M/W Antenna Report

Volume 47
Number 12
June 22, 2009
NASA STI Program ... in Profile

Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated
to the advancement of aeronautics and space
science. The NASA scientific and technical
information (STI) program plays a key part in
helping NASA maintain this important role.
CONFERENCE PUBLICATION.
Collected papers from scientific and
technical conferences, symposia,
seminars, or other meetings sponsored
or co-sponsored by NASA.
The NASA STI program operates under the

auspices of the Agency Chief Information
Officer. It collects, organizes, provides for
archiving, and disseminates NASAs STI. The
NASA STI program provides access to the
NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its
public interface, the NASA Technical Report
Server, thus providing one of the largest
collections of aeronautical and space science
STI in the world. Results are published in both
non-NASA channels and by NASA in the
NASA STI Report Series, which includes the
following report types:
SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific,

technical, or historical information from
NASA programs, projects, and missions,
often concerned with subjects having
substantial public interest.
TECHNICAL TRANSLATION.
English-language translations of foreign
scientific and technical material pertinent to
NASAs mission.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of

completed research or a major significant
phase of research that present the results of
NASA Programs and include extensive data
or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical
data and information deemed to be of
continuing reference value. NASA counterpart of peer-reviewed formal professional
papers but has less stringent limitations on
manuscript length and extent of graphic
presentations.
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM.
Scientific and technical findings that are
preliminary or of specialized interest,
e.g., quick release reports, working
papers, and bibliographies that contain
minimal annotation. Does not contain
extensive analysis.
CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and
technical findings by NASA-sponsored
contractors and grantees.
Specialized services also include organizing

and publishing research results, distributing
specialized research announcements and feeds,
providing help desk and personal search
support, and enabling data exchange services.
For more information about the NASA STI
program, see the following:
Access the NASA STI program home page

at http://www.sti.nasa.gov
E-mail your question via the Internet to

help@sti.nasa.gov
Fax your question to the NASA STI Help

Desk at 443-757-5803
Phone the NASA STI Help Desk at

443-757-5802
Write to:
NASA STI Help Desk
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information
7115 Standard Drive
Hanover, MD 21076-1320
Introduction
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) is an online information resource listing
citations and abstracts of NASA and worldwide aerospace-related scientific and technical
information (STI). Updated biweekly, STAR highlights the most recent additions to the NASA
Aeronautics and Space Database. Through this resource, the NASA STI Program provides timely
access to the most current aerospace-related research and development (R&D) results.
STAR subject coverage includes all aspects of aeronautics and space research and development,
supporting basic and applied research, and application, as well as aerospace aspects of Earth
resources, energy development, conservation, oceanography, environmental protection, urban
transportation and other topics of high national priority. The listing is arranged first by 11 broad
subject divisions, then within these divisions by 76 subject categories and includes two indexes:
subject and author.
STAR includes citations to R&D results reported in:
NASA, NASA contractor, and NASA grantee reports

Reports issued by other U.S. Government agencies, domestic and foreign institution,
universities, and private firms
Translations
NASA-owned patents and patent applications
Other U.S. Government agency and foreign patents and patent applications
Domestic and foreign dissertations and theses
STAR may cite copyrighted materials. Please refer to the Copyright Notice on the STI Web site
for guidance on the use of these documents.
The NASA STI Program

The NASA STI Program was established to support the objectives of NASAs missions and
research to advance aeronautics and space science. By sharing information, the NASA STI
Program ensures that the U.S. maintains its preeminence in aerospace-related industries and
education, minimizes duplication of research, and increases research productivity.
Through the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI), the NASA STI Program
acquires, processes, archives, announces, and disseminates both NASAs internal STI and worldwide STI. The results of 20th and 21st century aeronautics and aerospace research and
development, a worldwide investment totaling billions of dollars, have been captured, organized,
and stored in the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database. New information is continually
announced and made available as it is acquired, making this a dynamic and historical collection
of value to business, industry, academia, federal institutions, and the general public.
The STI Program offers products and tools that allow efficient access to the wealth of
information derived from global R&D efforts. In addition, customized services are available to
help tailor this valuable resource to meet your specific needs.
For more information on the most up-to-date NASA STI, visit the STI Programs Web site at
http://www.sti.nasa.gov.
NASA STI Availability Information

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
Through NASA CASI, the NASA STI Program offers many information products and services to
the aerospace community and to the public, including access to a selection of full text of the
NASA STI. Free registration with the program is available to NASA, U.S. Government agencies
and contractors. To register, contact CASI at help@sti.nasa.gov. Others should visit the program
at www.sti.nasa.gov. The search selected databases button provides access to the NASA
Technical Reports Server (NTRS) the publicly available contents of the NASA Aeronautics
and Space Database.
Each citation in STAR indicates a Source of Availability. When CASI is indicated, the user can
order this information directly from CASI using the STI Online Order Form, e-mail to
help@sti.nasa.gov, or telephone the STI Help Desk at 443-757-5802. Before ordering you may
access price code tables for STI documents and videos. When information is not available from
CASI, the source of the information is indicated when known.
NASA STI is also available to the public through Federal information organizations. NASA
CASI disseminates publicly available NASA STI to the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS) and to the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) through the Government Printing
Office (GPO). In addition, NASA patents are available online from the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

The National Technical Information Service serves the American public as a central resource for
unlimited, unclassified U.S. Government scientific, technical, engineering, and business related
information. For more than 50 years NTIS has provided businesses, universities, and the public
timely access to well over 2 million publications covering over 350 subject areas. Visit NTIS at
http://www.ntis.gov.
The Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP)

The U.S. Congress established the Federal Depository Library Program to ensure access for
the American public to U.S. Government information. The program acquires and disseminates
information products from all three branches of the U.S. Government to nearly 1,300 Federal
depository libraries nationwide. The libraries maintain these information products as part of their
existing collections and are responsible for assuring that the public has free access to the
information. Locate the Federal depository libraries at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/index.html.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office provides online access to full text patents and patent
applications. The database includes patents back to 1976 plus some pre-1975 patents. Visit the
USPTO at http://www.uspto.gov/patft/.
Table of Contents
Subject Divisions/Categories
Document citations are grouped by division and then by category, according to the NASA Scope and Subject
Category Guide.
Aeronautics
01 Aeronautics (General) ...................................................................................................................... 1
02 Aerodynamics ................................................................................................................................. 24
03 Air Transportation and Safety ......................................................................................................... 27
05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance ...................................................................................... 34
06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation ............................................................................................. 45
07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power ........................................................................................................ 47
08 Aircraft Stability and Control ........................................................................................................... 50
09 Research and Support Facilities (Air) ............................................................................................ 52
Astronautics
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Astronautics (General) ....................................................................................................................

Ground Support Systems and Facilities (Space) ...........................................................................
Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations ......................................................................................
Space Transportation and Safety ...................................................................................................
Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications, Command and Tracking .........................
Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance ................................................................................
Spacecraft Instrumentation and Astrionics .....................................................................................
Spacecraft Propulsion and Power ..................................................................................................
52
54
54
60
63
64
66
67
Chemistry and Materials

23
24
25
26
27
28
Chemistry and Materials (General) ................................................................................................ 69

Composite Materials ....................................................................................................................... 73
Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry ................................................................................... 79
Metals and Metallic Materials ......................................................................................................... 92
Nonmetallic Materials ..................................................................................................................... 95
Propellants and Fuels ................................................................................................................... 100
Engineering
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Engineering (General) ..................................................................................................................

Communications and Radar .........................................................................................................
Electronics and Electrical Engineering .........................................................................................
Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics ........................................................................................
Instrumentation and Photography ................................................................................................
Lasers and Masers .......................................................................................................................
Mechanical Engineering ...............................................................................................................
Quality Assurance and Reliability .................................................................................................
Structural Mechanics ....................................................................................................................
102
113
122
132
134
141
144
147
147
Geosciences
42
43
44
45
46
47
Geosciences (General) .................................................................................................................

Earth Resources and Remote Sensing ........................................................................................
Energy Production and Conversion .............................................................................................
Environment Pollution ...................................................................................................................
Geophysics ...................................................................................................................................
Meteorology and Climatology .......................................................................................................
152
153
155
159
167
170
Life Sciences
51 Life Sciences (General) ................................................................................................................ 176
52 Aerospace Medicine ..................................................................................................................... 196
54
Man/System Technology and Life Support ................................................................................... 197
Mathematical and Computer Sciences

59 Mathematical and Computer Sciences (General) ........................................................................ 204
60 Computer Operations and Hardware ........................................................................................... 210
61 Computer Programming and Software ......................................................................................... 212
62 Computer Systems ....................................................................................................................... 216
63
64
Cybernetics, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics .......................................................................... 221

Numerical Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 224
65 Statistics and Probability .............................................................................................................. 227

66 Systems Analysis and Operations Research ............................................................................... 233
67 Theoretical Mathematics .............................................................................................................. 234
Physics
70
71
72
73
74
75
77
Physics (General) .........................................................................................................................

Acoustics ......................................................................................................................................
Atomic and Molecular Physics .....................................................................................................
Nuclear Physics ............................................................................................................................
Optics ............................................................................................................................................
Plasma Physics ............................................................................................................................
Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields .................................................................................
235
236
241
242
243
245
246
Social and Information Sciences

81 Administration and Management .................................................................................................. 246
82 Documentation and Information Science ..................................................................................... 246
85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation ...................................................................... 257
Space Sciences
88 Space Sciences (General) ........................................................................................................... 267
89 Astronomy ..................................................................................................................................... 292
90 Astrophysics ................................................................................................................................. 299
91 Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration ............................................................................. 301
92 Solar Physics ................................................................................................................................ 305
93
Space Radiation ........................................................................................................................... 305
General
99
General ......................................................................................................................................... 306
Indexes
Two indexes are available. You may use the find command under the tools menu while viewing the PDF file for direct match
searching on any text string. You may also select either of the two indexes provided for linking to the corresponding document
citation from NASA Thesaurus terms and personal author names.
Subject Term Index

Personal Author Index
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL

AEROSPACE REPORTS
A Biweekly Publication of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
VOLUME 47, NUMBER 12
JUNE 22, 2009
01
AERONAUTICS (GENERAL)
Includes general research topics related to manned and unmanned aircraft and the problems of flight within the Earths atmosphere. Also
includes manufacturing, maintenance, and repair of aircraft. For specific topics in aeronautics, see categories 02 through 09. For
information related to space vehicles see 12 Astronautics.
20090021295 Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park, Dayton, OH, USA; Quinn Evans Architects, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
Historic Structure Report. The Wright Cycle Company Building
May 30, 1999; 170 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-110430; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A08, Hardcopy
The Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park comprises four noncontiguous sites in Dayton, Ohio. The park was
established to commemorate the legacy of three exceptional men - Wilbur Wright, Orville Wright, and Paul Laurence Dunbar
- and their lives and works in the Miami Valley; recognize the national significance of the contributions made by the Wright
brothers and Paul Laurence Dunbar and the city of Daytons role in their contributions; (and, to) promote preservation and
interpretation of resources related to the lives of these three men and the invention of flight through a management framework
based on cooperation among the diverse groups that share an interest in aviation history and Paul Laurence Dunbar. One of
the four sites is The Wright Cycle Company building. Located at 22 South Williams Street on the west side of Dayton, The
Wright Cycle Company building is a two-story detached, red brick, commercial structure with a full basement. Built in 1886,
the building has been described as a typical neighborhood grocery store type of the period. The Wright Cycle Company
buildings significance stems from the fact that it was in this building that the Wrights printing and bicycle businesses were
brought together under the same roof. During their occupancy, the Wright brothers began manufacturing their own brand of
bicycles. It was also in this building that the Wright brothers began to consider the problems of powered flight. The Wright
Cycle Company building is listed in the 1989 National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form as a contributing structure
in the West Third Street Historic District, and was also designated a National Historic Landmark on June 21, 1990.
NTIS
Histories; National Parks
20090021990 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
2007 Research and Technology
Riddlebaugh, Stephen M., Editor; June 2008; 195 pp.; In English; See also 20090021991 - 20090022094; Original contains
black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2008-215054; E-16282; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A09, Hardcopy
The NASA Glenn Research Center is pushing the envelope of research and technology in aeronautics, space exploration,
science, and space operations. Our research in aeropropulsion, structures and materials, and instrumentation and controls is
enabling next-generation transportation systems that are faster, more environmentally friendly, more fuel efficient, and safer.
Our research and development of space flight systems is enabling advanced power, propulsion, communications, and human
health systems that will advance the exploration of our solar system. This report selectively summarizes NASA Glenn
Research Center s research and technology accomplishments for fiscal year 2007. Comprising 104 short articles submitted by
the staff scientists and engineers, the report is organized into six major sections: Aeropropulsion, Power and Space Propulsion,
Communications, Space Processes and Experiments, Instrumentation and Controls, and Structures and Materials. It is not
intended to be a comprehensive summary of all the research and technology work done over the past fiscal year; most of the
work is reported in Glenn-published technical reports, journal articles, and presentations. For each article in this report, a
1
Glenn contact person has been identified, and where possible, a reference document is listed so that additional information can
be easily obtained.
Author
Aeronautics; Propulsion System Configurations; Space Communication; Propulsion System Performance; Aircraft Engines;
Telecommunication; Space Exploration; Aerospace Engineering
Microwave Turbine-Tip-Clearance Sensor Tested in Relevant Combustion Environment
Bencic, Timothy J.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 109; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains
black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
A microwave turbine-tip-clearance sensor was tested in a relevant combustion environment at temperatures exceeding
1000 C in NASA Glenn Research Center s High Pressure Burner Rig. This sensor is an integral component in the development
of active control of the gap between the rotating turbine blade and the stationary case of jet engines. Studies have shown that
minimizing this gap to 0.25 mm could reduce fuel consumption by approximately 1 percent and significantly lower the
emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide while lowering the exhaust gas temperature by 10 C.
Additional benefits include decreased operating and maintenance costs while increasing range and payload capabilities.
Microwave clearance probes work by emitting a radiowave from a sensor that actually is both a transmitting and receiving
antenna. The signal is reflected off of a metal object and received back by the sensor. The difference between these sensors
and traditional radar is that radar is used on distance scales of miles and microwave sensors measure fractions of a millimeter.
Like radar, these sensors can see through nonmetallic materials and are unaffected by contaminates from combustion in jet
engines. The sensor system was developed and purchased under NASAs Small Business Innovation Research program from
Radatec, Inc. (currently Vibro-Meter S.A.).
Derived from text
Combustion Temperature; Microwave Probes; Microwave Sensors; Turbine Blades; Jet Engines; Blade Tips
Initial Prototype of Ares I Upper Stage Thrust Vector Control and Associated One-Axis Test Rig Developed
Pham, Nang T.; Frate, Dave T.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 23-24; In English; See also 20090021990;
Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Thrust Vector Control (TVC) provides a critical function in steering the Ares I Upper Stage (US) in the pitch and yaw
direction during powered flight. An initial prototype of the Ares I US TVC and its associated one-axis test rig have been
developed by the NASA Glenn Research Center TVC team. The initial prototype is a TVC breadboard that represents a single
TVC string with a hydraulic pump, hydraulic system, and an actuator. The TVC breadboard is built with off-the-shelf
hardware. The one-axis test rig was developed to simulate the gimbaling dynamics and rocket engine system characteristics
including inertia, gimbal friction, thrust offset, moment arm, propellant feed line, and acceleration loads. The one-axis test rig
includes a closed-loop rocket dynamic control algorithm that computes the required load. This load is applied to the TVC
breadboard actuator using two servoload actuators, one on each side of the TVC breadboard actuator, connecting through a
common beam. The test rig is supported by a facility hydraulic power system and control and data management systems. The
TVC breadboard and one-axis test rig will be integrated and tested in early calendar year 2008. The objective of the TVC
breadboard testing is to provide engineering data to support the preliminary design of the selected TVC architecture and to
validate analysis models.
Derived from text
Ares 1 Upper Stage; Prototypes; Thrust Vector Control; Hydraulics; Gimbals; Dynamic Control
Structural Benchmark Testing Completed for Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator Segment Joints
Krause, David L.; Pawlik, Ralph J.; Ritzert, Frank J.; Thompson, William K.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008,
pp. 160-161; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI:
A01, Hardcopy
The NASA Glenn Research Center is developing, designing, and building an Upper Stage Simulator (USS) for the NASA
Constellation Programs first test flight, the Ares I-X. The purpose of this unmanned Ascent Development Flight Test is to test
the solid rocket motor First Stage, vehicle flight controllability, and environment characterization. For a description of the Ares
I mission and purpose see reference 1. Success relies on the USS to not only accurately represent the second-stage geometry
2
and mass properties, but to also react favorably to the static and dynamic structural load environment to which it will be
subjected. The importance of the latter was reflected in the projects test and verification effort requirement to experimentally
validate several key analytical structural properties through in-house sub element testing at Glenns Structural Benchmark Test
Facility. For simple, low-cost fabrication, the USS is being fabricated from short, easily transported circular shell segments
of common design. The segments will be assembled end-to-end at the NASA Kennedy Space Center using many threaded
fasteners.
Derived from text
Ares 1 Upper Stage; Fabrication; Simulators; Test Facilities; Ascent; Pilotless Aircraft
Effects of Cracks and Residual Stresses at the Toe of the Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator Shell-to-Flange Weld
Quantified Using Probabilistic Approaches and the NASGRO Crack-Growth Code
Nagpal, Vinod K.; Patel, Bhogilai M.; Hoge, Peter A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 162-163; In English;
See also 20090021990; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
The primary structures of the Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator (USS) space vehicle (see the sketch) are constructed of
welded mild steel plates, which caused some concern that welding flaws could cause structural failure. It was considered
critical to quantify the impact of uncertainties in residual stress, material porosity, applied loads, and material and
crack-growth properties on the reliability of the welds during the Ares I-X preflight and flight. A criterion was established an
existing maximum size crack at the weld toe must be smaller than the maximum allowable flaw size to estimate the reliability
of the welds. Consequently, researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center developed a spectrum of maximum allowable
flaw sizes for different combinations of the listed variables through probabilistic crack-growth analyses using the ANSYS
finite element analysis code with the NASGRO crack-growth code, in conjunction with the NESSUS probabilistic analysis
code. Several factors can complicate the prediction of structural reliability in the presence of welding flaws: (1) the locations,
sizes, and orientations of flaws are unknown, (2) the fidelity of the crack-growth modeling is uncertain, and (3) the residual
stress field produced by the welding process is not well characterized. To account for these uncertainties in the uncertainties,
N&R Engineering conducted a series of analyses at Glenn that contained different assumptions to gain confidence in the
results. The purpose was to estimate the critical flaw size the largest allowable crack size that will permit four load or flight
schedules (including handling, rollout, preflight, launch, and flight) before the crack becomes unstable (uncontrolled crack
growth) or reaches the flow stress limit, depending on the selected criteria.
Author
Ares 1 Upper Stage; Residual Stress; Simulators; Welding; Probability Theory; Crack Propagation; Flanges
Instrument Developed for Indicating the Severity of Aircraft Icing and for Providing Cloud-Physics Measurements for
Research
Emery, Edward F.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 115-116; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Science Engineering Associates, Inc., in conjunction with researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center, has developed
an instrument that will provide the flight deck with an indication of the severity of the icing conditions encountered and the
type of icing environment. This instrument also can assist in cloud physics measurements that support ongoing aircraft-icing
programs within NASA. Measurements from this instrument will help to characterize the severity of aircraft-icing conditions
by quantifying the size of cloud water drops, cloud liquid water content, cloud ice water content, and cloud total water content.
As shown in this photograph, the instrument sensor head can be mounted on the outside of an aircraft and be positioned and
oriented to intercept the ambient airflow. The sensor head contains four hot-wire elements in an open housing that is heated
in a controlled manner to keep it free of ice. The hotwire sensing elements have different shapes and sizes and, therefore,
exhibit different measurement efficiencies with respect to droplet size and water phase (liquid, frozen, or mixed). Three of the
hot-wire sensing elements are oriented across the airflow to intercept incoming cloud water. For each of these elements, the
liquid water content or total water content affects the power required to maintain a constant temperature in the presence of
cloud water. Each of these three elements is considered to be subject to two forms of heat loss. The first form consists primarily
of convective loss attributable to the flow of air past the element. This form is sometimes termed the dry loss because it
excludes the cooling effect of the impinging water. The second form of heat loss is the cooling effect of impinging water.
Derived from text
Aircraft Icing; Cloud Physics; Measuring Instruments; Clouds (Meteorology)
3

Full-Scale Iced Airfoil Aerodynamic Performance Evaluated
Addy, Harold E., Jr.; Potapczuk, Mark G.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 16; In English; See also
20090021990; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Researchers and a technician from the NASA Glenn Research Center traveled to the Office National d Etudes et de
Recherches Aerospatiales (ONERA) F1 wind tunnel facility in Le Fauga-Mauzac, France, to conduct full-scale, flight
Reynolds number aerodynamic wind tunnel tests of an ice-contaminated airfoil. The objectives of the tests were to provide
a better understanding of the effects of ice accretions on airfoil aerodynamic performance and to provide a benchmark database
for iced-airfoil computational fluid dynamics (CFD) development. This study was part of a larger joint NASA-ONERA
international agreement (which included important technical contributions from the University of Illinois at Urbana
Champaign) to investigate ice-contaminated airfoil aerodynamics using a flow-physics-based approach. This is the first-ever,
fundamental-aerodynamics-based approach to investigating the effects of aircraft icing. In the F1 tests, a full-scale
NACA-23012 airfoil was fitted with ice shapes made from molds of ice accreted on a similar airfoil model in NASA s Icing
Research Tunnel (IRT). The IRT model was subjected to conditions that might be experienced by a commuter aircraft flying
in natural icing. The conditions were selected to generate ice accretions resulting in fundamentally different airfoil
aerodynamics. The F1 wind tunnel is unique in that it is large enough to allow aerodynamic performance testing of a full-scale
model over a large range of angles of attack, including stall, and in that it can be pressurized, allowing independent studies
of Mach and Reynolds number effects.
Author
Airfoils; Ice Formation; Performance Tests; Wind Tunnel Tests; Angle of Attack; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Aircraft
Icing; Aerodynamic Characteristics
Carbon-Carbon Heat Pipe With Integral Fins and Potassium Working Fluid Designed, Fabricated, and Tested
Juhasz, Albert J.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 46-47; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains
As shown in the diagrams, this elemental space radiator heat pipe, designed at the NASA Glenn Research Center and
fabricated under contract to operate in the 700- to 875-K temperature range, consists of a carbon-carbon (C-C, graphite-fiber
carbon-matrix composite) shell with integrally woven fins. It has a thin-walled (~0.002-in.) furnace-brazed high-temperature
alloy (niobium 1-wt%-zirconium, referred to as Nb-1Zr) liner with end caps to contain the potassium working fluid. A short
extension of this liner, at increased wall thickness beyond the C-C shell, forms the heat-pipe evaporator section. The
evaporator section is in thermal contact with the power system heat-transport fluid, which needs to be cooled. The finned C-C
condenser section completes the final heat-transfer step by thermal radiation to space. The finned C-C shell condenser section
was exposed to an atomic oxygen ion source during the fabrication process to increase the emissivity of the radiating surface.
The total atomic oxygen fluence was 431020 atoms/cm2, which raised the surface emissivity to between 0.85 and 0.90 at
design operating temperature. The principal advantage of this device is its low mass per unit radiating area, resulting in a high
thermal power-to-weight ratio. Its weight is between 20 and 33 percent of an all-metal heat pipe of equal heat-carrying
capacity at the operating temperature.
Author
Composite Structures; Heat Pipes; Fabrication; Fins; Heat Resistant Alloys; Working Fluids; Thermal Radiation
Radiofrequency Tank Modes Tested at NASA Glenn to Gauge Liquid Oxygen and Liquid Methane
Zimmerli, Gregory A.; Wagner, James D.; Herlacher, Michael D.; Follo, Jeffrey C.; Vaden, Karl R.; 2007 Research and
Technology; June 2008, pp. 32-33; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains black and white illustrations;
Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
A novel method for gauging the amount of cryogenic propellant in a tank is being developed in-house at the NASA Glenn
Research Center using radiofrequency (RF) waves. Metal tanks have resonant electromagnetic cavity modes that occur in the
RF range (approximately 100 MHz) for tanks approximately 1 m in diameter. When the tanks are loaded with a dielectric fluid
(such as liquid oxygen, hydrogen, or methane), the resonant frequencies shift and the frequency shift can be used to gauge
the amount of liquid in the tank. The technique has potential applications in gauging cryogenic propellant tanks for space
exploration vehicles such as the Earth Departure Stage and the Lunar Surface Access Module. The RF-gauging method only
requires an antenna internal to the tank, which is considerably smaller and lighter than other gauging hardware, such as
capacitance probes. The RF-gauging technique also offers a potential solution to the problem of gauging propellants in low
4
gravity, where the liquid configuration in the tank is unknown. This past year, the technique was successfully tested in both
liquid oxygen and liquid methane at Glenns Creek Road Cryogenics Complex. The liquid methane tests were carried out
using a small (6-ft3) tank, which rested upon a high-accuracy weight scale for reference measurements The methane testing
also included RF-spectrum measurements in a 1.5-ft3 cylinder fully immersed in liquid methane. Measuring the cylinder
spectrum when the cylinder was both empty and completely full of liquid methane allowed the dielectric constant of the fluid
to be measured at various radio frequencies, and this information was then used for computer simulations of the tank spectra
at other fill levels. The liquid methane tests utilized an RF engineering development unit (EDU) that was assembled in-house
using commercial parts. The EDU was a first step toward producing a higher technology readiness level RF avionics unit, and
it performed flawlessly during the methane test series. Liquid oxygen testing of the RF mass gauge was conducted in a 58-ft3
test tank, in conjunction with another gauging technique known as the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) method. This
initial phase of RF tests in liquid oxygen was very successful, and after some calibration test runs were performed, the
RF-gauging system demonstrated near-real-time gauging updates that typically agreed with the reference weighing system to
within better than 1-percent of the full-scale reading. We plan to develop the RF gauging technology further during the next
year, with additional testing in liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
Author
Avionics; Cryogenics; Liquefied Gases; Liquid Oxygen; Methane; Radio Frequencies; Tanks (Containers); Resonant
Frequencies; Cryogenic Tanks
Advanced Propellant Management System of NASAs Evolutionary Xenon Thruster Qualified for Electric Propulsion
Patterson, Michael J.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 25-26; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
The NASA Glenn Research Center is responsible for the development of NASA s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT)
ion-propulsion system. The objective of the NEXT project is to advance next-generation ion-propulsion technology to a high
state of technical readiness. The NEXT ion-propulsion system consists of a high-performance ion thruster; a modular,
high-efficiency power processor unit; a highly flexible advanced xenon propellant management system (PMS) consisting of
one high-pressure assembly (HPA) for the system and one low-pressure assembly (LPA) per thruster; and other subsystem
elements. This design approach was selected to provide future NASA science missions with the greatest value in mission
performance at a low total development cost. The xenon feed system (XFS) developed under the NASA Solar Electric
Propulsion Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) program for Deep Space 1 and implemented on the 2007 Dawn
mission established the state of the art. Future missions, however, will require propellant management systems with lower
mass and volume, as well as increased system flexibility. The NEXT PMS xenon flow rate control uses the combination of
a thermal throttle flow control device and a proportional flow control valve (PFCV). The thermal throttle allows a repeatable
flow rate for a given inlet pressure and operating temperature. It achieves precise, rapid throttling of flow rate by actively
controlling the inlet pressure with the PFCV while controlling the operating temperature to a constant setpoint. With this
approach, the NEXT PMS exhibits significantly improved performance and lower mass in comparison to the NSTAR and
Dawn mission feed systems.
Derived from text
Deep Space 1 Mission; NASA Programs; Solar Electric Propulsion; Technology Utilization; Throttling; Xenon
Cryogenic Propellant Boiloff Reduction System Investigated
Plachta, David W.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 28-29; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Lunar missions under consideration will benefit from incorporation of high specific-impulse propellants such as liquid
hydrogen and oxygen (LH2 and LO2), provided cryogenic propellant tank boiloff does not reduce payload excessively.
Engineers at the NASA Glenn Research Center, with participation from colleagues at the NASA Ames Research Center, have
investigated a method to reduce propellant tank boiloff on hydrogen tanks, using todays technology, and eliminate boiloff on
the LO2 tank. This Cryogenic Boiloff Reduction System (CBRS) efficiently moves heat to the cryocooler over long distances
via a compressed helium loop. The schematic shows that concept. The analyses and designs for this were incorporated into
Glenns Cryogenic Analysis Tool. Parametric cases were developed for a range of tank diameters as a function of the days
in storage. This analysis was done assuming a low-Earth-orbit environment. Analysis shows that, in comparison to
passive-only cryogenic storage, the boiloff reduction system begins to reduce system mass if durations are as low as 42 days
for LH2, and 14 days for LO2. The graph shows curves for the equal mass times, when the passive and active system masses
5
are projected to be equal. In addition to mass savings, other important findings were discovered. The first is that the CBRSs
cooling loops can be long and, as such, can cool all heat sources that enter the tank(s). This permits flexibility in locating the
cryocoolers. The second significant development is that CBRS substantially reduces LH2 boiloff and storage mass yet does
not require flight LH2 temperature cryocoolers, which have not been developed and would be expensive.
Derived from text
Cryogenic Cooling; Propellant Tanks; Compressed Gas; Lunar Exploration

Glenn-Developed Copper-Chromium-Aluminum Coatings Evaluated for Reusable Launch Vehicles
Raj, Sai V.; Lerch, Bradley A.; Karthikeyan, Jegan; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 145-146; In English; See
also 20090021990; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Advanced copper alloy combustion liners and nozzles made of GRCop-84 (Cu-8at.%Cr-4at.%Nb)1 are being considered
for use in NASA s next generation of reusable launch vehicles. However, copper alloys are susceptible to environmental attack
by hydrogen and oxygen in the combustion gases, which reduces life, increases the cost of vehicle operation, and reduces
engine efficiency. The NASA Glenn Research Center has successfully developed several overlay coating technologies for
protecting GRCop-84 substrates from environmental attack. As part of this technology development program, new thermal
CuCrAl coatings2 were developed and evaluated in qualification tests. Atomized CuCrAl powders were sprayed on GRCop-84
specimens at room temperature by the cold-spray deposition process at ASB, Inc., under contract. The specimens were hot
isostatically pressed prior to testing. Microstructural assessment of the coating quality and low-cycle fatigue and cyclic
oxidation tests were conducted at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The microstructural observations revealed that the
coatings were generally dense. Thermal cyclic oxidation tests conducted between 773 and 1073 K revealed that the
CuCrAl-coated GRCop-84 performed exceedingly well in comparison to the uncoated specimens. For example, the coated
specimen lasted up to 1000 cycles, corresponding to a cumulative time of 500 hr at 973 K, where the specimen was maintained
for 30 min at temperature followed by a 5-min natural cool down (see the preceding figure). In comparison, the uncoated
GRCop-84 lasted for 150 cycles, corresponding to a cumulative time of 75 hr and a loss of about 70 percent of its original
weight.
Author
Combustion Products; Linings; Copper Alloys; Reusable Launch Vehicles; Microstructure; Metal Combustion; Metal
Coatings; Hot Isostatic Pressing

Pressure Measured in Ballistic Impact Testing of Simulated Birds
Pereira, J. Michael; Revilock, Duane M.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 164-165; In English; See also
Bird strike at launch presents a potential danger to current and future space vehicles. Work is underway to study artificial
bird simulators made of gelatin, phenolic microballoons, and water for use in impact testing of space structures. It has been
shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that when a relatively soft, porous cylinder impacts a rigid object, the pressure
at the interface consists of an initial short-duration spike, followed by a longer duration region with lower amplitude. The
duration of the initial pressure response depends on both the geometry and material properties of the projectile, but it is
typically measured in tens of microseconds, with a short rise time. Measuring this initial response accurately requires
instrumentation with a highfrequency response and, for digital data acquisition, high sampling rates. In the present study, a
series of tests was conducted to investigate this initial pressure region and whether or not commonly available instrumentation
can be used to measure it. The pressure response of right circular gelatin cylinders was measured during impact tests on two
instrumentation systems, a piezoelectric pressure sensor and a long bar instrumented with strain gauges, commonly known as
a Hopkinson bar. The pressure sensor was flush mounted according to the manufacturer s specifications in the center of a
hardened steel plate measuring 6- by 6- by 2-in. thick that was mounted on a massive support structure. The Hopkinson bar
was Al 6061-T6 with a diameter of 1.25 in. and a length of 36 in. Four sets of strain gauges were mounted along the length
of the bar. The projectiles were cylindrical with a nominal length of 2.4 in., a diameter of 1.25 in., and a mass of 46.6 g. Actual
specific gravity of the specimens averaged 0.94.
Derived from text
Bird-Aircraft Collisions; Simulators; Impact Tests; Pressure Measurement; Ballistics
6

Probabilistic Analysis Conducted of Space Shuttle Body Flap Actuator Ball Bearings
Oswald, Fred B.; Jett, Timothy R.; Predmore, Roamer E.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008,
A01, Hardcopy
A probabilistic analysis, using the two parameter Weibull-Johnson method, was performed on experimental life test data
from space shuttle actuator bearings. Experiments were performed on a test rig under simulated conditions to determine the
life and failure mechanism of the grease-lubricated bearings that support the input shaft of the space shuttle body flap
actuators. The failure mechanism was wear, which can cause loss of bearing preload. These tests established life and reliability
data for both flight and ground operation of the shuttle. Test data were used to estimate failure rate and reliability as a function
of the number of shuttle missions flown. Weibull analysis was performed on the test data. This analysis established a reliability
level of 96.9 percent for a life of 12 missions for the four actuators on one shuttle, each of which has a two-bearing shaft
assembly.
Derived from text
Actuators; Ball Bearings; Flapping; Space Shuttle Missions; Probability Theory
Compact Flash Evaporator System Developed
Goliher, Eric L.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 87-88; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains
For future spacecraft thermal control architectures, an alternative heat sink technology is being developed at the NASA
Glenn Research Center, a spray-cooling concept similar to the current space shuttle flash evaporator system (FES). In the
compact FES (CFES) concept, the vehicle s primary heat transfer fluid flows inside a flat-plate heat exchanger while water
is sprayed against the outside. The steam is then exhausted to space. Design, fabrication, and testing of the CFES have
culminated in the successful delivery of the development unit. The space shuttle orbiter s FES cannot be scaled from its
heat-rejection capability of 38 kW to the 4.5 kW required for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) spacecraft. A
completely new design is needed to meet the Orion s requirements. The CFES takes advantage of new spray nozzle designs
and increased knowledge of spray cooling. An earlier CFES concept was based on the Cray X-1 supercomputer spray nozzle
hardware made by Parker Hannifin Corporation s Gas Turbine Fuel Systems Division in Mentor, Ohio. During mission phases
when the CEV Service Module (SM) radiator is inadequate or unavailable (after SM and Crew Module separation), the CEV
may use an open-loop evaporative cooling system to reject heat. The advantages of a spray concept are a) Space shuttle flight
heritage that has survived all anticipated mission phase environments including vibration; b) Quick response for cooling needs
with little required chilldown time; c) Insensitivity to dissolved contaminants; and d) Simple control system.
Author
Temperature Control; Heat Sinks; Evaporative Cooling; Evaporators; Spacecraft Modules; Thermal Protection; Spray
Nozzles; Nozzle Design; Space Shuttle Orbiters
Capillary Flow Experiments Performed on the International Space Station
Green, Robert D.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 88-89; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains
The Capillary Flow Experiments (CFEs) are a suite of fluid physics flight experiments that investigate capillary flows in
low gravity. CFE data are crucial to the Space Exploration Initiative, particularly pertaining to fluid management systems
including fuels and cryogen storage, thermal control, water recycling, and materials processing. NASA s exploration missions
are planning to use larger liquid propellant masses than have ever flown before. Under low-gravity conditions, capillary forces
can be exploited to control fluid orientation so that these mission-critical systems perform predictably. CFE is a simple
fundamental scientific study that can yield quantitative results from safe, low-cost, short time-to-flight, hand-held fluids
experiments. The experiments should provide critical results to the capillary flow community that cannot be achieved in
ground-based tests. For example, dynamic effects associated with a moving contact boundary condition, capillary-driven flow
in interior corner networks, and critical wetting phenomena in complex geometries. The knowledge gained will help spacecraft
fluid systems designers increase system reliability, decrease system mass, and reduce overall system complexity. CFE is a set
of NASA Glenn Research Center experiments developed under contract by ZIN Technologies, Inc. It includes the Interior
Corner Flow (ICF), the Vane Gap (VG), and the Contact Line (CL) experiments. Each experiment has two unique
experimental units. All units use similar fluid-injection hardware, have simple and similarly sized test chambers, and rely
7
solely on video for highly quantitative data. Silicone oil, with different viscosities depending on the unit, is the test fluid for
all the units. Other differences between units are wetting conditions and test cell cross section. The experiment procedures are
simple and intuitive.
Author
Capillary Flow; Fluid Dynamics; Cryogenics; Microgravity; International Space Station; Fluid Management
Multiparameter Fire-Detection System Miniaturized and Tested for Possible Use on Crew Exploration Vehicle
Hunter, Gary W.; Ruff, Gary A.; Xu, Jennifer C.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 118-119; In English; See
Fire safety is an ongoing concern both on the ground and in aerospace applications. In particular, in environments such
as the space shuttles, International Space Station, and the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), early and accurate detection of
a fire is a crucial safety issue given the closed environment and limited avenues of escape. Previous work led by NASA
resulted in a low-false-alarm Multi-Parameter, MicroSensor-Based Fire Detection System (MMFDS). This system was
evaluated at the Federal Aviation Administration for detecting fires in the cargo bay of aircraft. The MMFDS consistently
detected fires with no false alarms. This core technology is now being transitioned from aeronautics applications to possible
implementation on the CEV. The basic approach behind this fire detection system is to combine a variety of sensors to
interrogate the environment and identify the onset of a fire. The photographs on the next page show examples of sensors that
have relevance to fire detection. These sensors are produced by microfabrication techniques for minimal size, weight, and
power consumption. The parameters measured include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen/hydrocarbons, humidity,
and particulates. Together with support hardware and software, these sensors make a complete system to detect the onset of
fires.
Author
Fire Prevention; Miniaturization; Closed Ecological Systems; Safety Factors; Aerospace Engineering; Energy Consumption;
Fires; Space Shuttles; Crew Exploration Vehicle
Electrical Resistance Tested as a Nondestructive Evaluation Technique for Silicon Carbide/Silicon Carbide Composites
Morscher, Gregory N.; Smith, Craig E.; Xia, Zhenhai; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 137-138; In English;
See also 20090021990; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Ceramic matrix composites developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center are considered to be state-of-the-art structural
materials for high-temperature (>1200 deg C) oxidizing environments. They are now being pursued for turbine airfoil
components in military and civilian aircraft and hold promise as future materials for NASA hypersonic and space applications.
One of the key factors for implementing these materials is the ability to detect damage and predict useful life. Current
nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques such as ultrasonic scanning, thermal diffusivity, or x ray are not sensitive to
cracking that occurs transverse to the length of these types of composites. Unfortunately, this is often a mode of failure when
these materials are loaded in tension. Therefore, a significant need is to develop NDE techniques that are sensitive to in-plane
damage and that can be used to quantify and feed models to predict the useful remaining life of components. One technique
being explored at the NASA Glenn Research Center that shows great promise is electrical resistance. Since the fibers and the
matrix are both conductive, the composite as a whole is very sensitive, electrically, to changes in fiber type and matrix type
and to damage that occurs during mechanical testing.
Author
Ceramic Matrix Composites; Electrical Resistance; Nondestructive Tests; Silicon Carbides
Reliability of Silicon Carbide Pressure Transducers Evaluated at 600 C
Okojie, Robert S.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 122-124; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
The growing demand for pressure measurements in high-temperature environments (>500 C) has spurred the development
of robust, reliable pressure sensors. As a result, research has focused on taking advantage of the superior thermomechanical
properties of silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductors to develop micropressure sensors that would extend sensing capability to
600 C and beyond. For space exploration, SiC pressure sensors could monitor conditions on Venus, where the pressure is as
high as 90 bar, the temperature approaches 500 C, and the atmosphere contains acidic clouds (ref. 1). For aeronautics, accurate
8
measurement of pressure in the combustion sections of aeroengines could provide (1) improved fuel management efficiency,
(2) improved validation of computer fluid dynamics codes used in designing and producing engines, and (3) monitoring of
thermoacoustic instability in engine combustion chambers to prevent lean blowout or flameout- such instability can cause an
engine to stall or can potentially damage critical engine components if not mitigated (ref. 2). This article presents recent results
of an evaluation of the long-term reliability of SiC pressure sensors operating at 600 C at the NASA Glenn Research Center.
The goal was to determine the optimum burn-in time to achieve stable operation and to identify new failure mechanisms
induced by long-term operation at high temperature.
Author
Silicon Carbides; Pressure Sensors; High Temperature Environments; Environmental Tests; Flameout; Fluid Dynamics;
Pressure Measurement; Thermodynamics; Semiconductors (Materials)
Approach Developed for Optimizing Stirling Gas Bearing Performance
Dyson, Rodger W.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 44-45; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
NASA researchers anticipate that future Moon and Mars surface missions will require a nuclear-reactor-heated
high-power Stirling convertor to provide reliable power for long-duration colony operations. The notional design layout (on
the left) shows the Stirling convertor being heated in space via a liquid-metal-cooled (NaK-cooled) reactor. A closeup of a
proposed 5-kW Stirling convertor is shown in the illustration on the right. The convertor is designed to operate with a linearly
oscillating aerostatic gas bearing to allow for noncontact, greaseless, long-term operation in space. An approach was recently
developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center for optimizing the design of these bearings, in which the ideal feeder channel
holes are determined at various bearing eccentricities. In this case, a reduction approximating 20 percent produces the best
performance over the entire range (see the graph and the figure on the next page). Analyses such as these reduce the risk
associated with designing Stirling convertors.
Author
Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors; Nuclear Reactors; Stirling Cycle; Gas Bearings; Aerostatics
Masterless Charge-Control Scheme Developed and Validated for a Modular Lithium-Ion Battery
Gonzalez, Marcelo C.; Button, Robert M.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 43; In English; See also
Lithium-ion battery chemistry is being considered seriously for unmanned and manned space missions in the near future.
A primary reason for this consideration is the higher energy density lithium-ion batteries in comparison to other rechargeable
batteries, such as nickel metal-hydride and silver zinc. The nominal voltage of a cobalt-based lithium-ion cell is 3.6 V, with
a charge voltage limit of 4.2 V. Other lithium-ion chemistries, such as manganese-based or nickel-cobalt manganese-based,
have similar voltage specifications. In 28-V bus applications (or higher), multiple cells must be stacked in series, and if all
the cells in the stack are not closely matched, the cells must be balanced to obtain maximum performance from the battery.
The current state-of-the-art in digital cell balancing uses a single controller (e.g., Digital Signal Processor) for the entire
battery stack. The obvious problem with this approach is that the cell balancing controller is not fault tolerant. This was
addressed in this research and development effort at the NASA Glenn Research Center through a grant with Cleveland State
University using individual digital charge controllers for each cell and linking the controllers to each other via a masterless
communication bus. Each cell s charge controller monitors critical parameters of the cell (e.g., voltage, temperature, and
current), and some monitor the overall battery voltage, resulting in a redundant system. For cell balancing and state-of-charge
estimation, relevant parameters are relayed to the other cells in a masterless fashion.
Author
Electric Batteries; Lithium Batteries; Electric Potential; Signal Analyzers; Controllers; Metal Ions; Manned Space Flight;
Ionic Reactions; Fault Tolerance
Simulated Lunar Operations Facility Designed and Built for Lunar Vehicle Research
Bauman, Steven W.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 176-177; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
In fiscal year 2007, the Surface Mobility Team designed and built the Simulated Lunar Operations (SLOPE) facility at
9
the NASA Glenn Research Center. With NASA s goal to return to the Moon by 2020 and to occupy a Moon base continuously,
lunar rovers of all sizes and capabilities will be required for transporting people, equipment, and regolith. These rovers must
be able to traverse the widely varied lunar terrain, ranging from hard-packed to powdery surfaces and from level areas to the
steep-sloped walls of huge craters. Therefore, the science of terramechanics (the interactions of machines and soils) as applied
to the Moon is being explored at Glenn. Our plans include (1) helping determine whether future lunar vehicles will utilize
wheels or tracks or something else altogether, (2) developing the sciences that will determine the geometry of the wheels,
tracks, and tread patterns, (3) developing instrumentation and experimental methods to characterize the lunar terrain, and (4)
developing vehicle traction test methodologies. A new facility and specialized test equipment were required for these efforts.
The SLOPE facility is a unique indoor, climate-controlled, confined terrain of lunar simulant for conducting traction and other
terrain-characterizing testing that relate to future lunar vehicles. SLOPE has a large level area measuring 11.9 m (39 ft) long
and 6.0 m (19 ft 8 in.) wide. This area is currently filled to a depth of 0.3 m (12 in.) with a commercially available grade of
sand that has shear characteristics similar to lunar regolith. The level area has boxed-in platforms that form a 1.2-m- (4-ft-)
wide border along both long lengths, and these double as ventilation ducts. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter
blowers at the end of each platform draw air from the over-terrain vents to help control the airborne silica dust that is raised
when the sand is disturbed.
Author
Lunar Roving Vehicles; Walls; Ventilation; Lunar Rangefinding; Confinement
Passive Water Separator Developed for Fuel Cells
Burke, Kenneth A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 37-38; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
A separator that passively removes liquid water from a fuel cell flowing gas was developed at the NASA Glenn Research
Center. Excess oxygen typically flows through a fuel cell and sweeps the water that is produced inside the fuel cell out of the
fuel cell. The resultant oxygen/liquid-water mixture is typically separated into oxygen (which is recycled into the fuel cell)
and liquid water (which is discharged from the fuel cell system to prevent the fuel cell from flooding). The passive water
separator removes the water without the use of rotating components or other power-consuming components, and it can be
easily incorporated into the fuel cell stack. The size of the passive water separator can be adjusted easily to match the gas-flow
and water-removal requirements of the fuel cell. Devices currently used to perform this type of water separation use electricity
to power a rotating component that spins the denser water out of the lighter oxygen phase. These types of devices besides
consuming electrical power are heavy, are susceptible to mechanical failure, and are not easily scaled in size to meet the
requirements of different size fuel cells. Other devices use a cyclonic flow path to impart acceleration to the two-phase
mixture, but these devices are limited because they require a minimum flow velocity and are not easily scaled in size. Still
other separator devices use porous media components that are flow restrictive either for the water penetrating through the
porous media, or the oxygen flowing past the porous media, or both. These porous media devices also are not easily scaled
in size to match the requirements of different size fuel cells.
Author
Fuel Cells; Separators; Water; Passivity; Flow Velocity; Liquid Fuels
Ultrahigh-Bypass-Ratio Propulsion Systems Studied
Berton, Jeffrey J.; Guynn, Mark D.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 20; In English; See also 20090021990;
To generate thrust, it is usually more efficient to accelerate a large mass of air by a small amount than to accelerate a small
mass of air by a large amount. In a turbofan jet engine, the airflow rate that bypasses the engine core divided by the airflow
rate that travels through the core is called the bypass ratio, or BPR. This ratio is one of the key indicators of turbofan engine
efficiency. The desire for better fuel efficiency has resulted in the evolution of commercial aircraft gas turbine engines from
early turbojets (BPR = 0), to low-bypass-ratio, first-generation turbofans (BPR = 1 to 2), to todays high-bypass-ratio turbofans
(BPR = 5 to 10). Now, ultrahigh-bypass-ratio (UHB) turbofans (BPR = 10 to 20) are being designed for a next-generation,
intracontinental commercial aircraft. This aircraft could enter service as early as 2015. The Intercenter Systems Analysis Team,
consisting of systems engineers from the NASA Glenn Research Center and the NASA Langley Research Center, conducted
an analytical feasibility study of UHB turbofans for NASA s Fundamental Aeronautics Program. With a little math, it can be
shown that fuel efficiency increases along with BPR. The engine core, however, has a limited supply of power available to
propel the bypass airstream, so it can be difficult to increase BPR arbitrarily. One path to UHB engines and better efficiency
10
is to reduce the fans pressure ratio; this lowers the fans power requirement and allows higher BPRs. The analysis team
designed nine notional UHB propulsion systems for the new aircraft along a parametric design sweep of fan pressure ratio.
Using advanced computational tools, these propulsion systems were analytically installed on the airframe and flown on
missions to determine overall airplane system performance. In addition to improving engine fuel efficiency, increasing bypass
ratio also reduces engine noise because of the strong relationship between noise and the velocity of the air exiting the engine.
The lower jet velocities associated with low fan pressure ratio can lead to substantial engine noise reduction. However, there
is a practical limit to how much bypass ratio can be increased before significant penalties arise that quickly erode the benefits.
UHB engines have relatively large, low-speed fans, which may require gearboxes and even variable-geometry exhaust nozzles
in order to be practical. Engine weight and drag increase as well, making it more difficult to integrate the engines with the
airframe. Despite these difficulties, the NASA team s results indicate that UHB turbofans can be viable, low-noise alternatives
to today s more conventional propulsion systems. The purpose of NASAs parallel, independent system studies is not to direct
industry s designs, but rather to exchange data and ideas, and to provide industry with innovative NASA technologies and
options.
Author
Bypass Ratio; Nozzle Geometry; Propulsion System Performance; Systems Analysis; Turbofan Engines; Transmissions
(Machine Elements)

First Phase of Advanced Feed System Development for Electric Propulsion Completed
Pencil, Eric J.; LaPointe, Michael R.; Cardin, Joseph; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 22-23; In English; See
VACCO Industries has successfully completed the first phase of a contract with NASA Glenn Research Center to design
and develop an Advanced Xenon Feed System (AXFS). The objective was to reduce cost, size, and mass while increasing
functionality and component reliability. These goals were accomplished using a simple, modular system architecture
consisting of one pressure control module (PCM) per system and one flow control module (FCM) per thruster. This effort was
funded by NASA s In-Space Propulsion Technology Project.
Derived from text
Electric Propulsion; Feed Systems; Systems Engineering; Technology Utilization; Xenon

N-Channel Junction-Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Digital Logic Gate Structure Using Resistive Level Shifters and
Configurable from High-Temperature Silicon Carbide Electronics Developed
Krasowski, Michael J.; Prokop, Norman F.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 112-113; In English; See also
At the NASA Glenn Research Center, a circuit topography was developed and used to create usable digital logic gates
using N-channel (negatively doped) junction field effect transistors (JFETs) and load resistors, level shifting resistors, and
supply voltages whose values are all based on the direct-current parameters of those JFETs. This method has direct application
to the current state of the art in high-temperature (500 C and higher) silicon carbide (SiC) device production. This work
enables digital logic and state machine capabilities for systems operation in extremely hot environments like the surface of
Venus, near hydrothermal vents, within nuclear reactors, in space (SiC is inherently radiation hardened), and within internal
combustion engines. The basic structure of this innovation can be reconfigured into various analog circuit functions through
the use of feedback structures. The present state of the art in SiC component production allows for single to small-number
component production of N-channel JFETs and epitaxial resistors on a single substrate. Other logic types require mixes of
complementary P- (positively doped) and N-channel devices, or mixes of depletion and enhancement mode devices, and do
not work at extreme temperatures. A circuit design was developed to allow logic gates to be developed using only epitaxial
resistors and N-channel JFETs. The circuit diagram on the left shows a simple inverter architecture. Here R1 = R2 = R3, and
this value is related to the characteristics of Q1 and Q2. The power rails, Vss and Vdd, are also chosen from JFET
characteristics and are equal in magnitude, differing only in polarity. Thus, with a logic 0, that is 1/2 Vss, at point A, the output
at point B is a logic 1, that is zero volts. With a logic 1, that is zero volts at point A, the output at point B is a logic 0, that
is 1/2 Vss.
Derived from text
Electric Potential; Gates (Circuits); High Temperature; JFET; Silicon Carbides; Transistor Logic
11

Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior Evaluated for Grainex Mar-M 247 Used in NASAs High-Temperature, High-Speed
Turbine Seal Test Rig
Delgado, Irebert R.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 167-168; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
The fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of Grainex Mar-M 247, a high-temperature nickel-based superalloy, was
evaluated for the High- Temperature, High-Speed Turbine Seal Test Facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The facility
tests current and advanced air-to-air seals, such as labyrinth, brush, and finger seals. These seals are used to control secondary
airflows in the compressor and turbine sections of jet engines. The Grainex Mar-M 247 superalloy is currently used for the
disk that serves as the running surface for seal tests in the facility. Because of extreme seal test conditions of temperature,
pressure, and surface speeds, surface cracks may develop over time in the disk bolt holes. The current research a collaboration
of researchers from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Glenn, and Case Western Reserve University resulted in a
nondestructive eddy-current inspection interval to preclude catastrophic disk failure.
Derived from text
Crack Propagation; Fatigue (Materials); High Speed; Labyrinth Seals; Test Facilities; Turbine Engines; Heat Resistant
Alloys
Wind-US Code Improved for Hypersonic Flow Simulations
Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Yoder, Dennis A.; Towne, Charles E.; Denissen, Nicholas A.; Nelson, Chris; Engblom, William;
Lankford, Dennis; Suh, Joo; Power, Greg; Heikkinen, Bonnie; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 13-14; In
English; See also 20090021990; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
The Wind-US computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer code has been improved for hypersonic propulsion system
and vehicle analyses. This work is jointly sponsored by the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program s Hypersonics Project
and by the Defense Test Resource Management Center s Test and Evaluation/Science and Technology Program. NASA Glenn
Research Center is the lead organization in this effort, which includes three partners: the U.S. Air Force Arnold Engineering
Development Center (AEDC), Innovative Technologies Applications Company, and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.
Wind-US is the flow solver of the National Program for Application-Oriented Research in CFD (NPARC) Alliance. This
Wind-US effort consists of physical modeling improvements, enhancements to the structured and unstructured solvers for
chemically reacting flows, validation, and demonstration of the code for tip-to-tail hypersonic vehicle and propulsion system
configurations. Initial work has concentrated on physical modeling improvements in the areas of laminar-to-turbulent
transition modeling, conjugate heat transfer, and the high-speed combustion solver.
Author
Computational Fluid Dynamics; Hypersonic Flow; Reacting Flow; Computer Programs; Propulsion System Configurations;
System Effectiveness; Product Development
Small-Scale Inlet Mode Transition Model Tested in Glenns 1- by 1-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel
Saunders, John D.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 14-15; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
A screening test of an inlet mode transition model was completed for hypersonic propulsion. The test was conducted at
Mach 4 to verify the design concept for high performance and smooth transition between a low-speed turbofan to a higher
speed scramjet operation. This effort ties into a need to demonstrate acceleration through intermediate supersonic Mach
numbers, 2 to 4. For hypersonic flight, air-breathing propulsion can enable new efficiencies for quick space access and global
reach. Various propulsion modes have been proposed for the range of Mach numbers encountered by an accelerating
hypersonic vehicle. One possible propulsion scheme is the turbine-based combined cycle (TBCC), which uses a
high-Mach-capable engine to accelerate the vehicle to scramjet takeover speeds. Switching between the turbine (turbofan)
cycle and the scramjet is termed mode transition. Typically, the two engines are placed one above the other and are fed by
a common inlet and nozzles to save weight. The focus of this effort was to design and verify an inlet concept for TBCC that
is termed the Inlet Mode Transition (IMX).
Author
Inlet Nozzles; Wind Tunnel Tests; Supersonic Wind Tunnels; Mach Number; Supersonic Combustion Ramjet Engines;
Turbofans; Hypersonic Vehicles
12

Smart Power System Developed for Scarab Lunar Rover
Greer, Lawrence C.; Krasowski, Michael J.; Flatico, Joseph M.; Nawash, Nuha S.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008,
A01, Hardcopy
NASA Glenn Research Centers Optical Instrumentation and Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Branch delivered its
Smart Power System to Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). The system was integrated into CMUs Scarab lunar rover.
Scarab is a joint effort between CMU, Glenns Space Flight Systems and Research and Technology Directorates, NASAs
In-Situ Resource Utilization Project, and the NASA Ames Research Center to develop an Earth analog for a lunar rover. The
Smart Power System is a stand in for more lunar friendly power systems, which might be based on radioisotope heat sources.
The Smart Power System integrates a battery bank, a charging system, and a power converter with electrical characteristics
similar to that of Glenns Stirling Radioisotope Generator. This system also incorporates a microprocessor-based
instrumentation package that communicates with Scarabs central processing unit (CPU) through a serial data link. This
system produces a nominal 28-V bus for the general power needs of the robot and a second programmable 720-W supply that
can be adjusted by the rover for any voltage between 24 and 48 V. The Scarab rover (see the photograph) currently uses the
programmable supply for the wheel drive motors. In addition to providing flexibility, the Smart Power System allows CMU
to instantaneously monitor several power system variables during testing and operation. This functionality will allow
power-consumption modeling for different mission objectives, which could provide invaluable information for a powerconstrained mission such as a lunar exploration.
Derived from text
Lunar Exploration; Lunar Roving Vehicles; Systems Integration; Nondestructive Tests; Earth Analogs
Physical Properties of Exfoliated Graphite Nanocomposites Tailored by Variation of Graphite Surface Functionality
Miller, Sandi G.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 134-135; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
The physical and transport properties of epoxy/graphite nanocomposites are highly dependent on the extent of graphite
surface modification. Increased oxidation promotes bonding with the matrix polymer, but at the expense of conductivity.
Therefore, it is critical that the polymer-graphite system is tailored to meet multiple property criteria. Three graphite samples
with varying degrees of functionalization were used in this study. In this work, graphite flakes were functionalized by three
separate methods. The first was edge oxidation by intercalation of nitric acid and sulfuric acid into natural flake graphite,
followed by rapid thermal treatment (EG, ref. 1). The second technique employed bonding an epoxy coating to the graphite
surface (Adherent-TG679) via a coupling agent. The final method was chemical oxidation followed by thermal treatment to
functionalize the graphene sheets (FGS). The details of this procedure are described elsewhere (ref. 2). In this case, the
graphene layers lose their ordered stacking characteristics. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images illustrate that
surface treatment had a large effect on the level of dispersion achieved in the epoxy matrix. The balance between particle size,
dispersion, and oxygen content dictates a number of composite properties. High electrical conductivity is expected under the
ideal condition of minimal oxidation and maximum dispersion. Unfortunately, a low degree of oxidation yields particle
aggregation, necessitating high loading for conductivity. Furthermore, increased oxidation reduces conductivity, again
requiring higher loadings for conductivity.
Derived from text
Graphite; Nanocomposites; Transport Properties; Physical Properties
NASAs Evolutionary Xenon Thruster Broke World Record and Successfully Completed Environmental Qualification
Testing
Patterson, Michael J.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 27-28; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
NASAs Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) project is developing next generation ion-propulsion technologies to
provide future NASA science missions with enhanced mission performance at a low total development cost. The objective of
the NEXT project is to advance next-generation ion propulsion technology by producing engineering model system
components, validating these through qualification-level and integrated system testing, and ensuring preparedness for
transitioning to flight system development. The NEXT system consists of a high-performance, 7-kW ion thruster; a modular,
high-efficiency 7-kW power processor unit; a highly flexible advanced xenon propellant management system consisting of one
13
high pressure assembly per system and one low-pressure assembly per thruster; a lightweight engine gimbal; and key elements
of a digital control interface unit including software algorithms. The NEXT thruster and other component technologies
represent a significant advancement in technology beyond state-of-the-art NASA Solar Electric Propulsion Technology
Application Readiness (NSTAR) thruster systems. NEXT performance exceeds single or multiple NSTAR thrusters over most
of the thruster input power range. Higher efficiency and specific impulse and lower specific mass reduce the wet propulsion
system mass and parts count. The NEXT thruster xenon propellant throughput is more than twice NSTARs, so fewer thrusters
are needed.
Derived from text
Ion Propulsion; NASA Programs; Technology Utilization; Xenon; Thrustors
Electric Propulsion Breakthrough Demonstrated
Manzella, David H.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 24-25; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
The NASA Glenn Research Center is developing Hall thruster technology for future cost-capped NASA science missions
through the High Voltage Hall Accelerator (HIVHAC) task. The objective of this activity is to increase the lifetime of Hall
thrusters sufficiently to enable deep-space science missions. To meet this objective, Glenn designed and fabricated a thruster
with the following capabilities: operation at input powers ranging from 300 to 3500 W, specific impulses to 2800 sec, and a
total propellant throughput capability of 300 kg of xenon.
Derived from text
Electric Propulsion; Fabrication; Hall Accelerators; Hall Thrusters; NASA Programs
High-Temperature Seals Evaluated for Hypersonic Airframe Applications
DeMange, Jeffrey J.; Dunlap, Patrick H.; Steinetz, Bruce M.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 168-169; In
To support development of an advanced hypersonic vehicle, researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center conducted
critical-function performance tests on seal candidates for high-temperature airframe and control surface applications. Both
spring-tube thermal barriers and ceramic wafer seals were considered as prime candidates for several key locations on this
vehicle. To determine the suitability of these seals, researchers performed high-temperature compression tests to assess seal
resiliency and room-temperature leakage tests to evaluate flow-blocking ability before and after compression testing. The tests
were conducted in state-of-the-art test rigs at Glenn.
Author
Airframes; Compression Tests; High Temperature Tests; Hypersonic Vehicles; Seals (Stoppers)
Nickel-Titanium-Platinum High-Temperature Shape-Memory-Alloy Viability Established Through Wind Tunnel
Testing of a High-Speed Adaptive Inlet
Noebe, Ronald D.; Quakenbush, Todd; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 141-143; In English; See also
The development of adaptive structures that would allow aircraft to perform new missions or to perform current missions
more effectively has long been a goal of the aeronautics industry. One of the components identified as benefiting greatly from
adaptive technology is high-speed inlets, which if capable of changing geometry or cross-sectional area during flight, would
result in improved performance at all points along the flight envelope from slow subsonic to supersonic cruise. However, the
limiting factor to developing adaptive inlets has been the availability of extremely compact, yet high force actuators that could
be integrated into the structure. Conversely, this would be an ideal application for shape memory alloys, but materials capable
of operating at the high temperatures encountered during supersonic flight, approaching 200 C at Mach 2.0, are not
commercially available. Thus, this is an ideal application for the family of high-temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs)
recently developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center (ref. 1).
Author
Nickel; Titanium; Platinum; High Temperature; Supersonic Flight; Wind Tunnel Tests; Operating Temperature; High Speed;
Heat Resistant Alloys
14

