203
P204
EASTING X
337909.321
337918.840
337927.880
337937.022
337946.432
337955.550
337964.740
337973.870
337983.326
337992.640
338001.511
338010.740
338019.975
338029.244
338038.230
338047.472
338056.911
338064.100
338059.430
338055.012
338051.330
338046.821
NORTHING Y
711735.101
711732.075
711727.700
711723.681
711720.260
711716.126
711712.180
711708.142
711704.548
711700.950
711696.678
711692.485
711688.794
711685.097
711680.550
711676.803
711673.350
711669.920
711661.022
711651.921
711642.680
711633.772
HEIGHT (Z)
192.580
193.085
193.248
194.018
194.679
195.328
195.728
196.023
196.258
197.389
197.421
198.059
197.325
197.648
196.955
196.638
196.505
196.327
196.448
197.256
198.079
198.426

2009/167372
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23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
42
44
42
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
P205
B2
P207
P208
P209
P210
B3
P212
P213
P214
P215
C1
P301
P302
P303
P304
C2
P306
P307
P308
C2
P310
P311
P312
P313
P314
P315
D1
P401
P402
D2
P404
P405
P406
P407
P408
P409
P410
D3
P412
P413
P414
P415
P416
P417
338042.600
338038.772
338034.320
338030.019
338026.161
338021.760
338017.870
338013.646
338009.642
338007.322
338004.732
338003.500
337993.552
337984.688
337974.609
337964.800
337955.110
33795.491
337936.320
33792.756
337916.460
337906.611
337896.950
337887.042
337877.461
33786.730
337857.882
337851.532
337857.34
337854.53
337865.455
337868.88
337874.3
337877.06
337881.032
337885.870
337890.311
337895.610
337899.711
337904.05
337906.900
337908.950
337909.019
337906.033
337907.726
711624.640
711615.433
711606.474
711597.462
711589.807
711580.818
711571.590
711562.497
711553.382
711543.512
711533.700
711527.940
711532.402
711537.090
711538.799
711540.890
711540.890
711546.321
711550.250
711553.415
711554.015
711555.701
711558.200
711559.854
711562.662
711562.03
711567.062
711568.952
711588.772
711579.112
711596.448
711605.860
711615.200
711624.060
711633.272
711642.030
711651.046
711659.550
711668.690
711677.730
711687.398
711697.380
711708.260
711720.050
711730.255

2009/167372
199.017
199.348
199.501
198.887
198.620
`198.545
198.427
198.385
197.905
198.700
198.602
198.325
197.509
197.485
196.895
196.602
195.850
195.850
194.752
194.609
194.428
193.928
193.612
193.524
192.890
192.592
192.409
192.325
192.520
192.605
192.823
193.257
193.326
193.459
193.609
193.628
194.026
194.152
194.29
194.581
194.625
194.726
194.838
193.925
192.85
55
4.11.5 GRID POINTS DATA ACQUISITION

Having established the grid pegs we aligned poles on each of the line. Then we began to pick the grid data at each
10m pacing interval aligning the reflector pole with the lines aligned ranging poles. We set the reflector pole height
at 2.15m constant and at each point we align and face the reflector to the total station telescope and the instrument
man will pick the point and command us to move to the next point.
4.11.6 GRID POINTS DATA
NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
EASTING
337916.217
337925.732
337934.445
337943.870
337953.166
337962.330
337971.251
337980.698
337990.091
337999.490
338008.080
338017.825
338026.781
338036.212
338045.894
338055.322
337912.180
337921.821
337930.866
337940.582
337950.159
337959.044
337968.350
337975.662
337984.760
337993.964
338002.565
338011.325
338020.344
338029.911
338038.859
338048.070
337911.530
337920.732
337928.138
337936.196
NORTHING
711723.437
711720.275
711715.020
711711.582
711707.850
711703.800
711699.340
711696.102
711692.491
711689.164
711683.700
711681.011
711676.532
711671.322
711668.010
711713.462
711713.462
711710.862
711706.364
711703.892
711700.915
711696.055
711692.450
711683.950
711679.799
711675.858
711670.592
711665.772
711661.432
711658.322
711653.752
711649.844
711702.960
711699.052
711691.315
711679.728
HEIGHT
193.028
194.029
194.286
195.252
195.308
196.582
196.645
197.259
197.582
197.708
198.257
198.463
197.258
197.528
196.966
196.727
193.058
194.279
195.050
195.326
196.291
196.420
196.685
197.200
197.325
197.599
197.855
198.024
194.497
197.920
197.802
197.632
194.085
195.594
195.620
195.711

