The Innovation of

Computers
BY: ADAM FRITZMAN AND TAYLOR BROSET

1939

Hewlett-Packard is founded. They created the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, 8 of

which were bought by Walt Disney in order to make sound effects for their movie
Fantasia.

Hewlett and Packard in the

garage workshop courtesy HP
Archives

1946

ENIAC is completed and shown to the public; It was 1000 times

faster than its contemporaries.

ENIAC

1947

On December 23, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John

Bardeen successfully tested the point-contact transistor, setting
off the semiconductor revolution. Improved models of the
transistor, developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories, supplanted
vacuum tubes used on computers at the time.

Point-contact
transistor

1949

Maurice Wilkes assembled the EDSAC, the first practical storedprogram computer; for programming the EDSAC, Wilkes
established a library of short programs called subroutines stored
on punched paper tapes.

Wilkes with the

EDSAC

1950

Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis built the ERA 1101, the first
commercially produced computer; the companys first customer was the U.S.
Navy. It held 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, the earliest magnetic
storage devices.

ERA 1101 drum

memory

1950 (part 2)

The National Bureau of Standards constructed the SEAC

(Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) in Washington as a
laboratory for testing components and systems for setting
computer standards. The SEAC was the first computer to use alldiode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes.

SEAC

1956

MIT researchers built the TX-0, the first general-purpose,

programmable computer built with transistors. For easy
replacement, designers placed each transistor circuit inside a
"bottle," similar to a vacuum tube.

MIT
TX0

1958

SAGE Semi-Automatic Ground Environment linked hundreds

of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first
large-scale computer communications network. Each computer
used a full megawatt of power to drive its 55,000 vacuum tubes,
175,000 diodes and 13,000 transistors.

SAGE operator
station

1964

CDCs 6600 supercomputer, designed by Seymour Cray,

performed up to 3 million instructions per second a processing
speed three times faster than that of its closest competitor, the
IBM Stretch. The 6600 retained the distinction of being the
fastest computer in the world until surpassed by its successor,
the CDC 7600, in 1968.

CDC
6600

1968

The Apollo Guidance Computer made its debut orbiting the Earth
on Apollo 7. A year later, it steered Apollo 11 to the lunar surface.
Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching twodigit codes and the appropriate syntactic category into the
display and keyboard unit.

Apollo Guidance Computer

1974

Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center designed the

Alto the first work station with a built-in mouse for input. The
Alto stored several files simultaneously in windows, offered
menus and icons, and could link to a local area network.

Xerox

1976

Steve Wozniak, a young American electronics expert, designed

the Apple-1, a single-board computer for hobbyists. With an order
for 50 assembled systems from Mountain View, California
computer store The Byte Shop in hand, he and best friend Steve
Jobs started a new company, naming it Apple Computer, Inc.

Apple-1, signed by
Steve Wozniak

1977

The Apple II became an instant success when released in 1977

with its printed circuit motherboard, switching power supply,
keyboard, case assembly, manual, game paddles, A/C power
cord, and cassette tape with the computer game "Breakout."
When hooked up to a color television set, the Apple II produced
brilliant color graphics.

Apple II

1981

Adam Osborne completed the first portable computer, the

Osborne I, which weighed 24 pounds and cost $1,795. The price
made the machine especially attractive, as it included software
worth about $1,500. The machine featured a 5-inch display, 64
kilobytes of memory, a modem, and two 5 1/4-inch floppy disk
drives.

Osborne
I

1987

IBM introduced its PS/2 machines, which made the 3 1/2-inch

floppy disk drive and video graphics array standard for IBM
computers. The first IBMs to include Intels 80386 chip, the
company had shipped more than 1 million units by the end of the
year. IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same
time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBMs for the first time.

IBM
PS/2

1990

Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics

laboratory in Geneva, develops HyperText Markup Language
(HTML), giving rise to the World Wide Web.

1999

The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and

users begin connecting to the Internet without wires.

2001

Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides

protected memory architecture and pre-emptive multi-tasking,
among other benefits. Not to be outdone, Microsoft rolls out
Windows XP, which has a significantly redesigned GUI.

2007

The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smartphone.

Sources

http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=cmptr

http://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html