International Space Station and Constellation Lithium-Ion Battery Commonality Trade Study Performed
Dalton, Penni J.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 41-42; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
The International Space Station (ISS) presently uses nickel-hydrogen batteries to supply power during the eclipse (or
dark) phase of its orbit. Once all four of the photovoltaic modules are deployed on-orbit in 2009, the ISS will have 24 batteries
consisting of 48 battery Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs). The current program has enough spare nickel-hydrogen battery
ORUs to last to the end of the mission in 2015. If the ISS mission is extended beyond 2015, additional spare batteries will
be needed to replace those battery ORUs already on-orbit. Because of obsolescence concerns, any such future spares will
contain lithium-ion cells instead of the current nickel-hydrogen cells. In order to save on battery development costs, the ISS
is looking to the Constellation Program for potential collaboration. The NASA Glenn Research Center was tasked by the ISS
Program to perform a trade study to determine if a common ISS/Constellation lithium-ion battery module is feasible. Since
the ISS battery ORUs must interface with the existing electric power system, new lithium-ion battery ORUs will conform to
the same physical size and power requirements. All of these requirements are well defined and were available for the trade
study. At the time of the study, the Constellation battery requirements were not quite as firm, so the best estimates of the
requirements were used in the study. After examining the requirements for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and the Crew
Launch Vehicle (CLV), we determined that the battery needed for the CLV was not common to either the CEV or ISS because
of the lower energy and higher discharge rate requirements. Lander and rover batteries were not included in the study because
their requirements were not known. For the trade study, we examined battery requirements such as nominal battery voltage,
discharge and charge times, total cycles, average power (watts), and delivered watt-hours for each orbit or mission phase. The
ISS is in a low Earth orbit, whereas the CEV will have several mission phases-low Earth orbit, low lunar orbit, launch/orbit
once around, and ISS docked-each with different power requirements. For each of these phases, battery depth of discharge,
total energy (watt-hours), current (amperes), capacity (ampere-hours), and discharge rates were calculated from the
requirements.
Author
Electric Batteries; Electric Potential; International Space Station; Nickel Hydrogen Batteries; Low Earth Orbits;
Photovoltaic Cells; Metal Ions

Web-Based Icing Remote Sensing Product Developed
Brinker, David J.; \Reehorst, Andrew L.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 17-18; In English; See also
The NASA Glenn Research Center s Icing Branch activated the initial version of its Web-based Icing Remote Sensing
Product during 2007. Capable of describing the location and severity of icing hazards aloft, this is the first realtime output
display based on the remote measurement of the icing environment. Although still an experimental system intended for use
by the research community, it highlights the potential of Web-based products for disseminating icing hazard information to
flight crews. The Web-based Icing Remote Sensing Product is the final output of a processing system that starts with raw
sensor data. The sensors currently used for the remote detection of icing conditions are a multifrequency microwave
radiometer, a ceilometer, and an X-band radar. The radiometer makes passive measurements that provide a profile of air
temperature above the instrument and the total liquid water content. The X-band radar defines the cloud boundaries, and the
ceilometer further refines the lower cloud boundary. The raw sensor data are gathered on individual personal computers and
then transferred to a Linux-based computer. Software on the Linux machine processes the data through a series of algorithms
to define cloud boundaries, map liquid water into the clouds, and determine altitudes with supercooled liquid water present.
Finally, from the intensity of the calculated supercooled liquid water environment, the system determines the level of icing
hazard at various altitudes using simplified aircraft icing performance degradation estimates. Good agreement has been
achieved when comparing the algorithm output with data gathered during the Second Alliance Icing Research Study (AIRS
II) field test program in 2003. Although the bulk of the work to date has occurred at Glenn, our research partners have
completed significant work effort in programming and algorithm development (National Center for Atmospheric Research)
and in microwave radiometer development.
Author
Remote Sensing; Aircraft Icing; Cloud Height Indicators; Ice Formation; Superhigh Frequencies; Temperature Measuring
Instruments; Microwave Radiometers
15

Novel Antivortex Turbine Film-Cooling Hole Concept Conceived and Developed
Heidmann, James D.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 18-19; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
A new film-cooling design concept (ref. 1) has been conceived and developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center. This
antivortex film-cooling concept is designed to mitigate the effects of the counterrotating vortex pair, which reduces the
effectiveness of circular cross-section film-cooling holes at moderate to high blowing ratios. The design developed in the
present study is shown in the following figures, although many parameters can be modified in an optimized design. This
film-cooling is a modification to a standard, single-row, round film-cooling hole arrangement with the holes angled at 30 to
the surface and a spanwise pitch of three hole diameters. The concept is compared with the baseline data of reference 2. The
holes are placed in a flat plate geometry, which can be thought of as representing a turbine blade suction- or pressure-side
film-cooling hole. In the antivortex design, two side holes are drilled that intersect with the main hole and that are angled in
the spanwise direction on either side of each main hole. Since each main hole has a side hole on both sides, the flow from
the side holes of two adjacent main holes interact with each other, producing a strong vortex. This vortex is opposite in sense
to the detrimental vorticity produced by the main hole, and it is intended to force the coolant flow from the main hole to remain
attached to the surface. Another way to view this expected benefit is that the side holes produce a strong upwash that must
be balanced by a net downwash in the main-hole jet-centerline plane. An additional benefit from the side-hole jet inclining
away from the main jet in the spanwise direction is that this draws the coolant from the bottom of the main jet away from
the jet centerline, effectively flattening the coolant jet. These plots show the computed temperature field downstream of the
hole, illustrating the improved film coverage of the antivortex design.
Author
Film Cooling; Vorticity; Temperature Distribution; Holes (Mechanics); Hole Geometry (Mechanics); Design Analysis;
Counter Rotation
Nanocomposite Environmental Barrier Coatings Evaluated for High-Temperature Combustion Environment Stability
Zhu, Dongming; Pastel, Robert T.; Fox, Dennis S.; Ghosn, Louis J.; Miller, Robert A.; Smialek, James L.; 2007 Research and
Advanced multicomponent environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) were developed for lightweight SiC/SiC ceramicmatrix-composite and monolithic silicon nitride (Si3N4) turbine engine component applications by extending the component
temperature capability and long-term durability in oxidizing and water-vapor-containing combustion environments (refs. 1 and
2). The coating systems demonstrated improved phase stability, lower thermal conductivity, and improved sintering and
thermal stress resistance under simulated engine heat-flux and thermal cycling conditions, largely because of their
defect-clustering structures, which were designed to promote the creation of thermodynamically stable oxide defect clusters
and/or nanophases within the coating systems. In particular, low-thermal-expansion, multicomponent halfnium oxidealuminum oxide-rare earth- (HfO2-Al2O3-RE-) doped aluminosilicate nanocomposite EBC systems were recently developed
at the NASA Glenn Research Center for thin turbine airfoil EBC applications, aiming at a design for significantly improved
long-term stability and durability performance. The advanced coatings were evaluated for high-temperature combustion
environmental stability in high-pressure burner rig simulated engine environments. The scanning electron microscope image
on the preceding page shows the microstructure of the advanced HfO2-Al2O3-RE silicate composite coating processed using
a plasma spray and subsequent reactive synthesis approach. The photograph shows the coating specimen stability testing setup
in the high-pressure burner rig for the simulated combustion stability evaluations at high temperatures.
Author
Nanocomposites; Aluminum Oxides; Ceramic Matrix Composites; Coating; High Temperature Environments; Combustion
Stability; High Pressure; Microstructure; Thermal Conductivity; Thermal Cycling Tests; Thermal Expansion
Stress Rupture Life Models and Reliability Measures Established for Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
Murthy, Pappu L. N.; Thesken, John C.; Phoenix, S. Leigh; Grimes-Ledesma, Lorie; 2007 Research and Technology; June
2008, pp. 149-150; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) are often used for storing pressurant gases onboard spacecraft such as
the International Space Station and orbiter. Because overwraps are subjected to sustained loads for long periods, stress rupture
failure is a major concern. It is therefore important to ascertain the reliability of these vessels by analysis, since the testing
16
of each flight design cannot be completed on a practical time scale. The work reported here was sponsored by the NASA
Engineering Safety Center (refs. 1 and 2). This article discusses how reliability measures for COPVs can be established. These
are currently used as the basis for certifying the continued flight rationale for the aging COPVs on the orbiter. Reference 3
gives the complete details of the models.
Author
Stress Analysis; Pressure Vessels; Loads (Forces); Failure; International Space Station; Composite Wrapping
Three-Dimensional Monte Carlo Model Developed for Optical Mass Gauging
Fischer, David G.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 79-81; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
Accurate cryogenic propellant gauging is essential for space exploration. One candidate sensor for propellant gauging is
the optical mass gauge (OMG), which is based on the premise that a propellant tank will act as an integrating sphere with
respect to light that is introduced into its interior. It is assumed that light which is measured at a given tank port will be
proportional to the fraction of the input light that is not absorbed (which is, in turn, related to the propellant mass or volume
fraction). Furthermore, it is assumed that this will always be the case, independent of the location or size of any voids, the
absorption characteristics of the propellant, or the characteristics of the tank walls. Unfortunately, the fundamental premise and
in situ operation of an optical mass gauge cannot be tested in a realistic (i.e., zero gravity) environment. For this reason, a
three-dimensional Monte Carlo model was developed to simulate the performance of an optical mass gauge in both 1g and
0g environments. The Monte Carlo method is a numerical modeling technique based on repeated statistical sampling. In the
context of optical mass gauging, it involves launching a photon into the tank. This photon is tracked until it is absorbed or
registered at the detector. Interaction with the tank walls and tank interior are treated probabilistically based on the full
electromagnetic theory. This process is then repeated for many photons (typically 10 million) to predict average system
performance.
Author
Mathematical Models; Measuring Instruments; Monte Carlo Method; Three Dimensional Models; Photons
Microvascular Pathologies in Human Retinal Disease Analyzed by VESGEN Software
Parsons-Wingerter, Patricia; Vickerman, Mary B.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 81-82; In English; See also
Microvascular remodeling is a critical hallmark of Earth-based diseases that include cancer, blindness in diabetes, heart
disease, and other pathologies such as impaired wound healing. Long-term space travel in the microgravity environment
exposes astronauts to major health risks that also appear to involve fundamental microvascular alterations. We are developing
innovations for Earth-based microvascular pathologies using the software VESGEN (for generational analysis of vessel
branching) that also will improve countermeasures for maintaining astronaut health. Every cell in the human body must reside
in close proximity (less than or equal to 200 micrometers) to a (microvascular) capillary blood vessel to accomplish necessary
oxygen, metabolic, and fluid exchanges. Blood volume decreases up to 30 to 40 percent in microgravity, and 80 percent of
astronauts can experience orthostatic intolerance after prolonged missions in space (ref. 1). Traveling to Mars is an example
of a long-term microgravity mission, and most cardiovascular risks worsen as microgravity spaceflight is prolonged. Current
research goals at the NASA Glenn Research Center focus on application of the newly automated VESGEN to improve
vascular diagnosis of human retinal disease during the progression of diabetic retinopathy, which can result in blindness, and
evaluating new therapeutics to regulate pathological vascular and lymphatic remodeling and fluid leakage, in collaboration
with scientists and physicians at the Cole Eye Institute and Department of Cell Biology of the Lerner Research Institute at the
Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) and University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University.
Derived from text
Computer Programs; Diseases; Eye (Anatomy); Pathology; Retina; Cardiovascular System; Cells (Biology)
In Situ Resource Utilization Reactor Developed to Characterize Lunar Soil
Kleinhenz, Julie E.; Sacksteder, Kurt R.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 83-84; In English; See also
The extraction and processing of planetary resources into useful products will have a profound impact on the future
17
exploration of the Moon and Mars. Known as in situ resource utilization (ISRU), this idea of living off the land reduces
dependence on Earth for mission consumables such as propellant and life-support oxygen and water, and it enables safer,
cheaper, and long duration missions. The lunar soil is approximately 40-percent chemically bound oxygen, and volatile species
such as hydrogen (and possibly water at the lunar poles) are present in smaller concentrations. The goal of the Regolith and
Environment Science, Oxygen and Lunar Volatiles Extraction (RESOLVE) project is to quantify the resources that are
available on the Moon and to demonstrate how to extract them. The NASA Glenn Research Center designed, built, and tested
a reactor for the volatile extraction aspects of the RESOLVE project. The reactor chamber holds approximately 100 g of soil,
filling nearly half its volume. The chamber walls are heated, and water attached to the soil (e.g., in the form of ice) is released
as steam. Other loosely bound volatiles, such as hydrogen or nitrogen may also be released during heating. The pressure in
the chamber increases as gases are generated, reaching a maximum of 150 psia at 150 C. The evolved gases are pressure fed
to analysis modules elsewhere in the RESOLVE package.
Derived from text
In Situ Resource Utilization; Lunar Soil; Reactors; Regolith

Silicon Carbide Integrated Circuit Fabricated and Electrically Operated for 2000 hr at 500 deg. C
Neudeck, Philip G.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 120-121; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
High-temperature semiconductor transistor integrated circuit (IC) electronic chips capable of prolonged 500 C operation
would enable important advancements in the sensing and control of combustion in jet engines, making them cleaner, safer,
and more fuel efficient. In addition, such chips would be keys to the long-term operation of scientific probes on or near the
scorching 460 C surface of Venus. Although there have been reports of short-term (less than 10 hr) semiconductor IC operation
at 500 C or above, much longer operating times are needed for these and other beneficial high-temperature electronics
applications. Toward this end, the NASA Glenn Research Center has been pioneering silicon carbide (SiC) transistor IC
electronics technology targeted for greatly prolonged operational durability at 500 C. These efforts previously demonstrated
important foundational building blocks for 500 C durable ICs (including high-temperature metal-semiconductor contacts (ref.
1), packaging (ref. 2), and discrete transistors (ref. 3)) and a simple inverting amplifier stage made from discrete resistors and
transistors connected together on a circuit board (ref. 4).
Author
High Temperature Environments; Semiconductors (Materials); Transistor Circuits; Circuit Boards; Detection; Jet Engines;
Silicon Carbides; Integrated Circuits

Particle Image Velocimetry Capability Installed and Checked Out in NASA Glenns 10- by 10-Foot Supersonic Wind
Tunnel
Roeder, James W., Jr.; Wernet, Mark P.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 117-118; In English; See also
A new stereo particle image velocimetry (stereo PIV) system has been installed and checked out at the NASA Glenn
Research Centers 10- by 10-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel (10x10 SWT). The initial application of the system is in support
of the upcoming Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) parachute test in the 10x10 SWT. The stereo PIV system provides
nonintrusive, three-dimensional measurements of the canopy flow field and bow shock in the wake of the MSL capsule. The
system includes a flow seeder installed upstream of the test section as well as a pulsed Nd:YAG laser and a pair of stereo PIV
cameras installed at the test section. The PIV and seeder systems were designed in-house at Glenn by civil servant and
contractor technicians and engineers. Commercial smoke generators were used to seed the tunnel airflow with very small
mineral oil smoke particles (0.2 to 0.3 microns). A chamber to house the smoke generators was assembled outside of the wind
tunnel and connected to an existing 6-in. natural gas supply to the wind tunnel air heater, which is currently dormant. The gas
supply line routed the smoke into the tunnel bellmouth area upstream of the test section and distributed the smoke particles
through the air heater natural gas manifold and central array of 60 combustors.
Author
Particle Image Velocimetry; Wind Tunnels; Air Flow; Neodymium Lasers; YAG Lasers
18

Flexible Cross-Linked Aerogels Developed
Nguyen, Baochau N.; Meador, Mary Ann; Vivod, Stephanie L.; Tousley, Marissa; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008,
A01, Hardcopy
Silica aerogels with their low density and thermal conductivity are potential candidates for various thermal, optical, and
acoustic applications for aerospace, including multipurpose structures for vehicles, spacesuits, and habitats. However, the use
of aerogels has been restricted because of their inherent fragility, hygroscopic nature, and poor mechanical properties. Over
the past 10 years, research in improving the physical and mechanical properties of silica aerogels has been under extensive
investigation. The NASA Glenn Research Center has placed much emphasis in the last few years on incorporating a surface
modifier such as amine or vinyl functional silica precursor into a silica-based aerogel, followed by crosslinking with an organic
monomer including isocyanates, epoxies, or styrene. In these hybrid materials, results have shown that strength could be
improved by a hundred times while only doubling the density over those of native aerogels, or non-cross-linked aerogels.
Although cross-linked aerogels are a great improvement over native silica aerogels, for many applications insulation for space
suits, for example it is most desirable to have a more flexible material. Recently, Glenn developed a more flexible and resilient
polymer cross-linked aerogel by incorporating a flexible linking group (or flex-link) into the underlying silica structure along
with the surface functional cross-linking groups as demonstrated in the diagram. Results so far indicate that with an increasing
amount of the flex-link additive, gels are much less fragile and more flexible, as shown. Typical aerogels require supercritical
fluid extraction of the solvent in order to maintain the gel s porous network in the final product. Ambiently dried gels
(xerogels) typically collapse and shrink, giving a much more dense material. However, it has been observed that, by adding
a higher concentration of the flex-link additive, the gels could be air-dried at an ambient pressure without shrinkage.
Derived from text
Aerogels; Crosslinking; Flexibility; Mechanical Properties; Aeronautics
Manufacturing Process for Polymer Cross-Linked Aerogel Composites Developed
Meador, Mary Ann; Gould, George L.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 133; In English; See also
Polymer cross-linked silica aerogels developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center have shown promising enhancements
of mechanical properties in comparison to pure silica aerogels without compromising density or thermal conductivity. Thus,
these materials may be enabling for future space exploration missions. They may also advance aeropropulsion systems that
demand lighter weight, robust, dual-purpose materials for acoustic or thermal insulation and for structural elements of habitats,
rovers, astronaut suits, and cryotanks. Incorporation of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane into the silicate sol-gel process provides
functionality on the backbone of the silica aerogel that promotes grafting of various polymers (polyisocyanates, epoxides, etc.)
into the structure. The intimate mixing of the polymer cross-links within the aerogel structure and the covalent bonding
between the inorganic and organic phases are essential to controlling the material properties. Thus, processing variables are
of central importance, and Glenn scientists have optimized many of these variables for producing the highest strength aerogels
relative to bulk density using di-isocyanate as the cross-link. Glenn, however, does not have the facilities to scale up the
aerogel process and investigate commercially viable manufacturing in their facility. Hence, they have joined forces with Aspen
Aerogels to develop these processes.
Author
Aerogels; Crosslinking; Manufacturing; Mechanical Properties; Polymers
Lithium-Based Battery Performance Evaluated for NASAs Exploration Missions
Reid, Concha M.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 39-41; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
NASA s upcoming space exploration missions will require safe, human-rated energy-storage systems that are optimized
for operation in space and on the lunar and martian surfaces. Lithium-ion batteries are baselined for many of these missions
because of the mass, volume, operating temperature, and ground operation advantages the chemistry offers over heritage
aerospace battery chemistries. In fiscal year 2007, cell and battery performance evaluations were conducted at the NASA
Glenn Research Center in support of future lunar surface operations addressed by the Exploration Technology Development
Program (ETDP) Energy Storage Project (refs. 1 to 3) and the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle electrical power system
development. Future space exploration energy-storage needs span a wide range of requirements. Testing and demonstration
19
of candidate cells provided an assessment of the state of current technologies to meet these varying requirements. A general
performance characterization database for cells and batteries was generated at Glenn to quantify the performance of cells and
batteries to specific mission profiles, assist in the development of requirements for mission battery systems and vehicle
designs, evaluate and verify cell and battery technology developments made through internal NASA development projects
(i.e., ETDP), and enable the determination of gaps in the ability of current technologies to meet future needs so that research
investments are more focused. Chemistries that were evaluated include lithium-ion cells with traditional mixed-metal
cathodes; cells with newer, lithium iron phosphate cathodes; and lithium-sulfur cells, a developmental chemistry at a low
technology readiness level. Each of these technologies demonstrated particular advantages that could address certain needs of
customers such as an ultralight system, a high-power system, a safer system, or an established aerospace design that provided
good overall performance. Representative results of the testing performed on the Saft VL4V, 6-A-hr lithium-ion cell are shown
in the top two graphs on the next page.
Author
Electric Batteries; Lithium Batteries; Metal Ions; Electrochemical Cells; Energy Storage; NASA Programs; NASA Space
Programs
Battery Systems for Extravehicular Activities Studied
Kohout, Lisa L.; Fincannon, H. James; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 38-39; In English; See also
20090021990; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
A new generation of spacesuits is needed to support extravehicular activities (EVAs) for future surface exploration
missions. These new suits will require improved functionality and reliability, decreased mass and volume, and lower operating
cost in comparison to current in-space suits. Although the power subsystem requirements are still being defined, tradeoff
studies have shown that the next-generation surface suit will require more power than today s suit. A significant component
of the power system will be the battery, which will provide an energy source for life-support functions, communications,
system health status, and other needs. The battery must be capable of operating safely in the harsh environments of space by
tolerating radiation, dust, and large temperature variations. The NASA Glenn Research Center is supporting the battery
definition and development activity for the next-generation spacesuit under the Constellation Program s EVA Systems Project,
which is being led by the NASA Johnson Space Center. To date, a series of system studies have been completed to assess the
feasibility of various operational scenarios using preliminary power requirements. The first of these studies evaluated the
feasibility of using solar power to augment the energy-storage system on the suit. The study showed that while solar
augmentation can provide a power system mass savings up to 10 percent for a lunar suit, significant issues would discourage
its use, including terrain and mission site variations and complexity. A second study evaluated the benefits of distributing the
power system/energy storage throughout the suit to specific sites instead of centralizing the energy-storage system and
distributing the power through the suit with cables. The study concluded that only small total-power-system mass benefits (<11
percent) would be possible with localized power systems. A centralized power system/ energy-storage system with power
distribution cables was determined to be the best option for a combined metric of total power system mass, hand/foot volume
and mass, and logistics. Lastly, a study was conducted to identify power subsystem options that would minimize the mass of
the lunar surface EVA suit Portable Life Support System (PLSS) and EVA PLSS support equipment. Options considered were
the use of one 8-hr energy-storage system on the PLSS or the use of one 4-hr energy-storage system that would be recharged
or replaced during the EVA. The results of this study suggest that, if possible, a single 8-hr energy-storage system would be
the lightest mass option, followed by the replacement option, and finally the recharge option.
Author
Extravehicular Activity; Electric Batteries; Energy Storage; Portable Life Support Systems; Recharging; Solar Energy;
Extraterrestrial Radiation
Outer Planet Mining Atmospheric Cruiser Systems Analyzed
Palaszewski, Bryan A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 6-7; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
Mission scenarios were developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center for atmospheric mining in the outer solar system
by both balloons and cruisers, and preliminary maneuver summaries and maps were developed for future mission planning.
Derived from text
Gas Giant Planets; Mining; Fuel Production; Neptune Atmosphere; Uranus Atmosphere
20

Component-Level Electronics Repair in Space: Soldering Tested in Reduced Gravity-An Update
Struk, Peter M.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 84-86; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains
NASA Glenn Research Center s Component Level Electronic Assembly Repair (CLEAR) task is helping to enable future
astronauts to repair electronics down to the component level (e.g., resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits) in spacecraft
or future habitats. CLEAR is a supporting task under a project called Supportability, which is part of NASA s Exploration
Technology Development Program. Locally at Glenn, CLEAR is supported by the National Center for Space Exploration
Research as well as the ASRC Aerospace Corporation. Although CLEAR is looking at all aspects of repair, a key element of
the repair process is soldering. From 2000 to 2005, a series of aircraft tests investigated how reduced gravity affected the
soldering of small electrical components (see the diagram on the preceding page). This work showed that reduced gravity leads
to a significant increase in voids, or porosity, in the joint (ref. 1). These voids (see the following images) come from entrapped
vaporized flux, which is part of the soldering process, or water vapor in the circuit board. These gases form bubbles that are
driven to the surface by buoyant forces in normal gravity. In reduced gravity they are slowed, becoming trapped and frozen
in the final joint. A void in a solder joint can be detrimental to performance, but the use of an externally applied liquid flux
and a solid-core solder showed promise as a potential void-mitigation technique (see the table).
Author
Microgravity; Soldering; Integrated Circuits; Circuit Boards; Capacitors; Vaporizing; Resistors
High-Temperature Piezoelectric Material Developed
Sayir, Ali; Sehirlioglu, Alp; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 143-144; In English; See also 20090021990;
There are a plethora of aeronautic and aerospace applications that benefit from piezoelectric materials that can operate at
high temperatures. In airbreathing engines, piezoelectric actuators can be used for active combustion control for fuel
modulation to mitigate thermoacoustic instabilities and/or gas flow control to improve mixing characteristics by pulsed
injection of air to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and improve efficiency. Piezoelectric actuators can be used as
synthetic jets for active flow control to mitigate the boundary layer separation on the blade surface, to reduce tip losses, and
to help to control noise. Applied to turbomachinery, they can reduce blade vibration, which in turn, reduces stress, increases
safety margins, and extends life. NASA space and science missions utilize a variety of piezoelectric materials for instruments
and actuators. The actuators are, for the most part, restricted because of limitations on high-temperature operating conditions.
The most commonly used PZT (lead zirconium titanate) family of piezoelectric ceramics has a low Curie temperature (Tc ~
350 C for Navy Type II), above which piezoelectric activity is absent. The upper-use temperature of PZT-based piezoelectric
ceramics is further limited to less than 180 C because of the increased conductivity of these dielectric materials. Two main
challenges in producing high-temperature piezoelectrics are (1) to increase Tc without an increase in loss tangent (tan ) as a
function of temperature and (2) demonstrate high piezoelectric activity.
Author
High Temperature; Low Temperature; Boundary Layer Separation; Aerospace Engineering; Piezoelectricity; Combustion
Control; Dielectrics
Liquid-Oxygen/Methane Ignition Tested for Application in the Main Engines of the Lunar Surface Access Module
Breisacher, Kevin J.; Ajmani, Kumud; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 29-30; In English; See also
The liquid-oxygen (LO2)/methane propellant combination has been baselined for the Lunar Surface Access Module
ascent engine main propulsion. The proposed switch from the hypergolic propellants used in the Apollo lunar ascent engine
to LO2/methane propellants requires the development of igniters capable of highly reliable performance in a lunar surface
environment. A test program at the NASA Glenn Research Center utilized an in-house-designed LO2/methane spark torch
igniter. The testing occurred in Glenns Research Combustion Laboratory, utilizing its altitude simulation capability to
simulate a space vacuum environment. The next photograph shows the igniter installed on the altitude chamber bulkhead. The
altitude was maintained by an air-driven ejector train capable of simulating 95,000 ft (10 torr, or 0.2 psia). A low-tension
Unison spark plug (Unison Industries, LLC) was used to ignite the propellants. The spark plug was mounted in the center of
the igniter and, for most tests, was flush with the top face of the igniter. A variable spark-energy (0.007 to 0.55 J) and sparkrate
(to 196 sparks per second) Unison exciter was used to fire the sparkplug. Approximately 750 successful ignition tests were
21
performed. Ignitions were obtained down to an igniter body temperature of approximately 260 R with a 10-torr backpressure.
Tests were performed to evaluate the effects of methane purity, igniter body temperature, spark energy level and frequency,
mixture ratio, flow rate, and igniter geometry on the ability to obtain successful ignitions. The data obtained from this ignition
test program are also being used to anchor a computational-fluid-dynamics-based igniter model. The National Combustor
Code (NCC, ref. 1) a state-of-the-art computational tool that can solve time-dependent, Navier-Stokes equations with chemical
reactions was used to perform unsteady simulations of the ignition process in Glenns main engine igniter. The NCC is being
developed primarily at Glenn to support combustion simulations for a wide range of applications and has been extensively
validated and tested for low-speed chemically reacting flows. A finite-rate chemistry model was used to compute the species
source-terms for Jet-A/air chemistry. The chemistry model incorporates nine species and seven chemical reaction steps. The
model is based on the Sandia one-dimensional flame methane/air kinetics model, with the reactions involving nitrogen as a
species removed. The results of three-dimensional, transient simulations of ignition and nonignition tests are shown in the
contour plots.
Derived from text
Computational Fluid Dynamics; Ignition; Liquid Oxygen; Lunar Surface; Navier-Stokes Equation; Methane
Great Lakes Environmental Aerial Monitoring Team Developed and Tested Second-Generation Hyperspectral
Instrument Suite on NASA Glenns Learjet 25
Lekki, John D.; Nguyen, Quang-Viet; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 114-115; In English; See also
The members of the Great Lakes Environmental Aerial Monitoring Team (GLEAM) have designed, developed,
integrated, and flight tested a second generation hyperspectral imager (HSI) for aerial water quality measurement. During
2007, the HSI worked with a suite of instruments to obtain the spectral signature data of algae in the western basin of Lake
Erie and in Lake Hurons Saginaw Bay. The instrument suite consists of a point spectrometer designed by the NASA Glenn
Research Center, the Glenn-designed and -built second-generation HSI, a commercial-off-the-shelf Global Positioning System
(GPS) receiver and three-axis inclinometer sensor for aircraft absolute position and attitude, and a high-performance real-time
data acquisition system and software. The newly designed and built HSI obtains spectrally and spatially resolved images of
the lake in very narrow wavelength bands (or channels) of light (less than 2.5 nm wide). The wavelength span that the HSI
covers is approximately 400 to 900 nm; therefore, approximately 200 wavelength channels of the lake s color information are
simultaneously obtained for each lake image spatial pixel. The photograph on the left shows the inside of the
second-generation HSI. The internal optics of this imager were upgraded to increase the light throughput by 23 (f/2.0 system)
with superior imaging characteristics. In addition, a very sensitive, low-noise, thermoelectrically cooled, electron-multiplying
chargecoupled device (EMCCD) camera sensor with 163 more dynamic range was used to replace the much noisier and
uncooled complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) imager in the first-generation unit. These changes resulted in
a dramatic improvement in both the image quality and signal-to-noise ratio over the first-generation HSI. The point
spectrometer significantly expands the capabilities of the system by providing highly accurate measurements of the incident
solar spectrum as well as measurements of the atmospheric water vapor content for quantifying the effect of the atmosphere
on the measurements. This combined sensor suite will permit much more accurate and higher quality spectral radiometric
measurements of the constituents of the Great Lakes as surveyed from the air. This increase in measurement accuracy will
allow researchers to detect lower concentrations of pollutants or harmful algal blooms.
Derived from text
Great Lakes (North America); Lear Jet Aircraft; Water Quality; Environmental Monitoring; Flight Tests; Global Positioning
System
Noise-Reducing Offset Fan Stream Nozzles Simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics
Dippold, Vance F., III; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 9-12; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
Airport noise reduction continues to be a major challenge for the aerospace community. Offset Stream Technology (OST)
nozzles offset the bypass stream of a conventional dual-flow jet engine to create a thick, low-speed layer on the lower side
of the jet plume, which has been shown to reduce noise. The bypass stream can be offset using vanes, wedges, or an S-duct
in the bypass stream. The effort discussed here used the Wind computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to assist in the
development of various OST nozzle configurations, predict the OST nozzle performance, and observe the OST jet flow field.
This effort used a dual-stream nozzle with a bypass ratio of 8 as the baseline and investigated the effects of S-ducts and vanes.
22
CFD analyses were performed for the offset stream nozzles at simulated takeoff and cruise flow conditions. Two S-duct
nozzles were simulated. The first configuration offset the bypass stream 9.3-percent D (where D is the bypass stream diameter)
toward the lower side of the nozzle; the second configuration offset the bypass stream 4.5-percent D toward the lower side
of the nozzle. Five takeoff vane nozzle configurations were tested, each with two pairs of vanes using NACA 0012 airfoils
with angles of attack between 5deg and 15deg . Two cruise vane nozzle configurations were also tested, with the pairs of vanes
set at 0deg angle of attack. All but one of the S-duct and vane OST nozzles showed less than 0.7-percent reduction in mass
flow and thrust from the baseline at takeoff conditions. The vane configuration that had the larger thrust and mass flow penalty
showed severely separated flow from its 15deg angle-of-attack vanes. The takeoff S-duct and vane nozzle configurations all
successfully offset the bypass stream toward the lower side of the jet plume.
Author
Computational Fluid Dynamics; Noise Reduction; Mass Flow; Aircraft Noise; Separated Flow; Flow Distribution; Bypass
Ratio
20090022147 NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA, USA

NASA Global Hawk: A New Tool for Earth Science Research
Oral/Visual Presentation
Hall, Phill; May 06, 2009; 21 pp.; In English; 33rd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 4 - 8 May
2009, Stresa, Italy; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): DFRC-997; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This slide presentation reviews the Global Hawk, a unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that NASA plans to use for Earth
Sciences research. The Global Hawk is the worlds first fully autonomous high-altitude, long-endurance aircraft, and is capable
of conducting long duration missions. Plans are being made for the use of the aircraft on missions in the Arctic, Pacific and
Western Atlantic Oceans. There are slides showing the Global Hawk Operations Center (GHOC), Flight Control and Air
Traffic Control Communications Architecture, and Payload Integration and Accommodations on the Global Hawk. The first
science campaign, planned for a study of the Pacific Ocean, is reviewed.
CASI
Earth Sciences; High Altitude; Pilotless Aircraft; Unmanned Aircraft Systems; Mission Planning
20090022383 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

Adjoint-Based Design of Rotors using the Navier-Stokes Equations in a Noninertial Reference Frame
Nielsen, Eric J.; Lee-Rausch, Elizabeth M.; Jones, William T.; May 27, 2009; 11 pp.; In English; AHS International 65th
Forum and Technology Display, 27-29 May 2009, Grapevine, TX, USA; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): WBS 877868.02.07.07.09.02
Report No.(s): LF99-8473; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
ONLINE: http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090022383
Optimization of rotorcraft flowfields using an adjoint method generally requires a time-dependent implementation of the
equations. The current study examines an intermediate approach in which a subset of rotor flowfields are cast as steady
problems in a noninertial reference frame. This technique permits the use of an existing steady-state adjoint formulation with
minor modifications to perform sensitivity analyses. The formulation is valid for isolated rigid rotors in hover or where the
freestream velocity is aligned with the axis of rotation. Discrete consistency of the implementation is demonstrated using
comparisons with a complex-variable technique, and a number of single- and multi-point optimizations for the rotorcraft figure
of merit function are shown for varying blade collective angles. Design trends are shown to remain consistent as the grid is
refined.
Author
Computational Fluid Dynamics; Navier-Stokes Equation; Rotors; Design Analysis; Design Optimization; Adjoints; Steady
Flow
23
02
AERODYNAMICS
Includes aerodynamics of flight vehicles, test bodies, airframe components and combinations, wings, and control surfaces. Also includes
aerodynamics of rotors, stators, fans, and other elements of turbomachinery. For related information see also 34 Fluid Mechanics and
Thermodynamics.
20090021267 Rutgers - The State Univ., West Trenton, NJ, USA

Summary of FAA Research Accomplishments 1993-2002
Luxhoj, J. T.; Dec. 2002; 13 pp.; In English
For the past nine years, Professor Jim Luxhoj and his research team from the Department of Industrial and Systems
Engineering at Rutgers University have been funded to develop analytical methods and prototype tools for aviation safety risk
analysis. These grants led to the development of the following research products: The Intelligent Safety Performance,
Evaluation and Control (InSPEC) System; Engine Risk Intelligence System (ERIS); Performance Measure (PM) Reduction
Tool; ClusterGroup Decision Support System; Aviation System Risk Model (ASRM). These prototype software tools present
Artificial Intelligence and statistical methods for Service Difficulty Report (SDR) forecasting, inspection diagnostics, assessing
the relative marginal information content from performance measures, collaborative prioritizing of aviation safety risks, and
modeling of accident/incident causal factors, among others. Currently, the Aviation System Risk Model (ASRM) is being
enhanced and further developed by the NASA Aviation Safety Program office to evaluate the projected impact upon system
risk reduction of multiple new technology insertions/interventions into the National Airspace System (NAS).
NTIS
Aircraft Safety; Flight Safety; Risk
20090021305 Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM, USA
Development of ASHRAM: A New Human-Reliability-Analysis Method for Aviation Safety
Miller, D. P.; January 2004; 7 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC04-94AL85000
The primary purpose of the Aviation Safety Human Reliability Analysis Method, or ASHRAM is to predict plausible
aviation-accident scenarios before they occur. An underlying premise of ASHRAM, is that many significant human errors can
occur as a result of a combination of situational factors, or error-forcing context that can trigger cognitive error mechanisms
in personnel, which can lead to the execution of unsafe acts. The method allows aviation researchers to analyze accidents and
incidents retrospectively, by answering questions and filling in forms, or prospectively, by systematically generating families
of plausible scenarios based on a small set of initiators. ASHRAM is packaged in a brief, readable format, with step-by-step
instructions, and with real-world examples so that it can be utilized by a variety of researchers, modelers, analysts, trainers,
and pilots with a variety of backgrounds. This paper summarizes parts, but not all of the ASHRAM project technical report,
DE2001-773843. First, the cognitive model will be described, followed by a summary of the procedures to perform
retrospective and prospective analyses. Conclusions will address unique benefits to be derived from ASHRAM usage and
appraises potential future directions for the technique.
NTIS
Aircraft Safety; Flight Safety; Human Factors Engineering; Pilot Performance; Reliability Analysis
20090021313 New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM, USA
Analysis of Training of Cognitive Skills in a Line-Oriented Flight Training Environment
Goldsmith, T. E.; Johnson, P. J.; January 2000; 68 pp.; In English
In this paper, we discuss the application of basic psychometric principles to the problem of assessing aircrew performance.
In particular, we are concerned with evaluating aircrews under the Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) in high fidelity,
full-flight simulators. A major goal of AQP is to provide the carrier with a quality assurance program which ensures that
aircrew members have the highest possible level of proficiency on all technical and management skills relevant to the safe and
efficient operation of the aircraft. The implementation of a quality assurance program requires a database system that begins
with an explicit set of qualification standards that are based on job task listings. These qualification standards drive the content
of the curriculum, which in turn drive an assessment process that explicitly evaluates pilots on these qualification standards.
The data from the assessment process provides feedback regarding the content and delivery of the curriculum. This feedback
24
in turn allows for continuous improvements in curriculum design, as well as better directing the allocation of training efforts
to those knowledges and skills that are weakest. When functioning properly this system will ensure that all aircrew members
attain and maintain a pre-specified standard of proficiency. Thus, it can be seen that quality assurance requires quality
assessment. A quality assurance program can only be as good as its weakest link. The qualification standards must be based
on a careful analysis of job task listings. The curriculum and instruction must be designed to train to the qualification
standards. And finally, the focus of this chapter, the assessment tools must provide a reliable and valid evaluation of
performance. It is of the utmost importance to realize that under AQP we are not simply assessing individuals, we are assessing
the viability of the curriculum, the instructors, and the evaluators. From this perspective, the primary function of assessment
is to improve training and thereby provide highly qualified aircrews.
NTIS
Education; Flight Crews; Flight Simulators; Flight Training; Psychometrics
20090021354 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Savoy, IL, USA

Redesigning Weather-Related Training and Testing of General Aviation Pilots: Applying Traditional Curriculum
Evaluation and Advanced Simulation-Based Methods
Wiegmann, D. A.; Talleu, D. A.; Johnson, C. M.; Jan. 2008; 18 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DOT-06-G-009
Weather-related accidents, particularly accidents due to visual flight rules (VFR) flight into instrument meteorological
conditions (IMC), are associated with the highest fatality rate within general aviation (GA). Previous research indicates that
accidents related to VFR flight into IMC most often involve inexperienced pilots who lack the appropriate skills to properly
plan VFR cross-country flights, effectively assess changes in weather conditions during flight and appropriately evaluate and
eliminate risks associated with adverse weather. Together, these findings point to a need to reevaluate weather-related
instruction currently provided to pilots during ab initio training. The primary goal of the report is to present the findings of
an analysis of (1) the content of weather-related source material disseminated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
(2) the content of weather-related test questions contained in the FAA private pilot written exam, (3) the performance of pilots
on weather-related exam questions and (4) the relationship between performance on the written exam and performance on the
private pilot oral exam. Results are discussed in terms of improving weather-related training and testing, with the goal of
reducing VFR flight into IMC accidents.
NTIS
General Aviation Aircraft; Flight Simulation; Pilot Training; Aircraft Safety; Weather; Flight Hazards

Experimental Investigation of Project Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Aeroheating: LaRC 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel
Test 6931
Hollis, Brian R.; April 2009; 84 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): WBS: 526282.01.07.04.05
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215718; L-19613; LF99-8540; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
An investigation of the aeroheating environment of the Project Orion Crew Entry Vehicle has been performed in the
Langley Research Center 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel. Data were measured on a approx.3.5% scale model (0.1778-m/7-inch
diameter) of the vehicle using coaxial thermocouples at free stream Reynolds numbers of 2.0 10(exp 6)/ft to 7.30 10(exp 6)/ft
and computational predictions were generated for all test conditions. The primary goals of this test were to obtain convective
heating data for use in assessing the accuracy of the computational technique and to validate test methodology and heating
data from a test of the same wind tunnel model in the Arnold Engineering Development Center Tunnel 9. Secondary goals
were to determine the extent of transitional/turbulent data which could be produced on a CEV model in this facility, either with
or without boundary-layer trips, and to demonstrate continuous pitch-sweep operation in this tunnel for heat transfer testing.
Author
Aerodynamic Heating; Crew Exploration Vehicle; Aerothermodynamics; Turbulence; Boundary Layers; Thermocouples;
Hypersonic Speed
25
20090021831 Air Force Research Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA

Nonlinear Structures Optimization for Flexible Flapping Wing MAVs
Walker, Jr, Robert L; Svanberg, Craig E; Feb 2009; 19 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-A0F0
Report No.(s): AD-A497679; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
ONLINE: http://hdl.handle.net/100.2/ADA497679
This report documents the culmination of in-house and AFIT collaboration in the area of nonlinear structures optimization
for flexible flapping wing MAVs. The work was divided into four different tasks, including: Preliminary design of flapping
wing device, Couple Abaqus with aerodynamic model, Comparison of experimental and computational results, and Evaluate
CSIRF progress for transition to FY09 6.2 program. Technology developed in this task is being transitioned in the VAES
program A0GI0A MAV Hover Flight Sciences.
DTIC
Aerodynamics; Finite Element Method; Flapping; Flexible Wings; Nonlinear Systems; Nonlinearity; Wings
Development of a Large Field-of-View PIV System for Rotorcraft Testing in the 14- x 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel
Jenkins, Luther N.; Yao, Chung-Sheng; Bartram, Scott M.; Harris, Jerome; Allan, Brian; Wong, Oliver; Mace, W. Derry; May
27, 2009; 22 pp.; In English; AHS International 65th Forum and Technology Display, 27-29 May 2009, Grapevine, TX, USA;
Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): LF99-7824; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
A Large Field-of-View Particle Image Velocimetry (LFPIV) system has been developed for rotor wake diagnostics in the
14-by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel. The system has been used to measure three components of velocity in a plane as large as
1.524 meters by 0.914 meters in both forward flight and hover tests. Overall, the system performance has exceeded design
expectations in terms of accuracy and efficiency. Measurements synchronized with the rotor position during forward flight and
hover tests have shown that the system is able to capture the complex interaction of the body and rotor wakes as well as basic
details of the blade tip vortex at several wake ages. Measurements obtained with traditional techniques such as multi-hole
pressure probes, Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), and 2D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) show good agreement with
LFPIV measurements.
Author
Laser Doppler Velocimeters; Field of View; Particle Image Velocimetry; Rotary Wing Aircraft; Subsonic Wind Tunnels; Flight
Tests; Hovering; Horizontal Flight
Navier-Stokes Simulation of a Heavy Lift Slowed-Rotor Compound Helicopter Configuration
Allan, Brian G.; Jenkins, Luther N.; Yao, Chung-Sheng; Bartram, Scott M.; Hallissy, Jim B.; Harris, Jerome; Noonan, Kevin
W.; Wong, Oliver D.; Jones, Henry E.; Malovrh, Brendon D.; reis, Deane G.; Mace, W. Derry; May 27, 2009; 16 pp.; In
English; AHS International 65th Forum and Technology Display, 27-29 May 2009, Grapevine, TX, USA; Original contains
color and black and white illustrations
Time accurate numerical simulations were performed using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) flow solver
OVERFLOW for a heavy lift, slowed-rotor, compound helicopter configuration, tested at the NASA Langley 14- by 22-Foot
Subsonic Tunnel. The primary purpose of these simulations is to provide support for the development of a large field of view
Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) flow measurement technique supported by the Subsonic Rotary Wing (SRW) project under
the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics program. These simulations provide a better understanding of the rotor and body wake
flows and helped to define PIV measurement locations as well as requirements for validation of flow solver codes. The large
field PIV system can measure the three-dimensional velocity flow field in a 0.914m by 1.83m plane. PIV measurements were
performed upstream and downstream of the vertical tail section and are compared to simulation results. The simulations are
also used to better understand the tunnel wall and body/rotor support effects by comparing simulations with and without tunnel
floor/ceiling walls and supports. Comparisons are also made to the experimental force and moment data for the body and rotor.
Author
Compound Helicopters; Navier-Stokes Equation; Velocity Distribution; Flow Measurement; Field of View; Reynolds
Averaging; Subsonic Wind Tunnels; Rotary Wings; Particle Image Velocimetry
26
03
AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
Includes passenger and cargo air transport operations; airport ground operations; flight safety and hazards; and aircraft accidents.
Systems and hardware specific to ground operations of aircraft and to airport construction are covered in 09 Research and Support
Facilities (Air). Air traffic control is covered in 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation. For related information see also 16 Space
Transportation and Safety and 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.
20090021218 Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI, USA

FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute Aerospace Accident-Injury and Autopsy Database System, AA-IADS
Ricaurte, E. M.; Gallimore, J. J.; Sep. 19, 2006; 78 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109971; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The purpose of this document is to describe the results of activities accomplished under the grant entitled Development
of Specifications for an Interactive Aircraft Accident Data Collection and Analysis System, (No. 04-G-034). Dr. Jennie J.
Gallimore, from Wright State University was the principal investigator. The Federal Aviation Administrator (FAA) technical
monitor was Dr. Charles DeJohn, from the Aeromedical Research Team of the Aerospace Medical Research Division
(AAM-600), Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) in Oklahoma City, OK. This research plan supported the FAA CAMI
by providing a Ph.D. research graduate student to support the development of an Aircraft Accident Injury and Autopsy
Database System (AA-IADS) to improve the FAAs ability to classify and study aircraft occupant injuries to better understand
the types and mechanisms of injuries caused by aircraft accidents. The proposed duties and responsibilities are summarized
as follows: 1. Provide scientific research expertise for the development of the Aircraft Accident Injury and Autopsy Database.
2. Perform a literature search on the study of injury pattern investigation in aviation-related aircraft accidents and preventive
strategies. 3. Evaluate alternative system hardware and software for database development. 4. Develop a system for collecting,
classifying, and posting injury data into the AA-IADS. 5. Develop a method to migrate autopsy data currently contained in
the CAMI Autopsy Database into the AA-IADS. 6. Develop a research plan to study the mechanism of injuries and methods
to reduce passenger and aircrew injuries so as to increase survival rate.
NTIS
Aerospace Medicine; Aerospace Systems; Autopsies; Data Bases; Injuries
20090021238 Howard Univ., Washington, DC, USA
TMA Integrated Metrics Assessment Model
Kim, D. J.; Oct. 18, 2006; 79 pp.; In English
This report summarizes the works performed under the task of FAA integrated metric analysis in two areas. One is on the
baseline status of PHL TRACON, including delay rate and delay time, and flight time interval between meter fixes. One
distinctive feature of the analysis presented in the report is that the analysis was performed separately for aircrafts arriving
from departure airports located out side of 200nmi radius and those from inside 200 nmi radius. This new approach revealed
very interesting statistics and observations that have not been reported or presented before. The other is on the TMA
performance on the pre- and post-TMA arrival at IAH in terms of overall arrival delays and en-rout domain time/distance
comparison.
NTIS
Air Traffc Control; Airports; Models
20090021239 Alabama Univ., Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
Planning Resource Allocations to Research and Development Projects (Taks C/D of Coop Agreement No. 98-G-018)
Frair, L.; Batson, R.; Desphande, A.; Sep. 22, 1999; 91 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): FAA-98-G-018
Report No.(s): PB2009-109978; OSEP-656-69; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
A detailed statement of work of-how FAA should allocate resources for research and development projects is presented.
First the FAA R&D investment problem is defined. Secondly various candidate solution techniques and methodologies are
reviewed for application to the problem of interest. Thirdly a methodological approach for the application of solution
methodology to problem is identified. Combining these detailed investigations with information obtained from the problem
definition task, such as divisions primary goal(s), sub-goals or objectives and operational requirements led to the conclusion
that the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) would be the most effective solution methodology. Evidence is presented that the
27
application of AHP would result In a more effective allocation of operational requirements to technology strategies.
NTIS
Allocations; Resource Allocation
20090021240 Research Integrations, Inc., Tempe, AZ, USA; Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, USA
Training Approaches and Considerations For Automated Aircraft: A Summary of Training Development Experiences
Lyall, B.; Vint, R.; Niemczyk, M.; Wilson, J.; Dec. 1998; 57 pp.; In English
This report is the result of a project that was initiated to gather information about the current state of airline training for
automated aircraft. Prior to the initiation of this project many training developers and researchers had identified challenges
associated with creating training programs for automated aircraft. Though the challenges inherent in developing effective
training for the automated aircraft were recognized, it was also recognized that despite the challenges the airlines and other
training organizations were developing and implementing these types of training programs every day based on their own
experiences and needs. In other words, training departments and personnel address the challenges of training development in
their jobs daily, as well as face new challenges that have not previously been recognized. Therefore, the objective of this
project was to gather information about current knowledge related to developing these programs from those who are creating
them at the airlines and aircraft manufacturers. The project was not meant to be an exhaustive review of all training methods
and, therefore, this report does not address all of the methods available. This report summarizes the training methods currently
being used to develop and deliver training for automated aircraft at the major US airlines and aircraft manufacturers.
Information is presented about the training methods and approaches that have been found effective by organizations
developing training programs for automated aircraft along with descriptions of methods that were abandoned or modified
because they did not prove to be effective. The intent of this project was to gather information that would be valuable to
organizations modifying their training programs or developing new programs for automated aircraft. Therefore, this report is
not meant to be a scientific research paper, but instead it is meant to be a reference document for developers and managers
of training programs for automated aircraft.
NTIS
Education; Training Aircraft; Civil Aviation
20090021243 Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, USA
Sector Congestion Analytical Modeling Program (SCAMP) and the Standard Index of Sector Congestion (SISCO)
Dec. 18, 2000; 41 pp.; In English
This document presents a novel approach for modeling sector congestion called the Sector Congestion Analytical
Modeling Program (SCAMP) and the congestion metric it produces the Standard Index of Sector COngestion (SISC0).
SCAMP is an airspace modeling program that calculates a component congestion metric for each pair of aircraft in a given
volume of airspace. This document describes the theoretical basis for SCAMP and an experiment that validates the utility of
the SISCO metric. The appendices present mathematical derivations of the SISCO metric, the SCAMP source code.
NTIS
Airspace; Congestion; Mathematical Models; Spacing
Traffic Flow Management: ATC Coordinators Information Requirements for the NAS
Mafera, P.; Smith, K.; Mar. 06, 2000; 60 pp.; In English
This report discusses human factors research conducted by the Kansas State University Human Factors Research
Laboratory (KSU HFRL) at six of the Federal Aviation Administrations (FAA) Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC)
and at the Operations Control Centers (OCC) of several commercial airlines. The goal of the research has been to provide the
FAA and the airlines with a detailed account of the opportunities and requirements for, and the constraints upon, collaborative
decision making (CDM) about the filing of flight plans and rerouting of aircraft. In this context, CDM refers to any and all
types of supportive interaction by decision makers pursuing a mutual goal. This report reviews the structure of communication
within the National Airspace System (NAS) and identifies an information gap in the system for disseminating ATCSCC (Air
Traffic Control System Command Center) Advisories. The first objective of this report is to examine the communication
structure and information requirements of personnel directly involved in managing the flow of air traffic within the NAS.
28
These individuals work at ATC facilities and at the OCC of commercial airlines. The report explores the information that is
made available about ongoing air traffic management operations and how this information is disseminated throughout the
NAS.
NTIS
Air Traffc Control; Air Traffc Controllers (Personnel); Human Factors Engineering; Information; User Requirements;
National Airspace System
Four Studies of the Monitor Alert Function of the TSD
Murphy, L.; Smiyh, K.; Knecht, B.; January 2000; 32 pp.; In English
This document contains four reports pertaining to the Monitor Alert Function (MAF) of the Traffic Situation Display
(TSD) and to the job called the Monitor Alert Position (MAP). Most Traffic Management Units(TMUs) at Air Route Traffic
Control Centers (ARTCCs) have at least one MAP. MAPs are staffed by Traffic Management Coordinators (TMCs).Taken
together, the reports document the status and uses of one of the more critical but maligned sources of information in the TMU
as of the period of observation, the 1999 convective weather season. The reports are Initial Cognitive Task Analysis of the
Monitor Alert Position (MAP) Three Critical Incident Analyses of MAF Use Human Factors Issues with the MAF and the TSD
Towards the Next-Generation Monitor Alert Function. The task analysis describes the MAF and what TMCs who use the MAF
must do to perform the job of the Monitor Alert Position (MAP). The critical incident analyses illustrate how the MAF is (or
is not) actually used by TMCs at three different ARTCCs. The third report identifies and makes recommendations on 11 areas
where there is room for improvement in the design of the MAF and the TSD. The final report suggests directions for the
wholesale redesign of a next generation MAF.
NTIS
Air Traffc Controllers (Personnel); Human Factors Engineering; Air Traffc Control
Information Requirements for Traffic Flow Management
Smith, K.; January 2000; 37 pp.; In English
This report discusses the information requirements in the traffic management units(TMUs) of an air route traffic control
center (ARTCC). The decision makers in the TMU are traffic management coordinators (TMCs). There are typically three or
more TMCs on duty in the TMU around the clock.The TMC does not fit the laypersons image of an air traffic controller. That
image -a controller monitoring aircraft on radar displays and actively controlling those aircraft by issuing cryptic instructions
over two-way radios - is a simplified but not incorrect depiction of the sector controller. The sector controllers responsibility
is to keep aircraft separated as they traverse a given volume of airspace. In contrast,the TMC does not communicate with or
actively control aircraft. The TMC isresponsible for ensuring that the flow of air traffic is such that the sector controllers have
a fighting chance of keeping aircraft separated.This study had four objectives: (1) to ascertain the nature of TMC positions
and responsibilities, (2) to develop an explanatory account of TMC decision making and action, (3) to specify the information
requirements for TMC decision making,and (4) to identify opportunities for FAA action to support TMC decision making with
special emphasis on human factors research and technology development.
NTIS
Air Traffc Controllers (Personnel); Feedback Control; Human Factors Engineering; User Requirements; Air Traffc Control;
Information Flow; National Airspace System
TMU Structure, Positions, and Uses of the TSD
Smith, K.; Murphy, L.; January 2000; 36 pp.; In English
This report presents descriptive and explanatory analyses of (a) the sources and uses of information and of (b) the
organizational structure at the Traffic Management Units (TMUs) of several AirRoute Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs) as
they existed during the summer of 1999.The descriptive analysis addresses the nature of TMU tasks,the allocation of those
tasks across Traffic Management Coordinators (TMCs), and the sources and uses of information for performing those tasks.
The discussion of the sources and uses of information focuses on the interaction between the TMCs and the Traffic Situation
29
Display (TSD). It pays particular attention to TMC interaction with the Monitor Alert Function (MAF) of the TSD. The
discussion of TMU tasks focuses on TSD utilization in support of collaborative decision-making (CDM). The analysis is
intended to serve as a baseline for future analyses of the impact of CDM on TMC decision making and of the technology that
will support it.The explanatory analysis builds upon the theoretic framework for ARTCC decision making and action proposed
by Smith (1999).That framework described the tasks performed at the TMU as cycles of feedforward control that anticipate
and regulate traffic flow forthe purpose of managing sector controller workload. The analysis presented here elaborates the
account of feedforward control by examining the differential allocation of tasks across TMUs in the light of the disparate
constraints on the air spaces they manage. When integrated with the framework for feedforward control, the analysis forms
the first comprehensive account of a truly collaborative, distributed decision-making system.
NTIS
Air Traffc Control; Information Systems; Personnel; Traffc
20090021252 Aero Tech Consulting, Inc., Lakewood, CO, USA; Amadeus Consulting, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA
Integrating Airport Information Systems
Stocking, C.; DeLong, J.; Braunagel, V.; Healy, T.; Loper, S.; January 2009; 98 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-107759; TRB-ACRP-13; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
This is a handbook that provides valuable analysis and recommendations that can help lead airports toward fully
integrated information systems in the near future. The handbook describes a vision for the future and a series of steps that can
lead to eventual and successful integration projects. It explores myriad information sources and their unique data elements,
the value to the airport decision-maker, and strategies that can help capture this business-critical information for use in
synergistic ways. The handbook examines new technology such as facial recognition kiosks, smart board passes, intelligent
wireless sensors, advanced wireless technology, and intelligent video recognition software. The report is not intended to
present specifics for integrating information systems for any airport; rather it suggests a path to successful integration by
educating airport decision-makers on the value of integration and inspiring adoption and adaptation of basic concepts and best
practices that can help airports integrate portions of their data/information environment. The handbook will be of interest to
airport managers and information technology professionals.
NTIS
Airports; Information Systems; Systems Integration
20090021269 New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM, USA
Training and Assessment of Aircrew Skills: Methods to Achieve Reliable and Valid Performance Data. Final Project
Report
Goldsmith, T. E.; January 2009; 31 pp.; In English
The project aimed to develop and validate procedures for training and assessing the knowledge and skllls of airline pilots.
The focus was on training and calibrating evaluators of aircrews and on the traditionally difficult to train and assess area of
crew resource management skills. A central aim of the project was to aid airlines and other entities in collecting and using pilot
performance data to make valid training and assessment decisions. The project employed several methods to achieve its goals
including statistical modeling off light parameter data, analysis of existing pilot performance databases, analysis of incident
andaceident reports, and controlled laboratory studies. Some of the major developments and findings of the project included
(a) a software package to train and calibrate evaluators judgments of aircrew performance, (b) statistical models of evaluators
performance judgments based on real-time, physical flight parameters, (c) evidence that crew resource management skills are
highlY context dependent, (d) quantification of the decline in aircrew skills over a 12 month retention interval, and (e)
evidence that degree of expectancy affects performance on unlikely to occur emergency maneuvers.
NTIS
Airline Operations; Education; Flight Crews; Resources Management
20090021270 Norfolk State Univ., VA, USA
Project of Digital Form Processing with XML. Final Report
Kung, M.; Jan. 29, 2004; 102 pp.; In English
The primary goal is to develop and demonstrate an extensible Web-based information system for aircraft maintenance to
30
improve commercial aircraft safety. Primary objectives are to allow: (1) the FAA to automate the submission, storage and
retrieval of the aircraft maintenance data from the Mechanical Interruption Summary (MIS), and the Service Difficulty Report
(SDR) that FAA requires, and (2) fast data sharing with other FAA information systems. The benefits of such a system to FAA
and the aviation industry include the reduction in labor required for aircraft operators to submit electronic data, reduction in
labor required for the FAA to collect, maintain, and disseminate comprehensive data, for safety analysis and trend detection
via the Web, and fast data sharing between the FAA and industry using the platform-neutral XML data format and web
services. We also bulilt a proof of concept XML-based, Multimodal Publishing System (MUMPS) based on software such as
Tomcat/Cocoon, IBM Voice Toolkit, MySQL and Xindice. The multiple modality publishing capability permits universal
access (any time, any place, any communication means, and for the physically challenged) from multiple wired or wireless
devices. This proof of concept demonstrated how an information system can be made extensible for future technological
advancement.
NTIS
Document Markup Languages; Information Systems; Maintenance
20090021272 Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA
Human Factors Issues in the Support of Collaborative Decision Making in the National Airspace System--Final Report
Smith, P. J.; Billings, C.; Spencer, A.; January 2003; 4 pp.; In English
The primary focus of this project has been to provide design input for the implementation of a suite of Reroute Advisory
Tools (RAT), which was recommended for implementation earlier in this project. The goal of this suite of tools is to enhance
the dissemination and use of ATCSCC Reroute Advisories to NAS Users. Two smaller tasks were also completed over the
course of this project. The first was the development of a proposal for the design of Web-based summary reports for POET
(the Post-Operations Evaluation Tool). The second was to provide design input to the COM Program on the CCFP
(Collaborative Convective Forecast Product). All three of these focus areas support the development of new tools that offer
the potential to significantly reduce departure delays, improve the planning and implementation of responses severe weather,
better accommodate the priorities and constraints of NAS users, and reduce the workload of FAA traffic managers, freeing
them up for other tasks.
NTIS
Decision Making; Human Factors Engineering; Workloads (Psychophysiology)
20090021315 Oklahoma Univ., Norman, OK, USA; Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Benefits of an Information Organization Tool in Strategic Air Traffic Control
Gronlund, S. D.; Canning, J. M.; Moertl, P. M.; Johansson, J.; Dougherty, M. R. P.; January 2000; 18 pp.; In English
No abstract available
Air Traffc Control; Computer Techniques; Sequencing
20090021351 Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA; Civil Aerospace Medical Inst., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Vision Standards and Testing Requirements for Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) and Testing (NDT) Personnel and
Visual Inspectors
Krebs, W. K.; Good, G. W.; Nakagawara, V. B.; Aug. 15, 2005; 11 pp.; In English
Inspection tasks for aircraft maintenance inspectors are visually intense. Whether personnel are inspecting using only a
flashlight, a simple magnifier, or sophisticated NDI/NDT equipment, visual identification is the primary method used to find
cracks and other defects, which affect structural integrity. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has identified the
failure by inspectors of finding visually detectable corrosion, cracks, or inclusions as a causative factor of several aviation
accidents (NTSB 1989, 1990, 1998). Maintenance personnel working at aircraft maintenance facilities may have primary
responsibilities as visual inspectors where they must use only their vision to assess the condition of aircraft and aircraft
components; or they can work in areas where Non-Destructive Inspections (NDI) and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) are
performed. In these latter workareas, NDI/NDT inspectors often use highly sophisticated imaging and scanning devices to aid
defect detection. However, even for these inspectors, performing a simple visual inspection is a vital component used to ensure
that aircraft are safe to fly. In a recent survey of maintenance facilities, 52% of inspectors were classified solely as visual
inspectors, 36% were classified as visual and NDI/NDT inspectors, while only 12% were classified solely as NDI/NDT
31
inspectors (Nakagawara et al., 2003). To the greatest extent possible, vision standards should ensure that workers have the
necessary visual skills to perform job-relevant tasks in an efficient and safe manner. For NDI/NDT inspectors, vision skills
should be adequate to identify areas of concern (i.e., detect potential defects) and to determine if further action is required (i.e.,
decide if a possible defect is within tolerances or if special tests are necessary) (Drury, 2001). Although the NDI/NDT
personnel have many tools to aid in the detection of defects (e.g., fluorescent penetrant and magnetic particle inspections, eddy
current and ultrasonic devices, borescopes, magnification aids), simple visual inspection may account for up to 80% of all
inspections (Goranson and Rogers, 1983). The FAAs Production and Airworthiness Division (AIR-200) (PAD, 2001) prepared
a memorandum, dated September 26, 2001, to address the need for sharp vision for NDI/NDT personnel. This memorandum
follows an FAA advisory circular (FAA, 1999) from February 1999 that addresses the same topic. Several national and
international organizations have made recommendations for qualifications of NDI/NDT personnel. The September 2001
memorandum identified the standards found to be acceptable to the FAA for assuring that only qualified individuals perform
NDI/NDT inspections and procedures. These standards provide recommendations for levels of initial and recurrent training,
levels of competence, and vision testing.
NTIS
Inspection; Personnel; Vision; Visual Acuity; Aircraft Maintenance
20090021356 Texas Tech Univ. Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
Strucutral Analysis of the FAA 1999 Shift Work Survey
Bleckley, M. K.; Schroeder, D. J.; Hackworth, C. A.; January 2004; 24 pp.; In English
Shift work has been shown to be injurious to some. Because shift work can be harmful it is important to understand the
personal and environmental characteristics that result in that harm. In 1999, the FAA collected survey data from shift workers,
including Flight Service Specialists (FSS), and Certified Professional Controllers (CPC). These data were submitted to
multiple-groups path analyses that attempted to replicated the C. Smith et al. (1999) model as well as fitting an analysis that
placed personality variables as predictor rather than outcome variables. Additionally, these data were analyzed using structural
equation models. The model positioning personality variables as predictors best fit the data, both in the path analysis and the
structural models. CPCs and FSSs showed the same patterns of relationships among the variables, with age, sleep flexibility,
coping style and emotional problems predicting environmental variables that resulted in negative health outcomes. The modes
suggest that critical junctures for remediations and interventions are coping behaviors, sleep strategies, and somatic anxiety.
NTIS
Personnel; Human Performance; Stress (Psychology); Work Capacity; Workloads (Psychophysiology); Psychological
Factors; Work-Rest Cycle
20090021393 Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX USA
NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 on the Modified T8 Bridge Rail
Bligh, R. P.; Williams, W. F.; Menges, W. L.; Apr. 2009; 62 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109516; REPT-0-5210-6; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
A new flexible bridge rail system, referred to as the T8 rail, was designed as a replacement for the T6 rail in high-speed
applications on culverts and thin deck structures. The T8 rail failed a crash test when the breakaway posts failed the thin deck
to which it was attached rather than breakaway as designed. After analysis of the test results, the system was modified in an
effort to address the identified failure mechanism. The modifications included increasing the length of the breakaway slot in
the tension flange of the steel support posts and incorporating a 1-inch thick offset block between the post and upper portion
of the tubular thrie beam rail to raise the point of force application on the post. The impact performance of the modified T8
bridge rail system was evaluated through a full-scale crash test. The crash testing was performed in accordance with the
requirements of NCHRP Report 350 Test Level 3 (TL-3).
NTIS
Concretes; Impact Tests; Rails; Bridges (Structures)
20090021395 National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, DC USA
National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Investigation Manual. Major Team Investigations
Nov. 2002; 376 pp.; In English
This manual provides general information to assist the investigator-in-charge (IIC), group chairmen, and others who may
32
participate in a major aviation accident investigation. It is intended to provide guidance on the process of conducting a major
investigation, from initial notification to the adoption of the final report, probable cause, and recommendations by the
Members of the Safety Board. Although this publication includes some technical information related to investigative activities
in major aviation accidents, it is primarily intended to provide guidance of a procedural or administrative nature.
NTIS
Accident Investigation; Safety Management; Air Transportation; Civil Aviation
20090021798 Coast Artillery Training Center, Fort Monroe, VA USA
The Coast Artillery Journal. Volume 73, Number 6, December 1930
Dec 1930; 103 pp.; In English
West Point is one of the oldest institutions of our country. Its establishment as the center of basic military education was
the constant desire of General Washington from the time he became commander-in-chief in the Revolutionary War until his
death. Upon every appropriate occasion he urged action upon this project. Indeed, his last letter, written two days before his
death, was upon that subject. His purposes were accomplished and his idea lives in the Military Academy today. Its ideals of
patriotism, its traditions, and their exemplification in the lives of its graduates have made it an institution of which the
American people are justly proud. It is the foremost Military Academy in the world, and its graduates who have been leaders
in peace as well as in war have exercised a far reaching influence in the development of the nation.
DTIC
Artillery; Civil Defense; Coasts; Harbors; Military Aircraft
20090021871 National Defense Univ., Washington, DC USA
A 21st-Century Concept of Air and Military Operations. Defense Horizons, Number 66
Laird, Robbin F; Mar 2009; 7 pp.; In English
The evolution of 21st-century air operations is unfolding under the impact of a new generation of fighter aircraft and a
significant shift in the role of air operations in support of ground and maritime forces. So-called fifth-generation aircraft often
are mistakenly viewed as simply the next iteration of airframes: fast, stealthy replacements of obsolescent legacy platforms.
In fact, the capabilities of fifth-generation aircraft, and their integration into a network-centric joint force, will change the roles
of manned fighter aircraft in air, ground, and maritime operations. These changes are so far-reaching that the Services face
the challenge of crafting a new concept of 21st-century air operations, indeed, of all combat operations.
DTIC
Fighter Aircraft; Horizon; Military Operations
20090022360 Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, USA
Aviation Safety: NASAs National Aviation Operations Monitoring Service Project Was Designed Appropriately, but
Sampling and Other Issues Complicate Data Analysis
March 2009; 100 pp.; In English; Original contains black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): GAO-09-112; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
To describe the history and nature of the National Aviation Operations Monitoring Service (NAOMS) project, we
researched, reviewed, and analyzed related material posted on several NASA Web sites and provided to us directly by NASA
and its contractor for NAOMS. We reviewed relevant documents on the House of Representatives Committee on Science and
Technology Web site. We examined relevant documents produced by the Battelle Memorial Institute (Battelle), National
Academies, and others as well as information produced for the National Research Council. In addition, we reviewed a number
of relevant reports, articles, correspondence, and fact sheets on the NAOMS project and air safety. Many of the publicly
available materials we reviewed are named in the bibliography at the end of this report. As a monitoring tool, NAOMS was
intended to point air safety experts toward trends, to help show FAA and others where to look for causes or extremely rare
safety events in other datasets. As a research and development project, NAOMS was a successful proof of concept. However,
the data that NASA collected under NAOMS have not been fully analyzed or validated by project staff or aviation safety
stakeholders. Depending on the research objective, proper analysis of NAOMS data would require multiple adjustments.
Additionally, because of their age, existing NAOMS data would most likely not be useful as indicators of the current status
of the National Airspace System. This report has both described NAOMSs limitations sufficiently to enable others to look at
33
redesigning them and suggested ways in which a newly undertaken project might successfully go forward. The planners and
designers of a new survey might want to supplement it where NAOMS was self-limiting, by incorporating research into
investigatory questions of the type that interested FAA, or to more specifically detail its monitoring capacity in conjunction
with existing aviation safety systems. Alternatively, a newly constituted research team might lead operational, survey, and
statistical experts in extensively analyzing existing data to validate a new surveys utility for various purposes or to illuminate
future projects of the same type.
Derived from text
Airline Operations; Aircraft Safety; Flight Safety; Data Acquisition; Data Processing
05
AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
Includes all stages of design of aircraft and aircraft structures and systems. Also includes aircraft testing, performance and evaluation,
and aircraft and flight simulation technology. For related information see also 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance and
39 Structural Mechanics. For land transportation vehicles see 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.
20090021220 Rice Univ., Houston, TX USA

Synthesis and Testing of New Flame Retardant Monomers and Polymer Additives
Tour, J. M.; January 2006; 69 pp.; In English
The development of synthetic polymers/plastics in the twentieth century has created a giant and growing industry. Due
to their low cost and ease of manufacturing, they have taken over where other materials such as wood and steel have become
outdated. Furthermore new products have emerged that could not have been fabricated from any other material. Polymers are
commonly made from highly flammable hydrocarbons that burn quite readily upon ignition. Hence, making polymers resistant
to burning is of great importance to their use in todays society. One way to make polymers flame retardant is through the use
of additives. The development of flame retarding additives has been a subject of serious investigation for many years now. A
considerable amount of these flame-retardants have been developed by companies such as Great Lakes, Inc. and Albemarle,
Inc. The job at hand is to synthesize and test new flame retarding additives that could be used by industry to make inflammable
polymers flame resistant, and in some cases even poison a fire that is already burning. Flame retardancy can be achieved using
any of three different approaches: (1) causing char formation in the pyrolysis zone, (2) adding material that decompose either
to produce nonflammable gases or endothermically to cool the pyrolysis zone, and (3) prohibiting the combustion process in
the vapor phase.1 Many flame retardants have been developed to combat the thermal break down of polymers. The combustion
of polymers has been shown to take place by several different free radical steps.
NTIS
Additives; Flame Retardants; Monomers
20090021290 Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, USA
Comparative Analysis of Flightdecks With Varying Levels of Automation
Funk, K.; Lyall, B.; Jun. 08, 2008; 31 pp.; In English
Since flightcrew error is the single most common probable cause or contributing factor cited as leading to commercial
transport aircraft accidents, it is appropriate that significant effort be given to the study of flight deck human factors issues.
That was the purpose of this grant research, and with the support of the Federal Aviation Administration Office of Chief
Scientific and Technical Advisor for Human Factors (AAR-100), we were privileged to conduct or initiate four major tasks
aimed at improving aviation safety by addressing flight deck human factors. These tasks were performed under grant 93-G-039
from AAR-100 to Oregon State University and its subcontractors. Beth Lyall, President of Research Integrations, Inc., and Ken
Funk, Associate Professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, were Co-Principal
Investigators. We were joined in the work by our colleagues Vic Riley of Honeywell, Inc., Gary Bakken of Analytica Systems,
Inc., and supported by numerous Oregon State University students, and Research Integrations, Honeywell, and Analytica
Systems personnel.
NTIS
Aircraft Safety; Transport Aircraft
34
20090021294 Clemson Univ., SC, USA

Development of an Industry Standardized Auditing and Surveillance Tool: Minimizing Maintenance Errors. Final
Technical Report
Gramopadhye, A.; Greenstein, J.; Dharwada, P.; Iyengar, N.; Kapoor, K.; Mar. 19, 2007; 390 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): 2003-G-011
This report outlines the development of a Web-based Surveillance and Auditing Tool (WebSAT), a system that analyzes
aircraft maintenance data. Given that there are no systems available in the industry which assist in evaluation of aircraft
maintenance data using standardized procedures, four different web applications were designed and developed to achieve
effective and efficient information management of aircraft maintenance operations and understand trends in the errors captured
through these operations. It is anticipated that using these systems will systematize and standardize the data collection,
reduction and analysis of aircraft maintenance data in the aviation industry. Specifically, this research, pursued over three
years, with industry partner Airline at Memphis, Tennessee, achieved the following objectives: (1) identify an exhaustive list
of impact variables that affect aviation safety and transcend various aircraft maintenance organizations; (2) develop data
collection/reduction and analysis protocols to analyze errors for the identified set of impact variables; and (3) using the results
of the aforementioned activity, develop and implement a web-based application which ensures oversight of aircraft
maintenance operations.
NTIS
Errors; Industries; Maintenance; Standardization; Surveillance

Helicopter Rotor Safety Issues. Stage 1 Report. Revision B
Katz, A.; Grham, K. S.; Palmer, K.; May 15, 2000; 56 pp.; In English
The University of Alabama has an ongoing effort in modeling of helicopter rotors and the study of rotor dynamics. The
starting point of the present project was is the original true blade model, Bladehelo, previously developed at the University
of Alabama Flight Dynamics Laboratory (UAFDL) and implemented in its real time simulator. Bladehelo employs rigorous
equations of motion. It uses no prescribed motions and no small angle approximations. The project plan was to use Bladehelo,
following certain upgrades, to assess the dynamic performance and the functional equivalence of composite blades to metal
blades they replace, with a view to establishing certification requirements. The project is structured in three stages: Stage 1
consists of upgrades to Bladehelo. Stage 2 is concerned with validation of the upgraded model, and Stage 3 addresses the
structural issues. The present report covers Stage 1 as carried out between 16 May 1998 and 15 May 2000.Two major
modeling upgrades were implemented: flexible blades and a high fidelity wake. Flexible blades are modeled as articulated with
adjacent segments joined by spring loaded hinges. Rather than model the segments and hinges specifically, a technique called
structured modeling (SM) was invoked, which employs generic, model independent code, and allows the details of the model
to be defined as input. SM, in turn, is based on the method of Global Recursive Dynamics (GRD). Both SM and GRD were
developed at the UA FDL prior to the current project. In Stage 1, the pre-existing Bladehelo and SM codes were merged to
create an upgraded Bladehelo, which was verified against the previous version and then applied to the modeling of flexible
blades. The wake upgrade replaces the uniform inflow assumed in the pre-existing Bladehelo with a dynamic wake generated
by a lattice of vortices created by the rotor blades. A trailing vortex is appropriate wherever the circulation about the blade
changes, in our computational scheme, this occurs at both ends of each blade element. A shed vortex is appropriate whenever
the circulation about the element changes, i.e. every integration step. The wake model creates and propagates the vortices in
real time based on the flow field they generate. Limitations of computational throughput dictated that only tip and hub vortices
be kept and that vortices be shed at a rate lower than the computational frame rate. Both upgrades required additional
computational resources, especially the wake model. For thispurpose, the simulation host at the UA FDL was enhanced with
four units of four processors each. The units are designated Monster0 through Monster3. The Monsters are interconnected
bySCRAMNet. Multiprocessing proceeds in two stages, spreading to the four processors within each Monster and across the
four monsters. Both stages were successfully implemented. Use ofthe 16 processors yielded a throughput improvement by a
factor of 13.4. This allowed each ofthe upgrades mentioned above, as well as both of them together, to run in real time.
NTIS
Aerodynamics; Aircraft Safety; Computerized Simulation; Flight Safety; Rotary Wing Aircraft; Rotary Wings; Safety
35
20090021312 Clemson Univ., SC, USA; Greenville Technical Coll., SC, USA
Evaluation of the Integrated AMT/AMT-T Curriculum
Feb. 2002; 84 pp.; In English
The results of this research will form the foundation of a comprehensive AMT/AMT-T training program.
NTIS
Aircraft Maintenance; Education; Maintenance
20090021316 Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA; William J. Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic City, NJ, USA
Performance Evaluation of Corrosion Control Products
Jones, P. L.; Cocks, F. H.; Flournoy, T. H.; January 2000; 9 pp.; In English
This paper presents the results of a two phase study designed first, to determine what corrosion prevention and control
products (CPCPs) are being used by commuter and general aviation operators, and second, to obtain a quantitative measure
of their effecctiveness.
NTIS
Corrosion; Corrosion Prevention; Evaluation; Performance Tests
20090021318 Helicopter Association International, Washington, DC, USA
MMIR (Maintenance Malfunction Information Report) Users Manual
January 2000; 84 pp.; In English
Since 1982, the Helicopter Association International (HAI) has been working to develop a system that will facilitate the
collection and collation of empirical data, including Service Difficulties, on any removable part of aircraft or engines, and
timely analysis of that data. In 1985 HAIs Maintenance Technical Committee took the lead in this effort, which became known
as the Maintenance Malfunction Information Report (MMIR) System. The Maintenance Malfunction Information Reporting
(MMIR) computer program is a paperless solution to the time consuming process of hand writing MMIR forms. The
computerized program fulfills FAA Service Difficulty Reporting (SDR) requirements and concomitantly creates manufacturer
warranty claim forms. The report is a user manual to the MMIR computer program.
NTIS
Helicopters; Maintenance; Malfunctions
20090021349 State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Language Error in Aviation Maintenance
Drury, C. G.; Ma, J.; Marin, C. V.; Aug. 2005; 109 pp.; In English
In the past decade there has been a great increase in contract maintenance among major airlines, to a current level of about
50%. The fastest growing segment of the worldwide Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) market is outside the USA.
Although English is the language of aviation, it is certainly not the native language of most of the world. Thus, language errors
may well arise for maintenance of the US civil fleet due to non-native English speakers interacting with maintenance materials
in English. This study assists the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in answering a Secretary of Transportation
recommendation that: The FAA should establish a method for determining whether language barriers result in maintenance
deficiencies. The contribution of this study has been to collect quantitative evidence to test whether language errors pose a
problem for maintenance and further to provide quantitative evidence for how any potential problem can be managed. A total
of 941 aviation maintenance workers on four continents were tested to measure the incidence of language error, to examine
the factors leading to such error and its detection, and to measure the effectiveness of chosen interventions. From analysis of
an Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM) database on language use, we were able to find the prevalence of English and
native language usage from 113 airlines around the world. English verbal abilities were highest in North America, followed
by Europe and lowest in Asia and the rest of the world. Translation of maintenance manuals was rare while translation of task
cards and engineering orders was more common in Asia. Most meetings and training were conducted in the native language.
Even among airlines with low reported levels of English ability, translation of documents was uncommon. Our own
observations and focus groups in USA and UK helped develop a pattern of language error scenarios, and a set of factors that
may influence the frequency of these scenarios. The frequency of occurrence of these scenarios, and factors affecting their
36
incidence and mitigation, was measured in the study of 941 maintenance personnel, largely Aviation Maintenance Technicians
(AMTs). A comprehension test methodology quantified the effectiveness of language error interventions, for example by
providing a bilingual coach, providing an English native language glossary or using a full or partial translation of a document.
From the OEM survey and demographic data on language use, the choice of sites was narrowed to those using a form of
Chinese or Spanish. With English, these two languages are the most commonly used on earth. We chose as regions Asia, Latin
America and Europe (Spain), with a control sample from the USA. While we were measuring scenario frequency and
intervention effectiveness, we also collected data on English vocabulary of participants, which gives a direct estimate of
reading level on a scale equivalent to US grades in school. Finally, focus groups were held at each site to discuss how that
MRO coped with the potential for language error.
NTIS
Aircraft Maintenance; Errors; Languages; Verbal Communication; Manuals
20090021350 Wichita State Univ., Wichita, KS, USA
Aerodynamic Effects of Oversized Tires and Modified Landing Gear on a Small Utility Airplane
Miller, L. S.; Thumann, G. G.; Sanborn, S. A.; Ellis, D. R.; Jun. 2000; 30 pp.; In English
An experimental investigation was conducted to identify the aerodynamic effects of oversized low-pressure (Tundra) tires
and modified landing gear on a typical small utility airplane. Water tunnel and wind tunnel tests were performed using,
respectively, a one-twentieth scale model and full-scale landing gear and tire components. Force and moment data show that
oversized tires and taller landing gear cause a drag increase but do not substantially change basic static stability levels. A lack
of directional stability for small sideslip angles observed in the water tunnel tests was not evident in wind tunnel tests done
at a higher Reynolds number.
NTIS
Aerodynamics; Landing Gear; Wind Tunnel Tests; Aircraft Tires; Aircraft Stability; Aerodynamic Stability
20090021352 Clemson Univ., SC, USA
Use of Advanced Technology To Support Inspection Training in the General Aviation Industry
Gramopadhye, A. K.; Ramirez, B.; Stringellow, P.; Sadasivan, S.; Feb. 21, 2006; 383 pp.; In English
This report outlines the development of the General Aviation Inspection Training System (GAITS), a computer-based
inspection training system for the General Aviation industry. Extending earlier work on such systems for commercial aviation,
this tool is specifically designed for training aircraft maintenance technicians in inspection skills using a multi-media
presentational approach with interaction opportunities between the user and the computer. It is anticipated that its use will
systematize and standardize the inspection training process in the General Aviation industry. Specifically, this research,
pursued over three years, achieved the following objectives: (1) task analyses of existing inspection operations at
geographically dispersed GA locations, (2) the development and organization of content to support inspection training, (3) a
prototype training system and (4) the dissemination of the findings of the research to the GA and aviation research
communities.
NTIS
General Aviation Aircraft; Inspection; Aircraft Maintenance; Computer Assisted Instruction
20090021425 RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA USA
Titanium: Industrial Base, Price Trends, and Technology Initiatives
Seong, Somi; Younossi, Obaid; Goldsmith, Benjamin W; Lang, Thomas; Neumann, Michael; Jan 2009; 157 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): FA7014-06-C-0001
Report No.(s): AD-A497383; RAND-MG-789-AF; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Titanium accounts for a significant portion of the structural weight of many aircraft. Its high strength-to-weight ratio, high
strength at high temperatures, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability make it ideal for airframe structures. However, in
recent years a combination of multiple factors has caused a major spike in titanium prices that is expected to significantly
influence the acquisition costs of future aircraft. This monograph examines the titanium industrial base, titanium production
technology, and the factors underlying price fluctuations in the titanium market to assess their implications for the production
cost of future airframes. The authors also suggest how the Department of Defense might mitigate the economic risks involved
37
in the titanium market and reduce the cost of raw materials used in military airframes. In contrast with existing studies, which
mainly focus on aircraft demand cycles in analyzing titanium price fluctuations, the monograph highlights the role of
supply-side drivers, Chinas impact on the titanium market through cross-market substitution effect, the significance of
industrial demand, and the increase in spot market transactions.
DTIC
Costs; Titanium; Trends
20090021466 Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Victoria, Australia

Generic Design Procedures for the Repair of Acoustically Damaged Panels
Callinan, R J; Wang, C H; Sanderson, S; Galea, S C; Dec 2008; 70 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497535; DSTO-RR-0283; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Acoustic fatigue is the result of high frequency lateral vibration of an aircraft panel due to time varying pressure waves
caused by engine and/or aerodynamic effects. For example, acoustically induced cracks have been recorded in the lower
external surface of the nacelle skin of the F/A-18 aircraft and aft fuselage. In the case of the inlet nacelle overall sound pressure
levels of the order of 172 dB have been recorded. Attempts to repair these cracks by applying standard methods of bonded
repair developed for in-plane loads were made. However, the cracks continued to grow at a similar rate. While the repair of
cracked aircraft structures subjected to in-plane loads using bonded repairs has resulted in considerable aircraft life time
extension and hence cost savings, the use of bonded patches to repair panels with acoustically induced cracks (acoustic
fatigue) is only recent. In this report a generic design procedure is presented for the repair of panels containing acoustically
induced cracks using constrained layer damping (CLD). The application of bonded repairs to acoustically-induced cracks
requires analytical tools that take into account high frequency out-of-plane vibration. The analytical tools described in the
report will enable the rapid design of effective repairs using closed form solutions. A potential outcome for this study could
be application to the repair of the batch 11 F/A-18 aircraft which suffer from acoustic fatigue cracking on the aft fuselage. Over
a period of ten years this could result in cost savings of one order of magnitude improvement over those for metallic repairs.
DTIC
Acoustic Fatigue; Cracks; Panels
20090021558 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA

The Benefits of a Network Tasking Order in Combat Search and Rescue Missions
Gocmen, Murat; Mar 2009; 66 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497812; AFIT/GCE/ENG/09-01; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Networked communications play a crucial role in USA Armed Forces operations. As the military moves towards more
network centric (Net-Centric) operations, it becomes increasingly important to use the network as effectively as possible with
respect to the overall mission. This thesis advocates the use of Network Tasking Orders (NTOs), which allow operators to
reason about the network based on asset movement, capabilities, and communication requirements. These requirements are
likely to be derived from the Air Tasking Order (ATO), which gives insight into the plan for physical assets in a military
mission. In this research, the author illustrates the benefit of an NTO in a simulation scenario that centers on communication
in a Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) mission. While demonstrating the CSAR mission, he assumes the use of the Joint
Tactical Radio System (JTRS) for communication instead of current technology to mimic likely future communication
configurations. His premise is that the knowledge in a NTO can be used to achieve better CSAR missions and yield better
decision-making opportunities to mission commanders. He presents a scenario that hinges on the transmission of a critical
image update from the headquarters to the survivor in the context of a CSAR mission. He attempts to transmit the image first
with the aid of a NTO and then without the aid of a NTO under high- and low-traffic loads. The results show that the
end-to-end delay with the aid of a NTO in high traffic conditions is shorter when compared to operations without the aid of
a NTO, and bandwidth requirements also are lower. In low-traffic conditions, the end-to-end delay is shorter without the aid
of a NTO, but at the cost of higher bandwidth utilization.
DTIC
Aircraft; Combat; Communication Networks; Data Transmission; Rescue Operations
38
20090021696 Impact Technologies, LLC, Rochester, NY USA

Embedded Reasoning Supporting Aerospace IVHM
Schoeller, Michael H; Roemer, Michael J; Leonard, Matthew S; Derriso, Mark; Jan 2007; 20 pp.; In English; Original
contains color illustrations
The work presented in this paper summarizes an effort to advance the current state of vehicle health reasoning practice
as a fundamental element of an Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) approach. This effort seeks to integrate
detection, diagnostic, and prognostic capabilities with a hierarchical diagnostic reasoning architecture into a single synergistic,
embeddable commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) unit. Three avenues have been pursued to advance the capabilities of health
reasoning in support of IVHM. First, the scope of the systems/subsystems being monitored by the underlying Health and
Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) has been expanded. The HUMS is comprised of subsystem specific prognostic and health
management (PHM) modules developed to process raw measured data and supply condition indicators (CI) targeting several
flight critical areas from advanced aerospace applications: such as electro-mechanical actuators (EMA), engine performance,
power train vibration, and structural impact detection and isolation. Second, a hierarchical, model-based reasoning approach
has been developed to isolate and classify latent failure mode manifestations existing in the condition indicators output by the
diagnostic and prognostic algorithms and utilize this information to assess the functional availability of the vehicle and its
constituent subsystems. At the lowest level, the embedded reasoning seeks to classify latent failure mode indications from raw
sensor data or condition indicators considered as evidence sources and isolate the root cause mechanism along with the
accompanying severity. In addition, a confidence assessment is determined by considering the temporal element and how
many times a particular piece of indicting evidence has repeated in the previous N evaluation iterations.
DTIC
Embedding; Maintenance
20090021709 Army Aeromedical Research Lab., Fort Rucker, AL USA

Simulator Sickness in the Flight School XXI TH-67 Flight Motion Simulators
Bass, Julie M; Webb, Catherine M; Johnson, David M; Kelley, Amanda M; Martin, Christopher R; Wildzunas, Robert M; Feb
2009; 19 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A498150; USAARL-2009-06; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
In 2005, the U.S. Army debuted the TH-67 Creek flight motion simulator (FMS). Comments from the first class to use
the devices indicated an unusually high number of instructor pilots (IPs) and student pilots (SPs) experienced severe simulator
sickness (SS). To investigate the potential problem, a pre-study was conducted using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire
(SSQ) to collect data from three, 5-day class cycles from 73 IPs and 129 SPs. Based on an analysis of these data, along with
operator comments, recommendations to reduce SS were provided. The post study was conducted one year later to test the
effectiveness of the recommendations at reducing the SS symptoms. SSQ data were collected on 25 IPs and 50 SPs, over one,
3-day class cycle. After the recommendations were implemented, there was a significant reduction in SSQ scores in both IPs
and SPs for three of the four SSQ subscales. Overall, IPs reported significantly greater SS than SPs across all four SSQ
subscales. The implementation of the recommendations, which were based on previous findings, reduced SS in the TH-67
FMSs.
DTIC
Flight Simulators; Flight Training; Helicopters; Motion Sickness; Motion Simulators; Pilots; Schools
20090021723 Nielsen Engineering and Research, Inc., Mountain View, CA USA

Store Separation Simulation of the Penguin Missile from Helicopters
Lesieutre, Daniel J; Dillenius, Marnix F; Gjestvang, Jens A; May 2006; 44 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Antiship Missiles; Computerized Simulation; Helicopters; Launching; Missiles; Simulation
39
20090021800 Army Research Lab., Cleveland, OH USA

Power Distribution System for a Small Unmanned Rotorcraft
Porter, Brian; Haas, Gary; Dec 2008; 12 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-1L162618AH80
Report No.(s): AD-A497463; ARL-TN-337; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
In quest of weight savings, several modifications were made to a Joker model unmanned rotorcraft. Battery power for
various subsystems was consolidated in a custom box, and smaller gauge wiring was substituted for the original. The results
included a 17% increase in flight time as well as logistics benefits from fewer batteries to be recharged.
DTIC
Consolidation; Electric Batteries; Pilotless Aircraft; Rotary Wing Aircraft
20090021824 Air War Coll., Maxwell AFB, AL USA
Accelerating the Kill Chain via Future Unmanned Aircraft
Cheater, Julian C; Apr 2007; 89 pp.; In English
Unmanned aircraft (UA) have evolved from simple reconnaissance assets into capable and persistent strike platforms in
a short period of time. Looking ahead to the year 2025, what technologies will help the U.S. military reduce the time it takes
to find, track, and neutralize a target with UA? The USA can have the greatest impact in accelerating the kill chain by investing
in research that advances autonomous UA operations and enables a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) using UA as
communications nodes. This MANET should interface with the Internet to provide maximum warfighter access and relay
information via a combination of radio frequency, laser communication, and satellite communication links. As warfighters, we
tend to focus more on the kinetic effects such as improving munitions instead of unglamorous but critical tasks such as
gathering, analyzing, and distributing vital information to the right person for action. Autonomous UA operations will reduce
manpower and bandwidth requirements while an improved airborne communications network will increase situational
awareness for warfighters and decrease reliance on satellites. The military often seeks to revolutionize warfighting via
cutting-edge technologies, but it can often gain more by selectively improving existing technologies to promote autonomy and
interoperability with less risk. Ironically, accelerating the kill chain with capable sensor-shooters may be delayed more by
political, cultural, and service doctrine biases than technological barriers. UA airspace integration, deconfliction methods, and
inter-service command and control still warrant attention. By overcoming both technical and cultural barriers, the USA can
accelerate the kill chain and anticipate enemy actions instead of reacting to attacks.
DTIC
Communication Networks; Drone Vehicles; Optical Communication; Pilotless Aircraft; Radio Frequencies; Satellite
Communication; Wireless Communication
U.S. Army Helicopters and U.S. Air Force Expeditionary Forces: Implications for Halting Military Operations
(Occasional Paper Number 22)
Mason, Brad; Jun 2001; 49 pp.; In English
This paper examines the operational concept of U.S. Army attack helicopters operating in concert with USAF fighter
aircraft. Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT) doctrine and tactics are well established and the practical joint employment of these
systems has been prevalent since the Vietnam War. This paper recommends a level of integration that transcends synchronized
operations and envisions the formation of a truly joint Aerospace Expeditionary Force (AEF) coalescing planning, training,
and deployment functions and employing as a single integrated joint force. The argument in this study is that during the initial
phase of a Small Scale Contingency, which is also known as the halt phase of an evolving Major Regional Contingency, that
U.S. military forces would benefit from more closely integrating attack helicopters and air expeditionary forces. This concept
raises a number of potentially interesting questions. Could the AH-64 supplement or substitute for the A-10 Thunderbolt in
some cases? Would it be more efficient in terms of strategic lift and staging requirements in the theater to deploy in this way?
Would this more integrated arrangement facilitate more efficient command and control for the Joint Force Commander (JFC)
and more rapidly generate combat power at the decisive time and place? In light of the recent Kosovo experience, these issues
seem particularly relevant. This study also examines how joint and service doctrines have evolved. The central argument is
40
that integrating operational forces will lead to truly joint operations, as outlined in the Department of Defenses Joint Vision
2020. If integrating Army helicopters and Air Force expeditionary forces helps to bridge the gap between the U.S. Air Force
and U.S. Army doctrine, it could lead to the emergence of new concepts and technologies that will help U.S. military forces
conduct joint operations more effectively in the future.
DTIC
Attack Aircraft; Fighter Aircraft; Helicopters; Military Helicopters; Military Operations
Micro-Scale Flapping Wings for the Advancement of Flying MEMS
Coleman, Nicholas R; Mar 2009; 139 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DACA99-99-C-9999; Proj-07-141
Report No.(s): AD-A497687; AFIT/GE/ENG/09-09; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This research presents conceptual micro air vehicles (MAV) with total dimensions less than one millimeter. The effort
sought to advance understanding of MAV at sub-millimeter dimensions by fabricating and testing micro scale flapping wings.
The biomimetic wings derived from three different insects; the dragonfly, house fly, and butterfly, were selected based off of
their natural attributes. The fabricated wings utilize a thermal bimorph structure consisting of polysilicon and gold which
allows device actuation through joule heating. The released micro wing initially deflections upward due to residual stress
between the gold and polysilicon material layers. Joule heating, from an applied bias, forces the wing to deflect toward the
substrate due to the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch between the material layers. Each fabricated bio-wing structure
was tested for deflection range as well as operating frequency. From the experimental testing of the micro scale flapping
bio-wings, aerodynamic values were calculated to include: aspect ratio, reduced frequency in a hover, Reynolds number of
a hovering device, drag force, and gravitational force. The research verified insect based wings on the micro scale are capable
of producing the desired flapping motion.
DTIC
Biomimetics; Drone Vehicles; Flapping; Microelectromechanical Systems; Wings
Nano Air Vehicles: A Technology Forecast
Davis, William A; Apr 2007; 44 pp.; In English
This paper documents the result of a future technology forecast study to determine when operationally useful nano-air
vehicles (NAVs) will be achieved. This was accomplished as part of the Blue Horizons Research Team tasked by the Chief
of Staff of the USA Air Force to explore emerging technologies and make recommendations for long-range investments. This
study utilized a future forecasting method called the Delphi Method, which was developed by the RAND Corporation in the
1960s. The results indicate that NAVs capable of operating in swarms will be available within 10 years to perform operational
missions. The study recommends that the Air Force begin work now to fully develop operational concepts and requirements
for NAVs. It also is important that capability requirements for swarming NAVs are defined across the services to gain
efficiencies in development and acquisition of these systems, and to avoid duplication in requirements and programs.
DTIC
Drone Vehicles; Forecasting; Military Technology; Nanotechnology; Research and Development
Continuously Available Battlefield Surveillance
Lake, James P; Apr 2007; 113 pp.; In English
The question of what is necessary for the US to provide its fighting forces with continuously available surveillance of the
battlefield is considered. The anticipated technological improvements forecasted to 2025 all support the conclusion that
sufficient capabilities will exist should the US government choose to collect them into a single system. The resulting unmanned
system will likely be a lighter-than-air vessel capable of operating for months or a stealthy derivative of the RQ-4 Global
Hawk. The single largest hurdle for either system is the lack of political and military support for expanding existing unmanned
41
systems. An Air Force sponsored survey conducted with several military, corporate and university experts which supports
these conclusioins is also presented.
DTIC
Aircraft; Combat; Surveillance; Technology Assessment
20090021869 Marine Corps Univ., Quantico, VA USA
Rotary Wing Operations in a CBRN Environment
Gonzalez, A C; Feb 25, 2008; 17 pp.; In English
The Marine Corps does not like to say no...that applies to the conduct of combat operations in a chemical, biological,
radiological and nuclear (CBRN) environment. Due to the now wide-spread proliferation of chemical, biological, radiological
and nuclear weapons, waging war in a CBRN environment is an ever present possibility for the USA. The depth, breadth, and
pace of modern battles will require the speed and flexibility of Marine Corps rotary wing aircraft to support combat operations.
However, current Marine aviation squadrons are not prepared to operate in a CBRN environment due to a lack of pilot and
aircrew training. Moreover, conducting sustained operations in such an environment would pose an even greater challenge.
In fact, decontamination of the aircraft at the conclusion of combat operations poses an insurmountable challenge for such
operations. While the Marine Corps advertises the capability of conducting aviation operations in a CBRN environment, its
capability is very limited and sustainable only at a very high cost.
DTIC
Military Aviation; Military Operations; Rotary Wings
20090021928 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach, FL, USA
Methodology for the Prediction of the Empennage In-Flight Loads of a General Aviation Aircraft Using Backpropagation Neural Networks
Kim, D.; Marciniak, M.; January 1993; 39 pp.; In English
Backpropagation neural networks have been used to predict strains resulting from maneuver loads in the empennage
structure of a Cessna 172P. The purpose of this research was to develop a methodology for the prediction of strains in the tail
section of a general aviation aircraft that does not require installation of strain gages and to determine the minimum set of
sensors necessary for these prediction that is suitable for small transport aircraft. ACE-100 provides accepted methods for
estimating the fatigue life of empennage structures. It is based on airplane normal accelerations at the center of gravity (CG
Nz). While there is a strong correlation between CG Nz and wing loads, little correlation exists with empennage loads. It was
found that significant loads were induced in the horizontal and vertical tails during roll and dutch-roll maneuvers indicating
that the fatigue load spectra derived using ACE-100 may significantly underestimate the fatigue cycles experienced by the
empennage. This report provides a methodology for monitoring and measuring in-flight tail loads using Neural Networks. It
does not require the installation of strain gages on each airplane. This is an inexpensive and effective technique for collecting
empennage load spectra for small transport airplanes already in-service where installations of strain gages are impractical.
Linear accelerometer, angular accelerometer, rate gyro, and strain gage signals were collected in flight using DAQBook
portable data acquisition system for dutch-roll, roll, sideslip left, sideslip right, stabilized g tum left, stabilized g tum right,
and push-pull maneuvers at airspeeds of 65 KIAS, 80 KIAS, and 95 KIAS. The sensor signals were filtered and used to train
the neural networks. Modular Neural Networks were used to predict the strains.
NTIS
Aerodynamic Loads; Backpropagation (Artificial Intelligence); Cessna 172 Aircraft; General Aviation Aircraft; Loads
(Forces); Neural Nets; Tail Assemblies
20090021956 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA; NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, CA,
USA
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) Acoustical Resonance Technical Assessment Report
Gilbert, Michael G.; Kehoe, Michael W.; Gupta, Kajal K.; Kegerise, Michael A.; Ginsberg, Jerry H.; Kolar, Ramesh; May
2009; 192 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215730; NESC-RP-05-98/04-073-E; L-19668; LF99-8783; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A09,
Hardcopy
A request was submitted on September 2, 2004 concerning the uncertainties regarding the acoustic environment within
42
the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) cavity, and the potential for structural damage from acoustical
resonance or tones, especially if they occur at or near a structural mode. The requestor asked for an independent expert opinion
on the approach taken by the SOFIA project to determine if the projects analysis, structural design and proposed approach
to flight test were sound and conservative. The findings from this assessment are recorded in this document.
Author
SOFIA (Airborne Observatory); Technology Assessment; Damage; Risk Assessment; Structural Design; Acoustic Resonance
20090021973 Maryland Univ., College Park, MD USA
Rotorcraft Brownout: Advanced Understanding, Control and Mitigation
Leishman, J G; Dec 31, 2008; 22 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): FA9550-08-1-0406
The MURI team has started to undertake a carefully planned program of research, including the development of
efficacious predictive models for the physical elements that may contribute to the brownout problem. This goal will be
achieved by better understanding rotor and airframe aerodynamics when operating in ground effect, as well as how the
interaction of rotor wake vortices with the sediment bed occurs, the particulate uplift processes, and the two-phase fluid
transport physics. The topic of the present MURI also specifically addresses piloting problems, so proper characterization of
brownout clouds will be undertaken based on their optical properties. As the research progresses, brownout mitigation
processes using rotorcraft design optimization techniques will then be undertaken using the validated computational methods.
DTIC
Rotary Wing Aircraft; Rotor Aerodynamics; Control Theory
Design, Fabrication, and Performance of Open-Source Foil Bearings Demonstrated
DellaCorte, Christopher; Dykas, Brian D.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 172-173; In English; See also
Compliant foil bearing technology enables oil-free rotor support in high-speed turbomachinery, requiring only the process
gas as a lubricant. A current NASA initiative assessing advanced rotorcraft propulsion systems envisions oil-free bearings in
turboshaft engines to reduce engine weight. Since a single lubrication system is often used for both engine bearings and
transmission gears, removing engine bearing lubrication requirements permits drive systems to run with optimized gear oil,
allowing increased loading and power density. Researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center demonstrated and reported
the design and fabrication processes required for foil bearings.
Derived from text
Foil Bearings; Lubrication Systems; Propulsion System Performance; Rotary Wing Aircraft
Transient Simulation of Large Commercial Turbofan Engine Developed to Enable Advanced Controls and Diagnostics
Research
Litt, Jonathan S.; DeCastro, Jonathan A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 100-101; In English; See also
There is great interest in the development of advanced control and diagnostic algorithms for turbofan engines to meet
challenging performance and safety goals. However, an appropriate development platform such as a nonproprietary realistic
transient simulation of a commercial, high-bypass engine with a representative Full Authority Digital Engine Control
(FADEC)-like controller has been lacking. To address this, the NASA Glenn Research Center has spearheaded the
development of the Commercial Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation (C-MAPSS) software, in collaboration with
ASRC Aerospace Corporation, Saratoga Control Systems, Inc., and N and R Engineering researchers. C-MAPSS provides a
transient simulation of a large commercial turbofan engine (up to 90,000-lb thrust) with a realistic engine control system. The
software provides the user easy access to health, control, and engine parameters through a graphical user interface (GUI), and
it operates several times faster than real time. In addition, the simulation can be deployed (all or in part) as machine code for
hardware-in-the-loop applications such as flight simulators and real-time controller/diagnostic system validation. The key
function of C-MAPSS is to provide the user with a graphical turbofan engine simulation environment in which advanced
algorithms can be implemented and tested. C-MAPSS can run user-specified transient simulations, and it can generate
state-space linear models of the nonlinear engine model at an operating point. The code is written in MATLAB/Simulink (The
43
Mathworks, Natick, MA), with a number of GUI screens that allow point-and-click operation and have editable fields for
user-specified input. The software includes an atmospheric model that allows simulation of engine operation at altitudes from
sea level to 40,000 ft, Mach numbers from 0 to 0.90, and ambient temperatures from -60 to 103 F. The package also includes
a power-management system that allows the engine to be operated over a wide range of thrust levels throughout the full range
of flight conditions.
Derived from text
Turbofan Engines; Diagnosis; Algorithms; Propulsion System Performance; Computerized Simulation; Systems Health
Monitoring; Computer Programs
Low-Noise Formate Spiral-Bevel Gears Evaluated
Lewicki, David G.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 170-171; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
Spiral-bevel gears are used extensively in rotorcraft applications to transfer power and motion through nonparallel shafts.
These gears are a main source of vibration and noise in gearboxes, which leads to noise in cabin interiors. Also, higher strength
and lower weight are required to meet the needs of future aircraft. An alternative manufacturing approach to the face-milling
process is the Formate process. In a cooperative project with Bell Helicopter and the University of Illinois at Chicago, a
Formate spiral-bevel gear design along with a special generated pinion matched for low noise were evaluated. Experimental
tests were performed on the OH-58D helicopter main-rotor transmission in the 500-hp Helicopter Transmission Test Stand at
the NASA Glenn Research Center. The low-noise Formate spiral-bevel gear design was compared with the baseline OH-58D
spiral-bevel gear design, a high-strength design, and previous low-noise designs. Noise, vibration, and tooth strain tests were
performed.
Derived from text
Helicopter Propeller Drive; Spiral Bevel Gears; Low Noise; Performance Tests; Noise Reduction; Rotor Dynamics
20090022124 Sierra Lobo, Inc., OH, USA
FJ44 Turbofan Engine Test at NASA Glenn Research Centers Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Laboratory
Lauer, Joel T.; McAllister, Joseph; Loew, Raymond A.; Sutliff, Daniel L.; Harley, Thomas C.; May 2009; 21 pp.; In English;
47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 5 - 8 Jan. 2009, Florida, USA; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215594; AIAA Paper 2009-0620; E-16885; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
A Williams International FJ44-3A 3000-lb thrust class turbofan engine was tested in the NASA Glenn Research Center
s Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Laboratory. This report presents the test set-up and documents the test conditions. Farfield
directivity, in-duct unsteady pressures, duct mode data, and phased-array data were taken and are reported separately.
Author
Aerodynamic Noise; Turbofan Engines; Engine Tests; Aeroacoustics; Ducts; Propulsion
20090022143 NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, CA, USA
Advanced Command Destruct System (ACDS) Enhanced Flight Termination System (EFTS)
Tow, David; May 12, 2009; 22 pp.; In English; International Test and Evaluation (TEA) 2009 Test Instruinentation Workshop,
12 - 14 May 2009, California, USA; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): DFRC-1002; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
NASA Dryden started working towards a single vehicle enhanced flight termination system (EFTS) in January 2008.
NASA and AFFTC combined their efforts to work towards final operating capability for multiple vehicle and multiple missions
simultaneously, to be completed by the end of 2011. Initially, the system was developed to support one vehicle and one
frequency per mission for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) at NASA Dryden. By May 2008 95% of design and hardware
builds were completed, however, NASA Drydens change of software safety scope and requirements caused delays after May
2008. This presentation reviews the initial and final operating capabilities for the Advanced Command Destruct System
(ACDS), including command controller and configuration software development. A requirements summary is also provided.
Derived from text
Pilotless Aircraft; Abort Apparatus; Unmanned Aircraft Systems; Systems Engineering; Flight Management Systems; Control
Systems Design
44
20090022310 Army Aviation and Missile Command, Moffett Field, CA, USA
Investigation of Rotor Loads and Vibration at Transition Speed
Yeo, Hyeonsoo; Shinoda, Patrick M.; Jun 2002; 26 pp.; In English; American Helicopter Society 58th Annual forum, 11-13
Jun. 2002, Montreal, Canada; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A480629; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Blade section normal force and flap bending moment were investigated for UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter rotor operating
at transition speed. The measured data from both flight and full-scale wind tunnel tests are compared with calculations
obtained using the comprehensive rotorcraft analysis CAMRAD II. There is good agreement for the oscillatory flap bending
moments between the flight and wind tunnel tests when the rotor in the wind tunnel was trimmed to match thrust and pitch
and roll moments measured on the main rotor shaft in the flight test. The calculations were made using three free wake models:
rolled-up, multiple-trailer, and multiple-trailer with consolidation wake models. Both multiple-trailer and multiple-trailer with
consolidation models improve the normal force correlation qualitatively, and the magnitude of 1/rev and 2/rev harmonics of
flap bending moments. However, none of these wake models appear to be adequate for the accurate prediction of rotor-induced
vibration.
Author
Loads (Forces); Rotary Wings; Rotors; Vibration; H-60 Helicopter
06
AVIONICS AND AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
Includes all avionics systems, cockpit and cabin display devices, and flight instruments intended for use in aircraft. For related
information see also 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation; 08 Aircraft Stability and Control; 19 Spacecraft Instrumentation and
Astrionics; and 35 Instrumentation and Photography.
20090021268 San Jose State Univ., CA, USA

Adaptation and adoption of technologies: Examination of the User Request Evaluation Tool (URET)
Corker, K.; Howard, M.; Mooij, M.; Nov. 01, 2005; 63 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109709; HAIL-2005-2442-01; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
The report examines the design strategies in the development of the User Request Evaluation System (URET). Based on
the design statements an analysis of functional implementation of URET was conducted through analysis of operational errors
attributed to the initial introduction of the URET system and through field-observation in four Air Route Traffic Control
Centers (ARTCCs). The use of URET was observed. Strategies for its current application and controller assessment of its
utility are provided. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the use of URET as a Flight Progress Strip (FPS) replacement; with
respect to its use as a trajectory planning and evaluation tool (which is not currently a significant part of its operational use);
and its impact on the organization structures in the facilities in which it is being used.
NTIS
Flight Paths; Flight Simulation; Systems Analysis; Systems Engineering
20090021317 William J. Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic City, NJ, USA
Operational Evaluation Sierra Flight Systems Multi Function Display
Yost, R.; Oct. 25, 2000; 17 pp.; In English
The test bed aircraft was a Stoddard-Hamilton GlaStar capable of being manually flown by a single pilot. The test aircraft
GlaStar was a kit aircraft, provided by the EAA. The aircraft was built for the EAA Young Eagles in 1996 at the EAA Weeks
facility by EAA volunteers, with help from Stoddard Hamilton, the kits manufacturer. The instrument panel of the GlaStar
was configured to provide standard avionics flight instrumentation for the safety pilot in the right seat. The left seat pilot
position was set up to accommodate subject pilots who were used in the avionics evaluations. The EFIS-2000 is a
multifunction display unit. Its objective is to gather a tremendous amount of data and convert it to useful information at a fast
processing speed - thereby giving the pilot the right information at the right time. The pilot is freed to concentrate on aircraft
control, systems management, and critical decision-making and hence increasing flight operation safety. Sierra Flight Systems
claims that the EFIS-2000 has been designed to give the aircraft pilot situational awareness previously unavailable. The
EFIS-2000 system consists of three software pages (primary flight display, moving map, and engine monitor) displayed on
one, two, or three high-resolution, full-color multi-function displays (MFD). Its own CPU drives each MFD and ail sensor data
45
is fed to each CPU in parallel. Therefore, any MFD can display any of the three pages at any time, offering maximum
flexibility and redundancy. The test bed is equipped with a single MFD. This test only evaluated the PFD mode. The primary
flight display (PFD) combines pilot-static information from an air data computer, attitude and heading data from a solid-state
three-axis gyro, and position input from a GPS receiver to generate a state-of-the-art display. The PFD displays airspeed,
groundspeed, altitude, altitude above ground, density altitude, vertical speed, angle of attack, heading, decision height, actual
winds aloft, crosswind component, outside air temperature, timers, and an heading situation indicator. Test flights were
conducted from March 2000 until July 2000 at the WJH Technical Center near Atlantic City, New Jersey. The Test Procedures
written by ACT-340 were developed to evaluate the Sierra Flight Systems Primary Flight.
NTIS
Avionics; Display Devices; Human Factors Engineering; Pilot Performance
20090021353 Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC, USA

Research for the Electrical Wiring Interconnection System Program
Oct. 2007; 141 pp.; In English
This report details the results of a 15-month research program performed by the University of Dayton Research Institute
to improve the reliability of aircraft electrical wiring interconnect systems through improved malfunction detection and repair
procedures and through improved wiring and support designs. The research was performed in eight separate projects focusing
on three main research areas: development of composite polymer wires utilizing adherent metallic films containing carbon
nanofibers and analysis of copper cladded aluminum wiring and associated connectors; development of manual and automatic
repair techniques for electrical wiring with damaged insulation covered with fibrous material; development of sensing systems
for monitoring harness vibration, degradation of electrical connectors and clamp function during installation and breakage.
NTIS
Reliability; Aircraft Maintenance; Electric Wire
20090021355 Ohio Univ., Athens, OH, USA

Development and Deployment of a Wireless Network Testbed, and Evaluation of Wirelss systems for Airport
Applications
Matolak, D. W.; January 2006; 31 pp.; In English
The document describes completed work on the investigation of the employment of new wireless network technologies
for aviation applications on airport surface areas (ASAs). The wireless technologies studied are those in the new wireless
metropolitan area network (WMAN) family developed by the IEEE standards organization, denoted the IEEE 802.16
standard(s). The particular version of this standard is 802.16-2004, which was recently enhanced to 802.16e primarily to
enable support of mobility. The primary goal of the project was to evaluate this networking technology, deployed in the 5 GHz
microwave landing system extension (E-MLS) band is ASAs. This evaluation was to be both analytical and experimental.
NTIS
Airports; Communication Networks; Wireless Communication; Runways

Development and Applications of Satellite-Based Services
van Grass, F.; Aug. 2000; 52 pp.; In English
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is augmented with reference receivers, at known locations at an airport, and a data
broadcast system to improve the accuracy and integrity of GPS to enable aircraft precision approach, landing, and surface
movement guidance. The resulting system is referred to as the Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) Ground Facility
(LGF). In support of the development of the LAAS and other satellite based services, several project were performed under
Aviation Research Grant 92-G- 0023. These projects can be divided into four major research areas: Development and flight
testing of prototype LAAS ground and airborne equipment, including high-accuracy simulator testing, analyses of integrity,
continuity and availability, and characterization and mitigation of multipath error Integration of GPS with a low-cost Inertial
46
Measurement Unit; LAAS augmentation with an on-airport ranging pseudolite; Fault detection and exclusion techniques.
NTIS
Global Positioning System; Services
07
AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
Includes primary propulsion systems and related systems and components, e.g., gas turbine engines, compressors, and fuel systems;
and onboard auxiliary power plants for aircraft. For related information see also 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; 28 Propellants
and Fuels; and 44 Energy Production and Conversion.
20090021331 Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Univ., Tallahassee, FL, USA