2009/167372
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37
38
39
40
41
42
42
44
42
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
337944.470
337953.142
337962.227
337971.164
337981.011
337991.055
337999.730
338008.860
338018.862
338028.468
338037.350
338046.822
337907.642
337907.690
337916.728
337921.799
337929.720
337937.600
337941.720
337948.168
337956.766
337965.140
337972.752
337981.511
337989.720
337999.111
338006.290
338013.000
338021.340
337903.841
337910.780
711679.710
711674.782
711670.410
711665.922
711663.000
711660.633
711655.584
711651.580
711649.110
711646.066
711641.412
711638.060
711693.162
711693.270
711688.932
711677.970
711671.914
711665.675
711655.180
711647.470
711642.020
711636.370
711629.914
711624.690
711618.900
711614.560
711607.550
711600.552
711594.350
711682.450
711674.765
196.085
196.525
196.852
196.900
197.185
197.255
198.019
198.238
198.500
197.953
198.801
198.722
194.234
194.355
195.086
195.541
195.600
196.421
196.558
196.617
196.702
196.854
197.002
197.253
197.778
198.051
198.420
198.640
198.779
194.061
194.229
337921.644
711657.350
195.005
337929.290
711650.649
195.555
337934.488
711641.940
195.720
337941.280
711634.610
196.520
337947.635
711626.900
196.620
337953.972
711619.155
196.900
337961.780
711612.690
196.779
337965.981
711603.120
196.592
337970.402
711593.790
196.200
337977.554
711586.725
197.000
337828.601
711578.080
197.229

2009/167372
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79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
337989.490
711570.560
197.570
337997.850
711564.556
197.085
338004.967
711557.500
197.250
337886.855
711623.100
193.020
337893.810
711615.910
194.090
337899.334
711607.300
194.528
337904.992
711599.020
194.877
337909.260
711589.660
194.922
337915.325
711581.686
194.234
337921.521
711573.818
194.009
337921.520
711573.810
194.686
337939.044
711576.432
195.240
337945.010
711568.180
195.580
337953.830
711563.036
195.890
337962.823
711558.060
196.001
337973.035
711554.736
196.590
337983.900
711552.527
196.700
337992.583
711547.350
197.311
338000.572
711541.300
197.500
337875.740
711578.265
192.000
337885.293
711575.285
193.002
337893.560
711568.950
193.509
337902.641
711564.880
194.353
337912.270
711561.850
194.680
337922.675
711561.028
194.900
337932.278
711558.175
194.480
337941.780
711555.255
195.020
337951.368
711549.110
195.320
337960.990
711549.115
195.580
337970.335
711545.900
196.548
337980.350
711544.347
196.700
337990.111
711542.070
197.099

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111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
337999.730
711539.180
197.491
337870.884
711568.922
192.340
337880.360
711565.765
192.500
337889.981
711562.972
197.170
337899.462
711559.712
193.066
337919.170
711555.770
194.815
337928.935
711553.590
194.908
337938.511
711550.615
195.423
337947.867
711547.065
195.500
337957.628
711544.672
196.211

The DGPS gave the accurate true XYZ coordinates of our established benchmarks and as such the total station data
were directly the true geoidal mean sea level dimensions of the points. So we didnt reduce the data unlike where
Level instrument was used. However, the data was downloaded and saved in excel. They were saved as command
separated value (.csv) and in Easting Northing and Height (E,N,Z) format. The perimeter data was imported into
Autodesk and was joined. While the surfer 9 adjusted the grid points before generating the contour map. The plans
were printed with scale of 1:1000. Below is the Grid Report file.
4.13.1 Gridding Report
Sat July 28 14:11:06 2013

Elasped time for gridding:
0.05 seconds
Data Source
Source Data File Name:
X Column:
Y Column:
Z Column:
C:\Users\JEPHTHAH\Desktop\CONTOUR FILES\TOPO GRID POINTS. DAT.csv

A
B
C
Data Counts
Active Data:
120
Original Data:
Excluded Data:
120
0

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Deleted Duplicates:
Retained Duplicates:
Artificial Data:
Superseded Data:
0
0
0
0
Exclusion Filtering
Exclusion Filter String:
Not In Use
Duplicate Filtering
Duplicate Points to Keep:
X Duplicate Tolerance:
Y Duplicate Tolerance:
First
2.7E-005
2.1E-005
No duplicate data were found.

