Electrical Engineering

Air Conditioning

Rajesh Gupta
Prof. Elec.

AirConditioning

Introduction
What you will know at the end of
session?
1. Organizational Set up & a bit of
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

history
Basic concepts in Air-conditioning.
Capacity and Settings of AC coaches
System of Generation
Generation in EOG coaches
How AC works in AC coach
Development of RMPU
LHB coaches & Double Decker AC
train
Take tour of LHB coach

Introduction
Organization

RB

HQ
Sr.DEE/
Chg
DEE/A
EE

CTA

SSE

Contr
ol

Introduction
A view at Coaching
depot

Introduction
A view at Coaching
depot

Introduction
A view at Coaching
depot

Sick line of
depot

Introduction

HISTORY OF
OF AC
AC
HISTORY
COACHES
COACHES

Air-Conditioning
History of AC
coaches

The first Indian air-conditioned train was Frontier

Mail which was introduced in 1934. Earlier, the AC
coaches of thetrain were kept cool by using ice
blocks. These were replenished at several halts
along the line. A battery operated blower
constantly blew air into these receptacles, and
the cold air entered the insulated cars through
vents.
Britishofficers used to travel by Frontier Mail.It
was a challenge to maintain thetemperature of

Air-Conditioning
History of AC
coaches
The Frontier Mail
was one of the first
trains in India to
get an air
conditioned car.
The AC car started
running from
1934.

Air-Conditioning
More on history of AC
coaches
The North-Western Railway introduced airconditioned stock in the late 1930's (the earliest
was probably the Frontier Mail in 1936 or 1937).
In 1952-53 there were air-conditioned services
between Bombay and Howrah, Delhi and Madras
(Grand Trunk Exp.), Bombay and Delhi, BombayAmritsar (Frontier Mail), Bombay-Viramgam
(Saurashtra Mail), and Bombay-Ahmedabad
(Gujarat Mail).
These all used AC units that were mounted
beneath the coach body (underslung),
interconnected by pipes.

Air-Conditioning
More on history of AC
coaches

The first fully air-conditioned train was

introduced in 1956 between Howrah and Delhi.
Popularly known as the AC Express, it ran on the
Grand Chord.
Later there were two, one running on the Grand
Chord and the other on the Main Line. Another
train popularly known as the AC Express was
the Dakshin Exp. between Madras and New
Delhi in the 1960s.
AC Chair Car stock was introduced around 1955.
Until about 1979, air-conditioning was available
only in these and in AC First Class cars.
Around 1979 the first two-tier AC coaches were
introduced.
The first 3-tier AC coaches were introduced in

Air-Conditioning

BASIC
BASIC
AIRCONDITIONING
AIRCONDITIONING
Concept of
of Human
Human
Concept
Comfort
Comfort

Air-Conditioing
Difference between Air
Conditioning & Refrigeration

Factors of Comfort
Temperatur
e
Humidity
Air Flow
Noise
Purity of
Air

Air-Conditioning
Air-conditioning comfort
factors
Factors deciding comfort level
temperature
humidity
draft (velocity of air)
purity of air
Noise
Humidity ratio of the moisture
contained in a given quantity to the
quantity of moisture required to saturate
that quantity at a particular temp. It is
termed as Relative Humidity (RH).

Air-Conditioning
Unit of
Refrigeration
Unit of Refrigeration in ton (TR)
It refers to the latent heat required to
melt a ton of ice at 32 degree F in 24
hours
1 ton = 2000 lbs
Latent heat of Water to freeze -144
BTU/Lb
1 TR = 2000X144
=12000 BTU/Hr
24
= 3000 k Cal/Hr

Air-Conditioning
1TR of Refrigeration capacity?
1 TR Can Cater to Approx.
100 SQFT. (Area)

or 1200 CUFT. (Space)

Air-Conditioning
Relative
Humidity
Air has capacity to trap moisture. Its
capacity to trap moisture varies
with temperature.
Temperature 1 Cuf of air
70 deg.F 4 grains
80 deg.F 11 grains
90 deg.F 19 grains
1 kg of water = 15400 grains of

Air-Conditioning
Method to control RH
Outside ambient air (say 100
deg. F with 95% RH) is sent
over the evaporator at 40
deg. F, moisture is condensed.
When this air goes inside the
AC compartment it rises to 70
deg. F and as there is now
less moisture, the RH
becomes 50 % inside.

Air-Conditioning
Refrigera
nt

Freon 12 or Freon 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) gases

These are chemical Compounds.

Freon is the Trade name. In
India the Trade name is Mafron.
Manufactured by Navin Fluorine
Industries
To be re planned by non CFC
gases by 2012 - to reduce
Ozone layer depletion
R-134 (Tetrafluroethane) a is

Air-Conditioning

CAPACITY
AND
SETTINGS
OF
CAPACITY AND SETTINGS OF
AC COACHES
COACHES
AC

Air-Conditioning
Capacity of AC
Coaches
As per heat load calculation, Load
and
Plant capacity of various Coaches
LOAD
AC II tier
8 TR
TR
AC Ist
5.3 TR
TR
AC Chair Car/III tier

CAPACITY
2 Plants x 5.3
1 Plant x 6.7
2 Plants x 6.7

Air-Conditioning
Other settings in AC
Coach
Fresh air requirement
Smoking not permitted 0.35 meter
cube/min/
passenger
Smoking permitted
0.7 meter
cube/min/

passenger

Air Velocity
up to 0.2m/sec inside the compartment
4 m/sec at the diffuser

Air-Conditioning
Temperature settings in AC
Coach

Low

MediumHigh

I AC
Cooling 220 C 240 C
260 C
Heating 170 C 190 C 210 C
II AC Cooling 260 C
III AC Heating -