Modeling and Optimization of Fuel Cell Systems for Aircraft Applications
Ordonez, J.; Luongo, C.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 45, 683-706; In English; See also
20090021319; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This project is aimed at increasing the level of confidence and existing design know-how for the implementation of
fuel-cells on aircraft. A first phase, 2005-2006, focused on a suite of studies related to the integration of fuel cells into aircraft
and the optimization of fuel cell systems: 1. SOFC-gas turbine hybrid system for aircraft applications: modeling and
performance analysis, 2. The optimal shape for a unit PEM fuel cell, 3. The Constructal PEM fuel cell stack design, and 4.
The implementation of fuel cell based aero-propulsion systems into advanced power simulation environments (EMTDC,
RTDS). During the second phase of the project, 2006-2007, we continued with the implementation of fuel cell based
aero-propulsion systems into EMTDC and RTDS in synergy with the NASA URETI for aeropropulsion, concluded a study
on the internal structure of a SOFC unit, and added a new aspect on the characterization and optimization of regenerative fuel
cell systems. In this executive summary we present the main aspects of these studies, a complete report (100+ pages) is
available to NASA upon request.
Author
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells; Aircraft Power Supplies; Auxiliary Power Sources
20090021870 Universal Technology Corp., Dayton, OH USA
Propulsion and Power Rapid Response Research and Development (R&D) Support. Delivery Order 0010: Propulsion
and Power Student and Faculty Research and Technical Report
Hanson, Donald B; Jan 2009; 563 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): F33615-02-D-2299-0010; Proj-06WP
Research was conducted for the Propulsion Directorates research and development efforts. A variety of technical tasks
and operating procedures involving assembly, installation, and operation of test articles and equipment were performed. Proper
maintenance and functioning of R&D instrumentation and equipment were accomplished and experiments in a variety of
technical areas including turbine engines, hypersonics, and aerospace power were observed/conducted. Basic practical
engineering and scientific principles were applied and routine analyses of standard data and other information using formulas
and data acquisition systems were performed. The information was transferred/reported via reports, graphs, diagrams, charts,
and tables, as appropriate.
DTIC
Education; Propulsion; Propulsion System Configurations; Propulsion System Performance; Research; Responses
Singular-Value Decomposition-Based Approach Developed for Thrust Estimation Over the Flight Envelope
Litt, Jonathan S.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 99-100; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
In-flight estimation of unmeasurable turbofan engine output variables, such as thrust, is difficult because the values depend
on the degradation level of the engine, which is often not known accurately. Degradation is generally defined in terms of
parameters such as efficiency related to each major engine component. Variations in these parameters tend to cause shifts in
the engine output. Standard estimation techniques can be used to determine the parameter values that result in the output
deviations, and these estimated values can be used to reconstruct unmeasured output variables, such as thrust, using known
relationships between variables. However, in standard engine installations there are too few sensors to make an accurate
47
estimation of the deterioration level. Thus, the problem of reconstructing unmeasured output variables was addressed at the
NASA Glenn Research Center by defining a reduced set of parameters that can be estimated and that have a similar effect on
the unmeasured outputs.
Derived from text
Turbofan Engines; Degradation; Propulsion System Performance
Loop-Shaping Design Approach with Practical Considerations Developed for Feedback Control Systems
Kopasakis, George; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 97-99; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
A design approach has been developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center for feedback control systems where
disturbance attenuation becomes an important criterion in the design process, such as in propulsion systems for supersonic
vehicles. This approach directly ties requirements for disturbance attenuation, transient response, and stability into the plant
dynamics and the actuation system limitation. The challenge in supersonic vehicle propulsion systems is to control the shock
wave at a certain position inside the supersonic inlet in order to maximize performance, prevent inlet unstarts, and preserve
aircraft ride quality and stability, while attenuating upstream flow-field disturbances, such as atmospheric wind gusts,
aeroservoelastic disturbances coming from the vehicle structural modes, yaw and angle of attack disturbances, and
disturbances coming from the engine itself. These objectives have to be met within the physical limitations of the actuators
such as position and rate limits. Although this technique was developed under the Supersonics Project in NASAs
Fundamental Aeronautics Program, it is applicable to any classical feedback control system where the plant transfer function
is known. The technique is based on frequency-domain feedback control system design, where a desired loop gain is shaped
in a step-by-step fashion to meet the requirements for disturbance attenuation, response time, and stability in terms of phase
and gain margin, within the limitations of the actuation system. Once the desired system loop gain is shaped, and with
knowledge of the plant transfer function, the technique shows how to systematically calculate the controller transfer function
to arrive at the desired loop gain and meet the requirements. As such, the technique demonstrates what the limits of the control
system design are based on the actuation system rates, so that the system will not be overdriven - avoiding possible damage
to the hardware or driving the control system into saturation and nonlinear operation.
Derived from text
Feedback Control; Control Systems Design; Propulsion System Performance
Integrated Online and Offline Diagnostic Approach Demonstrated for Aircraft Engine Application
Kobayashi, Takahisa; Simon, Donald L.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 96-97; In English; See also
Early detection of component and subsystem faults can help improve the safe and reliable operation of aircraft gas turbine
engines. Such a capability requires an online fault-detection algorithm that is designed to operate on an onboard engine
computer in real time. The online algorithm, however, has difficulty in achieving reliable diagnostic performance because the
measured engine output data are influenced not only by faults but also by engine health degradation. Without a capability to
discern the difference between fault- and degradation-induced measurement shifts, the online algorithm eventually loses its
diagnostic effectiveness. To address this challenge, researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center developed a concept of
integrating the online algorithm with an offline trend-monitoring algorithm. The objective of the offline algorithm is to track
engine health degradation over the lifetime of an engine. It estimates the engines health condition on the basis of steady-state
engine output data recorded during flight. Since health degradation is a gradual process, the offline algorithm updates its
estimate at a relatively low frequency, such as once per a number of flights or hours of operation. The periodically updated
knowledge of engine health degradation is used to update the design health condition, or the health baseline, of the online
algorithm. Through the health baseline update, the online algorithm can account for the influence of health degradation and
maintain its focus on detecting fault-induced engine output shifts. This approach allows the online algorithm to maintain its
effectiveness while the engines health condition changes with time. The integrated online and offline diagnostic approach was
demonstrated in a simulation environment using a nonlinear gas turbine engine model. The online algorithm avoided
incorrectly diagnosing engine health degradation as a fault, and it detected sensor biases at consistent levels regardless of the
severity of the engine health degradation. The demonstration study revealed that the integrated approach is essential to
maintaining reliable performance of the online fault-detection algorithm over the lifetime of an engine.
Derived from text
Aircraft Engines; Degradation; Fault Detection; Algorithms; Systems Health Monitoring; Real Time Operation; Propulsion
System Performance
48

Aeroacoustics Theory of Slowly Diverging Supersonic Jets Developed and Compared with Experimental Data
Goldstein, Marvin E.; Leib, Stewart J.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 2-3; In English; See also
Noise remains one of the principal environmental barriers to expansion of the present air transportation system.
Increasingly stringent noise regulations will require new technologies that reduce noise without sacrificing performance.
Currently available jet noise prediction models do not provide the accuracy required to guide technological development for
high-speed jets. In particular, they are unable to predict the high levels of peak noise produced by supersonic jets. In research
carried out in-house at the NASA Glenn Research Center, in collaboration with the Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI), a rigorous
theory based on an acoustic analogy was developed and compared with experimental data. The results clearly demonstrate that
the theory can predict jet noise accurately at both supersonic and subsonic Mach numbers. In an acoustic analogy approach
to predicting aerodynamically generated noise, the governing Navier-Stokes equations are rearranged to obtain a formally
linear system of inhomogeneous equations, with the nonlinear terms considered to be the nominal source terms. In the present
work, the implied linearization is about the actual mean flow in the jet. The strength of the resulting sound source is then
completely characterized by a single, purely fluctuating, stress tensor -- which greatly simplifies the analysis.
Derived from text
Jet Aircraft Noise; Mathematical Models; Mach Number; Noise Reduction; Aeroacoustics
Operability of a Gas Turbine with Pressure-Gain Combustion Investigated
Paxson, Daniel E.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 102-103; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
Gas turbine engines with conventional combustors suffer a loss in total pressure as the working fluid is heated. Typical
combustor losses range from 4 to 8% of the total pressure from the upstream compressor. This loss yields lower work potential
for the gas entering the downstream turbine. If the pressure loss can be reduced, or better still, if a modest pressure rise can
be achieved across the combustor, significant improvements in specific fuel consumption are possible. In 2005, an
ejector-enhanced, pressure-gain combustor experiment was fabricated and tested at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The
unit consists of a valved pulsejet and an optimized ejector, housed within a shroud. The rig was operated using a facility air
supply, with no provision for heating the inlet air to temperatures commensurate with a compressor exit. Furthermore, the
combustor exhaust was simply vented to the ambient atmosphere. Thus, the impact of the pressure rise and unsteadiness on
turbomachinery could not be assessed. Recently, the rig was modified by the addition of a small automotive turbocharger sized
for the combustor airflow rate. The assembled rig has run successfully, achieving a steady rotor speed and generating thrust
over the typical 15-sec test period. Several new instrumentation issues must be resolved before sufficient data can be acquired
for complete, quantitative analyses. However, there was a pressure rise across the combustor (P4 greater than P3) throughout
the run duration.
Derived from text
Gas Turbine Engines; Pressure; Combustion; Combustion Chambers; Propulsion System Performance
Preliminary Axial Flow Turbine Design and Off-Design Performance Analysis Methods for Rotary Wing Aircraft
Engines, Part 1, Validation
Chen, Shu-cheng, S.; May 2009; 26 pp.; In English; 65th Annual Forum and Technology Display, 27-29 May 2009,
Grapevine, TX, USA; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): WBS 877868.02.07.03.01.02.02
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215651/PART1; E-16964-1; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
For the preliminary design and the off-design performance analysis of axial flow turbines, a pair of intermediate
level-of-fidelity computer codes, TD2-2 (design; reference 1) and AXOD (off-design; reference 2), are being evaluated for use
in turbine design and performance prediction of the modern high performance aircraft engines. TD2-2 employs a streamline
curvature method for design, while AXOD approaches the flow analysis with an equal radius-height domain decomposition
strategy. Both methods resolve only the flows in the annulus region while modeling the impact introduced by the blade rows.
The mathematical formulations and derivations involved in both methods are documented in references 3, 4 for TD2-2) and
in reference 5 (for AXOD). The focus of this paper is to discuss the fundamental issues of applicability and compatibility of
the two codes as a pair of companion pieces, to perform preliminary design and off-design analysis for modern aircraft engine
49
turbines. Two validation cases for the design and the off-design prediction using TD2-2 and AXOD conducted on two existing
high efficiency turbines, developed and tested in the NASA/GE Energy Efficient Engine (GE-E3) Program, the High Pressure
Turbine (HPT; two stages, air cooled) and the Low Pressure Turbine (LPT; five stages, un-cooled), are provided in support
of the analysis and discussion presented in this paper.
Author
Axial Flow Turbines; Engine Design; Design Analysis; Performance Tests; Rotary Wing Aircraft; Propulsion System
Performance

Preliminary Axial Flow Turbine Design and Off-Design Performance Analysis Methods for Rotary Wing Aircraft
Engines, Part 2, Applications
Chen, Shu-cheng, S.; May 2009; 24 pp.; In English; 65th Annual Forum and Technology Display, 27-29 May 2009,
Grapevine, TX, USA; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215651/PART2; E-16964-2; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
In this paper, preliminary studies on two turbine engine applications relevant to the tilt-rotor rotary wing aircraft are
performed. The first case-study is the application of variable pitch turbine for the turbine performance improvement when
operating at a substantially lower shaft speed. The calculations are made on the 75 percent speed and the 50 percent speed
of operations. Our results indicate that with the use of the variable pitch turbines, a nominal (3 percent (probable) to 5 percent
(hypothetical)) efficiency improvement at the 75 percent speed, and a notable (6 percent (probable) to 12 percent
(hypothetical)) efficiency improvement at the 50 percent speed, without sacrificing the turbine power productions, are
achievable if the technical difficulty of turning the turbine vanes and blades can be circumvented. The second casestudy is the
contingency turbine power generation for the tilt-rotor aircraft in the One Engine Inoperative (OEI) scenario. For this study,
calculations are performed on two promising methods: throttle push and steam injection. By isolating the power turbine and
limiting its air mass flow rate to be no more than the air flow intake of the take-off operation, while increasing the turbine inlet
total temperature (simulating the throttle push) or increasing the air-steam mixture flow rate (simulating the steam injection
condition), our results show that an amount of 30 to 45 percent extra power, to the nominal take-off power, can be generated
by either of the two methods. The methods of approach, the results, and discussions of these studies are presented in this paper.
Author
Axial Flow Turbines; Reliability Analysis; Rotary Wing Aircraft; Turbine Engines; Design Analysis; Mass Flow Rate; Tilt
Rotor Aircraft; Flow Velocity
08
AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL
Includes flight dynamics, aircraft handling qualities, piloting, flight controls, and autopilots. For related information see also 05 Aircraft
Design, Testing and Performance; and 06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation.
20090021553 Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier, Inc., Salem, MA USA

A Rubidium Clock for Seek-Talk
Riley, William J; Dec 1982; 15 pp.; In English
The work at EG&G, Inc., on a miniature rubidium frequency standard for the SEEK-TALK program has now reached the
prototype stage. This paper describes the design objectives and approach, the more important design features, and the results
obtained thus far.
DTIC
Clocks; Frequency Standards; Miniaturization; Rubidium
50

F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System and Aeronautics Research at NASA Dryden
Brown, Nelson A.; April 30, 2009; 30 pp.; In English; See also 2009019317; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): DFRC-992; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This viewgraph presentation reviews the F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System and Aeronautics including Autonomous
Aerial Refueling Demonstrations, X-48B Blended Wing Body, F-15 Quiet Spike, and NF-15 Intelligent Flight Controls.
CASI
Autonomy; F-15 Aircraft; Flight Control; Aircraft Control; Aircraft Configurations; Aeronautical Engineering
20090022118 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

Design and Implementation of an Introductory Training Course for International Space Station Flight Controllers
Brashinger, David P.; [2009]; 22 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): JSC-CN-18359; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Education; Ground Stations; International Space Station; Space Missions; Flight Control

Intelligent Flight Control System and Aeronautics Research at NASA Dryden
Brown, Nelson A.; April 30, 2009; In English; See also 20090021683; See also 2009019776
Report No.(s): DFRC-992; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: C01, DVD
This video presentation reviews the F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System and contains clips of flight tests and aircraft
performance in the areas of target tracking, takeoff and differential stabilators. Video of the APG milestone flight 1g formation
is included.
CASI
F-15 Aircraft; Autonomy; Flight Control; Aircraft Control; Aeronautical Engineering

Capability Description for NASAs F/A-18 TN 853 as a Testbed for the Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control Project
Hanson, Curt; January 28, 2009; 17 pp.; In English; Original contains black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): DFRC-IRAC-CAP-002; DFRC-972; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The NASA F/A-18 tail number (TN) 853 full-scale Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC) testbed has been
designed with a full array of capabilities in support of the Aviation Safety Program. Highlights of the systems capabilities
include: 1) a quad-redundant research flight control system for safely interfacing controls experiments to the aircrafts control
surfaces; 2) a dual-redundant airborne research test system for hosting multi-disciplinary state-of-the-art adaptive control
experiments; 3) a robust reversionary configuration for recovery from unusual attitudes and configurations; 4) significant
research instrumentation, particularly in the area of static loads; 5) extensive facilities for experiment simulation, data logging,
real-time monitoring and post-flight analysis capabilities; and 6) significant growth capability in terms of interfaces and
processing power.
Author
F-18 Aircraft; Aircraft Control; Flight Control; Static Loads; Real Time Operation; Flight Safety; Adaptive Control; Aircraft
Safety
51
09
RESEARCH AND SUPPORT FACILITIES (AIR)
Includes airports, runways, hangars, and aircraft repair and overhaul facilities; wind tunnels, water tunnels, and shock tubes; flight
simulators; and aircraft engine test stands. Also includes airport ground equipment and systems. For airport ground operations see
03 Air Transportation and Safety. For astronautical facilities see 14 Ground Support Systems and Facilities (Space).
20090021296 National Inst. for Aviation Research, Wichita, KS, USA

Upgrade and Modernization of the Walter H. Beech Memorial Wind Tunnel. Final Report
Laffen, J.; Miller, L. S.; Loper, G.; Tomblin, J.; Aug. 2005; 25 pp.; In English
The Walter H. Beech Memorial Wind Tunnel is the landmark facility of the Aerodynamic Laboratories of the National
Institute for Aviation research on the campus of Wichita State University in Wichita, Kansas. It was built during the winter
of 1947-48 as a response to the need for aerodynamic research needed to support the booming aircraft companies in the
Wichita area. Although properly maintained and improved over the years, the technology employed in the tunnel and its
equipment were beginning to become dated and not useful to its clientele, which includes commercial, industrial, and
academic interests. At the request of industry, federal, state, and local officials and in conjunction with Wichita State University
and the National Institute for Aviation Research representatives, a request was made for federally-appropriated funds through
the Federal Aviation Administration and State of Kansas bond sales to fund a major upgrade and modernization of the Walter
H. Beech Memorial Wind Tunnel. The facility was in dire need of a major upgrade and modernization if it was to continue
its place in providing necessary aeronautical research to the aviation community in Wichita and beyond.
NTIS
Wind Tunnel Tests; Wind Tunnels
Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory Construction Completed
Tomsik, Thomas M.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 8-9; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
This year, the NASA Glenn Research Center completed the renovation of a building at its Cleveland campus for use as
an alternative jet fuels test facility. Glenn is focusing on refining the coal-to-liquids conversion and reducing or capturing the
carbon dioxide generated by the conversion. Synthetic fuels derived from coal, natural gas, and other nonpetroleum resources,
in addition to biofuels from renewable sources, are being assessed by the research group. Glenn s research effort is
concentrating primarily on using alternative fuels to improve combustion performance and reduce emissions in advanced jet
engine designs.
Derived from text
Fuel Tests; Jet Engine Fuels; Test Facilities; Aircraft Fuels; Energy Technology
12
ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
Includes general research topics related to space flight and manned and unmanned space vehicles, platforms or objects launched into,
or assembled in, outer space; and related components and equipment. Also includes manufacturing and maintenance of such vehicles
or platforms. For specific topics in astronautics see categories 13 through 20. For extraterrestrial exploration see 91 Lunar and Planetary
Science and Exploration.

Getting to Space on a Thread...Space Elevator as Alternative Access to Space
Kent, Jason R; Apr 2007; 37 pp.; In English
The space elevator is a conceptual system in which a tether is used to lift cargo and personnel into space. This tether would
reach from the surface of the Earth to a point some 62,000 miles into orbit. Vehicles traveling on this tether would be able
to cheaply move heavy loads into orbit. From there, the cargo could be positioned in any way, with the major destination being
geosynchronous orbit 22,240 miles up. The new technology that makes the space elevator possible is the carbon nanotube, a
material that is theoretically 100 or more times stronger and 10 times lighter than steel. The U.S. Air Force, as the DoD
Executive Agent for Space, can lead the USA in developing and deploying this alternate means of accessing space in support
52
of DoD missions. In doing so, the U.S. Air Force will be better able to meet its current needs for satellites in orbit and rapid
and economical replenishment. The space elevator would allow current missions to expand and new missions to be tackled
thanks to its low cost and heavy lift capability. The elevator could be built in 10 to 15 years.
DTIC
Cargo; Passengers; Space Elevators; Space Transportation; Tethering
20090021936 Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC, USA

Budgetary Implications of NASAs Current Plans for Space Exploration
Apr. 2009; 35 pp.; In English
In 2004, President Bush announced his Vision for U.S. Space Exploration, which called for the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) to develop new vehicles for spaceflight that would allow humans to return to the moon by 2020.
In response, NASA restructured its plans to achieve that objective, and in September 2004, the Congressional Budget Office
(CBO) published a budgetary analysis of NASAs new plans. This report updates that analysis, incorporating elements of
NASAs plans that had not been established in 2004. To meet the goal set by the President, NASA reduced its planned budgets
supporting science and research in aeronautics by more than 40 percent and made plans to complete construction of the
International Space Station and retire the space shuttle by 2010. Using about $100 billion of potential funding through 2020
made available by those changes, NASA began developing new vehicles for human spaceflight in what the agency calls its
Constellation program. Two of those vehicles--the Ares 1 crew launch vehicle and the Orion crew exploration vehicle are to
achieve initial operating capability by March 2015. At that point, the vehicles should be capable of carrying a crew of
astronauts to the International Space Station. NASA is also developing additional vehicles and systems including the Ares 5
cargo launch vehicle and the Altair lunar lander that are needed to return humans to the moon. According to NASA, its current
plans will require an average of $19.1 billion of funding annually from 2010 through 2025, with the Constellation program
accounting for about half of the total by 2017.
NTIS
Federal Budgets; NASA Programs; Space Exploration

Responsive Space Situation Awareness in 2020
Teehan, Russell F; Apr 2007; 48 pp.; In English
The U.S. strategy to assure freedom of access in space hinges on Space Situation Awareness (SSA): the ability to find and
track space objects and determine their capability and intent. As a result, AFSPC is investing much to overhaul the aging
sensors, network the sensors to enable data sharing and dissemination timeliness, and improve the tactics, techniques, and
procedures required to integrate space surveillance into the command and control operations at the Joint Space Operations
Center. Regardless, AFSPC is projecting a shortfall in deep space characterization and SSA responsiveness at the end of the
mid-term planning cycle in 2020. The goal of this research paper is to recommend a few strategy refinements and a key
technology investment necessary to erase these shortfalls. The recommended strategy refinements include: seeking out more
contributing sensors, establishing a layered network to free up dedicated sensors to monitor high interest objects and respond
to events, using all means to erase the lost"? object list, and switching some SSA missions from persistent to routine
for the sake of reducing cost and complexity. Though the added sensors and planned net centricity greatly improve coverage
and shared situation awareness, the complexity of the network in 2020 and timeliness required to respond to tactical events
suggest the need for shared division of labor between humans and machines. Humans must transform from looking at the
network as a data provider and instead look at the network as a teammate capable of sharing in the decisionmaking. This paper
recommends investment in artificial cognition technology and outlines the training program required to transform the network
from the new kid on the block to the seasoned grey beard capable of sharing cognition in some instances and taking over
cognition and directing responsive operations when complexity and timelines necessitate it.
DTIC
Detectors; Situational Awareness; Space Surveillance (Ground Based)
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20090022145 NASA, Washington, DC USA

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President, Fiscal Year 2006 Activities
Report No.(s): PB2009-109310; NASA/NP-2008-05-513-HQ; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A07, Hardcopy
The annual Presidents Report is a good summary of the Governments aerospace activities each year. Mandated by law,
it contains information on aerospace activities conducted by 14 Federal departments and agencies. It also contains an executive
summary organized by agency, narrative sections organized by subject, as well as extensive appendices containing useful
historical data on spacecraft launches, budget figures, key policy documents from the fiscal year, and a glossary.
Author
Communication Satellites; Congressional Reports; Space Communication; Space Exploration; Space Shuttle Missions;
Spacecraft Launching; Aerospace Sciences
14
GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES (SPACE)
Includes launch complexes, research and production facilities; ground support equipment, e.g., mobile transporters; and test chambers
and simulators. Also includes extraterrestrial bases and supporting equipment. For related information see also 09 Research and
Support Facilities (Air).
20090022226 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA

Exploration Supply Chain Simulation
John F. Kennedy Space Centers Technology Development and Application 2006-2007 Report; March 03, 2008, pp. 107/108;
In English; See also 20090022202; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The Exploration Supply Chain Simulation project was chartered by the NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate
to develop a software tool, with proper data, to quantitatively analyze supply chains for future program planning. This tool
is a discrete-event simulation that uses the basic supply chain concepts of planning, sourcing, making, delivering, and
returning. This supply chain perspective is combined with other discrete or continuous simulation factors. Discrete resource
events (such as launch or delivery reviews) are represented as organizational functional units. Continuous resources (such as
civil service or contractor program functions) are defined as enabling functional units. Concepts of fixed and variable costs
are included in the model to allow the discrete events to interact with cost calculations. The definition file is intrinsic to the
model, but a blank start can be initiated at any time. The current definition file is an Orion Ares I crew launch vehicle.
Parameters stretch from Kennedy Space Center across and into other program entities (Michaud Assembly Facility, Aliant
Techsystems, Stennis Space Center, Johnson Space Center, etc.) though these will only gain detail as the file continues to
evolve. The Orion Ares I file definition in the tool continues to evolve, and analysis from this tool is expected in 2008. This
is the first application of such business-driven modeling to a NASA/government-- aerospace contractor endeavor.
Author
Project Planning; Simulation; Supplying; Support Systems; Space Logistics
15
LAUNCH VEHICLES AND LAUNCH OPERATIONS
Includes all classes of launch vehicles, launch/space vehicle systems, and boosters; and launch operations. For related information see
also 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance; and 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power.
20090021430 Naval Observatory, Washington, DC USA

Relationships Between U.S. Naval Observatory, Loran-C and the Defense Satellite Communication System
Charron, Laura G; Dec 1981; 17 pp.; In English
Department of Defense (DoD) Directive 5160.51 of 31 August 1971 states that All DoD component... refer time and time
interval to the standards established by the (U.S. Naval) Observatory. To obtain the required traceability, the most widely used
system for time dissemination has been the navigational system of the U.S. Coast Guard Loran-C. When the only chain
available for timing was the East Coast chain, monitored by the Observatory, there was no problem in publishing comparisons
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of that chain to the U.S. Naval Observatorys Master Clock (USNO MC) with a fair degree of reliability. By 1981, however,
thirteen chains, covering a substantial portion of the Northern Hemisphere, were in use. The question of how the time
comparisons were to be obtained, the chains calibrated, and the results published for chains not directly monitored by USNO
then arose. During this same period, the number of links permitting time transfers point-to-point over the Defense Satellite
Communication System (DSCS) were being expanded. In addition, at some selected sites, Loran-C montoring equipment was
installed. It was now possible to have values of USNO MC - DS-CS Monitoring Site and thus to be able to determine USNO
MC minus Loran - C. This paper addresses, in general terms, the methods used in forming time scales for distant sites
montoring Loran-C. Particular emphasis will be given to the time transfers obtained via the DSCS and on how the data
provided by this system is used to calibrate these remote time scales. The errors involved will be discussed.
DTIC
LORAN C; Observatories; Satellite Communication
20090021448 Bendix Field Engineering Corp., Columbia, MD USA
Time Code Dissemination Experiment via the Sirio-1 VHF Transponder
Detoma, E; Gobbo, G; Leschiutta, S; Pettiti, V; Dec 1981; 21 pp.; In English
Sirio Satellite; Synchronous Satellites; Telecommunication; Transponders; Very High Frequencies
20090021467 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA USA
High Accuracy Omega Timekeeping
Imbier, Edward A; Dec 1981; 12 pp.; In English
The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) operates a worldwide satellite tracking network which uses a
combination of OMEGA as a frequency reference, dual timing channels, and portable clock comparisons to maintain accurate
epoch time. Propagational charts from the U.S. Coast Guard OMEGA monitor program minimize diurnal and seasonal effects.
Daily phase value publications of the U.S. Naval Observatory provide corrections to the field collected timing data to produce
an averaged time line comprised of straight line segments called a time history file (station clock minus UTC). Depending
upon clock location, reduced time data accuracies of between two and eight microseconds are typical.
DTIC
Clocks; Omega Navigation System; Satellite Networks; Satellite Tracking
20090021481 Stanford Telecommunications, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA USA
Time Transfer Using NASCOM GPS
Van Dierendonck, A J; Hua, Q D; McLean, J R; Denz, A R; Dec 1981; 31 pp.; In English
The NASCOM Global Positioning System (GPS) allows extremely accurate and global determination of time, as well as
position and velocity. An STI Time Transfer Unit (TTU) developed for the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) has consistently
demonstrated the transfer of time with accuracies much better than 100 nanoseconds. A new STI Time Transfer System (TTS),
the TTS 502, is currently in development and will be available on the market by the end of 1981. The TTS 502 will be a
relatively compact microprocessor-based system with a variety of options that will meet each individuals requirements, and
will have the same performance as the USNO system. This paper summarizes the time transfer performance of that USNO
system and presents the details of the new system.
DTIC
Global Positioning System; NASCOM Satellites; Time Signals
20090021507 Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad, India
An NNSS Satellite Timing Receiver
Jain, C L; Kumar, K; Andharia, H I; Singh, Mohan; DSouza, V; Goel, V K; Sisodia, A K; Dec 1981; 15 pp.; In English
The U.S. Navy Navigation Satellite System termed as NNSS offers a unique worldwide facility for the precise Time
55
Synchronisation. To take advantage of such a facility for tracking Indian Satellites, Space Applications Centre (SAC) has
developed a simple Timing Receiver. Using this Timing Receiver, first the internal time consistency of NNSS was studied and
then its performance to synchronise time was compared with that of National Time Standard. This paper describes in detail
the methodology of data analysis, results and the various sources of error which affects the time transfer accuracy. The main
source of error was found to be the receiver delay which varies with signal strength. It is possible to apply this delay correction
empirically provided signal strength is recorded.
DTIC
Navigation Satellites; Navy; Receivers; Time Measurement; Timing Devices
20090021508 National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO USA
GOES Satellite Time Code Dissemination
Beehler, R E; Dec 1982; 25 pp.; In English
The National Bureau of Standards, in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
has been disseminating a time code referenced to UTC(NBS) via two of NOAAs geostationary GOES satellites since 1975.
A review of the GOES time code system, the performance achieved to date, and some potential improvements in the future
will be discussed.
DTIC
Geographic Distribution; GOES Satellites; Time Measurement
20090021510 Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
NAVEX - A Space Shuttle Experiment with Atomic Clocks
Starker, S; Nau, H; Hammesfahr, J; Tschiesche, H; Dec 1982; 24 pp.; In English
NAVEX is a navigation and time transfer experiment. It will be flown within the payload of the first German Spacelab
mission D-1, scheduled in June 1985. The objectives of the experiment are to synchronize distant ground stations with an
accuracy of better than 10 nsec and to demonstrate one-way ranging with an accuracy of better than 30 m. Spread spectrum
signals will be used and the related technique will be tested. On board a Cs and a Rb clock will be used. The relativistic effect
of these clocks will be about -25 micro-sec per day. On the ground at least two receiving stations and one transmittingreceiving station will be installed.
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; Space Shuttles; Spaceborne Experiments
20090021529 Library of Congress, Washington, DC USA
The International Space Station and the Space Shuttle
Behrens, Carl E; Mar 18, 2009; 12 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497697; CRS-RL33568; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
In passing the 2005 NASA authorization act (P.L. 109-105), Congress basically agreed with the Presidents plan for
directing NASAs attention to a return to the Moon and manned missions to Mars. Included in the Moon-Mars Vision is the
plan to end flights of the Space Shuttle in 2010, and restriction of U.S. experiments on the ISS mostly to those that forward
the goal Moon-Mars goal. A number of critical questions remain, however. 1. Adequacy of funding is the chief question raised
about NASAs activities. In presenting the Moon-Mars vision, the President did not request significantly increased money for
NASA, despite chronic indications that the missions it was already charged with were underfunded. NASA has responded to
the new mission by cutting back funding for its other activities, primarily in scientific research and aeronautics. 2. Although
Discoverys Return to Flight mission of July 2006 was a success, the ability of the shuttle fleet to carry out enough flights
to complete construction of the ISS by 2010 is still in question. With a history of more than a hundred successful missions,
it might be assumed that another 15 or so would be considered more or less routine, but instead, each launch is still a major
and risky event. The great complexity of the vehicle and the extreme environment in which it operates require constant
attention to possible accidents and malfunctions, many of which must be addressed on an ad hoc basis. The future role of the
ISS is also unclear. Assuming that enough shuttle flights are made to carry out core completion of the station by 2010, it is
56
not clear what will be done with the ISS after that. In particular, there will be a gap of several years between retirement of
the shuttle in 2010 and beginning of flight of the Crew Exploration Vehicle, to be designed for the return to the moon but able
to serve as a vehicle to reach the ISS.
DTIC
Budgeting; International Space Station; Space Shuttles; Space Stations
Persistent Space Situational Awareness: Distributed Real-Time Awareness Global Network in Space (Dragnets)
Ziegler, Dustin P; Apr 2007; 51 pp.; In English
In the decades since the space program first began, the USA has become more and more dependent on space across a
broad spectrum of military, commercial, and civil applications. That dependence brings with it an inherent vulnerability, and
recent evidence of the growing threat, combined with acknowledged gaps that exist in our ability to rapidly characterize and
attribute attacks on our satellites results in a compelling need for a robust space situational awareness (SSA) capability. The
Distributed Real-time Awareness Global Network in Space (DRAGNETS) is one solution that leverages the trend toward
distributed, networked military capabilities that nanotechnology will enable within the next 20 years. The DRAGNETS
approach uses distributed constellations of thousands of very small sugar cube-sized femtosats to maintain continual
cognizance of the space environment. Current and future advances in nanotechnology will lead to substantial miniaturization
of satellite functions and allow the Air Force to field flexible, adaptive, and responsive systems as part of an overall SSA
architecture. In order to realize the DRAGNETS vision, the Air Force should plan phased investments leading to an
operational assessment of a prototype DRAGNETS constellation at a technology readiness level of 7 by 2025. The end result
will be a capability that, when integrated with existing ground and space-based SSA assets, provides Combatant Commanders
and senior decision makers with the necessary awareness to preserve maximum flexibility in the use of US space capabilities.
DTIC
Real Time Operation; Satellite Networks; Situational Awareness
20090021547 Frequency Electronics, Inc., Mitchel AFB, NY USA
Cesium Standard for Satellite Application
Bloch, M; Meirs, M; Pascaru, I; Weinstein, B; Dec 1982; 10 pp.; In English
This paper discusses a Cesium Frequency Standard that has been developed for satellite applications. It weighs 23 lbs.
and uses 23.5 watts of power, achieves a stability of 1x10(-13)/10(5) seconds, and is radiation hardened to meet GPS Phase
II requirements. To achieve the weight reliability requirements, both thick and thin film hybrid circuits were utilized. An
SC-Cut crystal oscillator is used to improve short-term stability and performance on a moving platform.
DTIC
Artificial Satellites; Cesium; Frequency Standards
20090021660 Space and Missile Test Center, Vandenburg AFB, CA USA
WSMC Approach for Using GPS to Synchronize Remote Site Timing
McConnell, John B; Baker, Robert L; Dec 1986; 11 pp.; In English
The Western Space and Missile Center (WSMC) plans to precisely synchronize timing at remote tracking sites using
Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment being developed for the Tri-Service GFS Range Applications Program. The
proposed GPS timing systems will provide automated, autonomous, and continuous monitoring of site timing performance and
improve WSMC metric support capabilities for ballistic missile and space system test programs on the Western Test Range
(WTR). By eliminating the need for portable atomic clocks and allowing replacement of site cesiums with less expensive
standards, the proposed timing systems should reduce the cost of timekeeping on the WTR. Initial field demonstration tests
are planned in early 1988 at the uprange and midrange tracking sites . This paper discusses the system design, operation, test
demonstration plans and schedule.
DTIC
Aerospace Environments; Global Positioning System; Missiles; Synchronous Satellites; Timing Devices
57
20090021697 Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD USA

Process Model for Defining Space Sensing and Situational Awareness Requirements
Orndorff, Gregory; Apr 2006; 11 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Aerospace Systems; Detection; Requirements; Situational Awareness; Target Acquisition
20090021698 Defence Science Technology Lab., Portsdown West, UK
Surveillance of Space - Optimal Use of Complementary Sensors for Maximum Efficiency
Donnelly, R P; Condley, C J; Apr 2006; 38 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Optical Measuring Instruments; Optimization; Radar; Surveillance
Autonomous Defensive Space Control via On-Board Artificial Neural Networks
Manor, Michael T; Apr 2007; 51 pp.; In English
Future advances in neural network technology, coupled with increased computer processor capability, may create an
opportunity to develop systems that enable satellites to autonomously differentiate, detect and defend against attacks. The Air
Force should take advantage of this potential opportunity by investing the necessary resources for the development of
space-based neural networks. An artificial neural network (ANN) or commonly just neural network (NN) is an artificial
intelligence system created to mimic the ways and methods in which our own brains respond to and learn from inputted
stimuli. Each of these networks consists of an array of neuron-like gates programmed to take action once a designated
threshold is crossed. These ANN are adaptive, and learn through continued processing of inputted stimulus while developing
a memory by storing the actions it takes in response to this stimulus. This memory gained through storing data enables ANNs
to become somewhat autonomous over time because they have the ability to recall a given action taken based on a given input
received. Computer processing will likely continue to increase in power while decreasing in size. Expanded processing
capability could potentially enable the placement of neural networks, requiring significant processing power and storage
capacity, on-board satellites that must contend with size and weight limitations. At the same time, advances in the fidelity and
sensitivity of neural network capabilities might give spacecraft processing units (spacecraft brain) more intelligence, or
ability to give raw data meaning. The merging of increased processing power with a reliable neural network will potentially
give a spacecraft the ability to recognize, through its telemetry, that something is attacking it.
DTIC
Aerospace Systems; Artificial Satellites; Automatic Control; Autonomy; Neural Nets
Wild Ride: Launching Troops through Space for Rapid Precision Global Intervention
Williams, Shon P; Apr 2007; 62 pp.; In English
In 2002, the forward-leaning Marines officially documented a need to transport small numbers of combat Marines...at
sufficient speed to ensure the relevance of global terrestrial force projection at the earliest stages of conflict. They have stated
the desire to use space as the transport medium. With certain technological advances, the space domain may provide the
solution, perhaps the only solution, for this USMC transportation requirement. Although achieving a viable, responsive troop
space transportation option comes with significant challenges, the U.S. Air Force as the lead service for space should invest
in capabilities that will both satisfy the stated Marine Corps need and make possible other missions that would benefit from
fast, low-cost, reliable space transportation. The purpose of this paper is to examine technologies supporting worldwide
point-to-point space transportation and the implications of this for the U.S. Air Force between now and 2025. While this
futuristic method of achieving rapid global mobility requires maturation of a wide range of technologies, this paper will focus
on launch vehicle technologies here an appropriate Air Force contribution would reap substantial rewards for the USA and the
Air Force. After exploring the background related to this problem, the paper delves into launch vehicle technologies and
58
immerses the concept in 8 possible future scenarios. In 7 of the 8 alternative futures there is a definite utility in having access
to a rapid, point-to-point space transport technology. The author concludes that the need for rapid, precision global mobility
through space is valid. Technologies are maturing rapidly with the potential to deliver manned and unmanned responsive
spacelift capabilities sooner than 2025, but they have not been adequately demonstrated in a single system. With the proper
investments, disciplined planning, and the right partnerships, the nation will see the opening of the space superhighway.
DTIC
Deployment; Forecasting; Launch Vehicles; Manned Spacecraft; Space Transportation; Unmanned Spacecraft
20090021959 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD USA
NOAAs GOES R - Next Generation Satellite
Miller, Eric J; Madden, Michael; Reining, Robert; Linn, John; OConnor, Lauraleen; Sep 2003; 8 pp.; In English; Original
NOAAs next generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) beginning with GOES R is the
follow-on to the GOES N-P series. GOES R is being developed for launch in the 2012 time frame to meet new requirements
validated through a rigorous screening and verification process. It presents an opportunity to explore new instruments, satellite
designs, and system architectures. NOAAs National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS) will
explore if an alternative distributed architecture might be more cost-effective than continuing the current philosophy of
combining all instruments onto one big spacecraft. GOES R improvements in environmental sensing instruments include an
Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI); a Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES), capable of providing soundings and imagery;
an Enhanced Solar X-ray Imager (ESXI); a Space Environment Monitor (SEM); and a Lightning Mapper (LM). NOAA is also
investigating other possible operational instruments, such as a coronagraph solar Imager, and microwave sounder. NOAA will
analyze the different architectures (distributed vs. consolidated), instruments (ABI, HES, SEM, SXI, LM) and orbits (GEO vs.
MEO) to determine the optimal constellation coverage and communication configuration. ABI and HES sensors will support
CONUS Coastal Waters (CW) and estuaries with timely imaging and sounding. The CW zone is defined as the ocean waters
400 miles adjacent to CONUS as well as all estuaries. HES will support coastal water ocean color and ocean optical properties
at a resolution of 300 meters. ABI will support long wave IR measurements of sea surface temperatures (SST). Currently, ABI
formulation studies are underway with three contractors.
DTIC
Scientific Satellites; GOES Satellites; Satellite Imagery
20090022218 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Soneticom, Inc., West Melbourne, FL, USA
Automating Range Surveillance Through Radio Interferometry and Field Strength Mapping Techniques
John F. Kennedy Space Centers Technology Development and Application 2006-2007 Report; March 03, 2008, pp. 62-63;
Space vehicle launches are often delayed because of the challenge of verifying that the range is clear, and such delays
are likely to become more prevalent as more and more new spaceports are built. Range surveillance is one of the primary
focuses of Range Safety for launches and often drives costs and schedules. As NASAs primary launch operation center,
Kennedy Space Center is very interested in new technologies that increase the responsiveness of radio frequency (RF)
surveillance systems. These systems help Range Safety personnel clear the range by identifying, pinpointing, and resolving
any unknown sources of RF emissions prior to each launch.
Derived from text
Interferometry; Radio Frequencies; Range Safety; Surveillance
External Tank Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) Prepress Regression Analysis Independent Review Technical Consultation
Report
Parsons, Vickie s.; May 2009; 39 pp.; In English; Original contains black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): WBS 869021.06.07.04.99
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215745; NESC-RP-06-01/05-171-E; L-19680; LF99-8837; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI:
A03, Hardcopy
The request to conduct an independent review of regression models, developed for determining the expected Launch
59
Commit Criteria (LCC) External Tank (ET)-04 cycle count for the Space Shuttle ET tanking process, was submitted to the
NASA Engineering and Safety Center NESC on September 20, 2005. The NESC team performed an independent review of
regression models documented in Prepress Regression Analysis, Tom Clark and Angela Krenn, 10/27/05. This consultation
consisted of a peer review by statistical experts of the proposed regression models provided in the Prepress Regression
Analysis. This document is the consultations final report.
Author
External Tanks; Liquid Hydrogen; Space Shuttles; Prelaunch Tests; Valves; Leakage; Regression Analysis; Aerospace Safety
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SPACE TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
Includes passenger and cargo space transportation, e.g., shuttle operations; and space rescue techniques. For related information see
also 03 Air Transportation and Safety; 15 Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations; and 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance.
For space suits see 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support.

NASA Constellation Program (CxP) Key Driving Requirements and Element Descriptions for International Architecture Working Group (IAWG) Functional Teams Human Transportation Cargo Transportation
Martinez, Roland M.; June 2009; 12 pp.; In English; IAWG (Interagency Working Group), 1 - 5 Jun. 2009, Netherlands;
Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): JSC-CN-18374; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The NASA Constellation uncrewed cargo mission delivers cargo to any designated location on the lunar surface (or other
staging point) in a single mission. This capability is used to deliver surface infrastructure needed for lunar outpost
construction, to provide periodic logistics resupply to support a continuous human lunar presence, and potentially deliver other
assets to various locations.In the nominal mission mode, the Altair lunar lander is launched on Ares V into Low Earth Orbit
(LEO), following a short Low Earth Orbit (LEO) loiter period, the Earth Departure Stage (EDS) performs the Trans Lunar
Injection (TLI) burn and is then jettisoned. The Altair performs translunar trajectory correction maneuvers as necessary and
performs the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) burn. Altair then descends to the surface to land near a designated target, presumably
in proximity to an Outpost location or another site of interest for exploration.Alternatively, the EDS and Altair Descent Stage
could deliver assets to various staging points within their propulsive capabilities.
Author
Constellation Program; Cargo; Logistics Management; Lunar Orbits; Trajectories; Altair Lunar Lander
20090021955 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
Building on 50 Years of Systems Engineering Experience for a New Era of Space Exploration
Dumbacher, Daniel L.; Lyles, Garry M.; McConnaughey, Paul K.; September 29, 2008; 22 pp.; In English; 2008 International
Astronautical Congress Meeting, 29 Sep. - 3 Oct. 2008, Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): MSFC-2116-1; IAC-08-D2.9-D1.6.4; MSFC-2116-2; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Over the past 50 years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has delivered space transportation
solutions for Americas complex missions, ranging from scientific payloads that expand knowledge, such as the Hubble Space
Telescope, to astronauts and lunar rovers destined for voyages to the Moon. Currently, the venerable Space Shuttle, which has
been in service since 1981, provides the USA (US) capability for both crew and heavy cargo to low-Earth orbit to construct
the International Space Station, before the Shuttle is retired in 2010. In the next decade, NASA will replace this system with
a duo of launch vehicles: the Ares I crew launch vehicle and the Ares V cargo launch vehicle. The goals for this new system
include increased safety and reliability coupled with lower operations costs that promote sustainable space exploration for
decades to come. The Ares I will loft the Orion crew exploration vehicle, while the heavy-lift Ares V will carry the Altair lunar
lander, as well as the equipment and supplies needed to construct a lunar outpost for a new generation of human and robotic
space pioneers. NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center manages the Shuttles propulsion elements and is managing the design
and development of the Ares rockets, along with a host of other engineering assignments in the field of scientific space
exploration. Specifically, the Marshall Centers Engineering Directorate houses the skilled workforce and unique facilities
needed to build capable systems upon the foundation laid by the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Shuttle programs. This paper
will provide details of the in-house systems engineering and vehicle integration work now being performed for the Ares I and
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planned for the Ares V. It will give an overview of the Ares I system-level testing activities, such as the ground vibration testing
that will be conducted in the Marshall Centers Dynamic Test Stand to verify the integrated vehicle stacks structural integrity
and to validate computer modeling and simulation, as well as the main propulsion test article analysis to be conducted in the
Static Test Stand. Ultimately, fielding a robust space transportation solution that will carry international explorers and essential
payloads will pave the way for a new era of scientific discovery now dawning beyond planet Earth.
Author
Space Exploration; Ares 1 Launch Vehicle; Ares 5 Cargo Launch Vehicle; Crew Exploration Vehicle; NASA Space Programs;
Systems Engineering; Systems Integration; Space Transportation

AN-Type Fittings in the International Space System (ISS) Node 2 Ammonia System Technical Assessment Report
Cragg, Clinton H.; Dibbern, Andreas W.; Beil, Robert J.; Terrone, Mark; Rotter, Henry A.; Ernest, Steve; Frankenfield, Bruce;
Solano, Paul; May 2009; 136 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
A07, Hardcopy
Based on an anonymous request, an NESC Assessment Team was formed to investigate potential leakage problems from
the ISS Programs Node 2 Anhydrous Ammonia System AN fittings. The Teams charter was to provide the ISS Program with
a path to follow, which could include testing, to ensure the ISS Program felt confident that the AN fittings leakage would not
exceed specified limits in orbit. The findings from that assessment are contained in this document.
Author
International Space Station; Fittings; Ammonia; Leakage; Risk Assessment; Risk Management

Orbital Debris Research in the USA
Stansbery, Gene; 1-5 Jun. 2009; 19 pp.; In English; U.S. China Space Surveillance Technical Interchange, 1-5 Jun. 2009,
Shanghai, China; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
The presentation includes information about growth of the satellite population, the U.S. Space Surveillance Network,
tracking and catalog maintenance, Haystack and HAX radar observation, Goldstone radar, the Michigan Orbital Debris Survey
Telescope (MODEST), spacecraft surface examinations and sample of space shuttle impacts. GEO/LEO observations from
Kwajalein Atoll, NASA s Orbital Debris Engineering Model (ORDEM2008), a LEO-to-GEO Environment Debris Model
(LEGEND), Debris Assessment Software (DAS) 2.0, the NASA/JSC BUMPER-II meteoroid/debris threat assessment code,
satellite reentry risk assessment, optical size and shape determination, work on more complicated fragments, and spectral
studies.
Derived from text
Space Debris; NASA Programs; Radar Tracking; Risk Assessment; Risk Management; Aerospace Safety

Cassini/Huygens Probe Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) at Titan Independent Technical Assessment
Powell, Richard W.; Lockwood, Mary Kae; Cruz, Juan R.; Striepe, Scott A.; Sutton, Kenneth; Fisher, Jody; Takashima,
Naruhisa T.; Justus, Jere; Keller, Vernon W.; Bose, Deepak; Prabhu, Dinesh; Chen, Y. K.; Olejniczak, Joe; Cruz, Juan R;
Duvall, Aleta; May 2009; 121 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215732; NESC-RP-05-67/04-069-I; L-19670; LF99-8787; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A06,
Hardcopy
Starting in January 2004, the NESC has received several communications from knowledgeable technical experts at NASA
expressing shared concerns (mainly at the Langley Research Center (LaRC) and Ames Research Center (ARC)) about
Huygens mission success. It was suggested that NASA become more technically involved directly in the analysis of Huygens
entry, descent and landing (EDL) focusing on the parachute deployment trigger performance and the resultant effects on the
61
operation of the parachute system, and the determination of the radiative heating environment at Titan by ESA and the
corresponding thermal protection system (TPS) response. A NESC Team was formed and tasked to provide an independent
assessment of these concerns. The results of that assessment are documented in this report.
Author
Cassini Mission; Huygens Probe; Parachutes; Deployment; Titan Atmosphere; Atmospheric Heating; Thermal Protection;
Titan

Autonomous Flight Safety System - Phase III
The Autonomous Flight Safety System (AFSS) is a joint KSC and Wallops Flight Facility project that uses tracking and
attitude data from onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors and configurable
rule-based algorithms to make flight termination decisions. AFSS objectives are to increase launch capabilities by permitting
launches from locations without range safety infrastructure, reduce costs by eliminating some downrange tracking and
communication assets, and reduce the reaction time for flight termination decisions.
Derived from text
Autonomy; Flight Safety; Flight Management Systems; Abort Apparatus; Rocket Launching; Decision Support Systems
20090022235 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; ASRC Aerospace Corp., USA
Using Aerogel-Based Insulation Material To Prevent Foam Loss on the Liquid-Hydrogen Intertank
Uninsulated areas on cryogenic propellant tanks and feedlines cause moisture in the air to condense or ice to form. Flange
joints, bracket supports, expansion bellows, and other cavities are uninsulated by design. These areas cannot be sealed because
conventional thermal insulation materials would restrict mechanical articulations. Aerogel-based thermal insulation systems
are able to seal critical locations such as the liquid-oxygen (LO2) feedline bellows. A new thermal insulation system was also
necessary between the intertank wall, flange, and the liquid-hydrogen (LH2) tank dome, where there is a cavity (or crevice)
with an exposed 20-K surface. When nitrogen gas is used for purging within the intertank volume, it condenses on this cold
surface. Some solid nitrogen may also form on the colder side of the crevice. Voids or discontinuities within the foam can
pressurize and cause areas of foam to weaken and break off, reducing thermal efficiency and creating potentially dangerous
debris. To prevent this foam loss, we developed a thermal insulation system using bulk-fill aerogel material and demonstrated
it with a one-tenth-scale model of the LH2 intertank flange area
Derived from text
Aerogels; Cryogenics; Moisture; Thermal Insulation; Liquid Hydrogen
Novel Ice Mitigation Methods
In English; See also 20090022202; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI:
A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
After the loss of Columbia, there was great concern in the Space Shuttle program for the impact of debris against the
leading edges of the Orbiter wings. It was quickly recognized that, in addition to impacts by foam, ice that formed on the
liquid-oxygen bellows running down the outside of the External Tank could break free during launch and hit this sensitive area.
A Center Director s Discretionary Fund (CDDF) project would concentrate on novel ideas that were potentially applicable.
The most successful of the new concepts for ice mitigation involved shape memory alloy materials. These materials can be
bent into a given shape and, when heated, will return to their original shape.
Derived from text
Ice; Space Shuttles; Wings; Ice Prevention; Deicing; Shape Memory Alloys
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Bird Vision System
The Bird Vision system is a multicamera photogrammerty software application that runs on a Microsoft Windows XP
platform and was developed at Kennedy Space Center by ASRC Aerospace. This software system collects data about the
locations of birds within a volume centered on the Space Shuttle and transmits it in real time to the laptop computer of a test
director in the Launch Control Center (LCC) Firing Room.
Derived from text
Birds; Real Time Operation; Flight Safety; Space Flight; Aerospace Safety; Situational Awareness; Warning Systems; Flight
Hazards
17
SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING
Includes space systems telemetry; space communications networks; astronavigation and guidance; and spacecraft radio blackout. For
related information see also 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation; and 32 Communications and Radar.

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Traveling-Wave Tube Completed
Force, Dale A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 68; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains black
and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) will be the first mission launched for NASA s Return to the Moon program.
The traveling-wave tube (TWT), which will serve as the high-power microwave amplifier for the primary data channel back
to Earth, is a mission critical item. Two TWTs have been completed, meeting all specifications, to provide the mission with
a flight unit and a spare. The TWTs (shown in the photograph) have a 300-MHz bandwidth and use WR-34 waveguide for
radiofrequency (RF) input and output because of the new frequency band.
Derived from text
Microwave Amplifiers; Traveling Wave Tubes; Traveling Wave Amplifiers

NASA Space Telecommunications Radio System Architecture Updated
Briones, Janette C.; Handler, Louis M.; Kacpura, Thomas J.; Hall, Charles S.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008,
pp. 66-67; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
The NASA Glenn Research Center has updated the Space Telecommunications Radio System (STRS) architecture for
NASA space-based radios on the basis of reviews by NASA missions, radio providers, and component vendors. Glenn recently
released STRS Architecture Standard Version 1.01, which improved the software architecture and refined the STRS
infrastructure, the STRS application programming interface (API), and the configuration files. The STRS API is the
well-defined set of interfaces used by the waveform applications to access radio functions or used by the infrastructure to
control the waveform applications. The goal is waveform portability and reusability. The STRS infrastructure on the general
purpose processor must implement the STRS API to support applications for execution within the radio platform. A diagram
is provided which illustrates the inheritance between the classes and the corresponding implementation objects. It also depicts
the hierarchy of include files. A waveform or service is an STRS application that must implement the STRS application control
API, which comprises the STRS ComponentIdentifier, ControllableComponent, LifeCycle, PropertySet and TestableObject
APIs. The infrastructure application control methods correspond exactly to the STRS application control API and are used to
access those methods by any STRS application or any portable part of the infrastructure. The infrastructure application control
setup methods are used in general or to control one waveform from another and STRS devices are controlled with the STRS
infrastructure device control API.
Derived from text
Radio Equipment; Space Communication; Telecommunication; Aerospace Systems
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20090022204 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Southwest Research Inst., USA
Automated Method for Estimating Nutation Time Constant Model Parameters for Spacecraft Spinning on Axis
Calculating an accurate nutation time constant (NTC), or nutation rate of growth, for a spinning upper stage is important
for ensuring mission success. Spacecraft nutation, or wobble, is caused by energy dissipation anywhere in the system.
Propellant slosh in the spacecraft fuel tanks is the primary source for this dissipation and, if it is in a state of resonance, the
NTC can become short enough to violate mission constraints. The Spinning Slosh Test Rig (SSTR) is a forced-motion spin
table where fluid dynamic effects in full-scale fuel tanks can be tested in order to obtain key parameters used to calculate the
NTC. We accomplish this by independently varying nutation frequency versus the spin rate and measuring force and torque
responses on the tank. This method was used to predict parameters for the Genesis, Contour, and Stereo missions, whose tanks
were mounted outboard from the spin axis. These parameters are incorporated into a mathematical model that uses mechanical
analogs, such as pendulums and rotors, to simulate the force and torque resonances associated with fluid slosh.
Derived from text
Liquid Sloshing; Mathematical Models; Nutation; Spacecraft Stability; Spin Stabilization
18
SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
Includes satellites; space platforms; space stations; spacecraft systems and components such as thermal and environmental controls;
and spacecraft control and stability characteristics. For life support systems see 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support. For
related information see also 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance; 39 Structural Mechanics; and 16 Space Transportation
and Safety.