Breakline Filtering
Breakline Filtering:
Not In Use
Data Counts
Active Data:
120
Univariate Statistics
X
Y
Z
Count:
120
120
120
1%%-tile:
5%%-tile:
10%%-tile:
25%%-tile:
50%%-tile:
75%%-tile:
90%%-tile:
95%%-tile:
99%%-tile:
337870.884
337886.85
337902.64
337921.79
337953.83
337990.11
338018.86
338036.2
338046.822
711541.3
711545.9
711552.52
711568.95
711641.4
711679.71
711700.915
711710.862
711715.02
192.34
193.028
194.061
194.9
196.52
197.253
197.95
198.42
198.722
Minimum:
Maximum:
337828.6
338055.322
711539.18
711723.43
192
198.801
Mean:
337957.558333
711629.9271
196.081925
Median:
Geometric Mean:
Harmonic Mean:
Root Mean Square:
Trim Mean (10%%):
Interquartile Mean:
Midrange:
Winsorized Mean:
TriMean:
337953.9
337957.55535
337957.552367
337957.561317
337956.824018
337955.185066
337941.961
337957.692908
337954.89
711641.67
711629.924853
711629.922606
711629.929347
711629.196908
711631.939607
711631.305
711629.552408
711632.865
196.5225
196.075628166
196.069316273
196.088206675
196.101504587
196.219606557
195.4005
196.128641667
196.29825
Variance:
Standard Deviation:
Interquartile Range:
Range:
Mean Difference:
Median Abs. Deviation:
Average Abs. Deviation:
Quartile Dispersion:
Relative Mean Diff.:
2033.35484938
45.0927361044
68.32
226.722
51.562307563
32.774
36.9744833333
0.000101078261827
0.00015257036362
3225.17774658
56.7906484078
110.76
184.25
65.3583557423
50.8005000001
50.2217666667
7.78219597972e-005
9.18431803573e-005
2.48418699433
1.57613038621
2.353
6.801
1.79319761905
1.0895
1.296975
0.00600020910206
0.00914514491352
Standard Error:
Coef. of Variation:
Skewness:
4.11638479067
0.000133427215911
0.0501405702787
5.18425319805
7.98036257964e-005
-0.123389147499
0.143880361016
0.00803812175043
-0.431657523003

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Kurtosis:
2.51655492014
1.554907924
2.45456400505
Sum:
40554907
85395591.252
23529.831
Sum Absolute:
40554907
85395591.252
23529.831
Sum Squares:
1.37058375901e+013
6.07700587611e+013
4614070.17566
Mean Square:
114215313251
506417156343
38450.5847971
Inter-Variable Covariance
X
Y
Z
X:
2033.3548
353.55973
57.929508
Y:
353.55973
3225.1777
7.3826552
Z:
57.929508
7.3826552
2.484187
Inter-Variable Correlation
X
Y
Z
X:
1.000
0.138
0.815
Y:
0.138
1.000
0.082
Z:
0.815
0.082
1.000

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4.14.0 PRESENTATION
4.14.1 Perimeter plan

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4.14.2 Contour plan

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4.14.3 3D WIREFRAME MAP OF THE LAND

The weather was bad during the period of this survey and this caused poor GPS reception. We planned to do the
survey with GPS but this stopped us and also led to longer duration of the survey.
4.16.0 CONCLUSION
The survey was interesting and most especially the aim of the survey was achieved.