240 C
190 C

210 C

Air-Conditioning

SYSTEM
OF
GENERATION
SYSTEM OF GENERATION
FOR AC
AC COACHES
COACHES
FOR

Air-Conditioning
Air- Conditioned
Coaches
Air-conditioned Coaches broadly
classified asSelf generating type
Power for AC equipments is
supplied by axle driven
alternators at 110V DC
Endon generation type
Power from diesel generated
sets (DG sets) at both ends at
750 V AC 3 phase 50 Hz.
AC equipments operate at 415
V 3 phase 50 Hz. AC

Air-Conditioning

SYSTEM OF
OF
SYSTEM
GENERATION
GENERATION
IN EOG
EOG COACHES
COACHES
IN

Air-Conditioning
Supply System in
Endongeneration
Coaches

Power supply for air-conditioning, lights

and fans is obtained by tapping from one
of the two feeders of 750 V, 3 phase, 50
HZ emanating from the Power Car
Each coach is provided with 50KVA
transformer which steps down voltage to
415 V, 3 phase
All AC equipments i.e. compressor,
condenser, evaporator, heater etc. work

Air-Conditioning
Supply System in EOG
Coaches
contd
For supply to lights and fans,
each coach is provided with a
step
down
transformer
of
capacity 3 KVA - steps down the
voltage from 415 V, 3 phase to
190 V, 3 phase.
110 V a.c. supply is provided for
lamps and fans by connecting
them between line and neutral of

Air-Conditioning
Supply System in EOG
Coaches
contd
A 24 V emergency battery of
90 Ah capacity has been
provided on the under frame
along with a battery charger.
The battery supplies the
emergency lights provided in
the Coach in the event of a. c.
power failure.

Air-Conditioning
Battery Charging at the
Terminal Stations
For precooling , AC Coaches are
provided with
One 200A capacity battery
charger
The battery charger takes 440 V,
3 phase supply through special
battery
charging
sockets
mounted diagonally one on each
end wall.
The battery charger consists of a

Air-Conditioning
Air-conditioning system

working

Refrigeration cycle

Refrigeration cycle conventional coach

Heating cycle conventional coach

Air-Conditioning
Equipments of AC
System

Compressor compresses & delivers gas

into condensers at a high pressure &
high temperature
Condenser it cools the hot gas and
liquidates it under pressure
Expansion Valve It controls and
regulates the rate of flow of liquid freon
under high pressure
Evaporator the cooling unit in which
liquid
freon
under
low
pressure
evaporates & in-doing so takes away the
latent heat thereby cooling the medium

Air-Conditioning
AC system in conventional
type Coaches
In
conventional
type

AC
equipments provided on underframe
Operates on 110 V DC supply
through 18/25 KW alternators
Thermostat senses the inside
temperature of the coach
Battery charger is provided on
under-frame
for
charging
the
batteries

Air-Conditioning
Under slung Type AC
System

Air-Conditioning
BRUSH LESS ALTERNATOR

Air-Conditioning
Drawbacks of Conventional AC
system
Refrigerant gas leakage from pipes
and joints
Heavy weight - coach tare weight
increases
Large space occupation by the
equipments
Maintenance problems - Huge skilled
manpower required
Consumes more power - Less
energy efficient
Under-slung equipments get hit by

Air-Conditioning
Development of
RMPU

Reliable static Inverters (for

conversion of 110 volt dc into 3phase ac)
Use of 3- phase brushless compact
motors possible.
Development of Package Units for
Rolling Stock applications
Disadvantages of Opentype
(underslung) eliminated.
Weight advantage - one Ton

Air-Conditioning
Roof-Mounted Packaged
Unit
(RMPU)
RMPU of 5.2 introduced in the

year 1992with 25 KW alternator

AC II tier & AC III tier - Two units of

7.0 TR
First AC - one unit of 7 TR
Mounted above the toilets on both
ends supplying conditioned air in

Air-Conditioning
Roof-Mounted Packaged
Unit
(RMPU)
Top view

Air-Conditioning
LOOK ONTO THE COMPRESSORS

Air-Conditioning
Comparison of RMPU with
Conventional under-frame AC
RMPU
Convention
system
al AC

Weight

900 Kgs
(2 units)

2700 kgs

Installation
time

4 hrs

4 days

Refrigerant

R 134a

R 12

Refrigerant
charge

2.85 Kgs

15 Kgs

Danger due to
cattle run over
/ flood

Nil

Heavy

Down time for

repairs

4 hrs.

Very long
time

Air-Conditioning
Linke Hoffman Bosch
(LHB)
coaches
State of the art coaches
Rajdhani / Shatabdi Exp.
Trains
Modern passenger
amenities

Technology transfer
M/s Alstom LHB of
Germany

Manufactured at RCF,

Air-Conditioning

LHB
Coaches

Aesthetically superior Interiors

Very low noise
Fire retardant materials

Modular toilets with controlled dischar

Light weight

Air-Conditioning
GENERAL FEATURES OF LHB COACH
EXHAUST
FAN

FRESH AIR
INTAKE

AC PACKAGE UNIT

EXT. SUPPLY
SOCKET

IV COUPLER

BATTERIES

BATTERY FUSE BOX

Air-Conditioning
Basic Components of LHB Coach

Air-Conditioning
Basic Components of LHB Coach

Air-Conditioning
Basic Components of LHB Coach

Air-Conditioning
Basic Components of LHB Coach