Micromechanics Model Developed for External Tank Spray-On Foam Insulation
Sullivan, Roy M.; Lerch, Bradley A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 158-159; In English; See also
The catastrophic loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia has spawned numerous engineering and scientific studies focused on
improving the engineering infrastructure for the spray-on foam insulation of the space shuttles external tank. Among these
many studies are efforts to improve the ability to quantify the stress and strain states in the foam applications during the space
shuttles ascent to space in order to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms that result in foam shedding and debris
liberation. Researchers in the Mechanics and Lifing Branch of NASA Glenn Research Centers Structures and Materials
Division have developed a micromechanics model for foams using an elongated tetrakaidecahedron (Kelvin model) as the
repeating unit cell. Since the cell faces are very thin relative to the cell edges, the model neglects the contribution of the cell
faces and it lumps all the solid matter into the edges. The cell edges are assumed to possess axial, bending, and torsional
rigidity. The micromechanics model yields algebraic expressions for the foam elastic constants and strength in the principal
material directions in terms of the microstructural dimensions H, D, L, b, and theta (defined in the figure on the right); the
edge cross-section properties; and the strength and stiffness of the solid material. With the present model, the stresses in the
foam cell edges, on the microscale, can be easily resolved from the global stresses in the foam insulation. This will help us
to understand the mechanisms responsible for foam shedding and debris liberation during the space shuttle ascent.
Derived from text
Foams; Insulation; Sprayers; External Tanks; Space Shuttles; Micromechanics
Ares I-X Overview - The First Chapter in the Next Great Adventure
Leahy, Bart; October 2008; 24 pp.; In English; Con*Stellation Conference, 17 Oct. 2008, Huntsville, AL, USA; Original
Report No.(s): MSFC-2124; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Ares I-X is the first flight of NASAs new Constellation Program. Ares I-X is a development test flight to provide
engineering data to inform the design of the Ares I prior to CDR. Ares I will replace the Space Shuttle which is scheduled
for 2010 retirement . Ares I-X is an uncrewed, sub-orbital development flight test . Ares I-X will provide opportunity to test
ground facilities and operations at NASAs Kennedy Space Center. Ares I-X is on track for May 2009 launch date. Objectives
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include: (1) Demonstrate control of a dynamically similar, integrated Ares I/Orion, using Ares I relevant ascent control
algorithms; (2) Perform an in-flight separation/staging event between a Ares I-similar First Stage and a representative Upper
Stage; (3) Demonstrate assembly and recovery of a new Ares I-like First Stage element at KSC; (4) Demonstrate First Stage
separation sequencing, and quantify First Stage atmospheric entry dynamics, and parachute performance; and (5) Characterize
magnitude of integrated vehicle roll torque throughout First Stage flight.
Author
Ares 1 First Stage; Space Shuttles; Atmospheric Entry; Flight Tests; Stage Separation; Ascent; Constellation Program;
Ground Operational Support System

Terrestrial Environment (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for use in Aerospace Vehicle Development
Johnson, D. L., Editor; December 2008; 860 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2008- 215633; MSFC-1247; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A99, Hardcopy
This document provides guidelines for the terrestrial environment that are specifically applicable in the development of
design requirements/specifications for NASA aerospace vehicles, payloads, and associated ground support equipment. The
primary geographic areas encompassed are the John F. Kennedy Space Center, FL; Vandenberg AFB, CA; Edwards AFB, CA;
Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, LA; John C. Stennis Space Center, MS; Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston,
TX; George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL; and the White Sands Missile Range, NM. This document
presents the latest available information on the terrestrial environment applicable to the design and operations of aerospace
vehicles and supersedes information presented in NASA-HDBK-1001 and TM X-64589, TM X-64757, TM-78118,
TM-82473, and TM-4511. Information is included on winds, atmospheric thermodynamic models, radiation, humidity,
precipitation, severe weather, sea state, lightning, atmospheric chemistry, seismic criteria, and a model to predict atmospheric
dispersion of aerospace engine exhaust cloud rise and growth. In addition, a section has been included to provide information
on the general distribution of natural environmental extremes in the conterminous USA, and world-wide, that may be needed
to specify design criteria in the transportation of space vehicle subsystems and components. A section on atmospheric
attenuation has been added since measurements by sensors on certain Earth orbital experiment missions are influenced by the
Earth s atmosphere. There is also a section on mission analysis, prelaunch monitoring, and flight evaluation as related to the
terrestrial environment inputs. The information in these guidelines is recommended for use in the development of aerospace
vehicle and related equipment design and associated operational criteria, unless otherwise stated in contract work
specifications. The terrestrial environmental data in these guidelines are primarily limited to information below 90 km altitude.
Author
Aerospace Environments; Aerospace Vehicles; Aerospace Engineering; Meteorology

Parameter Estimation of Lateral Spacecraft Fuel Slosh
Sudermann, James E.; Schlee, Keith L.; John F. Kennedy Space Centers Technology Development and Application
2006-2007 Report; March 03, 2008, pp. 84-85; In English; See also 20090022202; Original contains color illustrations;
Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
Predicting the effect of fuel slosh on the attitude control system of a spacecraft or launch vehicle is a very important and
challenging task. Whether the spacecraft is spinning or moving laterally, the dynamic effect of the fuel slosh helps determine
whether the spacecraft will remain on its intended trajectory. Three categories of slosh can be caused by launch vehicle or
spacecraft maneuvers when the fuel is in the presence of an acceleration field. These are bulk-fluid motion, subsurface wave
motion (currents), and free-surface slosh. Each of these slosh types has a periodic component defined by either a spinning or
a lateral motion. For spinning spacecraft, all three types of slosh can greatly affect stability. Bulk-fluid motion and free-surface
slosh can affect the lateral-slosh characteristics. For either condition, an unpredicted coupled resonance between the spacecraft
and its onboard fuel could threaten a mission. This ongoing research effort seeks to improve the accuracy and efficiency of
modeling techniques used to predict these types of fluid motions for lateral motion. Particular efforts focus on analyzing the
effects of viscoelastic diaphragms on slosh dynamics.
Derived from text
Attitude Control; Liquid Sloshing; Predictions; Spacecraft Stability; Fuel Tanks
65
20090022312 Boeing Aerospace Co., Huntsville, AL, USA

Concept of Operations Visualization in Support of Ares I Production
Chilton, James H.; Smith, Daid Alan; October 3, 2008; 11 pp.; In English; 59th International Astronautical Conference/
International Astronautical Federation, 29 Sep. - 4 Oct. 2008, Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNM07AB03C
Report No.(s): MSFC-2103-2; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Boeing was selected in 2007 to manufacture Ares I Upper Stage and Instrument Unit according to NASAs design which
would require the use of the latest manufacturing and integration processes to meet NASA budget and schedule targets. Past
production experience has established that the majority of the life cycle cost is established during the initial design process.
Concept of Operations (CONOPs) visualizations/simulations help to reduce life cycle cost during the early design stage.
Production and operation visualizations can reduce tooling, factory capacity, safety, and build process risks while spreading
program support across government, academic, media and public constituencies. The NASA/Boeing production visualization
(DELMIA; Digital Enterprise Lean Manufacturing Interactive Application) promotes timely, concurrent and collaborative
producibility analysis (Boeing)while supporting Upper Stage Design Cycles (NASA). The DELMIA CONOPs visualization
reduced overall Upper Stage production flow time at the manufacturing facility by over 100 man-days to 312.5 man-days and
helped to identify technical access issues. The NASA/Boeing Interactive Concept of Operations (ICON) provides interactive
access to Ares using real mission parameters, allows users to configure the mission which encourages ownership and identifies
areas for improvement, allows mission operations or spacecraft detail to be added as needed, and provides an effective, low
coast advocacy, outreach and education tool.
CASI
Ares 1 Upper Stage; Spacecraft Design; Manufacturing; Scientific Visualization; Computerized Simulation; Computer Aided
Design
19
SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION AND ASTRIONICS
Includes the design, manufacture, or use of devices for the purpose of measuring, detecting, controlling, computing, recording, or
processing data related to the operation of space vehicles or platforms. For related information see also 06 Avionics and Aircraft
Instrumentation; for spaceborne instruments not integral to the vehicle itself see 35 Instrumentation and Photography; for spaceborne
telescopes and other astronomical instruments see 89 Astronomy.

Sensor Data Qualification System (SDQS) Implementation Study
Wong, Edmond; Melcher, Kevin; Fulton, Christopher; Maul, William; April 2009; 16 pp.; In English; IEEE International
Conference on Prognostics and Health Management, 6 - 9 Oct. 2008, Colorado, USA; Original contains color and black and
white illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215442; E-16642; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The Sensor Data Qualification System (SDQS) is being developed to provide a sensor fault detection capability for NASA
s next-generation launch vehicles. In addition to traditional data qualification techniques (such as limit checks, rate-of-change
checks and hardware redundancy checks), SDQS can provide augmented capability through additional techniques that exploit
analytical redundancy relationships to enable faster and more sensitive sensor fault detection. This paper documents the results
of a study that was conducted to determine the best approach for implementing a SDQS network configuration that spans
multiple subsystems, similar to those that may be implemented on future vehicles. The best approach is defined as one that
most minimizes computational resource requirements without impacting the detection of sensor failures.
Author
Fault Detection; Failure; Qualifications; Launch Vehicles; Data Systems
Low-Gravity Pressure-Volume-Temperature Gauging Concept Demonstrated with Liquid Oxygen
VanDresar, Neil T.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 31-32; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
The pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) method of liquid quantity gauging in low-gravity is based on calculations
assuming conservation of pressurant gas within the propellant tank and the pressurant supply bottle. This method is currently
used to gauge the remaining amounts of storable propellants onboard the space shuttle s orbital maneuvering system and on
66
Earth-orbiting communications satellites. There is interest in applying this method to cryogenic propellant tanks since it
requires minimal additional hardware or instrumentation. Consequently, a PVT gauging experiment with liquid oxygen was
completed at the NASA Glenn Research Center using a large-scale cryogenic test tank with an attached cold, high-pressure
helium supply bottle.
Derived from text
Liquid Oxygen; Propellant Tanks; Storable Propellants; Fuel Gages; Propellant Storage; Volume; Temperature; Cryogenic
Fluid Storage

New Method for Updating Mean Time Between Failure for ISS Orbital Replaceable Units Consultation Report
Parsons, Vickie S.; May 2009; 30 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
A03, Hardcopy
A request to conduct a peer review of the International Space Station (ISS) proposal to use Bayesian methodology for
updating Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) for ISS Orbital Replaceable Units (ORU) was submitted to the NASA
Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) on September 20, 2005. The results were requested by October 20, 2005 in order to
be available during the process of reworking the current ISS flight manifest. The results are included in this report.
Author
International Space Station; Aerospace Engineering; Aerospace Safety; MTBF; Estimates; Spacecraft Maintenance; Bayes
Theorem; Reliability Analysis
20
SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
Includes main propulsion systems and components, e.g., rocket engines; and spacecraft auxiliary power sources. For related
information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power, 28 Propellants and Fuels, 15 Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations, and
44 Energy Production and Conversion.
20090022126 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; ASRC Aerospace Corp., Cleveland, OH, USA
Performance Characteristics of the NEXT Long-Duration Test After 16,550 h and 337 kg of Xenon Processed
Soulas, George C.; Patterson, Michael J.; Herman, Daniel A.; May 2009; 35 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): GESS-2
The NASA s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) program is developing the next-generation ion propulsion system with
significant enhancements beyond the state-of-the-art in ion propulsion to provide future NASA science missions with
enhanced mission capabilities at a low total development cost. As part of a comprehensive thruster service life assessment
utilizing both testing and analyses, a Long-Duration Test (LDT) was initiated to verify the NEXT propellant throughput
capability to a qualification-level of 450 kg, 1.5 times the anticipated throughput requirement of 300 kg from mission analyses
conducted utilizing the NEXT propulsion system. The LDT is being conducted with a modified, flight-representative NEXT
engineering model ion thruster, designated EM3. As of June 25, 2008, the thruster has accumulated 16,550 h of operation: the
first 13,042 h at the thruster full-input-power of 6.9 kW with 3.52 A beam current and 1800 V beam power supply voltage.
Operation since 13,042 h, i.e., the most recent 3,508 h, has been at an input power of 4.7 kW with 3.52 A beam current and
1180 V beam power supply voltage. The thruster has processed 337 kg of xenon (Xe) surpassing the NSTAR propellant
throughput demonstrated during the extended life testing of the Deep Space 1 flight spare ion thruster. The NEXT LDT has
demonstrated a total impulse of 13.3 106 N s; the highest total impulse ever demonstrated by an ion thruster. Thruster
performance tests are conducted periodically over the entire NEXT throttle table with input power ranging 0.5 to 6.9 kW.
Thruster performance parameters including thrust, input power, specific impulse, and thruster efficiency have been nominal
with little variation to date. This paper presents the performance of the NEXT LDT to date with emphasis on performance
67
variations following throttling of the thruster to the new operating condition and comparison of performance to the NSTAR
extended life test.
Author
Ion Engines; Ion Propulsion; Electric Potential; Specific Impulse; Xenon; Performance Tests; Power Effciency; Rocket
Engines; Total Impulse
20090022127 ASRC Aerospace Corp., Cleveland, OH, USA
NEXT Long-Duration Test Plume and Wear Characteristics after 16,550 h of Operation and 337 kg of Xenon Processed
Herman, Daniel A.; Soulas, George C.; Patterson, Michael J.; May 2009; 39 pp.; In English; 44th Joint Propulsion Conference
and Exhibit, 21 - 23 Jul. 2008, Connecticut, USA; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): GESS-2
The NASA s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) program is developing the next-generation ion propulsion system with
significant enhancements beyond the state-of-the-art. The NEXT ion propulsion system provides improved mission
capabilities for future NASA science missions to enhance and enable Discovery, New Frontiers, and Flagship-type NASA
missions. As part of a comprehensive thruster service life assessment utilizing both testing and analyses, a Long-Duration Test
(LDT) was initiated to validate and qualify the NEXT propellant throughput capability to a qualification-level of 450 kg, 1.5
times the mission-derived throughput requirement of 300 kg. This wear test is being conducted with a modified,
flight-representative NEXT engineering model ion thruster, designated EM3. As of June 25, 2008, the thruster has accumulated
16,550 h of operation: the first 13,042 h at the thruster full-input-power of 6.9 kW with 3.52 A beam current and 1800 V beam
power supply voltage. Operation since 13,042 h, i.e., the most recent 3,508 h, has been at an input power of 4.7 kW with 3.52
A beam current and 1180 V beam power supply voltage. The thruster has processed 337 kg of xenon (Xe) surpassing the
NSTAR propellant throughput demonstrated during the extended life testing of the Deep Space 1 flight spare. The NEXT LDT
has demonstrated a total impulse of 13.3 106 N s; the highest total impulse ever demonstrated by an ion thruster. Thruster
plume diagnostics and erosion measurements are obtained periodically over the entire NEXT throttle table with input power
ranging 0.5 to 6.9 kW. Observed thruster component erosion rates are consistent with predictions and the thruster service life
assessment. There have not been any observed anomalous erosion and all erosion estimates indicate a thruster throughput
capability that exceeds ~750 kg of Xe, an equivalent of 36,500 h of continuous operation at the full-power operating condition.
This paper presents the erosion measurements and plume diagnostic results for the NEXT LDT to date with emphasis on the
change in thruster operating condition and resulting impact on wear characteristics. Ion optics grid-gap data, both cold and
operating, are presented. Performance and wear predictions for the LDT throttle profile are presented.
Author
Ion Engines; Ion Optics; Ion Propulsion; Electric Potential; Aeronautical Engineering; Wear Tests; Rocket Engines; Total
Impulse; Xenon
20090022131 NASA Stennis Space Center, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA
Liquid Rocket Engine Testing
Rahman, Shamim; July 13, 2005; 60 pp.; In English; 41st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Sub-Topic: Liquid Rocket
Engine Testing, 13-14 Jul. 2005, Tucson, AZ, USA; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): SSTI-8080-0029; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
Comprehensive Liquid Rocket Engine testing is essential to risk reduction for Space Flight. Test capability represents
significant national investments in expertise and infrastructure. Historical experience underpins current test capabilities. Test
facilities continually seek proactive alignment with national space development goals and objectives including government
and commercial sectors.
Author
Engine Tests; Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines; Test Facilities; Alignment
20090022138 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA; Oklahoma Univ., Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Modeling Water Hammer of Pulsed Thrusters of a Test Bed for the Orion Crew Module Propulsion Subsystem
Chang, David D.; [2009]; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
The Orion Crew Module (CM) propulsion subsystem is subjected to high pressure surges, known as water hammer, due
68
to sudden fluid velocity changes from the priming of the propellant manifold and pulsing of the thruster valves. An analytical
model of a water hammer test bed for the CM propulsion subsystem was created, and pressure dynamics from thruster pulsing
simulations were obtained. Simulation results show that the peak pressures are within the limitations of the system.
Author
Water Hammer; Spacecraft Modules; Propulsion; Test Stands; Spacecrews; High Pressure
20090022177 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA
Thermal Development Test of the NEXT PM1 ION Engine
Anderson, John R.; Snyder, John Steven; Van Noord, Jonathan L.; Soulas, George C.; July 8, 2007; 16 pp.; In English; 43rd
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 9-11 Jul. 2007, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Original contains
color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
NASAs Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) is a next-generation high-power ion thruster under development by NASA
as a part of the In-Space Propulsion Technology Program. NEXT is designed for use on robotic exploration missions of the
solar system using solar electric power. Potential mission destinations that could benefit from a NEXT Solar Electric
Propulsion (SEP) system include inner planets, small bodies, and outer planets and their moons. This range of robotic
exploration missions generally calls for ion propulsion systems with deep throttling capability and system input power ranging
from 0.6 to 25 kW, as referenced to solar array output at 1 Astronomical Unit (AU). Thermal development testing of the NEXT
prototype model 1 (PM1) was conducted at JPL to assist in developing and validating a thruster thermal model and assessing
the thermal design margins. NEXT PM1 performance prior to, during and subsequent to thermal testing are presented. Test
results are compared to the predicted hot and cold environments expected missions and the functionality of the thruster for
these missions is discussed.
Author
Ion Propulsion; Solar Electric Propulsion; Propulsion System Configurations; Ion Engines; Propulsion System Performance
23
CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS (GENERAL)
Includes general research topics related to the composition, properties, structure, and use of chemical compounds and materials as they
relate to aircraft, launch vehicles, and spacecraft. For specific topics in chemistry and materials see categories 25 through 29. For
astrochemistry see category 90 Astrophysics.
20090021391 Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX USA

Development of the Crack Sealant Adhesion Test
Hu, X.; Zhou, F.; Scullion, T.; Apr. 2009; 56 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109507; REPT-0-5457-2; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Crack sealants are widely used in Texas to prevent water from entering into lower structural layers thereby extending
pavement life. However, most current crack sealants have been reported to have a very short life mainly due to adhesive
failures. Although adhesive failure is known to be the major failure mechanism very little attention has been paid to measuring
this property in the laboratory. The main objective of this project was to develop a performance related adhesion test using
TxDOTs Overlay Tester. In this report the crack sealant adhesion test protocol developed in year 1 of this study was finalized.
The final test protocol includes a molding jig, a detailed sample preparation procedure, an adhesion test protocol, and criteria
for interpreting the results. In this study 13 sealants (some of them have never been used in Texas) were evaluated following
the proposed test protocol.
NTIS
Adhesion Tests; Cracks; Pavements; Sealers
20090021403 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA
Mitigation of Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Effects from Short-Pulse Lasers and Fusion Neutrons
Eder, D. C.; Throop, A.; Brown, C. G.; Kimbrough, J.; Stowell, M. L.; Mar. 06, 2009; 35 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W-7405-ENG-48
Report No.(s): DE2009-950076; LLNL-TR-411183; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Our research focused on obtaining a fundamental understanding of the source and properties of EMP at the Titan
PW(petawatt)-class laser facility. The project was motivated by data loss and damage to components due to EMP, which can
69
limit diagnostic techniques that can be used reliably at short-pulse PW-class laser facilities. Our measurements of the
electromagnetic fields, using a variety of probes, provide information on the strength, time duration, and frequency
dependence of the EMP. We measure electric field strengths in the 100s of kV/m range, durations up to 100 ns, and very broad
frequency response extending out to 5 GHz and possibly beyond. This information is being used to design shielding to mitigate
the effects of EMP on components at various laser facilities. We showed the need for well-shielded cables and oscilloscopes
to obtain high quality data. Significant work was invested in data analysis techniques to process this data. This work is now
being transferred to data analysis procedures for the EMP diagnostics being fielded on the National Ignition Facility (NIF).
In addition to electromagnetic field measurements, we measured the spatial and energy distribution of electrons escaping from
targets. This information is used as input into the 3D electromagnetic code, EMSolve, which calculates time dependent
electromagnetic fields. The simulation results compare reasonably well with data for both the strength and broad frequency
bandwidth of the EMP. This modeling work required significant improvements in EMSolve to model the fields in the Titan
chamber generated by electrons escaping the target. During dedicated Titan shots, we studied the effects of varying laser
energy, target size, and pulse duration on EMP properties. We also studied the effect of surrounding the target with a thick
conducting sphere and cube as a potential mitigation approach. System generated EMP (SGEMP) in coaxial cables does not
appear to be a significant at Titan. Our results are directly relevant to planned short-pulse ARC (advanced radiographic
capability) operation on NIF.
NTIS
Electromagnetic Pulses; Electrons; Neutrons; Pulsed Lasers; Radiation Effects
20090021405 Oak Ridge National Lab., TN USA

Design Study for a Low-Enriched Uranium Core for the High Flux Isotope Reactor, Annual Report for FY 2008
Primm, T.; Chandler, D.; Ilas, G.; James, H.; Sease, J. D.; Mar. 01, 2009; 85 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC05-00OR22725
Report No.(s): DE2009-950437; ORNL/TM-2009/087; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service
(NTIS)
This report documents progress made during FY 2008 in studies of converting the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) from
highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel to low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel. Conversion from HEU to LEU will require a change
in fuel form from uranium oxide to a uranium-molybdenum alloy. With axial and radial grading of the fuel foil and an increase
in reactor power to 100 MW, calculations indicate that the HFIR can be operated with LEU fuel with no degradation in reactor
performance from the current level. Results of selected benchmark studies imply that calculations of LEU performance are
accurate. Scoping experiments with various manufacturing methods for forming the LEU alloy profile are presented.
NTIS
High Flux Isotope Reactors; Reactor Cores; Uranium
20090021790 Oak Ridge National Lab., TN USA

Third-Party Evaluation of Petro Tex Hydrocarbons, LLC, ReGen Lubricating Oil Re-refining Process
Compere, A. I.; Griffith, W. L.; Apr. 01, 2009; 71 pp.; In English
(NTIS)
This report presents an assessment of the PetroTex Hydrocarbons, LLC., ReGen process for re-refining used lubricating
oil to produce Group I, II, and III base oils, diesel fuel, and asphalt. PetroTex Hydrocarbons, LLC., has performed extensive
pilot scale evaluations, computer simulations, and market studies of this process and is presently evaluating construction of
a 23 million gallon per year industrial-scale plant at a site in Midlothian, Texas. PetroTex has obtained a 30 acre site in the
Texas Industries RailPark in Midlothian Texas. The environmental and civil engineering assessments of the site are completed,
and the company has been granted a special use permit from the City of Midlothian and air emissions permits for the Texas
Commission on Environmental Quality. The impact of constructing these facilities on local employment is significant. If the
plant size remains constant, each plant could create 1400 construction jobs and employ a permanent staff of 28. Additionally,
transportation of used oil to the re-refinery will require approximately 12 truck drivers.
NTIS
Hydrocarbons; Lubricating Oils; Petroleum Products; Refining
70
20090021907 Clemson Univ., SC USA

Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Chain Terminated Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Functionalized
Perfluorocyclobutyl Aryl Ether Copolymers (Postprint)
Iacono, Scott T; Budy, Stephen M; Mabry, Joseph M; Smith, Jr, Dennis W; Jan 2007; 10 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-FG02-05ER15718; DMR-0514622; Proj-2303
A new class of perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymers covalently functionalized with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxnes
(POSS) is presented. Three discreetly functionalized POSS monomers possessing thermally reactive trifluorovinyl aryl ethers
(TFVE) were prepared in good yields. The POSS TFVE monomers were prepared by initial corner capping of cyclopentyl
(-C5H9), iso-butyl (-CH2CH(CH3)2), or trifluoropropyl (-CH2CH2CF3) functionalized POSS trisilanols with
acetoxyethyltrichlorsilane followed by sequential acid-catalyzed deprotection and coupling with 4-(trifluorovinyloxy)benzoic
acid. TFVE functionalized POSS monomers were thermally polymerized with 4,4-bis(4-trifluorovinyloxy)biphenyl or
2,2-bis(4-trifluorovinyloxybiphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane monomers via a condensate-free, [2+2] step-growth
polymerization. The polymerization afforded solution processable PFCB polymers with POSS macromers installed on the
polymer chain ends. POSS monomers and their corresponding copolymers were characterized by 1H, 13C, 19F, and 29Si
NMR, GPC, ATR-FTIR, and elemental combustion analysis. GPC trace analysis showed agreeable number-average molecular
weight for various weight percent of iso-butyl and trifluoropropyl chain terminated POSS PFCB copolymers. DSC analysis
showed the introduction of increasing POSS weight percent in the endcapped PFCB copolymers lowers glass transition
temperatures as high as 31 deg C. On the other hand, the trifluoropropyl POSS endcapped PFCB polymer glass transition
temperature was unaffected when copolymerized with the more fluorinated 2,2-bis(4-trifluorovinyloxybiphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3hexafluoropropane monomer.
DTIC
Copolymers; Ethers; Glass Transition Temperature

Fluorescent Dye Developed for the Detection of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Meador, Michael A.; Tyson, Daniel S.; Carbaugh, Ashley; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 136-137; In
English; See also 20090021990; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
The detection of chemical and biological warfare agents and explosives is important for national defense and homeland
security. Detection techniques for these threats must be simple and easy to use, accurate, and portable. A variety of techniques
have been developed including spectroscopic, chromatographic, and electrochemical methods. Among these, fluorescencebased techniques are particularly attractive because they are easy to apply, have low detection limits, and the necessary
instrumentation can be incorporated into a small package that has low power requirements. Researchers in the Polymers
Branch of the NASA Glenn Research Center have been developing fluorescent sensors for detecting chemical and biochemical
species. The approach being explored by this team utilizes a molecule with a fluorescent core that is capped by different groups
(R), whose structure can be changed to tailor the sensitivity of the dye to different chemical species
Derived from text
Dyes; Fluorescence; Chemical Detection

Terahertz Amplifier Design Improved with Metamaterial
Wilson, Jeffrey D.; Vaden, Karl R.; Chevalier, Christine T.; Kory, Carol L.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 70;
In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01,
Hardcopy
Terahertz waves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than microwaves but lower than infrared radiation and
visible light. They possess exciting potential advantages for radio astronomy spectroscopy; nondestructive testing of aircraft
and spacecraft; non-ionizing medical imaging and tumor detection; high-resolution close-range radar; and security detection
of chemicals, biological agents, and weapons. However, this frequency region (0.3 to 3.03 X 10(exp 12) Hz, or 0.3 to 3.0 THz)
is largely underutilized and is referred to as the terahertz gap of the electromagnetic spectrum because compact moderate
power amplifiers are not available. In this in-house work at the NASA Glenn Research Center, we investigated the use of
metamaterials -- engineered materials with unique electromagnetic properties -- to increase the power and efficiency of
71
terahertz amplification in two types of vacuum electronics slow-wave circuits.

Derived from text
Amplifier Design; Electromagnetic Spectra; Frequencies; Power Amplifiers; Waveguides
Performance and Analysis of Perfluorinated Grease used on Space Shuttle Actuators
Morales, Wilfredo; Street, Kenneth W.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.; April 2009; 16 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black
and white illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215605; E-16522-1; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Actuators used on the USA space shuttle fleet are lubricated with grease consisting of a perfluoropolyalkyl ether (PFPE)
base oil thickened with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filler. The actuators were designed to operate for life without periodic
relubrication and some have been in use for over 20 years. Visible inspection of a partially dissembled actuator, however,
raised concerns over possible grease degradation due to discoloration of the grease on several places on the surfaces of the
gears. Whereas new grease is beige in appearance, the discolored grease consisted of both grey and reddish colors. A number
of grease samples were taken from various locations in the actuators and subjected to a variety of physical and chemical
analytical tests. Gravimetric tests show that base oil separation from the actuator PFPE grease was not significant after two
decades within the sealed actuators. The gray color of grease samples taken from the actuators was due to metallic iron. The
red color was due to oxidation of the metallic wear particles from the gears and the bearings comprising the actuators. Both
infrared spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography analyses show no chemical differences between the used and unused
grease samples. Little or no degradation of the PFPE grease had occurred in the actuators over the decades of operation.
Author
Actuators; Greases; Polytetrafluoroethylene; Space Shuttles; Reliability Analysis; Discoloration; Chromatography; Chemical
Tests; Oxidation
20090022128 Nye Lubricants, Inc., New Bedford, MA, USA
Lubricated Bearing Lifetimes of a Multiply Alkylated Cyclopentane and a Linear Perfluoropolyether Fluid in
Oscillatory Motion at Elevated Temperatures in Ultrahigh Vacuum
Braza, Joseph; Jansen, Mark J.; Jones, William R.; May 2009; 12 pp.; In English; 12th European Space Mechanisms and
Tribology Symposium, 19 - 21 Sep. 2007, England, UK; Original contains black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNC05BA22B
Report No.(s): NASA/CR-2009-215637; E-16946; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Bearing life tests in vacuum with three space liquid lubricants, two multiply alkylated cyclopentanes (MACs) and a linear
perfluoropolyether (PFPE) were performed. Test conditions included: an 89 N axial load (mean Hertzian stress 0.66 GPa),
vacuum level below 7x10(exp -4) Pa, and a +/-30deg dither angle. Dither rate was 75 cycles per minute. Higher (110 to 122
C) and lower temperature tests (75 C) were performed. For the higher temperature tests, the PFPE, Fomblin (Ausimont SpA)
Z25 outperformed Pennzane (Shell Global Solutions) X-2000 by more than an order of magnitude. Lubricant evaporation
played a key role in these high temperature results. At 75 C, the order was reversed with both Pennzane X-1000 and X-2000
outperforming Fomblin Z25 by more than an order of magnitude. Most Pennzane tests were suspended without failure. The
primary failure mechanism in these lower temperature tests was lubricant consumption in the tribocontacts.
Author
Bearings; Failure; Vacuum Tests; High Temperature; Cyclic Hydrocarbons; Axial Loads; Oscillations; Life (Durability)
Controlled-Release Microcapsules for Smart Coatings for Corrosion Applications
Corrosion is a serious problem that has enormous costs and serious safety implications. Localized corrosion, such as
pitting, is very dangerous and can cause catastrophic failures. The NASA Corrosion Technology Laboratory at Kennedy Space
Center is developing a smart coating based on pH-sensitive microcapsules for corrosion applications. These versatile
microcapsules are designed to be incorporated into a smart coating and deliver their core content when corrosion starts.
Corrosion indication was the first function incorporated into the microcapsules. Current efforts are focused on incorporating
72
the corrosion inhibition function through the encapsulation of corrosion inhibitors into water core and oil core microcapsules.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of encapsulated corrosion inhibitors are shown.
Derived from text
Corrosion; Corrosion Prevention; Encapsulating; Protective Coatings; Shells (Structural Forms)
Aerocoat 7 Replacement Coatings
Kennedy Space Center has used Aerocoat 7 (AR-7) to protect stainless-steel flex hoses at Launch Complex (LC-39) and
hydraulic lines of the Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP) because it provides excellent corrosion protection in low-temperature
applications. The Sovereign Company produced AR-7 exclusively for NASA but discontinued production because the coating
released high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and had a significant environmental impact. The purpose of this
project was to select and evaluate potential replacement coatings for AR-7 that would be more environmentally sound. The
physical and mechanical properties of commercially available coatings were investigated through the Internet. The ideal
coating would be fluid enough to penetrate the outer mesh of a stainless-steel flex hose and coat the inner hose, and flexible
enough to withstand the movement of the hose, as well as the expansion and contraction of its metal caused by changes in
temperature.
Derived from text
Corrosion Prevention; Mechanical Properties; Replacing; Surface Treatment; Corrosion Resistance; Protective Coatings;
Substitutes
Improved Assembly for Gas Shielding During Welding or Brazing
Gradl, Paul; Baker, Kevin; Weeks, Jack; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 21; In English; See also 20090022325;
Report No.(s): MFS-32644-1; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
ONLINE: http://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/5286
An improved assembly for inert-gas shielding of a metallic joint is designed to be useable during any of a variety of both
laser-based and traditional welding and brazing processes. The basic purpose of this assembly or of a typical prior related
assembly is to channel the flow of a chemically inert gas to a joint to prevent environmental contamination of the joint during
the welding or brazing process and, if required, to accelerate cooling upon completion of the process.
Derived from text
Brazing; Shielding; Welding
24
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of laminates and other composite materials.

Gas Permeable Chemochromic Compositions for Hydrogen Sensing
Mohajeri, N.; Muradov, N.; Bokerman, G.; T-Raissi, A.; Captain, J.; Peterson, B.; Whitten, M.; Hydrogen Research at Florida
Universities; February 2009, pp. 20, 133-148; In English; See also 20090021319; Original contains color and black and white
illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Safety is always a concern in all applications that utilize hydrogen (H2) in one form or the other. Hydrogen leaks are
invisible and odorless. In addition, blending odorants or additives into hydrogen in a manner similar to natural gas is
undesirable for certain applications such as use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. To facilitate detection of the location
of hydrogen leaks, a special chemochromic H2 sensing material has been researched, developed and patented at the Florida
Solar Energy Center (FSEC). The development of the smart paint sensors has been done with close coordination and
collaboration with the NASA Kennedy Space Center scientists. The hydrogen leaks are shown by changes in color from white
to gray of the sensing material. This sensing material employs titania (TiO2) supported palladium oxide (PdO) pigments
encapsulated within a special silicone matrix. Several batches of PdO H2 sensing pigments were synthesized using various
73
TiO2 supports. Hydrogen detection activities were determined by TEM and particle size distribution analysis showed that
smaller particles with hemispherical crystalline structure produced faster color change kinetics when exposed to H2 gas.
However, uniformly distributed PdO particles on the TiO2 surface displayed greater color contrast, quantified by E
measurements. XRD analysis indicated that the crystalline phase of TiO2 had no effect on the chemochromic performance of
the pigments in a laboratory environment. Additional development resulted in the formulation of reversible sensors, ones that
changed color in the presence of H2 and reversed to the original color when no H2 was present. These reversible H2 sensors
were formulated based on isopolycompounds (IPC) of tungsten and molybdenum, heteropolycompounds, HPC, all of which
were synthesized and evaluated.
Derived from text
Powder (Particles); Smart Materials; Permeability; Aerospace Safety; Materials Handling; Hydrogen Fuels; Hydrogen;
Leakage; Gas Detectors; Optical Measuring Instruments
20090021412 California Univ., San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Investigation of Integrity and Effectiveness of RC Bridge Deck Rehabilitation with CFRP Composites
Lee, L. S.; Karbhari, V. M.; Sikorsky, C.; Nov. 2008; 354 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-107726; CA04-0112; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This report develops methodologies to evaluate the integrity and effectiveness of external bonding of carbon fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites to the bridge deck soffit of Spans 8 and 9 of the eastbound structure of the Watson
Wash Bridge Wet lay-up and pultruded CFRP composites are applied to the deteriorated decks of the Watson Wash Bridge.
A global vibration-based nondestructive evaluation procedure measuring changes in modal strain energy is used to determine
stiffness changes in the bridge structure before and after application of CFRP composites. The effect of CFRP composite
material variation and degradation are incorporated into a measure of the reliability index, which is related to the probability
of failure is defined as the yield of steel reinforcement. The reliability index provides the means to combine the effects of
material variation, CFRP composite degradation, and measured stiffness changes from the field to assess the service life of a
FRP rehabilitated structure as shown from a series of progressive damage tests. Based upon the results of the measured system
changes, effects of material variation, and effect of CFRP composite degradation, CFRP rehabilitation designs are
recommended for the parallel westbound Watson Wash Bridge structure. Recommended CFRP rehabilitation designs are
intended to prevent the occurrence of punching shear failure, and sustain HS20 and Permit Load demands in the longitudinal
and transverse slab directions for a period greater than 25 years at a reliablity level of 3.5, failure probability of 0.02%.
NTIS
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics; Fiber Composites
20090021496 Army Research Development and Engineering Command, Warren, MI USA

Innovative Composite Structure Design for Blast Protection
Jiang, Dongying; Liu, Yuanyuan; Qi, Chang; Ma, Zheng-Dong; Raju, Basavaraju; Bryzik, Walter; Jan 2007; 10 pp.; In
English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497621; RDECOM/MI-17048; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
An advanced design methodology is developed for innovative composite structure concepts which can be used in the
Armys future ground vehicle systems to protect vehicle and occupants against various explosives. The multi-level and
multi-scenario blast simulation and design system integrates three major technologies: a newly developed landmine-soil
composite interaction model; an advanced design methodology, called Function-Oriented Material Design (FOMD); and a
novel patent-pending composite material concept, called BTR (Biomimetic Tendon-Reinforced) material. Example results
include numerical simulation of a BTR composite under a blast event. The developed blast simulation and design system will
enable the prediction, design, and prototyping of blast-protective composite structures for a wide range of damage scenarios
in various blast events.
DTIC
Composite Structures; Mines (Ordnance); Protection
74

High Temperature VARTM of Phenylethynyl Terminated Imides
Cano, Roberto J.; Britton, Sean M.; Jensen, Brian J.; Connell, John W.; Herring, Helen M.; Linberry, Quentin J.; Ghose,
Sayata; Watson, Kent A.; May 18, 2009; 17 pp.; In English; SAMPE 2009 Conference, 18 - 21 May 2009, Maryland, USA;
Contract(s)/Grant(s): WBS: 984754.02.07.07.15.03
Report No.(s): Paper B021; LF99-7658; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Fabrication of composite structures using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is generally more affordable
than conventional autoclave techniques. Recent efforts have focused on adapting VARTM for the fabrication of high
temperature composites. Due to their low melt viscosity and long melt stability, certain phenylethynyl terminated imides
(PETI) can be processed into composites using high temperature VARTM (HT-VARTM). However, one of the disadvantages
of the current HT-VARTM resin systems has been the high porosity of the resultant composites. For aerospace applications,
the desired void fraction of less than 2% has not yet been achieved. In the current study, two PETI resins, LaRC PETI-330
and LaRC PETI-8 have been used to make test specimens using HT-VARTM. The resins were infused into ten layers of
IM7-6K carbon fiber 5-harness satin fabric at 260 C or 280 C and cured at 371 C. Initial runs yielded composites with high
void content, typically greater than 7% by weight. A thermogravimetric-mass spectroscopic study was conducted to determine
the source of volatiles leading to high porosity. It was determined that under the thermal cycle used for laminate fabrication,
the phenylethynyl endcap was undergoing degradation leading to volatile evolution. By modifying the thermal cycle used in
laminate fabrication, the void content was reduced significantly (typically approximately 3%). Densities of the composites
were determined using a density gradient column and the glass transition temperatures of the cured composites were measured
by dynamic mechanical analysis. Photomicrographs of the panels were taken and void contents were determined by acid
digestion. The results of this work are presented herein.
Author
Fabrication; High Temperature; Imides; Resin Transfer Molding; Vacuum Systems; Aerospace Engineering; Phenyls

Damage Quantification in Electrically Conductive Composite Laminate Structures
Liberson, Alexander S; Walsh, Brian R; Roemer, Michael J; Tandon, Gyaneshwar P; Kim, Ran Y; Jan 2009; 10 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): FA9550-05-C-0002
This paper presents an approach for assessing damage in electrically conductive reinforced polymers that is based on
feature changes in the current flow and overall conductivity of the structure under damage conditions such as internal fiber
fracture and delamination cracks. Through monitoring the integral resistance of the structure, changes in a selected feature set
related to the inherent conductivity is directly correlated to the location and extent of the damage present. The technique
employed uses a relatively simple analysis process and requires a network of electrodes to apply electric potential to the
external surfaces of the structure. A Finite Element Model (FEM) of the structure enables the calculation of the predicted
electrostatic environment inside multidirectional laminates with highly anisotropic plies. Orientation of the electrically
conductive fibers is accounted for by introducing the corresponding anisotropic conductivity tensor for each ply. Multiple
parametric analyses of unidirectional and multidirectional laminates show significant influence of anisotropy on current flow
trajectories, and overall resistivity. The influence of holes, cracks and delaminations have been determined by measurements
and compared with the theoretical FEM model results. A comparison of the potential and current distribution for damaged and
undamaged laminates shows a substantial difference around the damaged area, as well as the difference in a set of overall
resistivities. The difference induced by small cracks produces subtle deviations in measurements. The corresponding
sensitivities are used to deduce the requirement precision of the measurement instrument, which forms the basis of a damage
detection system. Finally, selected experimental results are provided that verify the basis of the model-based analysis
technique presented.
DTIC
Composite Structures; Damage; Electrical Resistivity; Laminates
75
Compact and Robust Refilling and Connectorization of Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Gas Reference Cells
Poberezhskiy, Ilya Y.; Meras, Patrick; Chang, Daniel H.; Spiers, Gary D.; October 21, 2007; 2 pp.; In English; IEEE LEOS
Annual Meeting, 21-25 Oct. 2007, Florida, USA; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other
Sources
A simple method for evacuating, refilling and connectorizing hollow-core photonic crystal fiber for use asgas reference
cell is proposed and demonstrated. It relies on torch-sealing a quartz filling tube connected to amechanical splice between
regular and hollow-core fibers.
Author
Crystals; Refilling; Quartz
20090021987 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA; National Inst. of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
Metal Decorated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Polyimide Composites with High Dielectric Constants and Low Loss
Factors
Elliott, Holly A.; Dudley, Kenneth L.; Smith, Joseph G.; Connell, John W.; Ghose, Sayata; Watson, Kent A.; Sun, Keun J.;
May 18, 2009; 23 pp.; In English; SAMPE 2009 Conference, 18 - 21 May 2009, Maryland, USA; Original contains black
Contract(s)/Grant(s): WBS: 936374.04.06.04
Report No.(s): Paper B020; LF99-7644; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The measurement of observable electromagnetic phenomena in materials and their derived intrinsic electrical material
properties are of prime importance in the discovery and development of material systems for electronic and aerospace
applications. Nanocomposite materials comprised of metal decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were
prepared by a facile method and characterized. Metal particles such as silver(Ag), platinum(Pt) and palladium(Pd) with
diameters ranging from less than 5 to over 50 nanometers were distributed randomly on the MWCNTs. The present study is
focused on silver decorated MWCNTs dispersed in a polyimide matrix. The Ag-containing MWCNTs were melt mixed into
Ultem(TradeMark) and the mixture extruded as ribbons. The extruded ribbons exhibited a moderate to high degree of
MWCNT alignment as determined by HRSEM. These ribbons were then fabricated into test specimens while maintaining
MWCNT alignment and subsequently characterized for electrical and electromagnetic properties at 8-12 GHz. The results of
the electromagnetic characterization showed that certain sample configurations exhibited a decoupling of the permittivity
(epsilon ) and loss factor (epsilon) indicating that these properties could be tailored within certain limits. The decoupling and
independent control of these fundamental electrical material parameters offers a new class of materials with potential
applications in electronics, microwave engineering and optics.
Author
Carbon Nanotubes; Permittivity; Losses; Electrical Properties; Nanocomposites; Metal Particles; Electromagnetic Properties
Joining of Carbon-Carbon Composites to Metals Demonstrated for Thermal Management Applications
Singh, Mrityunjay; Shpargel, Tarah P.; Asthana, Rajiv; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 140-141; In English;
See also 20090021990; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Carbon-carbon (C-C) composites are used in a number of aerospace and ground-based applications, such as the nose cone
and leading edges of the space shuttle, rocket nozzles, exit cones, heat shield, and aircraft braking systems. A number of
applications of C C require the composite to be integrated (joined or attached) to metals or other substrates. One particular
area of current interest is the utilization of C C composites in thermal management applications. A number of such applications
utilize copper-clad molybdenum (Cu-clad Mo) because of its tailorable thermal conductivity and thermal expansion properties.
However, the high density of Cu-clad Mo (e.g., 9.7 g/cm(exp 3) has limited its use in lightweight heat-rejection systems. C-C
composites containing high-conductivity carbon fibers provide excellent heat dissipation and low expansion properties at
considerably reduced weight. Acting in combination, Cu-clad Mo and C-C can provide excellent heat dissipation and some
weight advantage over the heavier Cu-clad Mo. By controlling the clad layer thickness in Cu-clad-Mo, the coefficient of
thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between C-C and Cu-clad Mo can be designed to minimize residual stresses during joining
and service while maintaining acceptable levels of thermal conductivity needed for thermal management applications.
Researchers from the Ohio Aerospace Institute, ASRC Aerospace Corporation, NASA Glenn Research Center, and University
of Wisconsin-Stout have brazed chemical-vapor-infiltrated (CVI) C-C composites (P-120 fibers) and resin-derived C-C
composites (T-300 fiber) to Cu-clad Mo (Cu-Mo-Cu layer thickness ratio: 13%-74%-13%) using five commercial
76
copper-silver (Cu-Ag) active braze alloys with good thermal conductivity and ductility: Cu-ABA, Ticuni, Ticusil, Cusil-ABA,
and Cusin-1 ABA. The presence of Cu as a cladding on Mo and as an alloying additive in brazes ensures chemical
compatibility and enhanced ductility at the joint interfaces.
Derived from text
Alloying; Brazing; Carbon-Carbon Composites; Cladding; Temperature Control; Thermal Conductivity; Refractory
Materials; Metal Bonding; Heat Resistant Alloys

Probabilistic Simulation for Nanocomposite Characterization Developed and Included in the Computer Code
ICAN/JAVA
Chamis, Christos C.; Coroneos, Rula M.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 150-153; In English; See also
A unique mechanistic method has been developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center to probabilistically simulate five
uniaxial strengths and the six moduli of a mono-nanofiber uniaxial composite. A nanocomposite property simulation cannot
produce fiber alignment with uniform dispersion. The fibers are aligned only for predicting point through-the-thickness
properties. The fuzziness of the nanofibers can be simulated by estimating the angle of single fibers through the thickness of
a nanoply, which is depicted here. The interphase, and how it is modeled, are described. This unique probabilistic theory for
predicting the properties of nanocomposites is based on composite micromechanics with progressive substructuring down to
a nanoscale slice of a nanofiber, where all the governing equations are formulated. The equations and theoretical development
have been programmed into the computer code Integrated Composite Analyzer Recoded in Java (ICAN/JAVA). The
characterization included two fabrication parameters, five nano-uniaxial strengths, and all the constitutive nanocomposite
properties.
Derived from text
Nanocomposites; Fiber Composites; Characterization; Simulation; Probability Theory; Micromechanics

Technology for Integrating Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramic Composites with Metallic Systems Developed
Asthana, Rajiv; Singh, Mrityunjay; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 138-139; In English; See also
Refractory metal diborides have high melting points and good oxidation resistance in extreme environments, which allows
them to operate at 2150 to 2770 K. Among these, zirconium diboride (ZrB2) has a significantly lower density than the
refractory metals based on tungsten and rhenium that are used in applications involving intense thermal loads. ZrB2-based
ultra-high-temperature ceramic composites (UHTCC) have been considered for a wide variety of thermal protection system
components of space vehicles reentering the Earth s atmosphere. These composites typically contain additives, such as silicon
carbide (SiC) to improve oxidation resistance and strength, and carbon (C) to improve thermal stress resistance. Properties of
ZrB2-based UHTCC can be modified by adding fibers of C and SiC as toughening and strengthening phases, respectively. One
area of special interest is the development of technologies for joining and attaching UHTCC to metallic components.
Researchers at the Ohio Aerospace Institute, NASA Glenn Research Center, and University of Wisconsin-Stout have vacuum
brazed ZrB2-based UHTCC to high-temperature metals and alloys such as titanium, copper-clad-molybdenum, and Inconel
625 superalloy by employing copper-silver-titanium brazes (liquidus temperature, TL approximates 1073 to 1173 K),
nickel-base metallic glasses (TL approximates 1320 K), and palladiumbase brazes (TL approximates 1493 to 1513 K). Three
ZrB2-based UHTCCs were prepared by hot pressing: ZrB2-SCS9-SiC, ZrB2- SiC-C, and ZrB2-SiC. Both ZrB2-SiC and
ZrB2-SiC-C achieved full densification during fabrication; however, ZrB2- SCS9-SiC contained residual porosity
(approximatly 30 percent) and microcracks oriented perpendicular to the SCS9 fibers, which formed because of a large
mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion of ZrB2 and the SCS9 fiber. The joints were examined using optical and
scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and by Knoop microhardness test.
Derived from text
Brazing; Ceramic Matrix Composites; Heat Resistant Alloys; Refractory Materials
77

Probabilistic Methods for Structural Reliability and Risk
Chamis, Christos C.; June 02, 2008; 10 pp.; In English; ECCM13 European Conference on Composite Materials, 2-5 Jun.
2008, Stockholm, Sweden; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): Paper No. 2413; E-16477; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
A probabilistic method is used to evaluate the structural reliability and risk of select metallic and composite structures.
The method is a multiscale, multifunctional and it is based on the most elemental level. A multi-factor interaction model is
used to describe the material properties which are subsequently evaluated probabilistically. The metallic structure is a two rotor
aircraft engine, while the composite structures consist of laminated plies (multiscale) and the properties of each ply are the
multifunctional representation. The structural component is modeled by finite element. The solution method for structural
responses is obtained by an updated simulation scheme. The results show that the risk for the two rotor engine is about 0.0001
and the composite built-up structure is also 0.0001.
Author
Composite Structures; Structural Reliability; Laminates; Rotors; Finite Element Method

NDE for Characterizing Oxidation Damage in Reinforced Carbon-Carbon
Roth, Don J.; Rauser, Richard W.; Jacobson, nathan S.; Wincheski, Russell A.; Walker, James L.; Cosgriff, Laura A.; May 31,
2009; 14 pp.; In English; PacRim8, 31 May - 5 Jun. 2009, British Columbia, Canada; Original contains black and white
illustrations
Report No.(s): E-17014; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
In this study, coated reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) samples of similar structure and composition as that from the NASA
space shuttle orbiter s thermal protection system were fabricated with slots in their coating simulating craze cracks. These
specimens were used to study oxidation damage detection and characterization using NDE methods. These specimens were
heat treated in air at 1143 and 1200 C to create cavities in the carbon substrate underneath the coating as oxygen reacted with
the carbon and resulted in its consumption. The cavities varied in diameter from approximately 1 to 3 mm. Single-sided NDE
methods were used since they might be practical for on-wing inspection, while x-ray micro-computed tomography (CT) was
used to measure cavity sizes in order to validate oxidation models under development for carbon-carbon materials. An RCC
sample having a naturally-cracked coating and subsequent oxidation damage was also studied with x-ray micro-CT. This effort
is a follow-on study to one that characterized NDE methods for assessing oxidation damage in an RCC sample with drilled
holes in the coating. The results of that study are briefly reviewed in this article as well. Additionally, a short discussion on
the future role of simulation to aid in these studies is provided.
Author
Carbon-Carbon Composites; Thermal Protection; Nondestructive Tests; Cracks; Surface Cracks; Spacecraft Shielding;
Oxidation; Detection

Design and Testing of Braided Composite Fan Case Materials and Components
Roberts, Gary D.; Pereira, J. Michael; Braley, Michael S.; Arnold, William A.; Dorer, James D.; Watson, William R.; [2009];
12 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): ISABE-2009-1201; E-17015; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Triaxial braid composite materials are beginning to be used in fan cases for commercial gas turbine engines. The primary
benefit for the use of composite materials is reduced weight and the associated reduction in fuel consumption. However, there
are also cost benefits in some applications. This paper presents a description of the braided composite materials and discusses
aspects of the braiding process that can be utilized for efficient fabrication of composite cases. The paper also presents an
approach that was developed for evaluating the braided composite materials and composite fan cases in a ballistic impact
laboratory. Impact of composite panels with a soft projectile is used for materials evaluation. Impact of composite fan cases
78
with fan blades or blade-like projectiles is used to evaluate containment capability. A post-impact structural load test is used
to evaluate the capability of the impacted fan case to survive dynamic loads during engine spool down. Validation of these
new test methods is demonstrated by comparison with results of engine blade-out tests.
Author
Braided Composites; Cases (Containers); Gas Turbine Engines; Impact Tests; Load Tests
20090022329 Wright Materials Research Co., Beavercreek, OH, USA

Ultra-Lightweight Self-Deployable Nanocomposite Structure for Habitat Applications
Tan, Seng C.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 31; In English; See also 20090022325
Report No.(s): MSC-24290-1; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
A document discusses self-deployable, rigidized structures that are ultra-lightweight and have gas barrier properties, space
durability, and high impact resistance. Developed here are microcellular-foamed sandwich structures made from
nanocomposite shape memory polymers (SMPs) with Cold-Hibernated Elastic Memory (CHEM) deployed technique for
space structural components including space habitats. This type of foam sandwich also does not suffer from the toxicity
problems of conventional foams, and has higher mechanical properties than those processed with conventional techniques.
This design can be compacted into a very small volume for launch. Once deployed, the microcellular structure can use the
heat from the Sun to recover 98 to 100 percent of its shape.
Derived from text
Nanocomposites; Composite Structures; Rigid Structures; Foams; Sandwich Structures; Ferroelastic Materials; Polymers;
Structural Engineering; Aerospace Engineering; Space Habitats; Deployment
25
INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Includes the analysis, synthesis, and use of inorganic and organic compounds; combustion theory; electrochemistry; and
photochemistry. For related information see category 34 Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics. For astrochemistry see category
90 Astrophysics.
20090021319 Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL, USA

Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities
Block, David L.; T-Raissi, Ali; February 2009; 723 pp.; In English; See also 20090021320 - 20090021348; Original contains
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG3-2751; WBS 561581.02.08.03.11.03
Report No.(s): NASA/CR-2009-215441; E-16586; FSEC-CR-1745-08; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A99, Hardcopy
This final report describes the R&D activities and projects conducted for NASA under the 6-year NASA Hydrogen
Research at Florida Universities grant program. Contained within this report are summaries of the overall activities, one-page
description of all the reports funded under this program and all of the individual reports from each of the 29 projects supported
by the effort. The R&D activities cover hydrogen technologies related to production, cryogenics, sensors, storage, separation
processes, fuel cells, resource assessments and education. In the span of 6 years, the NASA Hydrogen Research at Florida
Universities program funded a total of 44 individual university projects, and employed more than 100 faculty and over 100
graduate research students in the six participating universities. Researchers involved in this program have filed more than 20
patents in all hydrogen technology areas and put out over 220 technical publications in the last 2 years alone. This 6 year
hydrogen research program was conducted by a consortium of six Florida universities: Florida International University (FIU)
in Miami, Florida State University (FSU) and Florida A&M University (FAMU) in Tallahassee, University of Central Florida
(UCF) in Orlando, University of South Florida (USF) in Tampa, and University of Florida (UF) in Gainesville. The Florida
Solar Energy Center (FSEC) of the University of Central Florida managed the research activities of all consortium member
universities except those at the University of Florida. This report does not include any of the programs or activities conducted
at the University of Florida, but can be found in NASA/CR-2008-215440-PART 1-3.
Author
Cryogenics; Research and Development; Solar Energy; Fuel Cells; Hydrogen
79
20090021322 Florida Solar Energy Center, Cape Canaveral, FL, USA