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CHAPTER FIVE
AFOR UFUMA MARKET BOUNDARY PILLAR RE-ESTABLISHMENT SURVEY
5.0.0 INTRODUCTION
Pillar re-establishment survey is the type of survey specially carried out to re-establish removed beacons. Many
things can cause a survey beacon to be removed. They include, Conflict in which the opposing party forceful
demolish the beacons, flooding, earthquakes, bulldozer operations (grading or clearing of land), removal from
ignorant inhabitants, human operations like dumping of refuse, farming and covering by earth.
Apart from conflict removal of survey beacons, most re-establishment surveys are done on very old surveys in
which the pillars are displaced by earth, buildings, trees and other human encroachment.
Pillar re-establishment is done by traversing with the use of theodolite or total station. You turn and measure the
bearings and distances as scaled out in the original Survey Plan.
In the case of Afor Ufuma Market, the survey was done in 1995 under the Ufuma development Union headed by
the then Traditional ruler (Popularly called DIJI of Ufuma), Igwe E E Okoli. The aim of the survey was to enlarge
the famous Ufuma Market which from ab-initio serves as the central market in Orumba North L.G.A. So the area of
the market was extended and divided into partitions for different kinds of goods.
Later after the survey, the new generation offspring began to tamper with the mapped out village project land. Some
extended their walls across the boundary, some farmed on some portions while some aggrieved villagers claimed
that their land was tampered. All these along with earth (soil) movement led to the removal of the boundary
beacons.
Now the need to realize the vision came up and we were consulted to perform the re-establishment survey and this
time with the use of Government Beacons.
To re-establish the removed beacons using Government Beacons with clearly engraved SURCON numbers.

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The Afor Ufuma Market is located at the central village of Ufuma in Orumba North Local Government of Anambra
State.
5.3.0 CLIENT
Ufuma Development Union.

The Survey was done on 6th and 7th April 2013. We started by 10pm and closed by 5pm. And fortunately the
weather condition in these two days was very bright.
5.4.0 ORDER OF SURVEY: Third order survey

5.5.0 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEY: Pillar Re-establishment Survey
5.7.0 PLANNING
5.7.1 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
Prior to the survey day, we met with the committee. They gave us the Plan and took us round the market area. We
were able to find the Origin beacon and few others. This made the work easier. We used the plan and traced the
directions of the beacons and were able to see the existing and removed ones. We also discussed safety measures
with the committee and they pledged to deploy the youth president and other boys to Guard us from the Villagers
until the survey is completed.
The Theodolite had to be checked to confirm its suitability or otherwise in a project like this. The theodolite (Kern
A1-K), which was used, underwent the three-point observation method of checking. The instrument was set at a

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point (Z) and three distant ranging poles were sighted to, and a reading was taken sighting to A, and then to B; a
reading was also taken sighting to B first and then to C; the last reading was taken sighting A, to C, directly; the
angles were reduced and we had the following results:
Z
C
Angle
A-B=85 13 35
B-C= 89 44 25
A-C = 174 57 59
A-B
85 13 35
+ B-C
89 44 25
(A-B) + (B-C) 17458 00

- (A-C)
17457 59
000 00 01 (The same check was carried out on face right and we had consistent results).

and the error was +0.002. This was always applied in the field especially where a long line was measured

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5.8.0 MOBILIZATION
5.9.1 PERSONNEL
The survey party was made up of the following:
Surv. Dom C Nwankwo
Supervisor/Chief Surveyor
Surv. Victor
Assistant Chief Surveyor
Theophilus Okorie
Survey Assistant
Chinedu Nwokoro
Driver/Labourer
Comrade Nnanyelugo
Ufuma Youth President
The instruments we used include:
1. Kern A1-K theodolite with its tripod
2. Plumb Bulb
3. Six Ranging Poles
4. 50m steel tape
1. Four Cutlasses
2. Two Shovels
3. Two crowbars
4. Wheel Barrow
5. Government Survey Beacons
6. One painter of Cement

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7. One head-pan of sharp sand

8. 25cl gallon of water
9. Two Trowels
5.10.0 OLD SUREY PLAN

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5.11.0 METHODOLOGY / FIELD OPERATIONS

Due to the nature of the job, the survey was done in anticlockwise direction in order to easily locate the points
exactly. Turning of back bearing and forward bearing method was used. The existing beacons ASS2042 and
ASS2043 were used as starting point. Below is the detailed description of the field operation.
Instrument was set on ANSS2051, we backsighted ANSS2052 and set the angle to 03d3546 then we
turned 187d1708 (which is the back bearing of 07d1708) to locate the next point (ANSS2050). We cut
the line, measured 82.815m, dug and luckily found the old beacon. We replaced it with the government
beacon.
We set instrument on ANSS2050, backsighted ANSS2051 and set the angle to 07d1708 then we turned
239d 4041 (which is the back bearing of 59d 4041) to locate the next point (ANSS2049). We cut the
line, measured 74.100m, dug and also found the remains of the old beacon. We replaced it likewise.
We set instrument on ANSS2049, backsighted ANSS2050 and set the angle to 59d4041 then we turned
135d2654 to locate the next point (ANSS2048). We cut the line, measured its distance of 135.049m. But
this beacon has been totally removed by the land farmers. So we re-established it.
We set instrument on ANSS2048, backsighted ANSS2049 and set instrument angle to 315d2654 then we
turned 42d1426 to locate the next point (ANSS2047). We cut the line, measured 103.362m and buried its
beacon.
We set instrument on ANSS2047, backsighted ANSS2048 and set the angle to 222d1426, then we turned
83d4650 to locate point ANSS2046. We cut the line, measured 74.489m and replaced the engraved old
beacon. Similarly at that same point we turned 340d3031 cut the line, measured 109.999m and reestablished ANSS2053. We aligned poles and cut the lines between ANSS2047 to ANSS2051 and ASS2050.
We measured their distances and it gave us exactly 63.884m and 78.797m respectively.
We set instrument on ANSS2046, backsighted ANSS2047 and set the instrument angle to 263d4650 then
we turned 24d3635 to locate point ANSS2045. We cut the line, measured its distance of 36.986 and
replaced the engraved old beacon.

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We set instrument on ANSS2045, backsighted ANSS2046 and set the instrument angle to 204d3635 then
we turned 15d0533 to locate point ASS2044. We cut the line, measured 139.251m and re-established that
point.
We stopped here because other beacons are still in existence.
The final thing we did was to write numbers on all the beacons starting from the origin beacon.

Some of the villagers came to stop us with the claim that we are tampering with their family land but our
savior was that the town Youth president was with us. The youth president and his men served as immunity
until we finished the survey.
Unfortunately coconut tree blocked our line and we had to cut it down.
A public toilet also blocked our line but in this case we used offset method to bypass it.
Bumble bee attacked and stung one of us. Also the bush was filled with thorn plants. All this hazards
contributed to the stress and delay of our work.
5.13.0 CONCLUSION
The survey was actually interesting. However maximum carefulness was observed in turning the bearings and in
distance measurement. The aims were achieved and the work was completed.

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CHAPTER SIX
REPORT ON OBODOMA LAYOUT SURVEY
6.1.0 INTRODUCTION
A layout survey is a cadastral type of survey that involves the development of a remote (usually virgin lands) area of
land by setting out the designed plots and roads network. A layout survey is done by setting out the designed plan
angles and distances from the paper to the ground.
The main purpose of a layout survey project is to increase housing. A layout consist of primary road (12m wide),
secondary road (9m wide) and tertiary road (6m wide). It contains Open Space (OS) reserved for recreational
purposes, Commercial Space (C/1.) reserved for commercial purposes like market, shopping mall, banks, and
Public Space (p/1) for public purposes like school, churches, etc.
A layout undergo stages before its thrown open for the public use: an expanse area of land which belongs to a
community, an organization, a family or an individual is agreed to be developed. Secondly the selected committee
will look for a surveyor who will do the layout survey. The surveyor will do the perimeter survey and submit the
plan to the planners to design the layout plan. After the layout is designed the committee and the surveyor will
submit it to the ministry of land and housing for approval and if approved will start the layout survey proper. And
finally when the survey is completed, the layout roads will be graded and the plots will be opened for sale. Its the
work of the surveyor to show the buyers their plots and produce their plans (plan lifting), register it and participate in
title deed.
Obodoma Layout belongs to Ndiaga Community in Ugwuaji, Enugu South L.G.A. The layout was initiated by
Ndiaga Development Association manned by ten men committee headed by Engr. Uche Ike. This portion of land
was pushed out for sale following the Ogui people encroachment and also for the development of Ugwuaji town.
The layout started on 1st July 2012 and is still in progress till date.
6.1.0
AIM OF THE LAYOUT SURVEY

To run a perimeter survey round the layout mapped out land.
To bury the perimeter beacons with full written SURCON numbers.
To traverse the blocks and parcelate the block plots.
To accurately establish and buldoze the layout road networks.
To burry beacons on all the plots and write them SURCON numbers.
6.2.0 LOCATION OF THE LAYOUT

The obodoma layout is located at Ndiaga Ugwuaji in Enugu south local government area of Enugu state. It is
surrounded by Umunnukwu layout in the north, idume layout in the east, promise layout in the south and
independence layout phase II Layout in the west.