Hydrogen-Powered Aeropropulsion: Compact, Lightweight, and Efficient Fuel Cells for Space Power
Linkous, C.; Pearman, B.; Hall, D.; Slattery, D.; Baik, J.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 24,
197-224; In English; See also 20090021319; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.:
CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Fuel cells have long been used in supplying space power, however, improvements are still required in terms of size,
weight, and fuel efficiency. In this project, various strategies for increasing the specific power (kilowatts of power per kilogram
of device weight) of fuel cells were studied. The major objective was to increase the state-of-the-art fuel cell power density
from approx.100 W/kg to 1.0 kW/kg and higher. The approach to improving power density was to increase the current density.
Current density is frequently limited by electrolyte conductivity, especially for solid electrolytes. Thus, the research targeted
the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte as a significant barrier in the development of higher power density devices. The effect
of temperature was clearly demonstrated, with conductivity values rising on order of 4x in going from room temperature to
100 C. Another strong effect was the acid electrolyte concentration where additional improvements in conductivity by >30%
are gained by lowering concentration of the acid from its maximum value to the 4-6 M range. The combined effects can
potentially produce a conductivity greater than 5x of the ambient concentrated acid value. Liquid electrolytes must be
contained in a porous matrix. Hexagonal boron nitride, h-BN, was a strong contender in this regard, due to its chemical
inertness and fine particle size. Conductivities as high 0.25 S/cm with a phosphoric acid/BN paste were obtained, some 2.5
times that obtained with conventional solid polymer electrolytes. Boron carbide, BC, and silicon nitride, SiN, gave comparable
results. The research also showed the use of FLUENT(Registered TradeMark) computer program as a performance modeling
tool and investigated the pros and cons of the use of microphotography, solvent permeation, and conductivity of solvent extract
for monitoring oxidative resistance to peroxide attack on polymer membranes. It was determined that the conductivity of the
peroxide soaking solution itself was the best way of comparing rates of membrane degradation among many disparate ionomer
materials. Another way to improve the conductivity of a proton-conducting electrolyte was to increase the acidity of the acid
groups or molecules contained within it. In this later case, the research found that the sulfonic acid derivative of a
polyaryletherketone known as SPEEK (polyetheretherketone sulfonate) was not a strong acid. It was attempted to prepare the
super-acidic alpha,alpha-difluoromethanesulfonic acid of SPEEK, starting with monobromination of 2,5-diacetamidotrifluoromethylbenzene. Finding a solvent that would dissolve both the trisubstituted benzene and the BBr3 brominating agent
and remain inert throughout the reaction proved to be a challenge.
Author
Hydrogen; Fuel Cells; Sulfonic Acid; Temperature Effects; Phosphoric Acid
20090021324 University of South Florida, USA
Smart Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Hydrogen Recovery and Storage
Eddaoudi, M.; Zaworothko, M.; Space, B.; Eckert, J.; T-Raissi, A.; Mohajeri, N.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities;
February 2009, pp. 42, 637-656; In English; See also 20090021319; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright;
Advances in the fast growing field of microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have led to numerous
developments. Specifically, the chemistry of MOFs has provided a range of low-cost porous crystalline materials assembled
from molecular building blocks (MBBs) that exhibit high stability, tunable properties, and porosity. Synthesis of
metal-carboxylate polyhedral frameworks and molecules based upon metal-carboxylate building blocks has attracted interest
for their properties such as porosity, H2 storage and magnetism. Though a myriad of crystalline porous carboxylate based
MOFs have been synthesized and structurally characterized, many remain unexplored for their potential as H2 storage media.
The nature of these structures is such that they are simple and inexpensive to prepare, they are modular and can be designed
to contain accessible windows and nanoscale cavities (often decorated with adjustable open metal sites) suitable for H2
sorption. Better hydrogen storage materials will have a far-reaching impact on future aerospace technology. Recently,
applications of rigid MBBs have led to the development of a wide range of MOFs, from fused metal-organic polyhedra to
zeolite-like MOFs (ZMOFs), with large accessible 3-D pores decorated with adjustable periodic organic and inorganic
moieties suitable for hydrogen uptake. Most recently, systematic studies of MOFs have indicated that increasing the number
of benzene rings in the scaffold of a MOF greatly improves the amount of hydrogen uptake. Furthermore, Inelastic Neutron
Scattering (INS) studies suggest that MOFs can contain several types of hydrogen binding sites ranging from organic
components to the metal constituents of the framework, including results that indicate open metal sites may increase H2framework interactions Preliminary studies have demonstrated that MOFs have the ability to store larger amounts of
non-cryogenic hydrogen than amorphous porous carbon and inorganic zeolites. Further, the facile tunability of the MOF
constituents and pore size has reinforced the belief that materials with superior H2 storage capacity are achievable. Thus, the
80
specific objectives of this project were to synthesize and characterize viable porous MOFs for H2 storage, to develop a better
understanding of the interactions between sorbed hydrogen with the organic and inorganic constituents of the sorbent MOF
by means of INS and computational studies and to construct made-to-order cost-effective MOFs that exhibit superior hydrogen
storage capacity. The results of this project provide a basis for developing selected metal-organic frameworks as high-capacity
hydrogen storage materials for onsite H2 recovery, purification and storage.
Author
Hydrogen; Materials Recovery; Amorphous Materials; Chemical Bonds; Molecular Structure; Magnetic Properties;
Carboxylates
Zero-Boil-Off Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tanks
Baik, J.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 30, 335-347; In English; See also 20090021319;
Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The Florida Solar Energy Center and NASA KSC have conducted a collaborative research project with the objective of
increasing the density of cryogenic propellants for launch vehicle applications. Technologies that provide for the densification,
conditioning, transfer and storage of cryogenic propellants can reduce gross lift-off weight of a launch vehicle by up to 20%
thereby increasing the vehicle s payload capacity. NASA KSC has years of experience handling cryogenic propellants, but all
with saturated liquids. This work focuses on using existing cryogenic technology to densify hydrogen, and developing a test
bed where densified propellant handling techniques can be researched. FSEC and NASA KSC have designed a densified liquid
hydrogen test bed that uses a Gifford- McMahon cryocooler to refrigerate hydrogen inside a 150 liter storage tank. The test
bed is located at FSEC and has an integrated refrigeration and storage system with multiple capabilities. The volume of inner
storage vessel was limited to 150 liter by the facility safety regulation code. The aspect ratio of the vessel was optimized by
vessel material, operating temperature, thermal analysis of heat conduction and radiation heat transfer from ambient. Heat pipe
technology was selected to extend the cold head of cryocooler down to the bottom of storage vessel. Operating temperature,
pressure and thermodynamic properties of working fluid in the heat pipe can provide heat pipe design parameters such as
material choices and dimensions. A pressure build-up unit was employed to control internal vessel pressure by evaporating
stored liquid hydrogen without any vent loss. It also allows self-pressurization of the system in a short period of time to drain
and/or transfer stored liquid hydrogen to other storage tanks and applications. The top plate of the vessel and its dewar necks
were designed to maximize reconfiguration flexibility with flanged connections on the cryocooler interface and the outer
vessel. This design allows full access to reveal components such as the cryocooler cold head, heat pipe, and copper braids
structures out of the vessel when repairs and future modifications are needed. As a preliminary densification test, a nitrogen
liquefaction and densification tests were performed to exercise subatmospheric operating condition for subcooled cryogen.
Then, the test bed successfully demonstrated hydrogen liquefaction and densification processes at 16.5 K followed by long
term ZBO liquid hydrogen storage. The test bed successfully performed 7.2~25 liter/day of 16.5 K densified liquid hydrogen
demonstration from ambient gaseous hydrogen using a G-M cryocooler. A series of ZBO storage tests proved that the system
can store densified liquid hydrogen without any boil-off loss by ~1 hr/day of the cryocooler operation.
Author
Storage Tanks; Liquid Hydrogen; Conductive Heat Transfer; Cryogenic Rocket Propellants; Design Analysis; Thermodynamic
Properties
Hydrogen Production via Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting
T-Raissi, A.; Huang, C.; Muradov, N.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 23, 173-196; In
English; See also 20090021319; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
One of the NASA objectives was to identify, characterize, and analyze a series of eco-friendly technologies that could be
used for hydrogen production at NASA Kennedy Space Center (NASA-KSC) from locally available feedstock. One approach
for hydrogen production that utilizes both local and renewable resources is splitting water using solar energy as the primary
energy input. Technologies described in this project employ solar-driven thermochemical cycles for the direct (i.e., no
intermediate electricity generation step is involved) production of hydrogen from solar energy and water. Any thermochemical
water splitting cycle consists of two main steps: hydrogen and oxygen production steps. In this report, a new sulfur-family
solar thermochemical water splitting cycle is described that utilizes the photonic portion of the solar spectrum for the
production of hydrogen and the thermal part of the sunlight for the oxygen generation. All sulfur-family thermochemical water
splitting cycles rely on concentration and decomposition of sulfuric acid for the oxygen evolution step of the cycle. The
sulfuric acid decomposition step presents serious materials and catalyst deactivation challenges. Thus, a new family of hybrid
81
photo/thermo-chemical water splitting cycles based on a sulfur ammonia cycle has been developed. Experimental results for
the sulfur ammonia cycle show that the hydrogen generation step attains an efficiency of about 12% using precious metal
doped cadmium sulfide photocatalyst. Due to the materials challenges of the sulfuric acid decomposition process, two new
classes of cycles have been developed by modifying the original sulfur ammonia cycle to include 12 metal sulfate-ammonia
(MSO4-NH3); and 3 metal pyrosulfate-ammonia (M2S2O7-NH3) based cycles. Experiments involving the zinc oxide
catalyzed decomposition of ammonium sulfate using a thermogravimetric/ differential thermal analysis system couple to a
mass spectrometer have shown the evolution of ammonia validating the feasibility of oxygen production via metal sulfate
sub-cycles.
Author
Hydrogen Production; Solar Energy; Thermochemistry; Water Splitting; Sulfur; Gas Evolution; Noble Metals; Thermal
Analysis
20090021329 University of South Florida, FL, USA
Prototype and Simulation Model for a Magneto-Caloric Refrigerator
Bhansali, S.; Rahman, M.; Kim, S.; Ghirlanda, S.; Hernandez, C.; Adams, C.; Bethala, B.; Rosario, L.; Sambandam, S.;
Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 41, 615-635; In English; See also 20090021319; Original
contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Hydrogen liquefaction is necessary technology for satellite and space craft. The magnetocaloric refrigeration of this
project is being explored as a highest efficient pathway for cooling hydrogen for storage and liquefaction. Realizing micro
cryo-coolers that can operate at low temperature with high cooling capacity, and in a small size has been a challenge. This
research makes a development of micro-cooling device which has compact size. This process required that magnetocaloric
materials be exposed to an alternating magnetic field. Analysis and experimentation have positioned the investigators to both
(a) demonstrate the feasibility of magnetocaloric refrigeration and (b) experimentally validate the critical parameters required
for design of scalable cooling systems. Simulation of cooling hydrogen from 77 to 20 K suggests a multi-stage GdSiGe based
magnetocaloric refrigeration system. Thermodynamic analysis was carried out for a magnetic refrigeration system for near
room temperature application using Gd as the magnetic material. The conceptual design and analysis of a magnetic
refrigeration system near hydrogen liquefaction temperature was established based on two prototypes with circular and
trapezoidal microchannels. In aspect of fabrication, the microfabrication processes and fabrication of trapezoidal flow channels
in silicon was developed and tested. The stability of Si3N4 as a diffusion barrier in deposition of GdSiGe thin films on Si was
studied. Thin films of GdSiGe were deposited on PECVD nitride coated Si substrate. The films were annealed in vacuum to
crystallize the GdSiGe desired phase. SIMS analysis of the interface of GdSiGe/Si3N4/Si films indicates a breakdown of the
SiN diffusion barrier with depletion of GdSiGe films into silicon nitride and Si upon annealing at 1150 C. It is hypothesized
that the dangling hydrogen bonds in Si3N4 contribute to the breakdown. The AlN/SiO2 layer is also used as barrier layer for
GdSiGe annealing. The result shows that the layer has good role and it prevent diffusion of GdSiGe into the Si wafer. The
trapezoidal microchannels were designed with circular and trapezoidal microchannels. The eight microchannels with 150 m
deep in 2 in. wafer were fabricated using MEMS technology. The combined etching of 250 m formed the inlet and outlet ports
to flow refrigerant. The in-situ temperature sensors through deep impurity diffusion were installed into the wafer and tested
by changing the temperature. GiSiGe block was assembled with the microchannel and its prototype of microcooler was shown
in the presentation. The cooling test are carried out by applying electromagnetic field to the GdSiGe, and obtained temperature
change. The constant temperature chamber was made by using insulating material and the lower temperature than room
temperature was obtained by liquid nitrogen.
Author
Liquefaction; Hydrogen Bonds; Cooling Systems; Magnetic Materials; Refrigerating; Refrigerators; Silicon Nitrides;
Microelectromechanical Systems; Liquid Nitrogen; Cryogenics
20090021332 Florida State Univ., FL, USA
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Cryogenic Multiphase Flow
VanSciver, S.; Hussaini, Y.; Justak; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 38, 553-561; In English;
See also 20090021319; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
The purposes of this project were to experimentally measure and model solid hydrogen particle mass flow in liquid helium
and two phase liquid/vapor flow or solid/liquid hydrogen flow for fluid handling systems. The project was a joint effort
between the Cryogenics group at Florida State University (FSU), members of the School of Computational Sciences (SCS)
at FSU and the Advanced Technology Group (a small business in Stewart, FL). The work focused on three main subtasks. The
first subtask was the development of an experimental test facility to produce and measure cryogenic multiphase flows. This
82
facility is a flow visualization facility which has an overall length of 5 m and includes two visualization ports. Flow channels
within the facility are suspended in a vacuum environment and surrounded by thermal radiation shields cooled by LN2 and
LHe natural circulation loops. The end stacks contain metal bellows pumps, each with a volume displacement of one liter and
controlled by linear stepper motors. These components can force the liquid cryogens to flow in either direction at precisely
controllable volume flow rates up to 0.3 liters/s. The two phase flow facility is also capable of studying flows consisting of
a mixture of solid hydrogen particles (sH2-p) and LHe. To support these measurements, researchers have developed the
capability to inject sH2 particles into liquid helium. The second subtask was development of a numerical simulation program
to provide a synergistic approach with the experiments to study the production of hydrogen particles of uniform size and shape,
their storage in the LHe carrier, and the multi-phase flow characteristics of the slurry comprising sH2 in LHe. The simulations
are first validated by the experiments followed by a simulation-based parametric study to guide future experiments. Liquid
hydrogen droplet formation has also been addressed within the context of the incompressible Navier- Stokes equations for
multiphase flows with the surface-tension model properly incorporated. The third subtask was the development of mass flow
sensors for measurements in two phase cryogenic flows. As part of this program, Advanced Technologies Group (ATG)
developed a Fluid Optical Quality Sensor (FOQS) for cryogenic fluids. The capability to measure cryogen depletion
instantaneously is critical when operating cryogenic turbo-machinery. The Fluid Optical Quality Sensor (FOQS) provides a
means of measuring fluid quality for a wide range of flow systems. In addition, a laminar two phase mass flow meter was
developed at FSU. Both these mass flow sensors were tested in liquid nitrogen and liquid helium using the experimental
multiphase flow facility at FSU.
Author
Cryogenic Fluids; Multiphase Flow; Liquid Nitrogen; Liquid Hydrogen; Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium; Liquid-Vapor Interfaces;
Flow Characteristics; Flow Measurement
20090021334 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Separation, Recovery and Purification
Hampton, M.; Slattery, D.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 35, 473-485; In English; See also
Hydrogen absorption properties of LaNi5 and LaNi5Alx intermetallics prepared by mechanical alloying have been
investigated as a function of alloy preparation parameters and alloy composition in the range of 0.9 to 33.3 at.% Al in
LaNi5Alx. LaNi5 and its aluminum added derivatives, powdered by mechanical alloying, did not readily interact with H2.
Activation has been achieved by thermal treatment of the powdered samples. Interactions were rapid at 193 K and 5 atm. H2
pressure. Hydrogen capacity was reduced slightly with the addition of Al, however the time of completion of the reaction was
unaffected. Formation of LaNi4Al has been verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. LaNi5 was tested to selectively react with
H2 in a stream of H2-He and it retained H2, producing pure He.
Author
Hydrogen; Intermetallics; Metal Hydrides; Purification; Hydrogen Production

Thermo Catalytic Hydrogen Production via Oxygen-Free Methane Aromatization
Wolan J.; Stefanakos, E.; Kababji, A.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 44, 669-681; In
Novel bimetallic catalysts prepared by incipient wetness co-impregnation of a ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 zeolite supports were
formulated and tested for use in methane non-oxidative aromatization to hydrogen and aromatic species. A novel 100%
hydrogen-selective custom designed catalytic membrane reactor was utilized. In this design, no separation of products is
required as hydrogen is selectively permeated through an internal membrane. In-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) analysis of the reactants and products as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of fresh, activated, spent,
unpromoted and promoted metal/ZSM-5 catalysts have been performed. This catalytic system has been designed to be
selective for hydrogen production over benzene and thus is considered a novel technology as researched catalytic systems of
this type are designed to be selective toward production of benzene.
Author
Hydrogen Production; Methane; Aromatic Compounds; Catalysts
83

System Analysis of Hydrogen Production and Utilization at KSC
T-Raissi, A.; Elbaccouch, M.; Ramasamy, K.; Baik, J.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 29,
305-333; In English; See also 20090021319; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The objectives of this project were to identify, characterize, and simulate a technology for hydrogen production for
NASA-KSC from locally available sources. This activity will establish a baseline for the future procurement and use of
hydrogen propellants at NASA-KSC. Chemical Process Simulators (CPS) were used to generate highly detailed and accurate
process models for use in chemical plant designs. Aspen Technology s Aspen Plus is among the most widely used CPS
platforms by leading companies in the process industries. The approach of the project is to generate gaseous and liquid
hydrogen, under steady state conditions, sufficient for several NASA space shuttle mission. The project consisted of two tasks
as follows.
Author
Hydrogen Production; Liquid Hydrogen; Systems Analysis; Propellants; Chemical Reactions

Development of Cryogenic Shape Memory Actuator Materials for Switches, Seals and Valves
Vaidyanathan, R.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 32, 409-432; In English; See also
20090021319; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Shape memory alloy actuators are widely recognized as having the following advantages for space-related applications:
(i) high power/weight and stroke length/weight ratios (ii) integration of sensor and actuator in a single element (iii) clean,
debris-less, spark-free operation and (iv) ability to function in zero-gravity environments with small, controlled accelerations.
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) when deformed can produce strains as high as 8%. Heating results in a phase transformation
and associated recovery of all the accumulated strain, a phenomenon known as shape memory. This strain recovery can occur
against large forces, resulting in their use as actuators. The goal of this project was to lower the operating temperature range
of shape memory alloys in order for them to be used in hydrogen related technologies. The immediate benefit to NASA is the
development of a shape memory thermal conduction switch for application in cryogenic liquefaction, densification and zero
boil-off systems. Even though a wide range of alloys are found to exhibit the shape memory effect, NiTi alloys are of particular
interest owing to the best combination of material properties coupled with substantial strain recovery associated with the phase
transformation. In NiTi, the phase transformation usually occurs in a single step from the high temperature austenite (B2,
cubic) phase to the low temperature martensite (B19 , monoclinic) phase or vice versa. Addition of Fe, introduces an
intermediate trigonal R-phase. The emphasis of this project was on the R-phase transformation in NiTiFe alloys. The project
results made theoretical as well as applied contributions to understanding and using R-phase transformations in the ternary
NiTiFe shape memory alloy system. Applied aspects include alloy development by recourse to arc melting followed by
thermomechanical processing and a range of characterization techniques that include SEM, TEM, DSC, dilatometry, DMA,
and indentation. The alloys were also used in prototype thermal conduction switches. Theoretical aspects include in situ
neutron diffraction measurements during loading and cooling at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Thus, valuable information
on deformation mechanisms was obtained.
Author
Shape Memory Alloys; Actuators; Conductive Heat Transfer; Nickel Alloys

Ammonia-Borane Complete for Hydrogen Storage
Mohajeri, N.; T-Raissi, A.; Ramasamy, K.; Adebiyi, O.; Bokerman, G.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February
2009, pp. 17, 49-71; In English; See also 20090021319; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI:
A03, Hardcopy
Ammonia borane (AB) complex is a chemical hydride that is stable in air and water, and contains very high hydrogen
content (19.6 wt%). AB is a promising material as a hydrogen carrier especially for power generation utilizing proton
exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Release of hydrogen in the AB complex can occur by either thermolysis or
hydrolysis. Thermolysis of AB generates, in addition to hydrogen, species such as borazine, monomeric aminoborane, and
diborane. In the case of AB hydrolysis, ammonia is the byproduct of the reaction. All byproducts of these processes have
adverse effect on the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) operation and it is important to be sequestered from H2
gas stream. In this report, hydrogen release results are presented for both release approaches. In addition, the thermal
84
properties and conductivities of composites formed by mixing fine aluminum powder with AB complex at temperatures in the
range of 300 to 420 K are presented.
Author
Ammonia; Boranes; Hydrogen; Cryogenic Equipment; Cryogenic Fluid Storage

Ceramic Membranes of Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Hydrogen Separation
Elbaccouch, M.; T-Raissi, A.; Linkous, C.; Mohajeri, N.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 18,
73-105; In English; See also 20090021319; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.:
CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This report presents a summary of the research and activities conducted for the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) under the NASA-Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities Program. The goal of the project is to
develop ion transport systems for hydrogen separation and purification using mixed ionic-electronic conductors of
perovskite-type structure (A2+B4+O3-doped with a trivalent cation). The targeted membranes separate hydrogen from gas
mixtures with 100% selectivity, high hydrogen flux, and good chemical stability in CO2- rich mixture. The designed
membranes are dense and free of pinholes. The project approach to hydrogen gas purification is much more selective than
permeation through polymeric membranes, yet much less expensive than metallic foils such as Pd. The project could open up
an entirely new approach to the purification of hydrogen gas streams, especially for high temperature processes such as steam
reformation of alkanes, gasification of coal, solid oxide fuel cells, and associated sensor technologies.
Derived from text
Ceramics; Hydrogen; Membranes; Solid Oxide Fuel Cells; Hydrogen Production

Local Hydrogen Production via Catalytic Reformation of Fossil and Renewable Feedstocks
Muradov, N.; Smith, F.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 27, 253-290; In English; See also
20090021319; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Economical, safety and other factors will eventually necessitate on-site manufacturing of liquid hydrogen at the
NASA-KSC site. The objective of this project was to develop an economically viable process for local production of hydrogen
from renewable and fossil-based methane-containing feedstocks with minimal environmental impact. In this project, research
and development was conducted on two novel hydrogen production technologies: (i) direct reforming of landfill gas (LFG)
to syngas and its further processing to H2, and (ii) catalytic pyrolysis of methane to hydrogen and carbon. The advantages of
direct reforming of LFG are that it does not require preliminary recovery of methane from LFG, which simplifies the process.
The thermodynamic analysis of CO2 reforming of methane using AspenPlus(TradeMark) chemical process simulator was
conducted. Efficient and stable catalysts for the direct reforming of LFG were developed and tested. The catalytic activity of
a number of commercial and synthesized transition metal catalysts (Ni, Fe, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, and Rh) was evaluated. Ni-based
catalyst was down-selected for further evaluation and the operational conditions for its efficient and stable operation were
determined. A pilot scale unit with the capacity of 1 SCFM of H2 was designed, fabricated and successfully operated using
CH4:CO2=1.3:1 mixture mimicking local (Cocoa) LFG composition. It was estimated that the local resources of LFG would
be sufficient for production of 5 tons/day of hydrogen. A preliminary economic assessment indicates the cost range of liquid
hydrogen product to be $3.00-$6.00 per kilogram depending upon the production capacity and whether or not carbon
sequestration is added. For the methane catalytic pyrolysis process, its advantage is that it allows production of hydrogen and
clean carbon, with no or minimal CO2 emissions. The thermodynamic analysis of methane pyrolysis in two different regimes
(thermo-neutral and external heat input) using AspenPlus(TradeMark) chemical process simulator was conducted.
Experimental data showed fairly good agreement with the simulation results. Comprehensive catalyst and process
development studies for the methane pyrolysis reaction were conducted. Characterization and structural studies of carbon
products of the process were conducted and potential markets for carbon products were evaluated. The technical feasibility
of converting citrus waste products (e.g., citrus pulp pellets, CPP) into high purity hydrogen with the yield of 0.55 L of H2
per gram of CPP was also demonstrated
Author
Hydrogen Production; Chemical Reactions; Environmental Surveys; Liquid Hydrogen; Thermodynamics; Manufacturing
85
20090021344 Florida State Univ., TFL, USA

Densified LH2 and LO2: Transport Properties and Density
VanSciver, S.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 37, 527-552; In English; See also
The overall objective of this experimental program was to produce precision measured values for the thermal
conductivity, viscosity and density of subcooled LO2 and LH2. The region of primary interest was subcooled liquid below the
normal boiling point (56 K to 93 K for LO2 and 14 K to 20 K for LH2 ) and for pressures up to 0.7 MPa. The measurement
precision was to be better than 1%. The second objective was to establish facilities that can be used to investigate transport
values in other cryogenic fluids of interest. No other similar facilities are currently in operation in the U.S. The project had
three tasks as follows.
Author
Cryogenic Fluids; Liquid Hydrogen; Thermal Conductivity; Transport Properties
Integrated Fuel Cell Test Bed Facility
Slattery, D.; Bonville, L.; Fowler, R.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 25, 225-227; In English;
See also 20090021319; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
The goal of the Integrated Fuel Cell Test Bed (IFCT) facility was to create a proving ground and permanent test facility
where fuel cell components and systems could be tested and their performance evaluated. The fully integrated test bed facility
could also be used for determining figures of merit and performance metrics to include round trip efficiency, specific power
(kW/kg), reliability for long duration operation (approximately 1 year), redundancy path development, waste heat/cooling/
heating management, turn down effects, transients, and the development of expert systems for the process control. The facility
also gives researchers the ability to perform hands-on research in membrane and electrode fabrication, electrochemical testing,
materials analyses and cell and device operation. An analysis of site requirements at FSEC was conducted and an appropriate
area to be refurbished into the IFCT was selected. State Fire Marshal regulations required that all laboratories must have an
air handler system that uses 100% outside, non-recirculated air. As a result, it was necessary to install new air handlers for
the IFCT. This was the single most challenging task, with many set backs before it was finally accomplished. Two labs were
required for space. The first lab was outfitted with two fume hoods, a 6-ft and an 8-ft. Four U-shaped benches were installed
and much of the lab is devoted to analytical instrumentation. This includes an Altimira Thermal Programmed Desorption
system, a PMI BET Surface Area Analyzer, a Perkin Elmer FT-IR Spectrophotometer, Perkin Elmer Differential Scanning
Calorimeter, Dionex High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph, JEOL Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer/Mass
Spectrometer, Shimadzu UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, a Perkin Elmer Thermal Gravimetric/Differential Thermal Analyzer with
attached Mass Spectrometer, and a Hiden pct system for analysis of hydrogen storage materials. This 1800 ft2 laboratory
contains instrumentation for material science analysis of fuel cell components. The second lab is a 1100 ft2 fuel cell laboratory.
This Class B lab has capabilities ranging from those required for membrane electrode assembly fabrication to complete in-situ
electrochemical diagnostics. There are three Scribner 850C fuel cell test stands, one Teledyne Medusa unit coupled with a
Scribner 890C, 2 poteniostats, a sonicator and homogenizer for catalyst ink preparation, a screen printer, an enclosure for
catalyst spraying, a dry box for membrane fabrication, a hot press under a canopy hood, three extra deep fume hoods (4-ft,
6-ft, and 8-ft), a vacuum oven, and a high temperature oven.
Author
Test Facilities; Test Stands; Fuel Cells; Membranes; Waste Heat; Cooling; Heating; Ground Tests
Liquid Hydrogen Storage at Kennedy Space Center
Gu, L.; Block, D.; Bokerman, G.; T-Raissi, A.; Basarkar, M.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009,
pp. 26, 229-251; In English; See also 20090021319; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright;
The liquid hydrogen and oxygen storage tanks at NASA Kennedy Space Center s (KSC) Pad A and Pad B have served
the space launch operations for more than 40 years. Although these tanks are identical, the hydrogen boiloff rate was 750
gal/day for the Pad B tank and 300 gal/day for the Pad A tank. The main cause for the Pad B tank boiloff has been determined
to be a void inside the vacuum space between inner and outer shells near the top of the tank caused by missing perlite
insulation. The void area was discovered by viewing IR images taken at night by a KSC engineer. It is estimated that KSC
losses approximately $1 million per year due to liquid hydrogen and oxygen boiloff. KSC plans to renovate the Pad B tank
in the near future. Although there are many possible tank renovation options, the objective of the present project was to find
86
out which options would be more realistic and economical. For example, one of these options is to add external insulation over
the void area. The questions raised are, how large should the coverage area be and what should be the level of the thermal
resistance. A second issue had to do with the tank insulation. Hollow glass microspheres are the leading candidate for replacing
the perlite insulation. The microspheres provide improved thermal performance. While perlite is known to compact with age,
the microspheres are expected to remain as free flowing particles. However, their limited use in cryogenic applications and
their crush strength in the large tank have raised questions about particle behaviors. Thermal simulations provide the only cost
effective method to answer these questions. Thus, the objective of this project was to develop a computer model to examine
the thermal performance of the Pad B LH2 tank and to measure the experimental parameters that are needed for modeling of
the granular effects of using glass microspheres as tank insulation. A detailed 3-D model was developed to simulate thermal
performance of the tank with a void, a vacuum space without perlite between inner and outer shells. The model was validated
against measured data, including boiloff rates, IR images, point temperatures and heat flux measurements and then parametric
studies were performed. Experimental data from 3M Corp were also sent to KSC to support KSC s model efforts. Following
the extensive modeling, twelve conclusions and recommendations were made to KSC based on the investigation. These
conclusions showed simulation results using the 3-D mesh are comparable with measured data, the heat transfer coefficient
at exterior surface plays an important role in determining surface temperature distribution, boiloff rate is proportional to
effective void interior surface equivalent emissivity and ambient conditions, the most important impact on boiloff rate is void
size and the external insulation coverage may not be an effective method to reduce boiloff rate. See report for other conclusions
and details.
Author
Liquid Hydrogen; Storage Tanks; Temperature Effects; Heat Flux; Heat Transfer Coeffcients; Oxygen; Computerized
Simulation

Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production Using Multiple Bandgap Combination of Thin-FilmPhotovoltaic and Photocatalyst
Dhere, N; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 28, 291-304; In English; See also 20090021319;
Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
One of the NASA research activities was to identify, characterize, and simulate a series of technologies that could be used
for hydrogen production at NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) using locally available sources. This project examined the
production of hydrogen from solar energy. To produce hydrogen by water splitting, the operating voltage of conventional
photovoltaic (PV) cells cannot supply the overvoltage required. Thus, the objective of this project was to research and develop
photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells that can supply the required voltage for water splitting by constructing a multiple bandgap
tandem PV cell and a photocatalyst that can be activated by infrared (IR) photons transmitted through the PV cell. The
proposed concept is different from conventional PEC water splitting by using multiple band gap combinations. The advantages
for this PEC cell concept is that the PV cells are not in contact with the electrolyte solution, thus reducing the problems of
corrosion and the photocatalyst is not grown directly over the PV cell as is the case with solid-state tandem PV cells. The
research conducted in this project was based on development of CIGS2 polycrystalline-thin film solar cells for use in the PEC
process. CIGS2 thin film solar cells have the advantages over other types of solar cells of lower cost potentials, achieving large
area depositions and integral interconnects and they do not suffer from intrinsic degradation. The research developed P-type
transparent and conducting layers, CIGS2 and CdTe thin film cells with transparent and conducting back contacts, suitable
electrolytes with high conductivity and ruthenium oxide, ruthenium sulfide and ruthenium-iron sulfide photoanodes. Over the
course of the project, the results gave a photovoltaic efficiency of conventional CIGS2 cells of 11.99% at an open circuit
voltage of 830 mV. The calculated PEC efficiency for this configuration was 8.78% (solar to hydrogen). In another experiment,
the PEC hydrogen generation efficiency using two CIGS2 thin-film solar cells on transparent and conducting back contacts,
connected in series with a RuS2 anode and a platinum cathode under AM1.5 illumination. The PEC efficiency was calculated
as 2.99%. This efficiency is lower than the CIGS2 and CdTe cycle because of the lower operating voltage of the CIGS2 pair.
This efficiency can be improved by optimization of the operating voltage and increasing the efficiency of the photoanode for
oxygen evolution.
Author
Water Splitting; Photoelectrochemical Devices; Energy Conversion Effciency; Hydrogen Production; Solar Energy;
Photovoltaic Conversion; Cadmium Tellurides
87

A Reliable, Efficient and Compact Reverse Turbo Brayton Cycle (RTBC) Cryocooler for Storage and Transport of
Hydrogen in Spaceport and Space Vehicle Applications
Chow, L.; Kapat, J.; Chen, Q.; An, L.; Wu, T.; Sundaram, K.; Him, C.; Dhere, N.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities;
February 2009, pp. 31, 349-407; In English; See also 20090021319; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright;
The objective of this five year project was to design a reliable, compact, lightweight, and highly efficient cryocooler for
distributed cooling of liquid hydrogen systems for spaceport applications and to develop an appropriate integrated
compressor/motor system for the said cryocooler. For many NASA space missions, cooling capacities much higher than 2
watts are estimated to be required. This effort in developing a light weight, compact and higher cooling capacity cryocooler
will be highly beneficial for these applications. To accomplish the objective project, a reverse turbo Brayton cycle cryocooler
was researched and developed. A key component was on the development of an integrated motor/compressor designed for use
in the cryocooler. This cryocooler will be capable of extracting a few tens of watts (20-30 watts) of heat at liquid hydrogen
temperature (approx.18 K). All the previous attempts of cryocoolers by NASA for zero boil off of cryogenic propellants in
space have cooling powers of less than 2 watts at liquid hydrogen temperature. These versions of flight-like cryocoolers would
be more appropriate for cooling of sensors and super conducting materials in a spacecraft. The cryocooler designed under this
project with a few tens of watts of cooling power at liquid hydrogen temperature will be ideal for ZBO of cryogenic
propellants in NASA s future robotic missions to Mars and for other human space missions. The R&D activities under this
program cover the design and thermodynamics of a high efficient cryocooler and development of a highly efficient, compact,
reliable, high-speed and light-weight integrated compressor/motor setup for the cryocooler. Suggestions for improvement in
the integrated compressor/motor setup were provided in addition to heat exchanger (HEX) design and friction and wear
reduction techniques that help in the betterment of the system performance. Applications of the designed cryocooler for future
NASA needs were also addressed.
Author
Cryogenic Rocket Propellants; Cryogenic Cooling; NASA Space Programs; Friction Reduction; Liquid Hydrogen
20090021388 Akron Rubber Development Lab., Inc., Akron, OH, USA

Oxygen Consumption Rate in New and In-Service BFGoodrich P195/65R15 Tires
Terrill, E. R.; Centea, M.; MacIsaac, J. D.; Mar. 2009; 56 pp.; In English
This report is the second in a series of scientific reports intended to provide an understanding of the chemical reactions
responsible for the degradation of light vehicle tires during on-vehicle service. The report series was used to guide the agencys
development of a laboratory-based accelerated service life test for light vehicle tires (tire aging test). This particular report
examines the changes observed in the fixed oxygen level, elongation-to-break, and inter-belt peel adhesion of the belt-coat
compound of an original equipment BFGoodrich tire model after varying lengths of service and accumulated mileages in
Phoenix, Arizona.
NTIS
Chemical Reactions; Degradation; Oxygen Consumption; Tires
Iron-Based Amorphous-Metals: High-Performance Corrosion-Resistant Materials (HPCRM) Development Final
Report
Farmer, J. C.; Choi, J.; Saw, C.; Haslem, J.; Day, D.; Mar. 16, 2009; 32 pp.; In English
An overview of the High-Performance Corrosion-Resistant Materials (HPCRM) Program, which was co-sponsored by the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Defense Sciences Office (DSO) and the USA Department of Energy
(DOE) Office of Civilian and Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM), is discussed. Programmatic investigations have
included a broad range of topics: alloy design and composition; materials synthesis; thermal stability; corrosion resistance;
environmental cracking; mechanical properties; damage tolerance; radiation effects; and important potential applications.
NTIS
Amorphous Materials; Corrosion Resistance; Iron
88
20090021432 Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, CA USA

Analytical and Test Results for Water Mitigation of Explosion Effects
Malvar, L J; Tancreto, James E; Aug 1998; 13 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Small-scale tests have shown that water placed in the proximity of explosives stored in a confined space can reduce the
internal gas pressure and impulse from a detonation by up to 90%. In FY 97 and 98, NFESC began development of water
mitigation concepts for application in confined (e.g. Missile Test Cells, Underground Magazines) and partially confined (e.g.
earth-covered magazines) facilities. Tests and analyses were conducted to establish basic parametric relationships and to
identify the best numerical models for prediction of effects. Numerical model results from hydrocodes and computational fluid
dynamics codes are presented and compared to test data. A limited number of tests with variable confinement (amount of
venting) were also conducted. Results were very encouraging, both for adequately predicting water mitigation effects and for
the effectiveness of water mitigation even when venting reduces the internal gas pressure effects.
DTIC
Explosions; Explosives; Gases; Internal Pressure; Water
20090021450 National Univ. of Singapore, Singapore
Computational Study of Water Mitigation Effects On An Explosion Inside A Vented Tunnel System
Chong, W K; Lam, K Y; Yeo, K S; Liu, G R; Chong, O Y; Aug 1998; 16 pp.; In English
The effects of water in close contact with detonating high explosives have been studied experimentally by numerous
researchers, such as Eriksson (1974), Keenan & Wager (1992) and etc. These tests series had demonstrated that when water
was stored closed to the high explosives, both the maximum overpressure and impulse density could be reduced significantly.
This reduction has been attributed to the loss of energy from the shock into breaking up the water into droplets and the process
of phase change of water from liquid to gas due to shock vaporization which subsequently, reduces the surrounding
temperature. The purpose of the present work is to study computationally the mitigation effects of water to an explosion inside
a tunnel system with venting. A series of three-dimensional numerical calculations using a Multimaterial Eulerian Finite
Element code, MSC-Dytran, has been conducted. In order to capture the behavior of water subjected to shock loading,
appropriate equation of state for water has to be determined. This is based on experimental data for shock Hugoniot for water
and the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state for water has been chosen. Results from the present study show that water is capable
of reducing the peak pressure due to an explosion and the configuration of water surrounding the explosive is important for
water mitigation to be effective.
DTIC
Explosions; Explosives; Water
20090021453 Groupe SNPE, Paris, France
Blast Wave Mitigation by Water
Chabin, Philippe; Pitiot, Franck; Aug 1998; 11 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Safety systems designed to mitigate blast wave effects are absolutely vital in the explosives industry. As a general rule,
barricades made of soil, sand or concrete are used, but these systems cannot be moved once they have been constructed. Since
plants or installations are frequently required to change location the concept of a mobile barricade is of considerable interest.
The effect of a water wall on blast wave mitigation was studied in scale model tests. The influence of different parameters such
as the thickness of the wall and the distance between the explosive charge and the water barricade was also calculated. This
methodology enabled the use of nomographs giving excess pressure (overpressure) as a function of wall thickness, charge/wall
distance and charge/location distance. The results showed the effectiveness of the water wall and confirmed its interest. This
study was carried out by performing tests in a reduced scale model plant. The purpose of the tests was to: 1. Confirm the effect
of the weight of the water wall on far-field blast mitigation. 2. Measure the effect of the water wall with regard to reflected
pressures on rigid walls. In these cases water walls were created in front of the rigid walls.
DTIC
Detonation Waves; Shock Waves; Water
89
20090021468 Army Tank-Automotive Research and Development Command, Warren, MI USA

Army Ground Vehicles and Current/Future Emission Standards
Schihl, Peter; Oct 23, 2008; 28 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497545; TARDEC-19285RC; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Outline: * Opening Comment * EPA Heavy-Duty Diesel Emission Standards * Emission Control Technology Discussion
* Fuels and Lubricants Discussion * Current Army Ground Vehicle Engine Philosophy and Conclusion
DTIC
Automobiles; Exhaust Emission; Exhaust Gases; Pollution Control; Standards
20090021470 Century Dynamics, Inc., San Ramon, CA USA

Numerical Modeling of Small Scale Water Mitigation Feasibility Tests
Birnbaum, Naury K; Fairlie, Gregor E; Francis, Nigel J; Aug 1998; 26 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): N47408-97-M-0928
Water placed in the vicinity of explosives in a confined environment has been found to significantly mitigate the
quasi-static gas pressure from an explosion. Reports on several small scale tests available from the open literature confirm that
gas pressures can be reduced by up to 90%. This is of significant importance for the safety of explosive facilities wherein the
gas pressure from an explosion controls debris distance. Analytical and numerical models are needed to model the effects of
water mitigation and to predict the resulting gas pressure. A series of calculations using the AUTODYN software program
were performed to simulate three small scale feasibility experimental tests of explosions inside rigid chambers. Each of the
tests is represented in a simplified form by an axisymmetric two-dimensional model with and without the presence of water.
Each test includes a configuration wherein the water is placed close to the explosive such that the explosive may be considered
to be immersed in the water. In addition, in one of the test series, the water was placed only on the sides of the explosive in
order to determine the effect of water placement on the final gas pressure. The three simplified models were analyzed using
AUTODYN in its standard release form. Additional calculations were then made with AUTODYN modified through use of
a user subroutine to account for heat transfer effects not represented in the standard version of the program. The correlation
of numerical and experimental results for the bare charge situations was quite good. Introduction of the water into the tests,
and using AUTODYN in its standard form, does provide a mitigation of the gas pressure, but not to the extent as evidenced
in the experiments. When the effects of heat transfer between explosive products and water/vapor are included in the model,
the gas pressures are further reduced to levels generally within the range observed in the experiments.
DTIC
Explosions; Feasibility; Heat Transfer; Mathematical Models; Water
20090021497 Wilcox (Robert D.), Warminster, UK

Water as a Blast Shock Suppressant
Willcox, Robert D; Aug 1998; 6 pp.; In English
This paper reports MODUK/CESO(N) sponsored empirical investigation of water as a blast shock suppressant on behalf
of the Royal Navy. Interestingly the suppression of blast quasi-static pressure (QSP) is being investigated by the US Navy.
Blast shock is a concern in the open and blast QSP in a ships magazine. The original idea for blast shock suppression came
from two people, Mr. John Parkes trading as Dell Explosives in Collinton Dell, Edinburgh and Professor Stephen Salter, Head
of Mechanical Engineering Design at the University of Edinburgh. Salter presented some possible applications at the 1994
DDESB Seminar in Miami. The MODUK investigation was born out of a need to store 10kg of TNT equivalent explosives
in a built up area with no distances available for safety purposes. Outline A standard test charge of 8.5kg of PE4, equivalent
to 10kg of TNT was test detonated.
DTIC
Cratering; Suppressors; Water
90
20090021657 Rockwell International Corp., Seal Beach, CA USA

Rubidium and Cesium Frequency Standards Status and Performance on the GPS Program
Van Melle, M; Dec 1986; 11 pp.; In English
The evolution of the frequency standards on the GPS program started with the Block I concept validation program,
beginning with a proposal program in 1973 and followed by the (GPS 1 through 8) prototype space vehicle contract in 1974.
The full-scale developmental (GPS 9 through 11) models contracted In 1978 provided both navigation and nuclear detection
capability. The production qual vehicle (GPS 12) was contracted in 1980, and the production vehicles (GPS 13 through 40)
were contracted in 1982. During the proposal phase of this program, the on-board frequency Standards were considered the
most critical item within the GPS navigational system for achieving user position accuracy. Therefore, a considerable amount
of effort was devoted to the frequency standards. The initial GPS vehicles (GPS 1 through 3) incorporated three rubidium
frequency standards, each with a backup mode, to minimize the risk to the GPS program on this critical item. This was
achieved by operating a high performance VCXO without its rubidium reference. This design concept resulted in the
redundancy potential of six frequency standards per vehicle. Later space vehicles, starting with GPS 4, included an additional
cesium frequency standard, also with a backup VCXO mode. This extended redundancy was deemed necessary in lieu of the
more conventional dual redundancy because if the rubidium loop failed, then the VCXO could be utilized as a backup device
that would maintain frequency stability for a specific period of time, as required, to maintain navigational accuracy over the
test area. The actual on-orbit GPS frequency standard operating history shown in Figure 1 illustrates the results of this
hardware implementation.
DTIC
Cesium; Frequency Standards; Global Positioning System; Rubidium
20090021836 Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Univ., Tallahassee, FL USA
Development of Carbon/Carbon Composites with Through-Thickness Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal and Structural
Applications
Liang, Zhiyong (Richard); Zhang, Chuck; Dec 2008; 34 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): FA8650-07-C-5059; Proj-4347
Carbon/carbon composites offer lightweight thermal protection capable of producing excellent thermal materials. To
further improve the thermal conductivity along the thickness direction and the interlaminar shear strength, we studied and
demonstrated a novel method to stitch carbon nanotube yarns along the through-thickness direction of carbon fiber
two-dimensional precursor felt perform to make novel 3D reinforced carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. By stitching nanotube
yarns, high strength and thermal conductive CNTs were incorporated into the preform to significantly reinforce and improve
thermal conductivity along the thickness direction. In this study, we illustrated the effectiveness of the stitching method to
improve through-thickness conductivity (Kz) through both modeling estimations and experimental studies. The C/C
composites with 1wt.%-8wt.% stitched nanotube yarns were fabricated using in situ densification process with T300 plane
weave precursors. The through-thickness conductivity measurements results using a laser-flash method showed the Kz values
of the C/C composites samples with stitched nanotube yarns had large variations. The C/C composite samples with 8wt.%
stitched nanotube yarns showed a Kz as high as 24.5W/mK, which was approximately a 44 percent increase compared to 17
W/mK conductivity of the control sample. The Rule of Mixture estimated the conductivity of the nanotube yarns is possibly
in the range of 110W/mK through 375W/mK. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman analysis also proved that the
nanotubes survived after consolification and carbonization processing temperatures of 2500 to 2800 ?C. These results
demonstrate the feasibility of using stitched nanotube yarns to effectively improve through-thickness conductivity.
DTIC
Carbon Nanotubes; Carbon-Carbon Composites; Structural Design; Thermal Conductivity; Thickness
20090021965 Applied Research Associates, Inc., Littleton, CO USA
Enhanced Energetic Material Functional Test System
Brown, Larry L; Lynch, Robert; Samaras, Tim; Aug 1996; 12 pp.; In English
An explosive containment chamber and instrumentation system has been developed by Applied Research Associates, Inc.
personnel (while employed for the Denver Research Institute [DRI]) and DRI personnel for the Crane Division of the Naval
Surface Warfare Center (NSWC). This development, the Enhanced Energetic Materials Functional Test System (EEMFTS),
91
is for the test and quality evaluations of energetic materials. The EEMFTS consists of an explosive containment chamber,
pollution abatement unit, timing/sequencing, controller, safety/interlock circuitry, and a comprehensive data acquisition and
analysis system. The EEMFTS provides the Navy with an all-weather test capability to function fuzes, boosters, burster,
small-scale cook-off, and card-gap tests. Test performance is measured and documented with laboratory accuracy and
resolution.
DTIC
Explosives; System Effectiveness
Calculation of Oxygen Fugacity in High Pressure Metal-Silicate Experiments and Comparison to Standard
Approaches
Righter, K.; Ghiorso, M.; [2009]; 1 pp.; In English; 72nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, 13 - 18 Jul. 2009,
Nancy, France; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): JSC-CN-18431; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Calculation of oxygen fugacity in high pressure and temperature experiments in metal-silicate systems is usually
approximated by the ratio of Fe in the metal and FeO in the silicate melt: (Delta)IW=2*log(X(sub Fe)/X(sub FeO)), where
IW is the iron-wustite reference oxygen buffer. Although this is a quick and easy calculation to make, it has been applied to
a huge variety of metallic (Fe- Ni-S-C-O-Si systems) and silicate liquids (SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O
systems). This approach has surely led to values that have little meaning, yet are applied with great confidence, for example,
to a terrestrial mantle at IW-2. Although fO2 can be circumvented in some cases by consideration of Fe-M distribution
coefficient, these do not eliminate the effects of alloy or silicate liquid compositional variation, or the specific chemical effects
of S in the silicate liquid, for example. In order to address the issue of what the actual value of fO2 is in any given experiment,
we have calculated fO2 from the equilibria 2Fe (metal) + SiO2 (liq) + O2 = Fe2SiO4 (liq).
Author
Oxygen; Metal-Gas Systems; Chemical Effects; Aluminum Oxides; Iron Oxides; Magnesium Oxides; Silicon Dioxide;
Titanium Oxides; High Pressure
26
METALS AND METALLIC MATERIALS
Includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of metals and metallic materials; and metallurgy.

Micromodeling of Aerospace Structural Alloys
Yang, B. J.; Ruxanda, R.; Stefanescu, D. M.; January 2000; 62 pp.; In English
The project undertaken was designed to supplement and support work at Northwestern University under the direction of
Prof. James Conley. The basic premise of the program is to develop methodology so that aluminum and titanium alloy castings
can be designed for both inspectability and performance. This can be accomplished using principles of solidification to predict
the probability of formation of casting defects during solidification and subsequent cooling. The microstructure and the defects
determine the mechanical properties of the casting.
NTIS
Aluminum Alloys; Microstructure; Titanium Alloys
20090021451 Air Force Research Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA
Surface Roughness Influence on Eddy Current Electrical Conductivity Measurements
Blodgett, Mark P; Ukpabi, Chizoba V; Nagy, Peter B; Jan 2003; 9 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): F33615-99-C-5803
The measurement of eddy current conductivity, in view of its frequency dependent penetration depth, has been suggested
as a possible means to allow the nondestructive testing (NDT) of subsurface residual stresses in shot peened specimens. This
paper addresses the apparent reduction of the near surface electrical conductivity measured by the eddy current method in the
presence of surface roughness. Experimental results are presented on shot peened pure (C11000) copper, in which the effect
92
is particularly strong and readily measurable because of the low penetration depth caused by the very high electric conductivity
of the material. Eight shot peened samples between almen intensities 2 and 16 were thermally treated and tested by X-ray
diffraction measurements until the residual stress and cold work fully dissipated, leaving only the surface roughness. Eddy
current electrical conductivity measurements were carried out on each fully relaxed shot peened copper specimen over a wide
frequency range from 1 kHz to 10 MHz. Our results show that surface roughness, acting alone, causes a srong apparent
reduction of up to 10 to 20% of the measured electrical conductivity in shot peened copper. These results can be used to
estimate the much smaller effect of surface roughness on the testing of shot peened turbine engine materials, which typically
have approximately 100 times lower conductivity than pure copper and therefore exhibit 10 times higher penetration depth
at the same test frequency. A comparison of the predicted underestimation of the electrical conductivity in the presence of
surface roughness to the expected less than 1% conductivity increase due to compressive near surface residual stresses
indicates that the described artifact can significantly affect eddy current testing of shot peened turbine engine alloys, such as
Ti-6A1-4V or IN100.
DTIC
Copper; Eddy Currents; Electrical Measurement; Electrical Resistivity; Nondestructive Tests; Residual Stress; Shot Peening;
Surface Roughness
20090021546 Duke Univ., Durham, NC USA
Narrow 87Rb and 133Cs Hyperfine Transitions in Evacuated Wall-Coated Cells
Robinson, H G; Johnson, C E; Dec 1982; 8 pp.; In English
An extension of our work on wall-coated cells has been made to include observation by a triple resonance technique of
the 0-0 hyperfine transitions in 87Rb and 133Cs. Conventional rf excited lamps were used. Interest in such cells is for possible
application in atomic clocks. The Rb cell would appear to remain especially promising in this respect.
DTIC
Cesium; Coatings; Hyperfine Structure; Rubidium; Walls
20090021681 Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC USA
On-Orbit Frequency Stability Analysis of the GPS NAVSTAR-1 Quartz Clock and the NAVSTARs-6 and -8 Rubidium
Clocks
McCaskill, Thomas B; Buisson, James A; Largay, Marie M; Reid, Wilson G; Nov 1984; 24 pp.; In English
This paper presents an on-orbit frequency stability performance analysis of the GPS NAVSTAR-1 quartz clock and the
NAVSTARs-6 and -8 rubidium clocks. The clock offsets were obtained from measurements taken at the GPS monitor stations
which use high performance cesium standards as a reference. Clock performance is characterized through the use of the Allan
variance, which is evaluate for sample times of 15 minutes to two hours, and from one day to 10 days. The quartz and rubidium
clocks offsets were corrected for aging rate before computing the frequency stability. The effect of small errors in aging rate
is presented for the NAVSTAR-8 rubidium clocks stability analysis. The analysis includes presentation of time and frequency
residuals with respect to linear and quadratic models, which aid in obtaining systematic and random effects. The frequency
stability values were further processed with a time domain noise process analysis, which is used to classify random noise
process and modulation type. NAVSTAR-1 results indicate good performance for a quartz clock. Comparison of the quartz
clocks stability with the best on-orbit cesium clock results indicates that the cesium standard is more stable by at least a factor
of two for a 900 second sample, and increases to two orders of magnitude for a one day sample time. The NAVSTAR-8
rubidium clock differed from the NAVSTAR-6 rubidium clock in its improved thermal environment. This rubidium clock
exhibited an effect that lasted for nearly five months. Following this transient, the rubidium clock performance with
better-than-expected stability. A final discussion of quartz, rubidium, and cesium on-orbit will be presented.
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; Clocks; Frequency Stability; Global Positioning System; NASCOM Satellites; Orbits; Quartz; Rubidium;
Stability Tests
Notch Fatigue Strength of a Powder Metallurgy Disk Superalloy Evaluated
Gayda, John; Gabb, Timothy P.; Telesman, Jack; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 130-131; In English; See
New powder metallurgy (PM) disk superalloys, such as ME3, low solvus, high refractory (LSHR), and Alloy 10, that have
93
been developed in recent years enable rim temperatures in turbine disk applications to approach 700 C. However, before these
alloys can be utilized at 700 C, their long-term durability must be ensured. One of the key requirements for disk rims is notch
fatigue strength. This requirement is extremely important because of the blade attachment geometry at the disk rim.
Furthermore, the imposition of a dwell at maximum load, associated with takeoff and landing, can compromise notch fatigue
strength. For these reasons, a study was undertaken to assess the notch dwell fatigue strength of a modern PM disk alloy
through spin pit evaluation of a prototypical disk. The first element was screening potential heat treatments with respect to
notch fatigue strength at 704 C, utilizing a conventional notch fatigue specimen with a stress concentration factor Kt of 2 and
a 90-sec dwell at peak load. The material selected for this program was LSHR, a third-generation PM superalloy developed
by NASA, strengthened by about 60-percent gamma prime phase. Six commercially viable heat treatments, presented in the
table, were evaluated in this program, producing a variety of microstructures. Each heat-treatment option was designed to
produce a different mix of tensile, creep, and crack-growth properties. Initial results showed four of the six heat treatments
would meet life targets for turbine disks with respect to notch dwell fatigue strength. The remaining two heat treatments, with
lives less than 1000 cycles, would not meet requirements at 704 C.
Derived from text
Powder Metallurgy; Heat Resistant Alloys; Notch Strength; Metal Fatigue; Mechanical Properties

Bauschinger Effect on Mechanical Response of Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels Investigated
Thesken, John C.; Salem, Jonathan A.; Lerch, Bradley A.; Sutter, James K.; Russell, Richard W.; 2007 Research and
Predicting the mechanical response of the composite overwrapped pressure vessels for the space shuttle requires an
accurate constitutive representation of the annealed Ti-6-4 alloy liner materials. Early structural analyses have assumed an
elastic-perfectly-plastic response, which does not capture the Bauschinger stress-strain response that occurs during load
reversals that exceed yield stress. This was demonstrated in load-reversal studies conducted on specimens excised from
plaques cut from the boss region of the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) 40-in.-diameter spherical vessel and milled flat
to meet ASTM requirements. Except for possible forging-induced variations, this material was deemed to closely resemble the
state of the membrane liner material prior to autofrettage and subsequent operation loads. The Bauschinger effect is observed
in annealed Ti 6-4 materials as evidenced by cyclic stress-strain curves similar to those found in the open literature and the
present testing of uniaxial specimens harvested from the Columbia OMS vessel boss material. Conversely, the acquired
uniaxial test data have been transformed to estimate the biaxial liner response and have been used to simulate the
volume-pressure vessel response. The top graph on the next page illustrates an application of the constitutive data to simulate
autofrettage, a leak test, and near-proof-loading cycles. The volume-pressure simulation indicates that the liner becomes
nonlinear and yields during unloading from the autofrettage pressure. The final graph, from data measured during subsequent
loadings, shows that the characteristics of the nearproof simulation are similar to the actual measured response of a 40-in.
OMS vessel and predicts liner yielding at less than the leak test pressure of 5400 psi. The Bauschinger effect offers an
explanation for the early onset of liner yielding observed in the near-proof test of the 40-in. OMS vessel.
Derived from text
Composite Wrapping; Pressure Vessels; Bauschinger Effect; Mechanical Properties; Titanium Alloys
20090022240 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; ASRC Aerospace Corp., USA; Appalachian State
Univ., Boone, NC, USA
Using Indium Tin Oxide To Mitigate Dust on Viewing Ports
John F. Kennedy Space Centers Technology Development and Application 2006-2007 Report; March 03, 2008, pp. 6-7; In
English; See also 20090022202; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy; Available
from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
NASA plans to use a number of onboard viewing ports to measure lunar regolith in situ and to monitor robotic and human
activities on the lunar or Martian surface. Because of the size and abundance of dust particles on these bodies, the potential
for dust to occlude viewing ports and windows is high enough to threaten system lifetime and reliability, especially when
activities rely on relaying video to either a habitat module or controllers on Earth. This project uses a technology being
developed by KSCs Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory to remove dust from windowlike surfaces. The technology
applies an alternating electric potential to interlaced electrodes. In this application, we use indium tin oxide (ITO) to create
94
various electrode patterns in order to determine the most reliable pattern for dust removal. This technology has application to
systems where optical clarity is important. Specifically, this project considers the in situ resource utilization (ISRU) application
of a viewing port for Raman spectroscopy, where the electrode pattern on glass would be coated with a scratch-resistant
sapphire film (Al2O3).
Derived from text
Dust; Glass; Indium Compounds; Tin Oxides; Viewing
27
NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
Includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of plastics, elastomers, lubricants, polymers, textiles, adhesives, and ceramic
materials. For composite materials see 24 Composite Materials.
20090021360 Idaho National Lab., Idaho Falls, ID, USA

Carbon Characterization Laboratory Report
Swank, D.; Windes, W.; Haggard, D. C.; Rohrbaugh, D.; Moore, K.; Mar. 01, 2009; 60 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC07-99ID-13727
Report No.(s): DE2009-950990; INL/EXT-09-15515; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The newly completed Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Carbon Characterization Laboratory (CCL) is located in Lab-C20
of the Idaho National Laboratory Research Center. This laboratory was established under the Next Generation Nuclear Plant
(NGNP) Project to support graphite research and development activities. The CCL is designed to characterize and test
carbon-based materials such as graphite, carbon-carbon composites, and silicon-carbide composite materials. The laboratory
is fully prepared to measure material properties for nonirradiated carbon-based materials. Plans to establish the laboratory as
a radiological facility within the next year are definitive. This laboratory will be modified to accommodate irradiated materials,
after which it can be used to perform material property measurements on both irradiated and nonirradiated carbon-based
material. Instruments, fixtures, and methods are in place for preirradiation measurements of bulk density, thermal diffusivity,
coefficient of thermal expansion, elastic modulus, Youngs modulus, Shear modulus, Poisson ratio, and electrical resistivity.
The measurement protocol consists of functional validation, calibration, and automated data acquisition.
NTIS
Carbon; Characterization; Graphite
20090021402 Argonne National Lab., IL, USA

Hydrogen Separation Membranes Annual Report for FY 2008
Balachandran, U.; Dorris, S. E.; Emerson, J. E.; Lee, T. H.; Lu, Y.; Mar. 17, 2009; 45 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC02-06CH11357
Report No.(s): DE2009-949945; ANL-09/09; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The objective of this work is to develop dense ceramic membranes for separating hydrogen from other gaseous
components in a nongalvanic mode, i.e., without using an external power supply or electrical circuitry.
NTIS
Ceramics; Hydrogen; Membranes
20090021404 Argonne National Lab., IL USA

Hydrogen Production by Water Dissociation Using Ceramic Membranes - Annual Report for FY 2008
Balachandran, U.; Dorris, S. E.; Emerson, J. E.; Lee, T. H.; Lu, Y.; Mar. 25, 2009; 95 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): DE2009-950210; ANL-09/08; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The objective of this project is to develop dense ceramic membranes that, without using an external power supply or
circuitry, can produce hydrogen via coal/coal gasassisted water dissociation.
NTIS
Ceramics; Dissociation; Hydrogen Production; Membranes; Oxygen; Water Splitting
95
20090021442 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA