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6.3.0 SIZE OF THE LAYOUT

Obodoma layout covers 114.821 hectares with 1516 plots of land.
6.4.0 CLIENT
The owner of the layout is Ndiaga community in Ugwuaji Enugu south L.G.A of Enugu State.
6.5.0 DATE AND DURATION

The project began on 1st july 2012 and is still in progress till date. Though it was delayed by the conflict between
Ogui and Ugwuaji.
6.6.0 ORDER OF SURVER: Third order

6.7.0 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SURVEY: Cadastral Survey

6.9.0 PLANNING
The layout committee together with Surv. Dom made and signed an agreement on how the survey will be done
peacefully. They went to the land and planted herbaceous plants with tied caution tapes along the boundary edges of
the land. This helped to avoid encroachment during the perimeter survey. We chose three perimeter beacons from
umunnukwu layout as our connection points. They are SC/EN4598BN, SC/EN4599BN and SC/EN4550BN.

and the error was +0.002. This was always applied in the field especially where a long line was measured. We
mostly used tape during parcellation because the total station target was used to measure most distances.

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6.9.3 INSTRUMENT CHECK

The three peg test was used to test the accuracy of our newly bought high target total station. Below is the
description.
Z
C
Angle
A-B=60 15 20
B-C= 92 45 50
A-C = 153 01 9.7
A-B
60 15 20
+ B-C
92 45 50
(A-B) + (B-C) 15301 10

- (A-C)
15301 9.7
000 00 0.3

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6.9.4 IN-SITU CHECK

We ran in-situ check on the three connection beacons to ascertain whether they are still in good position. Below is
the result.
SC/EN4598BN to SC/EN4550BN ...Measured: 132 15 18
SC/EN4599BN to SC/EN4598BN Measured: 175 35 20
SC/EN4599BN
to SC/EN4550BN .Measured: 348 43 51

6.10.0 MOBILIZATION
6.11.1 PERSONNEL
In accordance to survey ethics, surveyors dont work alone. Obodoma layout was apportioned to four surveyors.
They are surv. Dom C Nwankwo ( supervisor), .Obi Mmachie, Obinna and Surv. Vincent. My group is surveyor
Dom and below is the survey party.
Surv. Dom C Nwankwo

Romanus Ike
Theophilus Okorie
Chinedu Nwokoro
Supervisor/Chief Surveyor
pupil Surveyor
Survey Assistant
Driver/Labourer
We used the following instruments in the course of the survey.
Ashtech Differential GPS with its rover

ZTS-120R Hi-target Total Station with its Tripod.
50m steel tape
Six ranging poles
Two Reflectors and their rods

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The following are the materials we used in the layout survey.
Layout Beacons
Bush pegs
Two Crowbers
Two Shovels
Four cutlasses
Sharpening file
harmer
Ribbons
Long straight sticks
6.12.0 METHODOLOGY / LAYOUT SURVEY PROCEDURE

6.13.0 TRAVERSING
6.13.1 PERIMETER SURVEY
Ashtech Differential GPS was used to do the perimeter survey. This idea was adopted in order to provide a very
high accuracy. The master station was mounted on first connection beacon and the rover was used to pick the
coordinates of the boundary points till the perimeter was covered. The data was processed and plotted and the plan
was given to the department of Urban Planning, Ministry of lands and Survey, Enugu state: where the main layout
plan was designed and printed in A0 paper size.
6.13.2 BLOCK TRAVERSING

The principle behind block demarcation/ traversing is that you set instrument on a known established point, backsight and zero on another known point, turn the new point angle or bearing, measure the distance and fix its point.
Then start from their and survey clockwise until the block is covered.
Below was one of the blocks I participated and its description.

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6.13.3 BLOCK PLAN
Instrument was set at peg2 and we back-sighted and zero on peg1 then we transited, cut the line and measured 9m
(width of the road) and fix p1. Also at the same point we began to cut line until we covered a distance of 237.9m
(18.3 x 13 plots) and we fixed p2. We set instrument on p2 back-sighted and zero on apex peg p1 then we turned
270d0000, cut the line, measured 60.1m (30.5m x 2 = 2plots) and fixed p3. We set at p3 back-sighted and zero on
p2 turn 270d0000 cut the line, measured 237.9m and fixed p4. For a test, we set at p4 back-sighted and zero on p3
and turn 270d 0000 and foresight p1. In conclusion, you turn the plan angles if the edges are not perpendicular but
you must first cue in the back bearing of the back-sight angle before you begin to turn the foresight angles directly.
6.13.4 PARCELATION
In layout survey, the general principle of working from whole to part is strictly maintained. The established blocks
will be divided into their number of plots. From the block above, w set at apex peg p1 back-sighted at peg1, transit,
foresight and clamp on p2. Then we measured with tape 5m and fix the truncation peg. Then we measured 13.3m to
fix another peg. From there, we began to measure 18.3m till we reached the last plot. There we measured 13.3m and
fixed the truncation peg. The instrument was set on p2 and directly foresighted p3 and we measured 30.5m and fixed
the centre line point. Instrument was set on p3 and we fore-sighted p4 and began to measure the given distances and

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be fixing their pegs. Instrument was set at p4, we fore-sighted p1 measured 30.5m and fixed the peg. Then for the
center line points, instrument was set at center line peg between p2 and p3. We back-sighted and zero on p2 and turn
270d0000. We aligned poles and cut the line. Then we foresighted the corresponding center line peg between p1
and p4. We started measuring and be fixing pegs.
However, parcellation can also be done with tape and poles. You align poles at the block apex pegs and the
instrument man will be aligning the front chain man as they measure and peg the scaled distance beacon points.
6.13.5 BURRYING OF BEACONS/ MONUMENTATION

The layout beacons consist of a mixture of cement, sand, and gravel, in the ratio of ; 1; 8; 10, respectively. It consist
of 40mm nail spike, punched in the centre of its top. It is moulded firmly into the beacon to form the point to be
bisected during traversing. The dimension of the beacon is as follows.
Length of cross section = 18cm.
Width of cross section = 18cm.
Height of the beacon = 75cm.
The beacons are buried in clockwise direction and for utmost accuracy, they are positioned with the instrument.
They are faced to each other in clockwise direction according to the shape of the block. Finally the beacons are
buried in such a way that the ratio of is buried on the ground while is made to project above the ground.

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6.13.6 BULDOZING OF LAYOUT ROADS

When all the layout traversing has been completed, the next action is to bulldoze the road networks. It is the work of
the surveyor to show the bulldozer man the directions of the roads. This is done by fixing long sticks tied with
caution tapes beside the beacons seen along the roads. This sign shows the driver the direction and also helps to
prevent the bulldozer from destroying the beacons.
Similarly for a very tick and deciduous forest, the surveyor will first clear roads before running parcellation. This
helps to reduce much cutting and destruction of beacons. We did this for more than one month.

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6.13.7 WRITING OF LAYOUT BEACON NUMBERS

Firstly the perimeter beacon numbers are written immediately the perimeter plan is approved by the government.
This helps to prevent intruders and 419 activities. Then the plots beacon numbers are written when all other things
have been completed in the layout. The numbers are written with well-proportioned mortar (cement, sand and
water), trowel and thin pointed stick. The trowel is used to levelly shape the mortar on top of the beacon but making
sure the nail spike is visible (not covered). The numbers are written in such a way that they faced the direction of the
proceeding beacons.
SURCON number is this format. SC/EN X2041CF.
SC: means SURCON
EN: is an abbreviation for the state where the land is located. EN stands for Enugu
X: is the SURCON number series
CF :is the Registered Surveyors Code. CF is the beacon code of Surv. Dom

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6.13.8 PLAN LIFTING

This is the last thing that the surveyor will continue to do for the clients (buyers) as long as the layout exists and the
surveyor is alive. Plan lifting involves producing the plan of the plot(s) a buyer bought from the layout. The
particular plot(s) is/are carved out of the layout plan.
Finally change of title which is done for third party buyers is done only by the surveyor who did the layout. Each
plot for lifting has a certain price. For Enugu state a one plot lifting cost 60 thousand naira. The charge may increase
in future.

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6.14.0 OBODOMA LAYOUT PLAN

A serious conflict arose between Ugwuaji and Ogui people over the ownership of the layout land. This resulted to
many weeks of Gun shut and the brutal beating of some of our contracted surveyors. This conflict halted the
progress of the layout survey.
Similarly the rainy season made the road to be so bad. Our cars couldnt pass the road again and this led to the total
break, even up to this October.
6.17.0 CONCLUSION
Layout survey is a long survey project. And it requires constant flow of money to fuel steady work in the layout. I
gained a lot of experience in the course of layout survey participation.