MMM-A-121 Federal Specification Adhesive, Bonding Vulcanized Synthetic Rubber to Steel HAP-Free Replacement
Toulan, Faye R; Stabler, Christopher; La Scala, John J; Feuer, Hank; Flanagan, Dave; Touchet, Paul; Feb 2009; 26 pp.; In
English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W911QX-07-C-0065; Proj-SPOTA K42
Report No.(s): AD-A497459; ARL-TR-4715; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The U.S. Army uses numerous adhesives and sealants, among other coating materials, that contain significant amounts
of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). This work examines laboratory testing of two of the most highly used adhesives meeting
MMM-A-121 specifications throughout the Army. The scope of MMM-A-121 involves adhesives used in bonding vulcanized
synthetic rubber to steel. The two most commonly used baseline products meeting the MMM-A-121 specification are 3M-1357
Scotch-Weld and 3M-1300L Scotch-Weld, which contain the following HAPs: petroleum distillate, methyl ethyl ketone, and
toluene. The Sustainable Painting Operations for the Total Army program has identified 3M Scotch-Weld 847 (containing
acetone, an exempt solvent) as an alternative to current adhesives conforming to MMM-A-121. Other potential materials such
as 3M Fast-Bond and 30NF 3M-4491 Scotch-Grip did not have the required adhesive properties. Various testing was done in
the laboratory to determine the relative similarity of the baseline products to the potential alternative materials. This testing
included solids content, rheology, dry time, and adhesion strength. Overall, this alternative material should reduce the Army
HAP emissions by ~1300 lb/year and volatile organic compound emissions by ~1200 lb/year.
DTIC
Adhesion; Adhesive Bonding; Replacing; Steels; Synthetic Rubbers; Vulcanizing
Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Systems From Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations
Brennan, John K; Andzelm, Jan; Nov 2008; 14 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-AH84
The U.S. Army has an increasing need for multifunctional polymers with specific viscoelastic properties. Such polymers
are often present in nanocomposites, lubricants, or biomimetic gels that are used as tissue surrogate materials. Rational
prediction of a polymers viscoelastic properties necessitates the use of multiscale modeling since vastly different time and
length scales have to be considered. In this study, we will apply the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method that is a fast
and accurate alternative to traditional molecular simulations. The DPD method is a particle-based, coarse-grained mesoscale
method. In this study, the simulation of viscoelastic properties is carried out by applying an additional, oscillatory shearing
force. This oscillatory shear and corresponding stress allows us to calculate the storage (G) and loss modulus (G) that define
the viscoelastic behavior of polymer systems. As a demonstration exercise, the G and G moduli were calculated for a diblock
copolymer at low frequencies.
DTIC
Dissipation; Polymers; Simulation; Viscoelasticity
20090021706 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA
Biologically Inspired Polymer Microfibrillar Arrays for Mask Sealing
Cheung, Eugene; Aksak, Burak; Sitti, Metin; Apr 2009; 21 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W911NF-07-D-0001; Proj-DTRA8R22GA
Report No.(s): AD-A498139; ECBC-CR-102; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Previous work to develop a microfibrillar array to improve mask sealing performance demonstrated increased wet and dry
adhesion on rigid and soft smooth substrates using spatulate fibers. The current effort modeled and characterized dry fibrillar
adhesion to substrates that more closely approximate human skin. The models for adhesion to soft, textured substrates revealed
that the resulting adhesion was simply a fraction of the adhesion to a smooth, rigid substrate. The exact fraction depends on
the fiber and substrate properties. The addition of a water layer further reduced the adhesion. Friction performance was shown
to directly follow adhesion performance. More research is required to optimize the adhesives to improve mask sealing. Surface
coatings on the fibers are one possibility for increasing adhesion to human skin.
DTIC
Adhesion; Masks; Moisture Content; Sealing; Skin Friction
96
20090021789 Oak Ridge National Lab., TN USA; Wisconsin Univ., Platteville, WI, USA
Revisiting the Recommended Geometry for the Diametrally Compressed Ceramic C-Ring Specimen
Jadaan, O. M.; Wereszczak, A. A.; Apr. 01, 2009; 20 pp.; In English
(NTIS)
A study conducted several years ago found that a stated allowable width/thickness (b/t) ratio in ASTM C1323 (Standard
Test Method for Ultimate Strength of Advanced Ceramics with Diametrally Compressed C-Ring Specimens at Ambient
Temperature) could ultimately cause the prediction of a non-conservative probability of survival when the measured C-ring
strength was scaled to a different size. Because of that problem, this study sought to reevaluate the stress state and geometry
of the C-ring specimen and suggest changes to ASTM C1323 that would resolve that issue. Elasticity, mechanics of materials,
and finite element solutions were revisited with the C ring geometry. To avoid the introduction of more than 2% error, it was
determined that the C ring width/thickness (b/t) ratio should range between 1-3 and that its inner radius/outer radius (ri/ro)
ratio should range between 0.50-0.95. ASTM C1323 presently allows for b/t to be as large as 4 so that ratio should be reduced
to 3.
NTIS
Ceramics; Probability Theory; Ambient Temperature; Finite Element Method
20090021833 Joint Oil Analysis Program, Pensacola, FL USA
Field Demonstration of the Suitability of JOAP Spectrometric Standards Produced from VHG Concentrates
Martin, Robert W; Aug 15, 2002; 22 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497745; JOAP-TSC-FE-02-01; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Reports results of an effort to demonstrate the suitability of VHG-based JOAP spectrometric standards for standardizing
field laboratory spectrometers employed in the routine analysis of used oils.
DTIC
Atoms; Chemical Analysis; Field Tests; Oils; Spectrometers
Stickiness of Silicone Elastomer Seal Material Reduced by Using Atomic Oxygen Treatment
Miller, Sharon K.; Banks, Bruce A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 59-60; In English; See also 20090021990;
Silicone elastomers, used in seals for airlocks or other sealing surfaces in space, are somewhat sticky in their as-received
condition. Because of the sticking, a greater separation force is needed to enable the seal to release. This can lead to sudden
unpredicted movement of the spacecraft, vibration, uneven release, and even pull out or pull off of the seal, resulting in a seal
failure. This is especially of concern for androgynous seals, which have identical mating surfaces on both sides for
interchangeability and redundancy. These seals typically have elastomer-on-elastomer sealing surfaces. To reduce sticking, one
could use release agents such as powders and lubricants, but these can be easily removed and transferred to other surfaces,
causing uneven sealing and contamination. Application of a more slippery coating that is integral with the surface would be
more desirable. The most integral type of coating is a conversion of the surface of the silicone elastomer to a thin layer of
silicon oxide. This conversion can be readily accomplished by oxidation using atomic oxygen (AO). The most predominant
species in the low-Earth-orbit environment, AO is produced as ultraviolet radiation from the Sun splits oxygen molecules (O2)
in the atmosphere into two oxygen atoms (O). The atoms readily react with surfaces that they come in contact with to create
an oxide. Even though AO can be used to convert a surface to an oxide, as the thickness of the oxide increases, the shrinkage
on the surface due to this oxide formation leads to surface cracking. Too much cracking can cause the elastomer seal to leak,
Researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center developed and conducted tests to expose several samples of a silicone
elastomer to increasing durations of AO to determine the stickiness and level of surface cracking as a function of AO dose.
Derived from text
Oxygen Atoms; Sealing; Silicones; Seals (Stoppers); Elastomers
Development of Analytical Criteria for Crack Deflection and Penetration in Coated Ceramics Initiated
Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.; Tewari, Surendra N.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 107-108; In
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) layered ceramics with weak boron nitride (BN) interphases have been manufactured in a
97
conventional two-dimensional layered structure as well as in a novel layered structure known as fibrous monolithic ceramic.
Notable properties were reported for both structures with high strength and workout fracture. In some of these layered
materials, delamination cracks bow out of the interface after propagating on the interface only a short distance. Such crack
bowing occurs because not much energy is absorbed when these materials fracture. Therefore, an understanding of the factors
that control crack deflection and propagation along interfaces is needed to maximize the energy dissipation capabilities of
layered ceramics. The proposed technical approach is to evaluate crack behavior analytically at the interface of an
environmental barrier coating (EBC) with a monolithic ceramic. This establishes correlations that help to determine when the
crack is arrested or advanced by either penetrating the interface or deflecting into the interface. Critical parameters determining
penetration and deflection conditions in relation to the EBCs physical characteristics, such as porosity level, will be determined
for single-layer and multilayered coatings, and will coordinate the interactions between the EBCs (mullite, mullite mixture,
porous yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), etc.) and the substrate structure. In 2007 and in support of the analytical activities
proposed under a NASA Glenn Research Center grant, numerical modeling of thermal-cycling-induced crack nucleation and
propagation was initiated to assist the microstructural design of various layers in the EBC architecture. Relevant conditions
that cover the effects of thermal cycling, resistance to bending, oxidation, high temperature, burner flame, and cooling are
being considered. Data presented here are expected to guide the optimization of the EBC system to deflect the crack away from
the substrate and contain it mainly along the interface of the top layer or layers. The results presented are only for one layer
of coating; however, work including multilayer coating conditions is planned, and experimental tests complementing these
analytical studies are ongoing.
Derived from text
Silicon Nitrides; Ceramic Coatings; Energy Dissipation; Crack Arrest; Deflection; Crack Propagation; Ceramics
Materials International Space Station Experiment 2 (MISSE 2) Polymer Erosion and Contamination Experiment
(PEACE) Polymers Analyzed
deGroh, Kim D.; Banks, Bruce A.; McCarthy, Catherine E.; Rucker, Rochelle N.; Roberts, Lily M.; Berger, Lauren, A.; 2007
Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 56-57; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains black and white
As part of the Materials International Space Station Experiment 2 (MISSE 2), 41 different polymers - collectively called
the Polymer Erosion and Contamination Experiment (PEACE) Polymers experiment - were exposed for approximately 4 years
to the low-Earth-orbit (LEO) space environment. Polymers are commonly used as spacecraft materials because of their
desirable properties such as good flexibility, low density, and certain electrical or optical properties. Atomic oxygen (AO) is
the predominant species in LEO (between 180 and 650 km), and spacecraft surfaces, such as polymers, that literally ram into
the resident oxygen atoms are oxidized. Because the oxidation product for most polymers is a gas, AO exposure results in
erosion. Over time, the polymer can be completely lost if it is not properly protected. Therefore, the specific goal of the MISSE
PEACE Polymers experiment is to accurately determine the AO erosion yield of a wide variety of polymeric materials. Having
the erosion yield data for many different polymers that have been characterized and exposed to space under identical
conditions, and having space data to compare with the predictive model will be very useful to spacecraft designers. AO erosion
yields have been determined for the MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers experiment on the basis of mass loss obtained from preflight
and postflight vacuum-dehydrated samples. The average AO fluence for the experiment was determined from two Kapton H
witness samples to be 8.43 x 10(exp 21) atoms/cm2. There was partial or complete erosion through the entire sample thickness
of 6 of the 41 flight samples, and hence the erosion yield values for these samples are greater than the value determined.
Extensive error analyses were conducted and completed in 2007 determining the error in the erosion yield values for each of
the MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers flight samples, completing data analyses for this experiment. Details on the specific polymers
flown, flight sample fabrication, preflight and postflight characterization techniques, and AO fluence calculations are reported
in reference 1 along with a summary of the AO erosion yield results.
Derived from text
Polymers; Spacecraft Construction Materials; Erosion; Oxygen Atoms
The Effect of Switch-Loading Fuels on Fuel-Wetted Elastomers
Muzzell, Patsy A; McKay, Brian J; Sattler, Eric R; Stavinoha, Leo L; Alvarez, Ruben A; Jan 10, 2007; 16 pp.; In English;
Report No.(s): AD-A497968; RDECOM/TARDEC-16769; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center
(DTIC)
The Office of the Secretary of the Defense (OSD), Advanced Systems and Concepts, established the OSD Assured Fuels
98
Initiative, which aims to spark commercial production of clean fuels made from U.S. energy sources for use by the U.S.
Military. The Department of Defense (DoD) will provide the spark by developing the fuel specifications needed,
demonstrating and qualifying the use of these fuels in tactical ground vehicles, aircraft, and ships, and transitioning to the
full-time use of these fuels in their fleets operating in the U.S. One such clean fuel, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetic fuel, made
using low-temperature FT technology, contains no aromatic compounds. This lack of aromatics, along with the lack of sulfur,
are the key differences between a FT kerosene-based fuel and the petroleum-derived JP-8/JP-5 kerosene-based fuel that is the
predominate bulk fuel used by the militarys air, ground, and marine fleets. A series of experiments were done to determine
effects to the fuel-wetted elastomers typically found in sealing applications throughout various fuel distribution systems of
DoD equipment, to switching between fuel containing aromatics to fuel with no aromatics, a.k.a. switch-loading. One grade
of nitrile studied exhibited large dimensional swings, as much as 8% volume change, upon fuel switch-loading. Such
dimensional change presents potential for fuel leakage around the seals; this is especially true for older O-rings or gaskets that
have taken a compression set. When transitioning to the use of FT fuels in DoD fleets, this risk of fuel leakage can be mitigated
through the use of blends of FT kerosene with JP-8 or through identifying susceptible sealing applications and replacing the
elastomer components therein with new components and/or components made of less affected, more suitable elastomers.
DTIC
Elastomers; Fuels; Switches
Fire Chemistry Testing of Spray-On Foam Insulation (SOFI)
An experimental study was initiated that included the long-term testing of the following SOFI materials, which make up
the majority of the Thermal Protection System of the Shuttle External Tank: NCFI 24-124 (acreage foam) and BX-265
(close-out foam, including the intertank flange and bipod areas). A potential alternate material, NCFI 27-68 (acreage foam with
flame retardant removed), was also tested. Fire chemistry testing was completed on samples that were retrieved after
aging/weathering at intervals of 3, 6, and 12 months. The testing included three standard test methods: limiting oxygen index
(ASTM G125), radiant panel (ASTM E162), and cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354).
Derived from text
Fires; Foams; Thermal Protection; Space Shuttle Orbiters; External Tanks; Propellant Tanks; Thermal Insulation; Materials
Tests
Thermal Performance of Aged and Weathered Spray-On Foam Insulation (SOFI) Materials Under Cryogenic Vacuum
Conditions (Cryostat-4)
The NASA Cryogenics Test Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center conducted long-term testing of SOFI materials under
actual-use cryogenic conditions with Cryostat-4. The materials included in the testing were NCFI 24-124 (acreage foam),
BX-265 (close-out foam, including intertank flange and bipod areas), and a potential alternate material, NCFI 27-68, (acreage
foam with the flame retardant removed). Specimens of these materials were placed at two locations: a site that simulated aging
(the Vehicle Assembly Building [VAB]) and a site that simulated weathering (the Atmospheric Exposure Test Site [beach
site]). After aging/weathering intervals of 3, 6, and 12 months, the samples were retrieved and tested for their thermal
performance under cryogenic vacuum conditions with test apparatus Cryostat-4.
Derived from text
Cryogenics; Temperature Effects; Thermal Insulation; Foams
Cryogenic Moisture Analysis of Spray-On Foam Insulation (SOFI)
The NASA Cryogenics Test Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center conducted long-term testing of SOFI materials under
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actual-use cryogenic conditions. The lab tested NCFI 24-124 (acreage foam), BX-265 (close-out foam, including intertank
flange and bipod areas), and a potential alternate material, NCFI 27-68 (acreage foam with the flame retardant removed).
Specimens of all three materials were placed at a site that simulated aging (the Vehicle Assembly Building [VAB]) and a site
that simulated weathering (Atmospheric Exposure Test Site [beach site]). After aging/ weathering intervals of 3, 6, and 12
months, the samples were retrieved and tested for their ability to absorb moisture under conditions similar to those experienced
by the Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) during the loading of cryogenic propellants.
Derived from text
Cryogenics; Foams; Moisture; Thermal Insulation
20090022224 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; ASRC Aerospace Corp., USA; University of Central
Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
High-Performance Polyimide Powder Coatings
Much of the infrastructure at Kennedy Space Center and other NASA sites has been subjected to outside weathering
effects for more than 40 years. Because much of this infrastructure has metallic surfaces, considerable effort is continually
devoted to developing methods to minimize the effects of corrosion on these surfaces. These efforts are especially intense at
KSC, where offshore salt spray and exhaust from Solid Rocket Boosters accelerate corrosion. Coatings of various types have
traditionally been the choice for minimizing corrosion, and improved corrosion control methods are constantly being
researched. Recent work at KSC on developing an improved method for repairing Kapton (polyimide)-based electrical wire
insulation has identified polyimides with much lower melting points than traditional polyimides used for insulation. These
lower melting points and the many other outstanding physical properties of polyimides (thermal stability, chemical resistance,
and electrical properties) led us to investigate whether they could be used in powder coatings.
Author
Insulation; Polyimides; Powder (Particles); Protective Coatings; Corrosion Resistance
New Materials for the Repair of Polyimide Electrical Wire Insulation
Two viable polyimide backbone materials have been identified that will allow the repair of polyimide electrical wire
insulation found on the Space Shuttle and other aging aircraft. This identification is the outcome of ongoing efforts to assess
the viability of using such polyimides and polyimide precursors (polyamic acids [PAAs]) as repair materials for aging
polyimide electrical wire insulation. These repair materials were selected because they match the chemical makeup of the
underlying wire insulation as closely as possible. This similarity allows for maximum compatibility, coupled with the
outstanding physical properties of polyimides. The two polyimide backbone materials allow the polymer to be extremely
flexible and to melt at low temperatures. A polymer chain end capping group that allows the polymer to crosslink into a
nonflowable repair upon curing at around 200 C was also identified.
Derived from text
Electrical Insulation; Polyimides; Maintenance
28
PROPELLANTS AND FUELS
Includes rocket propellants, igniters, and oxidizers; their storage and handling procedures; and aircraft fuels. For nuclear fuels see
73 Nuclear Physics. For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power; 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; and
44 Energy Production and Conversion.

Numerical Simulation Model for Thermo-Fluid Analysis of Cryogenic Storage Systems With Zero Boiloff
Rahman, M.; Ho, S.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 40, 601-613; In English; See also
This report presents a study of fluid flow and heat transfer in a cryogenic storage tank for liquid hydrogen using a
100
three-dimensional model for numerical simulation. The model includes a tank with cylindrical wall and oblate spheroidal top
and bottom, a heat pipe located along the axis of the tank, and a pump-nozzle unit that collects fluid at the suction inlet and
discharges at its nozzle face onto the cool tip (evaporator) of the heat pipe in order to prevent the fluid to boil off. A steady
state condition was assumed. Simulations with different normal speeds of fluid discharged at the nozzle face were run for a
parametric analysis. Typical distributions of velocity and temperature are presented. Average speed and maximum temperature
for each case are evaluated for assessing mixing and boiling effects, respectively. Simulations using an axisymmetric model,
which represents the case of an array of many pump-nozzle units installed around the heat pipe, were also carried out with
the same fluid discharge speeds as those of the three-dimensional cases for comparison. For both models, the results show that
as the normal fluid speed at the nozzle increases, the average fluid speed increases whereas the maximum temperature
decreases. It is also found that with the same fluid speed discharged normally from the nozzle face the axi-symmetric model
gives higher average speed and higher maximum temperature compared to the three-dimensional model.
Author
Hydrogen Fuels; Liquid Hydrogen; Cryogenic Fluid Storage; Fluid Flow; Heat Transfer; Computational Fluid Dynamics;
Direct Numerical Simulation
20090021540 Rand Arroyo Center, Santa Monica, CA USA
The Value and Impacts of Alternative Fuel Distribution Concepts. Assessing the Armys Future Needs for Temporary
Fuel Pipelines
Oaks, David M; Stanford, Matthew; Wilson, Bradley; Jan 2009; 65 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W74V8H-06-C-0002
Report No.(s): AD-A497735; RAND/TR-652-A; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This document describes a study done for the U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command (CASCOM) to assess future
needs for temporary petroleum pipeline structure. At the time this work was begun, the Army was weighing further
development of a new pipeline capability, the Rapidly Installed Fuel Transfer System (RIFTS), and also conducting its normal
cycle of future force structure planning. This project reviewed historical uses of temporary pipelines and surveyed future
scenarios in order to develop a broad list of potential pipeline requirements. Next, against this list of likely requirements, the
performance of several fuel distribution options -- including existing and planned pipeline units and equipment, new pipeline
options, and the use of trucks -- was assessed across a variety of performance dimensions. The analytic results pointed to no
clearly best choice. Instead, the preferred course of action is very sensitive to the decision makers assessment of the
environment and weighting among the importance of the different performance dimensions. A decision-support table to help
the decision maker with this assessment is provided along with supplementary recommendations on near-term investment of
reset funds and the reallocation of personnel within existing petroleum pipeline unit designs. The findings in this document
should be of interest to those engaged with future Army logistics support force structure requirements.
DTIC
Energy Policy; Fuels; Pipelines; Probability Theory
Simple Mars Propellant Manufacture Investigated That Will Reduce Mass Required for Mars Sample Return
Landis, Geoffrey A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 53-54; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
Returning samples from the surface of Mars (Mars sample return, or MSR) is a high priority for Mars science, but
conventional approaches could return only a small sample at high cost. Mars propellant production is an enabling technology
for a human Mars mission, and safety requires that this technology be demonstrated on Mars well in advance of a human
mission. By returning a sample, a Mars in situ resource utilization (ISRU) demonstration mission could serve an added
scientific function. Conventional sample-return mission architectures have very little margin, and high complexity and risk.
Using ISRU propellant would increase the margin and reduce the complexity and the risk. To show that this is feasible, the
NASA Glenn Research Center, in collaboration with the Satellite Engineering Class at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology), compared an MSR using ISRU propellant, with an MSR using propellant brought from Earth. The study used
a solid-oxide electrolysis (SOE) process to produce oxygen (O2) from the Mars atmosphere to use as an oxidizer with fuel
brought from Earth.
Derived from text
In Situ Resource Utilization; Mars Sample Return Missions; Propellants; Weight Reduction; Fuel Production
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31
ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
Includes general research topics related to engineering and applied physics, and particular areas of vacuum technology, industrial
engineering, cryogenics, and fire prevention. For specific topics in engineering see categories 32 through 39.
20090021219 Northrop Grumman Information Technology, Inc., USA

Loran-C Augmentation for GPS and GPS/WAAS
Lilley, R. W.; Krik, J. G.; January 2004; 23 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NGST2004-R-413
Illgen Simulation Technologies, Inc., (ISTI) participated in Loran-C and other navigational programs for the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) and other governmental agencies for some fifteen years. The Cooperative Agreement reported
here was carried out in support of the evaluation of the Loran-C navigational system as a partner for GPS systems in the
National Airspace System (NAS), with recognition that other navigational and precise-timing applications exist. In December,
2003, ISTI was acquired by Northrop Grumman Corporation and was renamed Northrop Grumman Simulation Technologies
Corp. (NGST). There were no personnel changes of significance to this cooperative agreement as a result of the acquisition.
ISTI/NGST cooperated within a large and diverse team assembled by the FAA offering expertise in specific Loran-C-related
areas. In 1997, ISTI personnel assisted the FAA in forming what is now the Loran-C Evaluation Program. Working with
AND-740 at program inception and prior to initiation of Cooperative Agreement 99-G-038, hypotheses were formulated, and
these are still pertinent today: Program Hypotheses Loran-C meets the requirements to support NAS operations including
non-precision or LNAV/VNAV approach procedures. Loss of availability due to p-static no longer expected to be a significant
factor Loran-C meets RNP 0.3 requirements accuracy, availability, integrity, continuity Advantages of a GPS/Loran-C
combination are demonstrated in flight Availability of horizontal nav with integrity through approach if GPS is lost Ability
to dispatch in the absence of onboard GPS capability CONUS and Alaska demonstrations show utility of Loran-C Coverage
improvements for enroute navigation through NPA Augmentation of WAAS communication of GPS integrity Loran-C
communication of Loran-C integrity, timing, control information Loran and Loran/GPS hybrids can be certified, and have
NAS benefits RTCA, FAA documents, ops concepts.
NTIS
Augmentation; Global Positioning System; LORAN C; Navigation
20090021241 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA, USA
Augmentation of GPS/LAAS with GLONASS: Performance Assessment
Misra, P.; Pratt, M.; Burke, B.; January 1999; 7 pp.; In English
GLONASS has been proposed as an augmentation to GPS/LAAS. We examine the incremental benefits of the additional
signals from GLONASS to the availability of service for precision approaches. The methodology used for the modeling of
availability is the same as that adopted previously for the analysis of GPS/LAAS. The inclusion of GLONASS signals requires
provision for adapting the models of measurement errors to account for the differences between GPS and GLONASS. The
main difference of significance to LAAS is due to the frequency division multiple access scheme used by GLONASS, and the
resultant inter-frequency biases in the measurements. The errors introduced by such biases at the reference and user receivers
are uncorrelated, and have to be accounted for in the error models. As expected, the availability of service improves
considerably with the additional ranging sources. The combined GPS and GLONASS signals provide consistent and robust
performance with high levels of availability of service for the most demanding precision approaches.
NTIS
Augmentation; Global Positioning System; GLONASS
20090021242 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA, USA
Single-Epoch Integer Ambiguity Resolution with GPS-GLONASS L1-L2 Data
Pratt, M.; Burke, B.; Misra, P.; January 1999; 10 pp.; In English
The effectiveness of single-epoch integer ambiguity resolution, which provides centimeter-level relative positioning in
real-time, is a function of the number, quality and type of carrier phase measurements available. We apply the Local-Minima
Search (LMS) method epoch-by-epoch to GPS-GLONASS dual frequency carrier phase measurements taken over 2, 9 and 18
km baselines. While the application of LMS to GPS dual frequency measurements alone works quite well over these baselines,
102
the addition of GLONASS improves the search success rate and greatly enhances the ability to validate the resulting solutions.
At both 9 km and 18 km the LMS success rate was nearly 100%, when using the combined set of carrier phases. The addition
of GLONASS reduced the average search ratio by more than 1/3 over the ratio obtained using only GPS phases. A fuller
GLONASS constellation will certainly improve on these results.
NTIS
Ambiguity; Global Positioning System; GLONASS; Integers
Wide Area Augmentation System Research and Development. Final Report
van Graas, F.; Feb. 2004; 46 pp.; In English
In support of the development of the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), three projects were performed under
Aviation Cooperative Agreement 01-G-016. The first project involved participation in the WAAS Integrity Performance Panel
(WIPP), which included the development of the dual-frequency Code Noise and MultiPath (CNMP) monitor, review of
integrity documentation, as well as the analysis of specific integrity monitors. The second project was focused on the
characterization and reduction of Geostationary Satellite (GEO) multipath error. The third project involved the development
of a dual-frequency Integrated Multipath-Limiting Antenna (IMLA) for WAAS Reference Sites (WRS) to improve the
accuracy of the pseudorange measurement data. Major findings of the research are summarized below: (1) A dual-frequency
Code Noise and MultiPath (CNMP) monitor was developed to significantly reduce multipath error at the WAAS Reference
Sites (WRS). (2) Based on ground and flight test evaluations, Narrow-Band Geostationary Satellite (GEO) multipath and noise
ranging errors can be as small as 0.3 m (95%) if a multipath-limiting High-Zenith Antenna (HZA) is used. (3) A
dual-frequency Integrated Multipath-Limiting Antenna (IMLA) was prototyped and determined to be feasible for WAAS
applications. (4) A new method was developed for the measurement and evaluation of GPS antenna phase and group delays.
NTIS
Augmentation; Characterization; Errors; Geosynchronous Orbits; Multipath Transmission; Synchronous Platforms
20090021314 William J. Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic City, NJ, USA
Integration and Testing of a Wide-Band Airport Pseudolite
Warburton, J.; Dickinson, M.; English, D. W.; Liu, J.; January 2000; 10 pp.; In English
The paper provides initial results of a series of flight tests conducted using the LAAS Test Prototype/ Airport Pseudolite
system.
NTIS
Airports; Broadband; Evaluation; Global Positioning System; Instrument Landing Systems; Performance Tests
20090021439 Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, CA USA
Ascension Island Hydroacoustic Data System
Thomson, Hugh; Meggitt, Dallas; Saade, Edward; Sep 1, 2003; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Over 50 nuclear explosions were registered between 16 July 1945, when the first nuclear explosive test was conducted
by the USA at Alamogordo, New Mexico, and 31 December 1953. Increasing concern about the effects of nuclear tests led
to a series of international treaties limiting nuclear tests, culminating in the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty in 1996.
The CTBT, which prohibits all nuclear test explosions in all environments, was opened for signature in New York on 24
September 1996, when it was signed by 71 States, including the (then) five nuclear-weapon States. A critical element of the
treaty is the capability to verify compliance with the Treaty. The USA Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) is
tasked with monitoring compliance of nuclear test ban treaties for the US. AFTAC utilizes several different techniques, each
designed to monitor a specific physical domain (i.e. underground, space, oceans, etc.). Together, these monitoring systems,
equipment, and methods form the US Atomic Energy Detection System (USAEDS). An essential part of the USAEDS is the
Hydroacoustic Data Acquisition System (HDAS). The HDAS consists of underwater sensor systems linked to shore facilities
with undersea data transmission cables, and shore based computers for data storage and transmission to the National Data
Center (NDC). HDAS sensors are installed at Diego Garcia (Indian Ocean), Cape Leeuwen, Australia and Juan Fernandez
103
Island, (South Pacific Ocean). Another HDAS system is to be installed at Ascension Island (AI), a volcanic island located in
the South Atlantic Ocean, with one array located north and one array south of the island, with cabling back to shore at
Southwest Bay. Figure 1 shows the location of Ascension Island.
DTIC
Data Systems; Islands; Nuclear Explosions; Underwater Acoustics
Review of Ultrasound Performance From 5 to 20 MHz on an Aluminum Standard
Brennan, Raymond E; Sands, James M; Dec 2008; 26 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W911QX-04-C-0129
An ultrasound system has been set up for nondestructive evaluation of armor tiles and composite systems. Critical system
components including an internal pulser-receiver and digitizer board, a stepper motor indexer board, a four-axis scanning
frame, an additional two-axis controller, a central processing unit with integrated software package, an immersion tank, and
a series of ultrasonic transducers are described in detail. Characteristics and parameters of the various transducers are
summarized. Operation of the equipment and utilization of various software tools are detailed to provide a basic method for
conducting ultrasound C-scan imaging and analysis. This method is applied to experimental characterization of a standard,
which is important for verifying system and transducer parameters as well as exploring system capabilities and limitations.
A full system evaluation citing these specific capabilities and limitations is discussed.
DTIC
Aluminum; Armor; Nondestructive Tests; Tiles; Ultrasonics
Comparison of VLBI, TV, and Traveling Clock Techniques for Time Transfer
Spencer, J H; Waltman, E B; Johnston, K J; Santini, N J; Klepezynski, W J; Matsakis, D N; Angerhofer, P E; Kaplan, G H;
Dec 1981; 12 pp.; In English
A three part experiment was conducted to develop and compare time transfer techniques. The experiment consisted of:
I. a Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) between Maryland Point Observatory at Riverside, Maryland and NRAO at
Green Bank, West Virginia; II. a high precision portable clock time transfer system between the two sites coordinated by the
U. S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D. C.; and III. a television time transfer between the U. S. Naval Observatory and
the Maryland Point Observatory using a local Washington, D. C. television station, WTTG. A comparison of the VLBI and
traveling clock shows each technique can perform satisfactorily at the five nsec level. There was a systematic offset of 59 nsec
between the two methods, which we attributed to a difference in epochs between VLBI formatter and station clock. The VLBI
method had an internal random error of one nsec at the three-sigma level for a two-day period. Thus, the Mark II system
performed well, and VLBI shows promise of being an accurate method of time transfer. The TV system, which had technical
problems during the experiment, transferred time with a random error of about 50 nsec.
DTIC
Clocks; Interferometers; Signal Processing; Television Systems; Time Measurement; Very Long Base Interferometry
20090021462 Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD USA
Variations in Propagation Delay Times for Line Ten (TV) Based Time Transfers
Chiu, M C; Shaw, B W; Dec 1981; 10 pp.; In English
Variation in the propagation delay for a 30 km TV (Line Ten) radio link has been evaluated for a series of 30 independent
measurements. Time marks from TV Channel 5 WTTG in Washington, DC were simultaneously measured at JHUIAPL and
at the USNO against each stations local cesium standard clocks. Differences in the stations cesium clocks were determined
by portable cesium clock transfers. Thirty independent timing determinations were made between May 1980 and August 1981.
The RMS deviation in the propagation delay calculated from the timing determinations was 11 ns. The variations seen in the
propagation delays are believed to be caused by environmental factors and by errors in the portable clock timing
104
measurements. In correlating the propagation delay variations with local weather conditions, only a moderate dependence on
air temperature and absolute humidity was found.
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; Delay Lines; Television Systems; Time Measurement; Time Synchronization
20090021471 Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., MA USA

Calibrating a 90-kHz Multibeam Sonar
Chu, Dezhang; Foote, Kenneth G; Hufnagle, Jr , Lawrence C; Hammar, Terence R; Libertore, Stephen P; Baldwin, Kenneth
C; Mayer, Larry A; McLeod, Andrew; Sep 2003; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): OCE-0002664
Quantitative use of multibeam sonar requires calibration. Protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar in an absolute sense
by means of a standard target are being developed. These protocols are illustrated for the Simrad SM2000 Multibeam Echo
Sounder, with 90-kHz operating frequency and 300 beams over a 90-deg sector (+-45 deg), each of nominal beamwidth
1.5x1.5 deg. In a sea well on Iselin Dock at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, directional characteristics of the sonar
were measured at the farfield range of 23 m in a sea well. At the large freshwater indoor tank at the University of New
Hampshire, similar characteristics of directivity were measured at the nearfield range of 11.7 m. Beamforming was
accomplished by digital signal processing. Beam patterns are presented and compared at both ranges. In addition,
measurements of the on-axis response were made for each available time-varied-gain function, enabling linearity and dynamic
range to be assessed.
DTIC
Calibrating; Sonar
20090021480 Institut de Recherche de lHydro-Quebec, Varennes, Quebec Canada

Time Transfer by IRIG-B Time Code via Dedicated Telephone Link
Missout, G; Beland, J; Lebel, D; Bedard, G; Bussiere, P; Dec 1981; 18 pp.; In English
Measurements were made of the stability of time transfer by the IRIG-B code over a dedicated telephone link on
Hydro-Quebecs microwave system. The short-and long-term Allan Variance was measured on both types of microwave
system used by Hydro-Quebec, one of which is synchronized, the other having free local oscillators. The results promise a
time transfer accuracy of 10 microseconds. The paper also describes a prototype slave clock designed to detect interference
in the IRIG-B code to ensure local time is kept during such interference.
DTIC
Clocks; Error Correcting Codes; Microwave Equipment; Signal Processing; Telephones
20090021486 Sigma Tau Standards Corp., Tuscaloosa, AL USA

Magnetic State Selection in Atomic Frequency and Time Standards
Peters, H E; Dec 1981; 22 pp.; In English
Atomic standards such as those based upon cesium and hydrogen rely upon magnetic state selection to obtain population
inversion in the hyperfine transition levels. Use of new design approaches and improved magnetic materials has made it
possible to fabricate improved state selectors of small size, and thus the efficiency of utilization of beam flux is greatly
improved and the size and weight of the standard is reduced. The sensitivity to magnetic perturbations is also decreased, so
that the accuracy and stability of the standard is improved. Several new state selector designs are illustrated and the application
to standards utilizing different atomic species is analyzed.
DTIC
Atomic Beams; Atomic Clocks; Frequency Standards; Hydrogen Masers; Time Measurement; Time Signals
105
20090021489 Mitre Corp., Bedford, MA USA

The Role of Precise Time in IFF
Bridge, William M; Dec 1981; 17 pp.; In English
Precise knowledge of time of day can dramatically affect the design of military electronic systems. Small, inexpensive
atomic clocks are becoming available that can provide free-running accuracies on the order of 10 to 100 microseconds for
periods in excess of a month. Such clocks could revolutionize tactical communications, navigation, data links, IFF and ELINT
systems. This paper discusses the application of precise time to the IFF problem. The simple concept of knowing when to
expect each signal is exploited in a variety of ways to achieve an IFF system which is hard to detect, minimally exploitable
and difficult to jam. Precise clocks are the backbone of the concept and the various candidates for this role are discussed. The
compact rubidium-controlled oscillator is the only practical candidate.
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; IFF Systems (Identification); Time Measurement
20090021491 NMI Van Swinden Lab., Delft, Netherlands
Time Comparison via OTS-2
Jong, G de; Kaarls, R; Kirchner, D; Ressler, H; Dec 1981; 24 pp.; In English
Since 1980 time comparisons are carried out via OTS-2 between the Technical University Graz (Austria) and the Van
Swinden Laboratory Delft (Netherlands). The method has been based on the use of the synchronization pulse in the TV-frame
of the daily evening broadcasting of a French TV-programme to Northern Africa. Corrections, as consequence of changes in
the position of the satellite coordinates are applied weekly after reception of satellite coordinates from ESOC. A description
of the method is given as well as some of the particular techniques used in both the participating laboratories. Preliminary
results are presented. Starting January 1982 the experiment will be supported by the EEC and enlarged by participation of
NPL, PTB, DFVLR, LPTF and IEN.
DTIC
Clocks; Communication Satellites; Television Systems; Transmitters
20090021504 Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France
Use of Primary Frequency Standards for Estimating the Duration of the Scale Unit of TAI
Petit, G; Dec 1999; 9 pp.; In English
The accuracy of International Atomic Time TAI is based on a small number of primary frequency standards (PFS) that
aim at realizing the SI second, the unit of proper time. Following the 14th meeting of the Consultative Committee for Time
and Frequency (April 1999), the BIPM time section is reconsidering how the PFS comparisons are used for evaluating the
duration of the scale unit of TAI, uTAI, and how they are reported in Circular T and other BIPM publications. In the new
procedure, it is proposed to break down the estimation of the uncertainty of the comparison in several elementary components
and to report all of them in the BIPM publications in order to make the uncertainty evaluation more transparent and traceable.
The BIPM also regularly computes an estimation of the duration of the scale unit of TAI using an accuracy algorithm
combining the data of all PFS. The parameters used in this algorithm are re-evaluated and a new estimation of u(TAI) has been
carried out over the recent years. The standard uncertainty on this value is now estimated to be 3x10(-15).
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; Atoms; Estimates; Estimating; Frequency Standards
20090021506 Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Tokyo, Japan
Composite-Type 87-Rb Optical-Pumping Light Source for the Rubidium Frequency Standard
Oura, Nobunori; Kuramochi, Naimu; Naritsuka, Shigeya; Hayashi, Teruhiko; Dec 1981; 14 pp.; In English
This paper describes the experimental results and theoretical analysis of a newly devised compact light source for the
106
Rubidium Frequency Standard (RFS). The light source is composed of a cylindrical Rb-87 lamp 10 mm diameter and a Rb-85
filter cell 3-7 mm long attached to the front flat face of the lamp. This composite-type device is operated in an oven at about
100-deg C. Thus a light source for Rb-87 hyperfine optical pumping less than 4 cm long by 3 cm diameter has been
constructed.
DTIC
Frequency Standards; Light Sources; Optical Pumping; Rubidium
20090021519 Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA USA
Laser Induced Asymmetry and Inhomogeneous Broadening of the Microwave Lineshape of a Gas Cell Atomic
Frequency Standard
Camparo, J C; Frueholz, R P; Volk, C H; Dec 1982; 20 pp.; In English
Recently, there has been interest in the possibility of replacing the rf discharge lamp in a rubidium gas cell clock with a
single mode laser diode. Since the short term stability of the rubidium frequency standard is limited by the shot noise of the
photodetector, an increased signal-to-noise ratio due to more efficient laser diode optical pumping might improve the short
term performance. Because the emission wavelength of the laser diode can be tuned, improved long term performance dcould
be gained through the control of the light shift effect. However, due to the nature of the gas cell frequency standard, various
physical phenomena are strongly coupled in their effect on the frequency output, and thus careful consideration must be given
to any change in one parameter because of its interrelation with other parameters.
DTIC
Asymmetry; Atomic Clocks; Frequency Standards; Lasers; Microwaves; Semiconductor Lasers
20090021542 Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, CA USA
Development and Deployment of an Ultrasonic Groundwater Seepage Meter: A Reliable Way to Measure Groundwater
Seepage
Smith, C F; Paulsen, R J; Chadwick, D B; Groves, J G; Sep 1, 2003; 10 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Submarine groundwater discharge can significantly influence the near shore transport of chemicals into surface waters.
Quantification of the sources and rates of such discharge is critical to development of management strategies. Quantification
requires a groundwater seepage meter that provides continuous measurements at high resolutions over an extended period of
time. An ultrasonic flow meter has been developed for such measurements in the subsurface environment. Connected to a
collection funnel the meter houses two piezoelectric transducers mounted at opposite ends of a cylindrical flow tube. By
monitoring the perturbation of fluid flow on the propagation of sound waves inside the flow tube, the ultrasonic meter can
measure both forward and reverse fluid flows in real time. Laboratory and field calibrations show that the ultrasonic meter can
resolve groundwater discharge on the order of 0.1 um/s and is sufficiently robust for deployment in the field for several days.
A parallel effort has applied a direct contact resistivity probe used by divers to identify areas of groundwater seepage. These
tools have been applied to identify areas of groundwater seepage. These tools have been applied to quantify ground water
seepage and associated contaminated loads from landfills, Superfund/industrial sites, and agricultural sites and to develop
nutrient budgets for computer modeling. These techniques have been used in deployments with the US Navy, Battelle Labs,
the Suffolk County Health Services and the United Nations. Equipment has now been developed that integrates this meter with
an automated sampling device that can be deployed for 4 days and collect seepage flow regulated samples.
DTIC
Deployment; Flowmeters; Ground Water; Seepage
APMIR: An Airborne Polarimeter Designed for High Accuracy
Bobak, Justin P; Hicks, Brian C; Rose, Louis A; McGlothlin, Norman R; Quinn, Steven R; Dowgiallo, David J; vonRentzell,
Troy E; Sep 1, 2003; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Airborne Polarimetric Microwave Imaging Radiometer (APMIR) has been developed at the Naval Research
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Laboratory. This instrument was designed primarily as a calibration tool for satellite sensors. As such, the system design began
with a challenging error budget. The design and construction followed from the error budget. The system has flown several
times. This paper focuses on the design of the instrument and preliminary results.
DTIC
Calibrating; Electromagnetic Interference; Polarimeters; Radiometers

Oversight of High-Containment Biological Laboratories: Issues for Congress
Gottron, Frank; Shea, Dana A; Mar 27, 2009; 34 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497760; CRS-R40418; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The federal government responded to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the subsequent anthrax attacks with
increased focus on and funding for biodefense. A key consideration in this response was addressing shortages in diagnostic,
clinical, and research laboratory capacity. Several departments and agencies have increased or are in the process of increasing
their laboratory capacity. High-containment laboratories play a critical role in the biodefense effort, offering the hope of better
responses to an attack and a better understanding of the threat posed by bioterrorism. However, they also could increase the
risk of a biological attack by serving as a potential source of materials or training. Indeed, the Commission on the Prevention
of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism recommends tightening government oversight of highcontainment laboratories. Policymakers have become increasingly interested in the oversight of these facilities following
reports of accidents, regulatory noncompliance, and community resistance. The increase in high-containment laboratory
capacity has raised new policy questions and emphasized existing ones. How much laboratory capacity is enough? What is
the necessary federal investment? Should laboratories be consolidated or dispersed? What plans exist to coordinate multiple
agency efforts to expand high-containment laboratory capacity? Does increasing laboratory capacity increase the risk of
accidents and the opportunity for purposeful misuse? What is an acceptable balance between the benefits these laboratories
provide and the risks they pose?
DTIC
Containment; Laboratories; Warfare
20090021637 NMI Van Swinden Lab., Delft, Netherlands

Accurate Delay Calibration for Two-Way Time Transfer Earth Stations
de Jong, Gerrit; Nov 1989; 10 pp.; In English
The most accurate clocks are using cesium beam frequency standards as their source of accuracy. The atomic time scale
TAI is built from the SI seconds after adopting the definition of its origin. As a practical time scale close to the astronomic
time, UTC has been introduced, which is equal to TAI, but kept in close agreement with universal time, by additional or
subtraction of leap seconds. UTC and TAI are computed by the BIPM from the time comparison data of laboratory and
commercial cesium clocks. The accuracy of comparing clocks all over the world has been: improved significantly by the use
of the GPS common view method. This one way method is capable of precision around 8 ns and accuracies of about 30 ns
if not deteriorated by Selective Availability measures. A further improvement can be realized by using two-way methods, as
demonstrated in several experiments using groundstations at each clock site capable of reception and transmission. This paper
addresses the calibration of the groundstations to achieve high accuracy in such two way time comparisons.
DTIC
Accuracy; Calibrating; Clocks; Frequency Standards; Ground Stations

Specification of Atomic Frequency Standards for Military and Space Applications
White, J; Danny, F; Powers, E; Nov 1989; 8 pp.; In English
This paper provides a detailed review of a typical specification for a cesium clock to be used in an orbiting satellite. Area
of the specifications to be discussed include the use of military standards and other government documents as references,
performance criteria, electrical and mechanical interface details, parts selection, quality assurance standards, and reliability
108
requirements. The relationship between the specifications, the statement of work, and test procedures will also be discussed.
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; Frequency Standards; Military Technology; Technology Utilization
20090021641 National Data Buoy Center, Bay Saint Louis, MS USA
The Use and Testing of Compasses and Magnetometers at the National Data Buoy Center
Michelena, Eduardo D; Moore, Regina L; Sep 2003; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The buoys deployed by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) measure many environmental variables, both
oceanographical and meteorological. Three of these measurements in particular-atmospheric winds, ocean currents, and
surface water waves-require that a horizontal direction reference be used. Although there are several types of instruments and
methods that can provide this direction reference, NDBC has found compasses and magnetometers to be the best choice for
the application. The characteristics of the Earths magnetic field at the location where a buoy is deployed are usually well
known. For most of the cases, a computer model of the Earths magnetic-field vector produces its magnitude values in the
three-dimensional directions (components) at the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the buoy station. At other
times a direct in-situ measurement of the Earths magnetic-field vector is obtained. A magnetic compass or a triaxial
magnetometer (and sometimes both) installed on the buoy provides the values of the magnetic heading of the buoys hull and
superstructure. This is the direction reference that the buoys other instrumentation needs in order to provide the angular
orientation relative to Earth for the other measured variables. The propeller-vane anemometers deployed by NDBC measure
wind direction relative to the buoys hull. The magnetic heading of the hull, as determined by a magnetic compass, and
appropriate calculations by the buoys data processor permit reporting wind direction values referenced to Magnetic North.
When the local magnetic variation is known, one further calculation relates wind direction to Geographic North. Similarly, the
sensors that measure water currents and surface-water waves need the buoy-hull magnetic heading values for referencing their
measurements to an Earth-fixed angular orientation. In the case of sea surface waves, a magnetometer is used to measure the
buoys pitch and roll motion as well as buoy azimuth.
DTIC
Buoys; Compasses; Magnetometers
Characterization, Optimum Estimation, and Time Prediction of Precision Clocks
Allan, David W; Dec 1985; 25 pp.; In English
What then, asked St. Augustine, is time? If no one asks me, I know what it is. If I wish to explain it to him who asks
me, I do not know. We have learned a few things since St. Augustine, Einstein has taught us a lot. But still there are a lot
of unanswered questions. In particular, how do you measure time? It intrigues me that we never measure time; we measure
time differences, i.e. the time difference between two clocks. I know of no way to measure the time of a clock. I can measure
the time of an event with references to a particular clock. Another intriguing question is, if time cannot be measured, is it
physical or is it an artifact? We conceptualize some of the laws of physics with time as the independent variable. We attempt
to approximate our conceptualized ideal time by inverting these laws so that time is the dependent variable. The fact is that
time, as we now generate it, is dependent upon defined origins, a defined resonance in the cesium atom, interrogating
electronics, induced biases, and random perturbations from the ideal. Hence, at a significant level, time -- as man generates
it by the best means available to him -- is an artifact. Corollaries to this are that every clock disagree with every other clock
essentially always, and no clock keeps ideal or true time except as we may choose to define it. Frequency or time interval,
on the other hand, is fundamental to nature; hence, the definition of the second can approach the ideal. Noise in nature is also
fundamental. Characterizing the random variations of a clock opens the door to optimum estimation of environmental
influences and to the design of optimum combining algorithms.
DTIC
Characterization; Clocks; Precision; Time Measurement
20090021661 Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, CA USA
Various Uses of the GPS Operational Control System (OCS) Tracking Data
Jorgensen, Paul S; Dec 1986; 15 pp.; In English
The GPS Operational Control System (OCS) has five monitor stations located world-wide. These stations continuously
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track all satellites in view, and this raw tracking data is transmitted to the master control station at the Consolidated Space
Operations Center (CSOC) for further real time processing. The data is stored on tape and is available for post processing as
well. This paper discusses a variety of ways the tracking data can be analyzed to obtain useful information regarding Navstar
satellite performance as well as the performance of the OCS itself, Satellite tracking by the monitor stations is quite complete,
with continuous tracking of the P-code modulation of both the L1 and L2 carrier frequencies, as well as continuous phase
tracking of the carriers themselves. This allows for post processing in a variety of ways depending on the physical affect the
analyst is trying to unravel. Carrier tracking is very precise with the tracking noises down in the region of a few millimeters.
This low noise characteristic makes it possible to separate out the short term stability of the satellites atomic frequency
standard. Over the past years this has proven to be a most valuable use of the tracking data. Another use of the tracking data
is to study the characteristics of the ionosphere at the monitor station. From both pseudo range (PR) and accumulated delta
range (ADR) at both carrier frequencies, the fine grain structure of the total electron count (TEC) as the satellite passes over
the monitor station can be obtained. The code tracking noise in making the PR measurements can be studied in some detail.
One recent new approach to these studies allows us to separate multipath effects at the monitor stations from other noise
sources. The OCS combines all the tracking data over 15 minutes to obtain a single vlaue of pseudo range. To accomplish this
it uses a technique called ionospherically corrected, ADR smoothed pseudo range.
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; Global Positioning System; Satellite Tracking
20090021662 Princeton Univ., NJ USA
Millisecond Pulsar Rivals Best Atomic Clock Stability
Rawley, Lloyd; Stinebring, Dan; Taylor, Joe; Davis, Mike; Allan, David W; Dec 1986; 15 pp.; In English
The measurement time residuals between the millisecond pulsar PSR 1937+21 and the reference atomic time scale
UTC(NBS) have been significantly reduced. Analysis of data for the most recent 768 day period indicates a fractional
frequency stability, (modified Allan variance) of 3 x 10(exp-l6) for an integration time of 240 days. The improved stability
relative to the earlier analysis is a result of three significant improvements. First, an upgraded data acquisition system was
installed at Arecibo Observatory, substantially reducing several kinds of systematic measurement errors, Second, the Loran-C
link to the Arecibo Observatory clock was replaced by a GPS common-view link, effectively removing the link noise from
consideration. Third, the measurements were made in two widely separated frequency bands. And fourth, the reference atomic
clock was improved. Using the information from these measurements allowed us to partially account for dispersion caused
by free electrons along the 12,000 to 15,000 light year path from the pulsar to the earth. With data taken every two weeks,
the final residuals are nominally characterized by a white phase noise at a level of 243 ns. The total interstellar electron content
was found to follow a random walk by up to 12ppm over the 768 days.
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; Free Electrons; Global Positioning System; Pulsars; Stability
20090021672 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC USA
Defense Acquisitions. Measuring the Value of DODs Weapon Programs Requires Starting with Realistic Baselines
Sullivan, Michael J; Andrew, Cheryl; Bowman, Ridge; Fairbairn, Bruce; Neill, Susan; Oppenheim, John; Schwenn, Ron; Apr
1, 2009; 23 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497995; GAO-09-543T; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
We have conducted a body of work that examines weapon acquisition issues from a perspective that draws upon lessons
learned from best practices in product development. Collectively, these practices comprise a process that is anchored in
knowledge. Achieving the right knowledge at the right time enables leadership to make informed decisions about when and
how best to move into various expensive acquisition phases. In essence, knowledge supplants risk over time. This building
of knowledge consists of gathering information about technology, design, and manufacturing at three critical points over the
course of a weapon system program (Figure 1). We have developed valuable knowledge metrics that measure this knowledge
build and allow us to identify potential problems that could lead to cost, schedule, or performance shortfalls and their likely
causes. The metrics can be described as Knowledge Metrics Identify Potential Problems and Their Likely Causes Knowledge
Point 1, evidenced by the balance between a products required capabilities and the resources available to meet them. Focus
should be on understanding technological and design implications and achieving a high level of technology maturity at the
start of system development. This means that the critical technologies needed to meet essential product requirements must be
demonstrated to work in theirs intended environment. The technology readiness level for each critical technology is the metric
we use to measure technology maturity. Knowledge point 2, evidenced by the development of engineering prototypes and the
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completion of engineering drawings for an integrated product at the system design review. This metric provides tangible
evidence that the products design is stable, meaning it has a high probability of meeting customer requirements, as well as
cost, schedule, and reliability targets.
DTIC
Engineering Drawings; Measurement; Production Management; Weapon Systems
20090021676 National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada

On the Accuracy of Cs Beam Primary Frequency Standards
Boulanger, J -S; Douglas, R J; Vanier, J; Mungall, A G; Li, Y S; Jacques, C; Nov 1984; 23 pp.; In English
Two effects which influence the accuracy of cesium beam primary frequency standards are examined: (A) second order
Doppler shift, and (B) apparent frequency shift upon reversal of the static C-field (~60 mGauss) in which the hyperfine
transitions occur. (A) A new technique for evaluating the velocity distribution of the Cs beam is presented. Using this method,
the second order Doppler shift ((delta f)/f) approx. equal 4 x 10(exp -13) for our primary standards) can be evaluated to an
uncertainty of (delta f)/f approx. equal 10(exp -15), an improvement on our previous uncertainty of 2 x 10(exp -14). (B)
Progress in understanding the origins of the frequency shift of our primary standards as the static C-field is reversed in
direction is reported. This effect has been eliminated in our evaluations of CsV, but not for the CsVIs. Application of these
methods in evaluating NRC clocks gives no frequency shift outside previously published error budgets.
DTIC
Accuracy; Atomic Clocks; Cesium; Frequency Standards; Velocity Distribution
20090021799 Air Force Human Resources Lab., Brooks AFB, TX USA

Trends in Air Force Simulation: An Address to the Conference on Air Force Training for the 80s
Needham, Richard C; Edwards, Bernell; Apr 1980; 10 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-1123
The conference on Air Force Training for the 80s presented information on the impact of the all-volunteer force on
changing concepts in Air Force training, on developments in Air Force simulation, and Air Force and industry views on
contracting of training. This article is from the perspective of the Chief of the Operations Training Division of the Air Force
Human Resources Laboratory at Williams AFB AZ.
DTIC
Armed Forces (United States); Conferences; Education; Military Personnel; Simulators; Trends
20090021806 National Inst. of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO USA

Satellite Two-Way Time Transfer: Fundamentals and Recent Progress
Howe, D A; Hanson, D W; Jesperson, J L; Lombardi, M A; Nov 1989; 14 pp.; In English
Experiments in precise clock comparisons using the two-way time transfer technique via satellite began in 1962.
Experience gained from a variety of experiments since that time steadily improved the precision and accuracy of such
comparisons. Recent growth in the fixed satellite service, or FSS, has created new opportunities at moderate costs for
high-accuracy time transfers using geostationary satellites. We discuss fundamental aspects of two-way timing and show an
implementation of a satellite two-way time transfer system which has been used for two-years between USNO, Washington,
D.C. and NIST, Boulder, CO. The raw data collection procedure will be discussed. We also outline the rationale for the choice
of satellite uplink/downlink frequencies, signal structure, and reduction of data. Short-term noise in the time transfer limits the
precision to about 300 ps in a 300 s average. Uncertainty in accuracy is due to uncertainty in the non-reciprocity of the
two-way signal path. Accuracy limits due to the atmosphere, earth-satellite rotating system (Sagnac effect), and the equipment
are discussed. The goal is to achieve an accuracy level of 1 ns after a suitable calibration of earth-station (differential)
equipment delays.
DTIC
Artificial Satellites; Clocks
111
20090021841 Naval Air Systems Command, Hanscom AFB, MA USA

Tactical Tomahawk Weapon System Developmental/Operational Testing: Testing a System of Systems
Mayer, Jeffrey S; Dec 13, 2005; 23 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Tomahawk Weapons System has been using modeling and simulation (M&S) for development, test and sustainment
since the programs inception. The Tomahawk Weapons. The Tomahawk program has been practicing M&S management and
verification, validation, and accreditation (VV&A) since 1983. Among the lessons learned from this program, M&S must be
used to adequately develop, test and sustain large scale complex systems. All interfaces, external and internal must be well
documented and under configuration management. Dont assume that legacy performance is as advertised or documented characterized, model & simulated. Tomahawk continues to pioneer the use of M&S in large scale systems of systems testing.
DTIC
Computerized Simulation; Evaluation; Missile Configurations; Missiles; Models; System Effectiveness; Systems Engineering;
Weapon Systems
20090021851 Program Manager for Future Combat Systems, Warren, MI USA
M&S In a Networked Battlespace Requirements for FCS: Maturing Models and Simulations
Lowe, Paul; Dec 12, 2006; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Integration/Test Lab infrastructure provides an environment for (1) integration of aggregations of M&S and (2)
execution of simulation-based Experiments and Tests that generate data for post-test analysis, leading to increased confidence
in the maturing functionality and fidelity of the FCS M&S. The detailed FCS models and simulations will evolve over time
as they are matured through four IPs of iterative (incremental, spiral) system development, demonstration, risk management,
and User feedback.
DTIC
Combat; Growth; Models; Simulation
20090021873 Anthrotech, Yellow Springs, OH USA
Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) II Pilot Study: Methods and Summary Statistics
Paquette, Steve; Gordon, Claire; Bradtmiller, Bruce; Apr 2009; 96 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W911QY-06-C-0061; Proj-AH98
Virtually every Army materiel system in use was designed and/or sized using a database of anthropometric information
that is 20 years old. It was based on the Army Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR), which was conducted in 1988 on only Active
Duty Soldiers. However, more than one-half of todays fighting forces are National Guard and Reserve component troops. A
pilot study (ANSUR II) was recently undertaken to (1) assess anthropometric change since 1988 within the Active Army; (2)
to assess anthropometric differences among Army Active, Reserve, and National Guard components; and (3) to provide
guidance on whether a further, more comprehensive survey and an update of the current ANSUR database are needed. This
report provides measurement methods and summary statistics for 25 body measurements made on 2811 male and 651 female
soldiers in the pilot study. The anthropometric change since 1988 and tests of component differences are presented in a
separate technical report. The subjects were weighted by component, sex, age, and racial/ethnic group to match Total Army
demographics as of March 2007 in order to provide interim design guidance on Total Army body size distributions as of March
2007.
DTIC
Anthropometry; Military Personnel; Surveys
Precise Time Dissemination via Portable Atomic Clocks
Putkovich, Kenneth; Dec 1981; 35 pp.; In English
The most precise operational method of time dissemination over long distances presently available to the Precise Time
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and Time Interval (PTTI) community of users is by means of portable atomic clocks. The many attempts that have been made
in the past to devise operational systems for submicrosecond time dissemination to supplant portable clocks largely have been
unsuccessful. Many excellent techniques have been developed which are capable of the required precision. In some cases, the
cost and burden of utilizing these techniques in a world-wide, operational time dissemination network have proved to be far
greater than the portable clock costs. In other cases, however, the managers of systems capable of being economically utilized
for PTTI dissemination have been reluctant and, in some cases, adamantly opposed to even considering use of their systems
for PTTI. In no case have the proposals for a system or a system modification solely for PTTI dissemination been seriously
considered. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the latest system showing promise of replacing portable clocks for global
PTTI dissemination. Although GPS has the technical capability of providing superior world-wide dissemination, the question
of present cost and future accessibility may require a continued reliance on portable clocks for a number of years. For these
reasons it was felt that a discussion of portable clock operations as they are carried out today would be of some value. This
paper describes the portable clock system that has been utilized by the U.S. Naval Observatory (NAVOBSY) in the global
synchronization of clocks over the past 17 years, explains the concepts on which it is based and examines some of its
capabilities and limitations.
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; Time Measurement; Global Positioning System
32
COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
Includes radar; radio, wire, and optical communications; land and global communications; communications theory. For related
information see also 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation; and 17 Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications,
Command and Tracking; for search and rescue, see 03 Air Transportation and Safety; and 16 Space Transportation and Safety.
20090021281 Federal Communications Commission, Washington, DC, USA

Unlicensed and Unshackled: A Joint OSP-OET White Paper on Unlicensed Devices and Their Regulatory Issues. OSP
Working Paper No. 39
Carter, K. R.; Lahjouji, A.; McNeil, N.; May 2003; 67 pp.; In English
In this paper, we present a survey of the origins of unlicensed wireless devices, their governing regulation, the current
technological state of the art, an overview of the market with information from publicly available sources, and an analysis of
the potential regulatory issues. Unlicensed wireless devices are permitted to emit radio frequency energy, without specific
authorization, registration, or grant of a license. Today, millions of unlicensed devices are already in operation in a multitude
of important uses for industry, medicine, government, national defense, and in the homes. The market for unlicensed wireless
communications devices is experiencing unprecedented growth into a multi-billion dollar industry quite striking in light of the
severe downturn in the U.S. telecommunications and technology sectors. Unlicensed devices advance the public interest,
necessity, and convenience for the American people by enabling applications not possible with wires or that do not require
the acquisition of spectrum rights through the licensing process. However, without a forward-looking approach to policy
reform addressing the fundamental problem of interference and maintaining these low entry barriers to spectrum, much of the
benefit and promise of unlicensed devices may be delayed, or unrealized. We conclude that the effective policy reform includes
enabling more unlicensed spectrum and promulgating rules to encourage technological and market-based solutions to optimize
efficient use and sharing of spectrum.
NTIS
Wireless Communication; Radio Frequencies
20090021293 Broadcasting Board of Governors, Washington, DC, USA
Broadcasting Board of Governors Budget Request, Fiscal Year 2010
The Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) broadcast services have been reaching out to audiences worldwide for over
60 years, promoting freedom and democracy and enhancing understanding through multi-media communication of accurate,
objective, and balanced news, information, and other programming about America and the world. U.S. international
broadcasting is vital to national interests as a platform for direct communication and dialogue worldwide, with significant
audiences in strategically critical areas including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, and Iran. BBG radio, television, and Internet
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programs reach over 175 million people each week in 60 languages, with a depth of understanding of these audiences
unmatched in the federal government.
NTIS
Broadcasting; International Cooperation; Security; Speed Regulators
20090021298 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Technische Univ., Twente,
Netherlands
Packet Models Revisited: Tandem and Priority Systems
Mandjes, M. R. H.; Jun. 01, 2004; 24 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-110461; PNA-E0405; Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
We examine two extensions of traditional single-node packet-scale queueing models: tandem networks and (strict) priority
systems. Two generic input processes are considered: periodic and Poisson arrivals. For the two-node tandem, an exact
expression is derived for the joint distribution of the total queue length, and the queue length of the first queue, implicitly
determining the distribution of the second queue. Similarly we derive the distribution of the low-priority queue in a two-class
priority system. We also provide explicit approximations based on the Brownian bridge.
NTIS
Priorities; Networks; Brownian Movements
20090021300 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; TNO Telecom, Delft, Netherlands;
Technische Univ., Twente, Netherlands
QoS-Aware Bandwidth Provisioning for IP Network Links (Revised)
Van den Berg, J. L.; Mandjes, M. R. H.; Van de Meent, R.; Pras, A.; Roijers, F.; Aug. 16, 2004; 28 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-110463; PNA-E0406A; Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Bandwidth provisioning is generally envisaged as a viable way to support QoS in IP networks. To guarantee at the same
time cost-efficient use of resources, the crucial question is: what is the minimal bandwidth provisioning required to ensure the
QoS level agreed upon (for instance: the probability that the traffic supply exceeds the available bandwidth, over some
predefined interval T, is below some small fixed number epsilon). This paper deals with this dimensioning problem, with as
crucial novelty that the resulting guidelines are based on coarse traffic measurements. Our approach relies on a powerful
interpolation formula that predicts QoS on relatively short time scales (say the order of 1 s), by just using large time-scale
measurements (say in the order of 5 m, as in the case of the standard MRTG measurements). As a result, we find that,
measuring a load rho (in Mbit/s), the required bandwidth (to meet the QoS criterion) has the form rho +alpha sqrt(rho), where
alpha depends on T and epsilon - this expression is derived under minimal model assumptions.
NTIS
Bandwidth; Computer Networks; Provisioning
20090021303 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill,
NJ, USA; Technische Univ., Twente, Netherlands
Pricing Strategies Under Heterogeneous Service Requirements
Mandjes, M. R. H.; Jun. 2004; 36 pp.; In English
This paper analyzes a communication network, used by customers with heterogeneous service requirements. We
investigate priority queueing as a way to establish service differentiation. It is assumed that there is an infinite population of
customers, who join the network as long as their utility (which is a function of the queueing delay) is larger than the price
of the service. We focus on the specific situation with two types of users: one type is delay-sensitive (voice), whereas the
other is delay-tolerant (data); these preferences are reflected in their utility curves. Two models are considered: in the first
the network determines the priority class of the users, whereas the second model leaves this choice to the users. For both
models we determine the prices that maximize the providers profit. Importantly, these situations do not coincide. Our analysis
uses elements from queueing theory, but also from microeconomics and game theory (e.g., the concept of a Nash equilibrium).
We conclude the paper by considering a model in which throughput (rather than delay) is the main performance measure.
NTIS
Communication Networks; Heterogeneity
114