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CHAPTER SEVEN
GENERAL COMMENT, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
7.1.0 GENERAL COMMENT
In fact, words are not enough to express my gratitude. The Industrial Students Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
has really equipped me beyond measures. It has made me to develop much love and appreciation to the Survey
Profession.
All that I dreamed to praticalize during the IT period was realized. I began to appreciate the in-depth theory courses
we did in school before going to SIWES attachment.
I was thoroughly trained in manual and digital instruments, Softwares, Data processing/Calculations, cadastral
surveys, engineering surveys, GIS, leadership/planning and registrations.
Indeed surveying profession is so vast and much interesting and most importantly requires much carefulness,
accuracy and fastness.
7.2.0 RECOMMENDATION
I must recommend that vast practical training should be demonstrated to the students so as to equip them for both IT
and professional practice. Instruments and field procedures should be practically impacted. If structurally organized
and executed, the sky will become the starting point of every Geoinformatics and Surveying graduates of University
of Nigeria.
7.3.0 CONCLUSION
SIWES program is a very good initiative. Through it, students are extensively equipped both professionally, socially,
financially and otherwise.

2009/167372

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It Siwes Technical Report by Nwankwo Jephthah T K Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying Unn

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A TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) CARRIED OUT IN

GOOD VALUE GEOINFORMATION CONSULT.

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

NWANKWO JEPHTHAH T.K

NWANKWO JEPHTHAH T.K

NWANKWO JEPHTHAH T.K

NWANKWO JEPHTHAH T.K

1.5.0 DATE, TIME AND WEATHER CONDITION -

1.6.0 SIZE OF THE SURVEY

1.2.0 AIM OF THE PROJECT

1.7.0 CATEGORY OF THE SURVEY

1.8.0 ORDER OF THE SURVEY

1.9.0 PLANNING AND MOBILIZATION -

1.10.2 INSTRUMENT TEST

1.10.3 STEEL TAPE CALIBRATION

1.11.1 PERSONNEL, INSTRUMENTATION AND MATERIALS USED

1.12.0 DATA ACQUISITION / METHODOLOGY -

1.11.4 MATERIALS USED

1.14.0 DATA PROCESSING

1.14.1 TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

NWANKWO JEPHTHAH T.K

1.14.3 FIELD BOOK / ANGULAR REDUCTION TABLE

1.14.7 AREA BY DOUBLE LATITUDE METHOD

1.14.8 GEODETIC PARAMETERS

1.15.2 Cloth / blue copy plan

1.15.3 Client copy plan

1.16.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

2.6.0 DATE/WEATHER CONDITION

2.7.0 ORDER OF SURVEY

2.8.0 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SURVEY

2.9.0 AIM OF THE PRELIMINARY SURVEY

2.10.0. PLANNING AND MOBILIZATION

NWANKWO JEPHTHAH T.K

2.12.1 PERSONNEL, INSTRUMENTATION AND MATERIALS USED

2.12.4 MATERIALS USED

2.13.1 ROAD SURVEY PROCEDURE

2.13.2 RUNNING OF CHAINAGES

2.13.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF CONTROLS/BENCHMARKS

2.14.0 CUTTING OF LINES

2.15.0 DATA ACQUISITION

2.16.0 BRIDGE/RIVER SURVEY

2.16.1 SHAPE OF THE RIVER

2.16.2 DEPTH OF THE RIVER

2.17.0 DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION

2.18.0 DATA PROCESSING

2.19.1 THE LONGITUDINAL PROFILE PLAN

2.19.2 CROSS SECTION PLAN

2.15.2 CROSS SECTION

2.16.3 RIVER AVERAGE WATER LEVEL

2.21.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

NWANKWO JEPHTHAH T.K

3.1.0 AIM OF THE SURVEY

3.3.0 DATE DURATION AND WEATHER CONDITION

3.4.0 SIZE OF THE SURVEY

3.5.0 ORDER OF SURVEY

3.2.0 LOCATION OF THE SURVEY

3.6.0 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEY

3.8.2 BUILDING PLAN GEOREFERENCING

3.8.3 GEOREFERENCED SITE PLAN

3.8.4 SCALLING OUT THE RAYED POINTS ANGLES AND DISTANCES

3.8.6 RAYED LINES DIMENSION