Internet Over Cable: Defining the Future in Terms of the Past
Esbin, B.; Aug. 1998; 129 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-110214; FCC/OPP/WP-30; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A07, Hardcopy
The Internet poses significant challenges for government policy makers and regulators. Difficult legal and policy issues
arise from the fact that Internet-based services do not fit easily into the longstanding classifications for communications
services under federal law or FCC regulations. Against these underlying category difficulties, the Telecommunications Act of
1996 (the 1996 Act) radically restructured the regulatory landscape for the provision of local telephone communications
services, attaching significant new consequences to statutory definitions derived from the technologies of the past. While the
Internet arguably represents one form of technological and service convergence, the pro-competitive, de-regulatory program
of the 1996 Act depends upon the viability of distinct regulatory categories for services, facilities, and service providers to
establish the rights and obligations of carriers as competition is introduced to formerly monopoly-based markets. Integrated
digital service offerings, such as those provided over the Internet, present fundamental problems to a regulatory framework
dependent upon technological distinctions reflecting delivery of analog communications services.
NTIS
Internets; Regulators; Regulations
20090021422 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA
Simulation-Based Analysis and Evaluation of Tactical Multi-Hop Radio Networks
Smith, Howard D; Mar 2009; 125 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
For many years, the technologies involved in the newest generations of tactical communication equipment have increased
the reliability and security of tactical voice communications from the highest to the lowest levels of combat command.
However, the complexities inherent to wireless data networks have prevented the reach of valuable data links from extending
efficiently and reliably to the lowest levels of tactical command. This thesis attempts to quantify the performance of tactical
data networks using existing technologies and currently deployed mobile wireless networking devices by analyzing the results
of network simulations involving currently deployed devices. By quantifying these performance metrics and comparing them
to previously collected simulation results involving experimental technologies, we hope to provide a mode of comparison that
will accurately reflect the degree to which newer mobile wireless networking devices will benefit our operational forces.
DTIC
Simulation; Telecommunication
Modeling and Interpretation of Beamforming Gain and Diversity Gain for Underwater Acoustic Communications
Yang, T C; Sep 2006; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Output signal-to-noise ratios for a multichannel decision feedback equalizer were measured from experimental BPSK data
as a function of the receiver spacing, number of receivers used, and array aperture and reported in a paper in OCEANS 2005
by the author. This paper discusses the theory and reports numerical modeling results to compare with the data.
DTIC
Acoustics; Beamforming; Communication; Sound Transmission; Underwater Acoustics; Underwater Communication
20090021492 Naval Air Systems Command (PMA-234), Patuxent River, MD USA
Effects of Multiple Scattering on the Implementation of an Underwater Wireless Optical Communications Link
Cochenour, Brandon; Mullen, Linda; Laux, Alan; Curran, Tom; Sep 2006; 7 pp.; In English
Recent interest in ocean exploration has brought about a desire for developing wireless communication techniques in this
challenging environment. Due to its high attenuation in water, a radio frequency (RF) carrier is not the optimum choice.
Acoustic techniques have made tremendous progress in establishing wireless underwater links, but they are ultimately limited
in bandwidth. A third option is optical radiation, which is discussed in this paper. One drawback of underwater wireless optical
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communications is that the transmission of the optical carrier is highly dependent on water type. This study examines some
of the challenges in implementing an optical link in turbid water environments and attempts to answer how water clarity affects
the overall link.
DTIC
Communication Networks; Data Links; Optical Communication; Scattering; Underwater Communication; Wireless
Communication
20090021528 Army War Coll., Carlisle Barracks, PA USA
National Guard Maneuver Enhancement Brigades Role in Domestic Missions
Lamberton, Haldane B; Mar 24, 2009; 34 pp.; In English
The Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB) is one of the more unusual organizations to come out of the Army Modular
Force. It has very few organic elements but is capable of providing command and control (C2) for an array of subordinate
units. MEBs C2 capacity exceeds that of any other brigade headquarters. The MEBs are uniquely designed for both a
warfighting and operational support role. MEBs elaborate multiple capabilities are a microcosmic parallel with the National
Guards dual roles. The National Guard is organized to carry out dual missions, state and federal. The Guard prepares to serve
in both an operations environment and in its local role in support of state missions, mostly in disaster and humanitarian relief
operations. The MEBs design is well-suited to support both state and federal National Guard missions.
DTIC
Armed Forces (United States); Augmentation; Command and Control; Emergencies; Management Methods; Organizations;
Security
20090021536 Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI USA
Experimental Investigation of Acousto-Optic Communications
Antonelli, Lynn; Blackmon, Fletcher; Sep 1, 2003; 10 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Covert communications between underwater and aerial platforms would increase the flexibility of surface and air vehicles
engaged in undersea warfare by providing a new netcentric warfare communication capability and could have a variety of
commercial and oceanographic applications. Research into an acousto-optic sensor shows promise as a means for detecting
acoustic data projected towards the water surface from a submerged platform. The laser-based sensor probes the water surface
to detect interface vibrations caused by an impinging acoustic pressure field. A number of experimental and simulation studies
were conducted to demonstrate acousto-optic sensor feasibility for obtaining robust recordings of acoustic communication
signals across the air-water interface. The recorded surface velocity signals were transferred to an acoustic communication
receiver that employs conventional acoustic telemetry algorithms such as adaptive equalization and Viterbi convolutional
decoding to decode the signal. The detected, equalized, and decoded bit error rate performance is presented for hydrostatic,
more realistic hydrodynamic water surface conditions, and hydrodynamic surface conditions while employing a surface
normal tracking unit that is designed to mitigate degradation in communication performance as a result of optical signal
dropout.
DTIC
Acoustics; Acousto-Optics; Communication; Sound Transmission
20090021658 Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, CA USA
Operator Access to Acoustically Networked Undersea Systems through the Seaweb Server
Fletcher, C L; Rice, J A; Creber, R K; Sep 1, 2003; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Seaweb server is a suite of software applications for managing the network-layer operations of underwater networks
employing acoustic modems [Fletcher, et al., Proc. Oceans 2001]. It resides at manned command centers (ashore, afloat,
submerged, aloft, or afar) and handles application-layer telemetry with mobile and stationary underwater nodes. The server
communicates with the undersea network through gateway nodes, such as moored buoys, surface vehicles, or submarine
sonars.
DTIC
Acoustics; Communication; Communication Networks; Sound Transmission
116

Remote, Aerial, Trans-Layer, Linear and Non-Linear Downlink Underwater Acoustic Communication
Blackmon, Fletcher; Antonelli, Lynn; Sep 2006; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Abstract-Both the linear mechanism for optical to acoustic energy conversion are explored for opto-acoustic
communication from an in-air platform to a submerged vessel such as a submarine or unmanned undersea vehicle. This
downlink communication can take the form of a bell ringer function for submerged platforms or for the transmission of text
and/or data. The linear conversion mechanism, also known as the linear opto-acoustic regime where laser energy is converted
to sound at the air-water interface, involves only the heating of the water medium. In this mode of operation, the acoustic
pressure is also linearly proportional to the laser power. In contrast, the non-linear conversion mechanism, also known as the
non-linear optoacoustic regime where focused laser energy is converted to sound at the air-water interface, involves a phase
change of the water medium through evaporation and vaporization which leads to the production of a plasma. In this mode
of operation, the acoustic pressure is non-linearly related to the laser power. The non-linear conversion mechanism provides
a more efficient, i.e. higher source level, yet less controllable method for producing underwater acoustic signals as compared
to the linear mechanism.
DTIC
Acoustics; Communication; Downlinking; Energy Conversion; Nonlinearity; Sound Transmission; Underwater Acoustics;
Underwater Communication
An Appraisal of the Command and Control System at the National Level
Fazakerley, Richard G; Apr 8, 1966; 87 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497988; AWC-66-4-131-U; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The USA emerged from World War II in a position of undisputed leadership in the free world. At the same time, the USSR,
as the proponent of world communism, was rapidly closing the gap existing between that country and the USA in the
development of nuclear weapons and missiles. The influence of these factors as a new dimension of the risks of general war
was soon demonstrated by the controlled and limited manner in which the Korean War was conducted. It is this emphasis on
limitation or control, occasioned by the introduction of mass destruction weapons, that this paper is concerned with. The
purpose of this paper is to analyze the national command and control system as it exists today and to develop recommendations
for strengthening the system in the future. The approach of the paper will be to investigate the operational environment of
command and control at the national level and to postulate, based on U.S. experience in crisis management in the past, the
rationale of high-level decision making, and to evaluate the command and control resources of the Defense Department and
other appropriate agencies of government. After analyzing the need and available resources, a delineation of command and
control requirements will be developed for various categories of war contingencies. The current Department of Defense field
command and control network and supporting communications also will be discussed, particularly as they pertain to the
authors appraisal of the prevailing operational situation. The paper will conclude with suggested actions and organizational
and management changes aimed at improving the interagency aspects of command and control, and providing for the
development of compatible command and control systems within the Department of Defense.
DTIC
Command and Control; United States; Warfare
Effectiveness of Command and Control Relationships in Logistics Transformation
Gibson, Charles C; Mar 13, 2009; 30 pp.; In English
Under the Army of Excellence (AOE) structure, the logistics organizations Main Support Battalions (MSBs) and Forward
Support Battalions (FSBs) were assigned to the Division Support Command (DISCOM), commanded by a logistics Colonel.
FSBs were either attached or assigned to their supported maneuver brigades during tactical operations or remained assigned
to the DISCOM with a direct support relationship to their maneuver brigades. This Command and Control (C2) arrangement
allowed the DISCOM to direct logistics operations across the division. Under modularity, Brigade Support Battalions (BSB)
are assigned to their supported maneuver Brigade Combat Teams (BCT) and are missioned by their commanders, a logistics
Lieutenant Colonel (the senior logistics officer in the BCT). Currently, Sustainment Brigades, commanded by a logistics
Colonel, are assigned to the Theater Support Command and have no directive authority for logistics since they are not assigned
to divisions and dont C2 BSBs. I intend to examine the process of the new sustainment models in order to judge the adequacy
117
of support and effectiveness of the C2 relationships of the divisions brigade support battalions and the sustainment brigade
under the modular concept.
DTIC
Command and Control; Logistics; Military Operations; Organizations
20090021791 Army Communications-Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, NJ USA

Wireless Network Cocast: Location-Aware Cooperative Communications with Linear Network Coding
Lai, Hung-Quoc; Ibrahim, Ahmed S; Ray Liu, K J; Jan 2009; 29 pp.; In English
In wireless networks, reducing aggregate transmit power and in many cases, having even power distribution increase the
network lifetime. Conventional direct transmission (DTX) scheme results in high aggregate transmit power and uneven power
distribution. In this paper, we consider location-aware cooperation-based schemes namely immediate-neighbor cooperation
(INC), maximal cooperation (MAX), and wireless network cocast (WNC) that achieve spatial diversity to reduce aggregate
transmit power and even power distribution. INC utilizes two-user cooperative communication, resulting in good reduction
of aggregate transmit power and low transmission delay; however, power distribution is still uneven. MAX utilizes multi-node
cooperative communication, providing incremental diversity to achieve even power distribution and substantial reduction in
aggregate transmit power. Transmission delay in MAX, however, grows quadratically with network sizes. As a result, the
novel WNC is proposed to achieve incremental diversity as in MAX and low transmission delay as in INC. In WNC, mobile
units acting as relays form unique linearly-coded signals from overheard signals and transmit them to the destination, where
a multiuser detector jointly detects the symbols from all received signals. Performance evaluation in uniformly distributed
networks shows that INC, MAX, and WNC substantially reduce aggregate transmit power while MAX and WNC also provide
even power distribution.
DTIC
Coding; Communication Networks; Position (Location)
20090021828 South Carolina State Guard, Columbia, SC USA

Communication Systems for Emergency Operations
Price, Kenneth; Jan 2006; 4 pp.; In English
In the South Carolina State Guard (SCSG), we have a Division Communications Section, and each Brigade has a
Communications Section. Division operates a communications bus with 800 MHz radios primarily designed for interface with
statewide Public Service communications. At First Brigade, we decided to concentrate our efforts on a more localized theater
of operations, but expandable when required to cover state-wide and even world-wide communications. Modern radio
communications systems, including cellular telephones, depend on a complex system of multiple radio towers with computer
control over the total system. A breakdown in any part of the systems risks the loss of the total system. These systems are also
extremely expensive, with each portable radio in the range of $1,000 and the central control station costing 100 times as much.
The 1st Brigade, SCSG, has begun planning for communications needs after an event that could involve the loss of any or
all of the systems currently used by Public Safety in the state. We are planning for a disaster at least as severe as Hurricane
Katrina, involving the loss of commercial electrical power, the loss of most, if not all, functioning radio systems, and
impassable roads. With no commercial power available, all radios would have to be battery operated, and use both
rechargeable and disposable batteries easily and cheaply available on the local market. These radios would also have to be easy
to operate, and the operators not required to have licenses. We selected radios operating in the GMRS (General Mobile Radio
Service) 450 MHz band, for which the FCC will issue a 5-year license covering six radios for $75. These radios provide
reliable communications up to 5 miles. Since longer range would also be required, the SCSG found a repeater that was man
portable and that extended the range of the hand-held radios up to 30 miles. They also formed an amateur radio club and
obtained an FCC license for very long-range communications.
DTIC
Command and Control; Communication Networks; Emergencies; Radio Equipment; Telecommunication
118

Commercial Eyes in Space: Implications for U.S. Military Operations in 2030
Bell, William S; Mar 2008; 43 pp.; In English
Commercial remote sensing from satellites provides tremendous information about objects on the Earths surface for a
variety of business, civil, and recreational needs. Using two case studies, this research paper investigates how commercial
satellite remote sensing capabilities in 2030 could impact U.S. military operations and analyzes what investments should be
made today to protect U.S. interests from adversaries using these capabilities. Interviews with multiple experts from the
commercial remote sensing community combined with research of open-source documentation provide unique insights into
possible futures. The research shows that by 2030, the commercial remote sensing industry will be able to provide dynamic
and vertically-integrated multi-source information in near-real-time. The implications for the U.S. military include a wealth
of information to supplement national intelligence collection as well as a need to develop capabilities to deny its use by
adversaries. To preserve information superiority in 2030, the U.S. must advocate international policies to prevent sales of
commercial information products and invest today in technology development efforts such as counter-communications,
synthetic aperture radar jamming and spoofing, computer network attack, and mobile laser technologies as part of a
comprehensive counter-ISR fielding program.
DTIC
Electronic Countermeasures; Jamming; Military Operations; Remote Sensors; Space Commercialization
20090021940 Air Force Systems Command, Los Angeles, CA USA
NASCOM GPS Program Status and Phase III GPS User Equipment
Nieuwejaar, W; Dec 1986; 15 pp.; In English
The Navstar Global Positioning System is now in the production and deployment phase or the so called phase III. This
paper will give an overview and current status of the three segments of the GPS system. It will present the User Equipment
(UE) with emphasis on their precise time dissemination capabilities , test plans for the UE time interfaces and delivery
schedules for User Equipment. Some applications of Precise Time and Time Interval(PTTI) in military operations will also
be discussed.
DTIC
Global Positioning System; Navigation Satellites; NASCOM Satellites; User Requirements
Developing an Operational Level Strategic Communication Model for Counterinsurgency
Anders, David P; Feb 24, 2009; 36 pp.; In English
Strategic communication should be operationalized in order to establish an offensive, proactive, approach to the
employment of this most essential asset in the counterinsurgency fight. The center of gravity for both the insurgent and
counterinsurgent at the operational and tactical level is the population. The first step to gaining the initiative from the insurgent
is to understand how they are communicating their messages to the people and what the effectiveness of that message is. With
that knowledge the counterinsurgent can then formulate a plan that will force the insurgent to react to the environmental and
information effects created by an offensive, proactive strategic communication strategy. In order to effectively accomplish this
model, strategic communication should be made a priority by making it a line of operation on equal footing with security,
governance, and development within the counterinsurgency spectrum. This will ensure continuous strategic, operational and
tactical leadership attention and input. The steps in developing this offensive model can be identified by answering the five
Ws (why, who, where, what, when), and most importantly the how of the counterinsurgent strategic communication
environment.
DTIC
Communicating; Strategy; Models
Public Diplomacy - Are We on the Right Path
Freeman III, Frank; Mar 24, 2009; 40 pp.; In English
Diplomacy is commonly understood as private communication between governments. Public diplomacy focuses on ways
119
in which a government communicates with and attempts to influence citizens in other societies. Effective public diplomacy
starts from the belief that healthy dialogue, rather than a hollow sales pitch, is key to achieving its foreign policy objectives.
This project has two goals - to examine the effectiveness of U.S. public diplomacy efforts since the terrorist attacks on 9-11
and where current efforts fall short to recommend some new approaches. First, this paper describes US public diplomacy
programs after 9-11 by identifying the major players and comparing how resources have been applied to various public
diplomacy programs. Second, the project outlines President Bushs public diplomacy efforts, during his administration, as they
relate to his National Security Strategy. Thirdly, the project evaluates US public diplomacy efforts since the terrorist attacks
of 9-11 by answering the following questions: Are current programs supporting U.S. national security strategy; is it resourced
properly; and is it working based on opinion polls and expert testimony. Finally, based on the findings in the evaluation
process, the project recommends new paths Americas strategic leaders can take to improve U.S. public diplomacy efforts.
DTIC
Governments; Communication
20090021972 Army Signal Center, Fort Gordon, GA USA
Army Communicator. Volume 29, Number 3, Fall 2004
Jan 2004; 65 pp.; In English
Army Communicator is an authorized, official quarterly professional bulletin of the U.S. Army Signal Center, Fort
Gordon, GA. Articles in this issue are on the following topics: network capabilities, signal support in infantry brigades,
interoperability between the USA and Republic of Korea forces, and highlights of a signal regiment symposium.
DTIC
Networks; Armed Forces (United States)
Telecommunications in Reconstruction and Stabilization: The Critical Link
June, Keith L; Forster, Scott; Mar 2009; 32 pp.; In English
To prevent future terrorist attacks, such as those which occurred on 9/11, the USA must be prepared to assist failed states
in reconstruction and stabilization. Since the end of the cold war, the USA has been involved in numerous reconstruction and
stabilization efforts. A critical, though often neglected, component of reconstruction and stabilization is telecommunications
or Information and Communications Technology (ICT). ICT has become a basic and essential service. Modern societies and
economies cannot function without ICT. ICT is vital to security, governance, economic development, and social stability. The
US experience in Iraq and Afghanistan demonstrate the need for a process and agency during post combat operations that has
responsibility for ICT. Key actions include, identifying ICT basic infrastructure, identifying key actions associated with ICT
as well as identifying agencies with responsibility for this area. Solutions should address both short-term and long-term
problems.
DTIC
Telecommunication; Identifying; Stability; Politics
High-Power Traveling-Wave Tube Space Qualified at Record Power Levels
Wilson, Jeffrey D.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 71; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains
The NASA Glenn Research Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and L-3 Communications Electron Technologies,
Inc., (L-3 ETI) are pushing the limits on efficiently transmitting more data to the ground for NASAs space exploration
missions. This year, L-3 ETI successfully completed building and space qualification testing of a 200-watt, high-efficiency
Ka-band traveling-wave tube (TWT) under a Glenn-managed contract. The completion of this milestone marks the highest
power Ka-band TWT ever space qualified. This TWT has been mated with an electronic power conditioner to produce a
space-qualified traveling-wave-tube amplifier (TWTA) under a JPL-managed program.
Derived from text
Telecommunication; Traveling Wave Tubes; Traveling Wave Amplifiers
120

Very High Frequency Antenna Developed for Sensor and Short-Range Communication Applications
Mueller, Carl H.; Nessel, James A.; Miranda, Felix A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 62-63; In English; See
Very high frequency (VHF) communication systems operate between 30 and 300 MHz. This frequency range is useful
for aerospace, naval, and ground applications that require robust, line-of-sight communication. Because VHF communication
systems are not impacted by topographic impediments as much as higher frequency systems are, VHF is promising for use
in lunar surface applications where ad hoc networks will be needed to create reliable links in a wide variety of challenging
environments. VHF antennas developed under this program are tailored for NASA applications. For most applications, the
antenna is mounted so as to minimize interactions with nearby metallic structures, since these interactions degrade antenna
performance. However, as the need for more closely networked communication and sensor systems grows, there is also a need
to develop VHF antennas that are electrically small and operate in close proximity to metallic structures. At the NASA Glenn
Research Center, we are developing microstrip patch antennas that can be mounted directly onto metallic structures. The basic
design consists of a rectangular patch that is one-quarter-wavelength long in the resonant direction. The antenna size is
minimized by filling the space between the upper and lower plates with a high dielectric constant (Sigma = 10) material. The
performance of one-quarter-wavelength patch antennas is modeled and experimentally measured.
Derived from text
Very High Frequencies; Microstrip Antennas; Patch Antennas; Communication Networks; Short Wave Radio Transmission
20090022101 Air Force Systems Command, Los Angeles, CA USA

Civil Access to the Precise Positioning Service of the NASCOM Global Positioning System
Ellett, Michael J; Dec 1986; 10 pp.; In English
US government policy is established and procedures are being formulated to direct the implementation of techniques
providing limited civil access to full GPS accuracy. The results of these efforts balance the conflicting needs of civil GPS
navigation and positroning against national security requirements. Granting this access will require sufficient and
demonstrable user need, must clearly provide for both national and security interests, and may lead to the imposition of a user
service charge. This access will only apply to Precise Positioning Service configured, code-tracking GPS receivers.
DTIC
Global Positioning System; NASCOM Satellites; Position Sensing; Positioning; Security
20090022106 Brooke Ocean Technology USA, New Bedford, MA USA

Tethered Antennas for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Race, Roger E; Piskura, Jacob C; Apr 27, 2009; 40 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-09-M-0038
The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program has funded the development of a system that will allow UUVs
to communicate through RF communication and collect GPS location while below the surface and travelling at speed. Under
this effort, Brooke Ocean Technology USA, Inc. (BOT USA) has conducted a Phase I study to develop, evaluate, and select
innovative concepts for a Towed Antenna System (TAS). Based on this study, a functional proof of concept tow body has been
built and tested. Both GPS and Wi-Fi were successfully demonstrated at sea while the system was under tow. An innovative
launch and recovery reeling system has been designed and the key elements of the system have been tested. Going beyond
the proof of concept, BOT USA has created a set of optimized design concepts for consideration in the final system. The work
conducted to date would significantly reduce the risks associated with building a functional TAS system in a Phase II program.
In addition, successful creation of a universal towed antenna would be of interest to the ever-growing world of commercial
UUVs in use today. BOT USA is in a unique position to capitalize on this large market opportunity.
DTIC
Antennas; Tethering; Underwater Communication; Underwater Vehicles
121
Distributed Antenna-Coupled TES for FIR Detectors Arrays
Day, Peter K.; Leduc, Henry G.; Dowell, C. Darren; Lee, Richard A.; Zmuidzinas, Jonas; June 22, 2007; 10 pp.; In English;
12th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors (LTD12), 22-27 Jul. 2009, Paris, France; Original contains black
and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
We describe a new architecture for a superconducting detector for the submillimeter and far-infrared. This detector uses
a distributed hot-electron transition edge sensor (TES) to collect the power from a focal-plane-filling slot antenna array. The
sensors lay directly across the slots of the antenna and match the antenna impedance of about 30 ohms. Each pixel contains
many sensors that are wired in parallel as a single distributed TES, which results in a low impedance that readily matches to
a multiplexed SQUID readout These detectors are inherently polarization sensitive, with very low cross-polarization response,
but can also be configured to sum both polarizations. The dual-polarization design can have a bandwidth of 50The use of
electron-phonon decoupling eliminates the need for micro-machining, making the focal plane much easier to fabricate than
with absorber-coupled, mechanically isolated pixels. We discuss applications of these detectors and a hybridization scheme
compatible with arrays of tens of thousands of pixels.
Author
Antenna Arrays; Superconductivity; Multiplexing; Slot Antennas; Impedance; Cross Polarization; Bandwidth; Submillimeter
Waves
33
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Includes development, performance, and maintainability of electrical/electronic devices and components; related test equipment; and
microelectronics and integrated circuitry. for related information see also 60 Computer Operations and Hardware; and 76 Solid-State
Physics. For communications equipment and devices see 32 Communications and Radar.
20090021221 Florida International Univ., Miami, FL, USA

Design Verification Testing (DVT) for the New Control Cabinet Unit
May 31, 2005; 28 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): FAA-04-G0012
The overall objective of this project was the development of a control cabinet unit (CCU) that would be implemented in
the future at U.S. airports by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). This work included design, analysis, and testing of the
control cabinet unit. The new control cabinet was designed by FIU-HCET and DME Corporation, using state-of-the-art
components in order to eliminate expensive components and support the new lighting and remote monitoring system (RMS)
requirements. These components include a micro controller with associated hardware and software support, solid-state relays
for power distribution, miscellaneous components for remote and local control, and vacuum florescent display. During the
research and development process, the mechanical design and electrical circuit design and analysis were performed by
FIU-HCET and DME Corporation team. After completion of the final mechanical and electrical design phase, DME
Corporation developed two prototype control cabinet units. A series of Design Verification Tests (DVT) were conducted on
the two prototype units. The DVT included electromagnetic interference testing (EMI), and Surge testing performed at
Rubicom Systems Inc. (RSI) in Melbourne, Florida and environmental testing performed at East West Technology (EWT) in
Jupiter, Florida and at Florida International University (FIU), in Miami, Florida. The DVT were conducted as per
MIL-STD-461E and MIL-STD-810F for Navy and Air Force applications. This report summarizes the results of the design
verification testing (DVT) of the CCU. Table 1 presents the summary of the DVT results.
NTIS
Control Equipment; Design Analysis; Proving; Runway Lights
20090021396 National Opinion Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Comparison of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) with Paper-and-Pencil (PAPI) Interviews in the
National Longitudinal Study of Youth. NLS Discussion Papers
Bradburn, N. M.; Frankel, M. R.; Baker, R. P.; Pergamit, M. R.; May 1991; 36 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109760; NLS 92-2; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
In discussions of mode effects, the survey methodology literature distinguishes three modes of data collection-face-to122
face, telephone and self-administers. There is an extensive literature on possible effects of collecting data by each of these
modes because they appear to differ in fundamental ways. What has been less noticed, however, is that there are variations
within each of these methods regarding whether or not they are computer-assisted; that is, whether the questionnaire is
represented in electronic or paper-and-pencil form. There is a paucity of literature on within-mode effects of using computers
to assist in the data collection process.
NTIS
Computer Techniques; Data Acquisition; Surveys; Youth
20090021414 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Universitat Jaume-I, Castello,
Spain
Mixture Formulae for Shot Noise Weighted Point Processes
Gregori, P.; Van Lieshout, M. N. M.; Mateu, J.; Sep. 02, 2003; 14 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): CWI-PNA4.3
Report No.(s): PB2009-107914; PNA-R0310; Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
We investigate the connections between shot noise weighted and bivariate Gibbs point processes. The plan of this paper
is as follows. In Section 2, we review pairwise interaction and shot noise weighted point processes and fix notation. Sections
3 and 4 present the main results on the marginal distributions of multi-type pairwise interaction and bivariate shot noise
weighted point processes, which are summarised in Section 5.
NTIS
Algorithms; Probability Theory; Shot Noise; Gibbs Equations
20090021426 Air Force Research Lab., Kirkland AFB, NM USA

Three Dimensional PIC Simulations of Novel Cathodes in the Michigan and AFRL Relativistic Magnetrons
Fleming, T P; Mardahl, P J; Bowers, L A; Cartwright, K L; May 2006; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Several novel shaped cathodes for a relativistic magnetron were modeled and optimized using a massively parallel
electromagnetic particle-in-cell code ICEPIC. The effect of using a shaped cathode to enhance key performance parameters
such as output power, power efficiency and impedance, was examined. In simulations we saw a dramatic increase in the range
of magnetic field in which the magnetron functions, an increase of output power, an increase in efficiency, an elimination of
mode competition, and immediate start up.
DTIC
Cathodes; Magnetrons; Simulation
20090021427 Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head, MD USA

A Technical Approach to Marking Explosives, Propellants, and Precursor Chemicals
Mayersak, Ryanne J; Aug 1998; 14 pp.; In English
Techniques for marking or tagging explosives, propellants, and precursor chemicals-chemicals which can be used to
manufacture explosives and propellants-are discussed. The history of taggant technology and the effectiveness of various
techniques are discussed. Several detection and identification taggant concepts are identified including electromagnetic
radiation, immunochemical assays, DNA, rare-earth elements, and isotopic labeling. Detection technologies for detecting
tagged and untagged explosives, propellants, and precursor chemicals pre-blast and post-blast are identified. Technical and
management issues associated with implementing a taggant program are reviewed. Potential stakeholder groups are
identified and their positions are discussed in terms of the present direction of taggant work. Projections of the deterrent effect
of taggants on the ability of terrorists to inflict their will through the use of lethal force are also postulated.
DTIC
Detection; Explosives; Marking; Propellants
123
20090021436 All-Union Research Inst. for Physical and Radiotechnical Measurements, Mendeleevo, Russian Federation
Airborne Comparisons of an Ultra-Stable Quartz Oscillator with a H-Maser as Another Possible Validation of General
Relativity
Grishaev, Andrei A; Dec 1999; 5 pp.; In English
According to general relativity, frequency gravitational shifts are the consequence of time retardation in the vicinity of
massive bodies. Time retardation must cause the same relative shifts of frequencies for oscillators of all types. According to
the quasi-Newtonian approach, frequency gravitational shifts are caused by changes parameters of oscillators: near a massive
body the effective mass of classical oscillators is increased, and the energy levels of quantum oscillators are lowered. Thus,
gravitational shifts in the cases of classical and quantum oscillators have different natures, and the shift predicted in the
classical case are half the shift in the quantum case, which in a linear approximation coincides with the prediction of general
relativity. Note that both general relativity and the quasi-Newtonian approach agree with the experiments performed so far:
gravitational effects are tiny, and they have only been observed with the help of precise quantum oscillators. But recently an
ultra-stable quartz; i.e., classical, oscillator became available. It would be of interest to compare a quartz oscillator with a
quantum frequency standard onboard a plane, searching for a variation of their frequency difference which is correlated with
a change in altitude. According to general relativity, the difference in their gravitational shifts should be equal zero. According
to the quasi-Newtonian approach, a 20-km change in altitude should cause an effect on the order of 1.1 x 1-(exp -12). It could
be detected by an ultra-stable quartz oscillator and by a transportable H-maser for averaging times of about 1O s with the
sampling time, i.e., the period of altitude change is several minutes long. An absence of difference in gravitational relative
shifts of frequencies of quartz and hydrogen standards could be treated as an additional argument in favor of time retardation
in the vicinity of massive bodies.
DTIC
Crystal Oscillators; Oscillators; Quartz; Relativity; Time Lag
Patterning and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes Grown in a Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor
Deposition Chamber
Kossler, Mauricio; Mar 2009; 127 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DACA99-99-C-9999
Report No.(s): AD-A497464; AFIT/GE/ENG/09-25; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This research studies the growth of carbon nanotubes from a nickel catalyst to be used on a field emission device. A triode
structure was created to be able to patterned the CNTs to improve the emission of electrons. Studies are performed on the
effects of hydrogen pretreatment on nickel catalyst of different thicknesses and deposition methods on a silicon substrate and
how it will affect the growth of carbon nanotubes using microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The treated
catalyst granule size and density was determined optically through scanning electron microscope images and atomic force
microscope measurements. It was discovered that sputtered catalyst needs a longer pretreatment than evaporated catalyst. As
expected, the pretreatment time must be increased as the catalyst thickness increases to get granule sizes and densities
favorable for carbon nanotube growth. We also established the size of the catalyst granules correlated to the diameter of the
multi walled CNTs grown. We determined the catalyst can be over treated causing catalyst conglomeration that result in poor
CNT growth. The CNTs diameter was determined optically through scanning electron microscope images.
DTIC
Carbon Nanotubes; Field Emission; Microwaves; Plasmas (Physics); Triodes; Vapor Deposition
20090021505 Laval Univ., Sainte-Foye, Quebec Canada
Frequency Stability of Maser Oscillators Operated with Enhanced Cavity Q
Tetu, Michel; Tremblay, Pierre; Lesage, Paul; Petit, Pierre; Audoin, Claude; Dec 1981; 19 pp.; In English
This paper presents an experimental study of the short term frequency stability of masers equipped with an external
feedback loop to increase the cavity quality factor. The frequency stability of a hydrogen and a rubidium maser are measured
and compared with theoretical evaluation. It is observed that the frequency stability passes through an optimum when the
124
cavity Q is varied. Long term fluctuations are discussed and the optimum mid-term frequency stability achievable by small
size active and passive H-masers is considered.
DTIC
Cavities; Frequency Stability; Masers; Oscillators
20090021535 Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, Australia
Identification of Text and Symbols on a Liquid Crystal Display Part III: The Effect of Ambient Light, Colour and Size
Fletcher, Kingsley; Sutherland, Stuart; Nugent, Karen; Grech, Michelle; Feb 2009; 36 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497715; DSTO-RR-0332; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This study aimed to identify the minimum font size that supports fast and accurate identification of text and symbols
displayed on an LCD under ambient lighting conditions similar to those in naval ships operations rooms. A series of letters,
numbers and combat symbols were displayed on an LCD for either 106 ms or 173 ms. Participants were asked to identify each
stimulus and the certainty of their decision. Letters and numbers were presented in white, red, green and cyan, and symbols
were either white or colour-coded. The stimulus heights subtended angles of between 8 minutes and 20 minutes. The study
identified the minimum height at which accuracy and certainty were not significantly reduced. Two experiments were
performed: one on a land-based sample, and one using Canadian Defence Force personnel during a sea trial in an attempt to
identify the potential affects of ships motion and fatigue. Colour significantly improved the identification accuracy and
certainty of symbols. Red numbers and letters were identified with significantly lower confidence than white, green or cyan.
Some performance degradation was observed during the sea trial, and it is suggested that text and symbols ideally have a
height of 16 min or greater, but that a height of 12.5 min or greater is acceptable. A height of less than 12.5 min must not be
used for text or symbols that need to be rapidly identified.
DTIC
Color; Display Devices; Liquid Crystals; Symbols; Texts
20090021554 Rome Air Development Center, Hanscom AFB, MA USA
AK-cut Crystal Resonators
Khan, Alfred; Euler, Ferdinand K; Dec 1982; 17 pp.; In English
Calculations have predicted the existence of crystallographically doubly rotated quartz orientations with turnover
temperatures which are considerably less sensitive to angular misorientation than comparable AT- or BT-cuts . We have
arbitrarily designated these crystals as the AK-cut. We report experimental data for seven orientations, phi-angle variations
between 30-46 degrees and theta-angle variations between 21-28 degrees, measured on 3.3-3.4 MHz fundamental mode
resonators vibrating in the thickness shear c-mode, The experimental turnover temperatures of these resonators are between
80 degrees C and 150 degrees C, in general agreement with calculated values. The normalized frequency change as a function
of temperature has been fitted with a cubic equation.
DTIC
Crystal Structure; Crystals; Cutting; Quartz; Resonators
20090021562 Image Acoustics, Inc., Cohasset, MA USA
A Tri-Modal Directional Modem Transducer
Butler, A L; Butler, J L; Dalton, W; Baker, J; Pietryka, P; Rice, J A; Sep 2003; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
With suitable voltage distribution, higher order extensional modes of a piezoelectric cylinder can be excited which
produce directional radiation patterns. These modal radiation patterns can then be combined to synthesize desired beam
patterns which may be steered by incrementing the excitation. This paper describes a directional modem communication
transducer which uses the combined acoustic response of the first three extensional modes of vibration of a piezoelectric
ceramic cylinder, a method of synthesizing a desired radiation pattern and an experimental implementation of a two-ring
directional modem transducer that uses these techniques. This tri-modal transducer has a smooth response in the band from
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15 kHz to 20 kHz, with a frequency-independent 90 degree beam width which may be steered in 45 degree increments from
a coded input. The interior of the transducer contains the electronics and the unit may be deployed from a Type A launch tube.
(Works supported by a Phase II, SBIR from ONR and SPAWAR).
DTIC
Modems; Transducers
20090021645 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA; Sigma Space Corp., Lanham, MD, USA
Universal Reconfigurable Translator Module (URTM) Final Report
Leventhal, Edward; Machan, Roman; Jones, Rob; May 2009; 34 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white
illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNL07AA25C; WBS: 198059.04.06.04
Report No.(s): NASA/CR-2009-215744; LF99-8452; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This report describes the Universal Reconfigurable Translation Module, or URTM. The URTM was developed by Sigma
Space Corporation for NASA in order to translate specific serial protocols, both logically and physically. At present, the
prototype configuration has targeted MIL-STD-1553B (RT and BC), IEEE 1394b (Firewire), and ECSS-E-50-12A
(SpaceWire). The objectives of this program were to study the feasibility of a configurable URTM to translate serial link data
as might be used in a space-flight mission and to design, develop, document, and deliver an engineering prototype model of
the URTM with a path to spaceflight. By simply connecting two of the three Physical Interface Modules (PIM) on either end
of the RPTM (Reconfigurable Protocol Translator Module), the URTM then self configures via a library of interface translation
functions, thereby allowing the two data links to communicate seamlessly.
Author
Modules; Data Links; Connectors; Translating; Mission Planning; Space Flight
20090021679 Oscilloquartz S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
New Features of Different Frequency Generating Systems Due to the Use of Electrodeless Rigidly Mounted BVA Quartz
Crystal Resonator
Jendly, A; Graf, E; Busca, G; Brownsea, D A; Nov 1984; 25 pp.; In English
Design and production data of BVA quartz crystal resonators and oscillators have been presented in the past at the
Frequency Control Symposium. [1,2,3,4]. The BVA 5 MHz crystal equipped frequency sources exhibit a new blend of
remarkable performances such as 10-11 daily stability ,5x10-13 short term stability (1 to 30 s time intervals) and close to the
carrier low phase noise (1 Hz : -120 dBc, 10 Hz : -140 dBc), whereby retaining the customary crystal oscillator benefits of
small volume, high reliability and low price, as opposed to more sophisticated frequency generators which would be required
to achieve comparable performances. Examples illustrating the impact of the Oscilloquartz BVA OCXO in different frequency
generating systems will be presented : -in cesium frequency standards - in a hydrogen frequency standard -in a precision
distribution sub-system for satellite ground stations - in high hierarchy exchanges of digital networks, synchronized by the
master-slave method.
DTIC
Crystal Oscillators; Frequencies; Quartz; Quartz Crystals; Resonators
Application of Prognostic Health Management in Digital Electronic Systems
Kalgren, Patrick W; Baybutt, Mark; Ginart, Antonio; Minnella, Chris; Roemer, Michael J; Dabney, Thomas; Jan 2007; 10 pp.;
In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): N68335-06-C-0080
Development of robust prognostics for digital electronic system health management will improve device reliability and
maintainability for many industries with products ranging from enterprise network servers to military aircraft. Techniques
from a variety of disciplines is required to develop an effective, robust, and technically sound health management system for
digital electronics. The presented technical approach integrates collaborative diagnostic and prognostic techniques from
engineering disciplines including statistical reliability, damage accumulation modeling, physics of failure modeling, signal
processing and feature extraction, and automated reasoning algorithms. These advanced prognostic/diagnostic algorithms
utilize intelligent data fusion architectures to optimally combine sensor data with probabilistic component models to achieve
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the best decisions on the overall health of digital components and systems. A comprehensive component prognostic capability
can be achieved by utilizing a combination of health monitoring data and model-based estimates used when no diagnostic
indicators are present. Both board and component level minimally-invasive and purely internal data acquisition methods will
be paired with model-based assessments to demonstrate this approach to digital component health state awareness.
DTIC
Digital Systems; Health; Life (Durability); Management Systems
20090021702 Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA USA
A Survey of Large High-Resolution Display Technologies, Techniques, and Applications
Ni, Tao; Schmidt, Greg S; Staadt, Oliver G; Livingston, Mark A; Ball, Robert; May, Richard; Mar 2006; 14 pp.; In English
Continued advances in display hardware, computing power, networking, and rendering algorithms have all converged to
dramatically improve large high-resolution display capabilities. We present a survey on prior research with large
high-resolution displays. In the hardware configurations section we examine systems including multi-monitor workstations,
reconfigurable projector arrays, and others. Rendering and the data pipeline are addressed with an overview of current
technologies. We discuss many applications for large high-resolution displays such as automotive design, scientific
visualization, control centers, and others. Quantifying the effects of large high-resolution displays on human performance and
other aspects is important as we look toward future advances in display technology and how it is applied in different situations.
Interacting with these displays brings a different set of challenges for HCI professionals, so an overview of some of this work
is provided. Finally, we present our view of the top ten greatest challenges in large high resolution displays.
DTIC
Digital Systems; Display Devices; High Resolution; Surveys
Identification of Text and Symbols on a Liquid Crystal Display Part I: Characterisation of the Luminance, Temporal
and Spectral Characteristics
Fletcher, Kingsley; Sutherland, Stuart; Feb 2009; 36 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A498166; DSTO-TN-0770; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This report outlines the measurements performed on an Apple M9179LL/A 30 2560 x 1600 LCD panel to establish its
luminance response function, luminance uniformity, luminance temporal stability, response time and spectral characteristics.
The results of this report were used in subsequent reports (Fletcher, Sutherland, & Nugent, in press; Fletcher, Sutherland,
Nugent, & Grech, in press) which examined the minimum character size that allowed for fast and accurate identification of
numbers, letters and combat symbology under ambient lighting conditions experienced in naval operations rooms.
DTIC
Display Devices; Liquid Crystals; Luminance; Spectra; Symbols; Texts
20090021721 Michigan Technological Univ., Houghton, MI USA
Research and Infrastructure Development Center for Nanomaterials Research
Friedrich, Craig; May 2009; 63 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD17-03-C-0115
Report No.(s): AD-A498191; ARL-CR-739; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Funding for the Center for Nanaomaterials Research at Michigan Technological University commenced on 15 August
2003 under Contract DAAD17-03-C-0115. The progress for the period in each of the thrust areas is detailed. Degrees granted,
referred journal publications, refereed conference publications, and invention disclosures are listed with each of the thrust
areas.
DTIC
Electronic Equipment; Nanotechnology; Single Electron Transistors
20090021830 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA
Spin Torque Nano Oscillators as Potential Terahertz (THz) Communications Devices
Wickenden, Alma E; Fazi, Chris; Huebschman, Ben; Kaul, Roger; Perrella, Andrew C; Rippard, William H; Pufall, Matthew
R; Apr 2009; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
In this report, we describe the complex impedance of spin torque nano oscillator (STNO) devices. We determined that
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the STNO is a nonreactive, real-resistance device with single-valued resistance in the broadband frequency range of 500 MHz
to 10 GHz (the limit of our test conditions), and that STNOs do not require an external circuit or conjugate matching to operate
in a transmitter configuration. We report the first demonstration of the low-power (250 pW), high-frequency (9 GHz)
microwave output from an antenna-coupled discrete 50 nm diameter magnetic STNO radiating through air over a distance of
1 m. Amplitude and frequency modulation of the output radiation was used to transmit information from the STNO through
microwave antennas. In addition to our identification of the STNO as a highly unusual broadband component that is frequency
agile over at least four octaves of frequency without conjugate matching, the STNO is inherently radiation hard with an
extremely low operating voltage (<0.25 V) compared to solid-state electronic devices including field-effect transistors (FETs),
impact ionization avalanche transit time (IMPATT) diodes, and Gunn diodes. The present results establish the viability of using
this class of nanoelectronic devices for frequency-agile communications applications at high frequencies.
DTIC
Communication Equipment; Oscillators; Torque
Placing US Air Force Information Technology Investment Under the Nanoscope A Clear Vision of Nanotechnologys
Impact on Computing in 2030
Imwalle, Joseph H; Apr 2007; 187 pp.; In English
The US Air Force (USAF) faces mounting fiscal challenges due to continuing Global War on Terror requirements,
pressing system recapitalization needs and competing demands from other federal agencies. To properly invest its scarce
resources toward mission success, the USAF should strive to anticipate the future of technology. When two or more
technology areas converge, paradigm shifts often occur that alter established boundaries enabling revolutionary changes. For
example, the merging of information technology (IT) and biotechnology has spawned bioinformatics and a genomics
revolution. This study explores the revolutionary change anticipated with the convergence of nanotechnology and IT as well
as its effect on the USAF. The emerging revolution of nanotechnology is expected to stimulate enormous improvements in IT
capabilities, far beyond those possible with silicon-based electronics. This research paper uses the Delphi method, a
technology forecasting approach that combines the opinions of a panel of subject-matter experts, to determine the most
probable future state of nanotechnology in the realm of IT in the year 2030. The intent is to educate key USAF decision makers
and planners on this critical topic while advancing the technical communitys understanding based on the elite panelists
assembled.
DTIC
Computers; Forecasting; Information Systems; Nanotechnology
Microelectromechanical Systems Packaging Technique and Chip Fabrication Method Developed for HighTemperature, Harsh-Environment Silicon-Carbide Pressure Sensors
Obringer, Lee Ann; Okojie, Robert S.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 126-127; In English; See also
Because pressure sensors packaged by traditional means cannot operate above 400 C, researchers at the NASA Glenn
Research Center have developed a new packaging method and fabrication technique for producing silicon-carbide- (SiC-)
based pressure sensors that can operate reliably in high temperatures and harsh environments. With no need for cooling,
SiC-based pressure sensors produced using these techniques currently operate for 130 hr at 600 C in air. This technology
greatly improves pressure sensor reliability because it eliminates the failure-inducing thermomechanical stress that exists in
traditionally packaged sensors. Data reliability is increased because these SiC pressure sensors can be located in closer
proximity to the sensed environment than conventional silicon-based sensors can. The lower weight of these sensors, because
of the elimination of water-cooling plumbing, makes these devices less complex and relatively inexpensive and it reduces the
tear-down cycle for engine maintenance. This also leads to reduced engine weight and, hence, improved fuel efficiency. SiC
sensor reliability problems at high temperatures due to poor packaging, coupled with inherently high SiC material and capital
costs, have discouraged large-scale commercialization. As a result, the introduction of SiC devices into high-temperature
environments was delayed. Along with its novel packaging technique, this technologys new fabrication process is solving
those problems by incorporating multiple SiC sensor functions on a single wafer, significantly reducing manufacturing cost
and time. NASA plans to use this technology in aircraft engine performance diagnostics and active control strategies in
NASAs Subsonics, Supersonics, and Hypersonics Projects as well as in future missions to Venus to measure atmospheric
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pressure. Additional pressure sensor opportunities include commercial and military aviation, oil and gas drilling, missiles and
fuses, space exploration, land- and sea-based vehicles, and power generation. This technology could also enable integrated
microsystems for real-time control of combustion to further improve aviation safety and combustion efficiency.
Derived from text
Pressure Sensors; Silicon Carbides; Chips (Electronics); Microelectromechanical Systems; Fabrication; High Temperature
Environments; Operating Temperature; Astrionics; Avionics
Temperature Sensor Developed for a Wide Range of Applications from Hot Jet Engine Environments to Cryogenic
Space Missions
Patterson, Richard L.; Hammoud, Ahmad; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 124-125; In English; See also
The implementation of a distributed control system in NASA subsonic fixed-wing and jet engine applications requires
sensors and electronic interface circuitry that are located with monitoring and control transducers for engines and actuators,
in hot environments where temperatures easily exceed 150 C. In addition to meeting the operational requirements, placement
of the electronics in the harsh temperature environment allows simpler signal multiplexing, improves system performance, and
minimizes signal degradation. Similar situations arise for essential location of electronics in cold temperature environments,
like the NASA James Webb Space Telescope and space-based infrared satellite systems. In both of these applications,
electronics must be able to operate at cryogenic temperatures because of operational requirements and for low-noise capture
and processing of very weak signals. The Extreme Temperature Electronics Program at the NASA Glenn Research Center
focuses on the development of electronic parts and circuits for space exploration missions, space qualification of flight-like
hardware, and establishing the reliability of commercial-off-the-shelf electronics for space use. Results obtained on the
developed and commercial parts under extreme temperatures and wide thermal cycling are used to establish safe operating
areas and are disseminated to mission planners and system designers so that they can optimize circuit and system design and
mitigate risks. A prototype temperature-sensing circuit was designed and assembled at Glenn using advanced electronic parts
for operation in extreme temperature environments. A circuit board is depicted that was evaluated between -195 and 200 C.
The circuit was built to sense temperature and to produce an output consisting of a stream of rectangular pulses whose
frequency was a function of the sensed temperature. The output pulses can be fed into a data acquisition system; then a
controller or a computer will give a direct readout of the temperature through the use of a look-up table, a built-in algorithm,
or a mathematical model. A typical output response of the temperature-to-frequency conversion circuit is also shown.
Derived from text
Temperature Sensors; Circuits; Cryogenic Temperature; High Temperature Environments; Operating Temperature
Simulation Study Conducted for a Wide-Band, Low-Loss, Short-Slot Coupler-Based Power Combiner
Freeman, Jon C.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 69; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
Under the Solid-State Power Amplifier activity at the NASA Glenn Research Center, a simulation study was performed
to develop an extremely low loss and wide-band power combiner. The communications requirements for future space missions
will necessitate much higher data flow rates, which ultimately require high-power microwave and millimeter-wave sources.
The power available from the most promising solid-state devices, such as gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors is
in the single digits of watts; however, most future missions will require power levels in the tens of watts. The power combining
that will be needed is the motivation for this work.
Derived from text
Simulation; Solid State Devices; Power Conditioning
Novel Nanoionics-Based Radiofrequency Switch Developed and Demonstrated
Nessel, James A.; Lee, Richard Q.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 64-65; In English; See also 20090021990;
Radiofrequency (RF) switches, basic building blocks for communications and control systems, are used to multiplex
signals for system reconfigurability and dynamic control. As these communications systems approach higher data rates
(gigabits per second) and multifunctional operation, stringent requirements are being placed on RF switch performance.
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Individually, neither solid-state nor microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) -based switches are capable of meeting this
demand. Therefore, a radically new approach based on integrated nanoionics was investigated to combine the superior RF
performance and low power consumption of MEMS with the high-speed operation and low cost of solid-state devices.
Derived from text
Radio Frequencies; Switches; Telecommunication; Nanotechnology; Data Transmission; Transmission Rate
(Communications)
20090022104 Omega Navigation System Operations Detail, Washington, DC USA
OMEGA Navigation System Synchronization
May, William K; Dec 1982; 30 pp.; In English
OMEGA is a long-range (10,000 nm), ground-based, very low frequency (VLF) navigation system which operates in the
10 to 14 kHz navigation band. Eight transmitting stations carefully sited throughout the world broadcast omni-directional,
time-multiplexed 10 kW signal on 10.2, 11.05, 11.33, 13.6 kHz plus one frequency unique to each station. The timed
transmissions allow easy identification of both station and phase. Phase measurements from three or more stations provide
users with latitude and longitude to an accuracy of four nautical miles for 95% of the time. It is estimated that there are about
15,000 worldwide users of OMEGA.
DTIC
Broadcasting; Omega Navigation System; Synchronism
Performance Testing of Lithium Li-ion Cells and Batteries in Support of JPLs 2003 Mars Exploration Rover Mission
Smart, Marshall C.; Ratnakumar, B. V.; Ewell, R. C.; Whitcanack, L. D.; Surampudi, S.; Puglia, F.; Gitzendanner, R.; June
25, 2007; 12 pp.; In English; 5th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 25-27 Jun. 2007, Saint Louis, CA,
USA; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
In early 2004, JPL successfully landed two Rovers, named Spirit and Opportunity, on the surface of Mars after traveling
> 300 million miles over a 6-7 month period. In order to operate for extended duration on the surface of Mars, both Rovers
are equipped with rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries, which were designed to aid in the launch, correct anomalies during
cruise, and support surface operations in conjunction with a triple-junction deployable solar arrays. The requirements of the
Lithium-ion battery include the ability to provide power at least 90 sols on the surface of Mars, operate over a wide
temperature range (-20(super 0)C to +40(super 0)C), withstand long storage periods (e.g., including pre-launch and cruise
period), operate in an inverted position, and support high currents (e.g., firing pyro events). In order to determine the inability
of meeting these requirements, ground testing was performed on a Rover Battery Assembly Unit RBAU), consisting of two
8-cell 8 Ah lithium-ion batteries connected in parallel. The RBAU upon which the performance testing was performed is
nearly identical to the batteries incorporated into the two Rovers currently on Mars. The primary focus of this paper is to
communicate the latest results regarding Mars surface operation mission simulation testing, as well as, the corresponding
performance capacity loss and impedance characteristics as a function of temperature and life. As will be discussed, the
lithium-ion batteries (fabricated by Yardney Technical Products, Inc.) have been demonstrated to far exceed the requirements
defined by the mission, being able to support the operation of the rovers for over three years, and are projected to support an
even further extended mission.
Author
Electric Batteries; Lithium Batteries; Metal Ions; Performance Tests; Ground Tests; Mars Exploration; Roving Vehicles
Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical Capacitors
Fireman, Heather; Yowell, Leonard; Moloney, Padraig G.; Arepalli, Sivaram; Nikolaev, P.; Huffman, C.; Ready, Jud; Higgins,
C.D.; Turano, S. P.; Kohl, P.A.; Kim, K.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 31; In English; See also 20090022325
A document discusses room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) used as electrolytes in carbon-nanotube-based,
130
electrochemical, double-layer capacitors. Unlike the previous electrolyte (EtNB4 in acetonitrile), the RTIL used here does not
produce cyanide upon thermal decomposition and does not have a moisture sensitivity.
Derived from text
Electrochemical Capacitors; Liquids; Ions; Electrochemistry
20090022331 California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA

Two-Step Plasma Process for Cleaning Indium Bonding Bumps
Greer, Harold F.; Vasquez, Richard P.; Jones, Todd J.; Hoenk, Michael E.; Dickie, Matthew R.; Nikzad, Shouleh; NASA Tech
Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 21-22; In English; See also 20090022325; Original contains black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): NPO-45911; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
A two-step plasma process has been developed as a means of removing surface oxide layers from indium bumps used in
flip-chip hybridization (bump bonding) of integrated circuits. The two-step plasma process makes it possible to remove surface
indium oxide, without incurring the adverse effects of the acid etching process.
Derived from text
Cleaning; Indium Compounds; Metal Oxides
20090022332 Lockheed Martin Corp., USA

Tool for Crimping Flexible Circuit Leads
Hulse, Aaron; Diftler, Myron A.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 22; In English; See also 20090022325
A hand tool has been developed for crimping leads in flexible tails that are parts of some electronic circuits -- especially
some sensor circuits. The tool is used to cut the tails to desired lengths and attach solder tabs to the leads. For tailoring small
numbers of circuits for special applications, this hand tool is a less expensive alternative to a commercially available
automated crimping tool. The crimping tool consists of an off-the-shelf hand crimping tool plus a specialized crimping insert
designed specifically for the intended application.
Author
Binding; Folding; Tools

Micro and Nano Systems for Space Exploration
Manohara, Harish; July 23, 2007; 47 pp.; In English; SAME - TEC MEMS Workshop, 23 Jul. 2007, Texas, USA; Original
contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
This slide presentation reviews the use of micro and nano systems in Space exploration. Included are: an explanation of
the rationales behind nano and micro technologies for space exploration, a review of how the devices are fabricated, including
details on lithography with more information on Electron Beam (E-Beam) lithography, and X-ray lithography, a review of
micro gyroscopes and inchworm Microactuator as examples of the use of MicroElectoMechanical (MEMS) technology. Also
included is information on Carbon Nanotubes, including a review of the CVD growth process. These micro-nano systems have
given rise to the next generation of miniature X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Fluorescence instruments, mass spectrometers, and
terahertz frequency vacuum tube oscillators and amplifiers, scanning electron microscopes and energy dispersive x-ray
spectroscope. The nanotechnology has also given rise to coating technology, such as silicon nanotip anti-reflection coating.
CASI
Carbon Nanotubes; Microelectromechanical Systems; Microinstrumentation; Miniaturization; Nanotechnology; Space
Exploration; Measuring Instruments; Nanofabrication; Nanostructures (Devices)
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34
FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
Includes fluid dynamics and kinematics and all forms of heat transfer; boundary layer flow; hydrodynamics; hydraulics; fluidics; mass
transfer and ablation cooling. For related information see also 02 Aerodynamics.
20090021726 Rutgers - The State Univ., New Brunswick, NJ USA

Towards High-Reynolds Number Quiet Flow in Hypersonic Tunnels
Knight, Doyle D; Naiman, Hadassah; Feb 23, 2009; 17 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A498212; CCD-2009-1; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The report summarizes a research program focused on two main issues related to the achievement of high Reynolds
number quiet flow in hypersonic tunnels, namely, 1) automated optimal design of quiet hypersonic tunnels, and 2) tunnel
startup in the presence of blunt models. In the former case, a fully automated optimal design methodology was developed to
determine the optimal shape of the supersonic nozzle to achieve laminar flow on the nozzle walls and hence quiet flow in the
test section. In the latter case, detailed time-accurate simulations were performed for a cone model of different angles in the
Purdue Quiet Tunnel. Results demonstrated the limiting size of the model that permitted startup of the tunnel.
DTIC
High Reynolds Number; Hypersonic Wind Tunnels
Interface Conditions for Hybrid RANS/LES Simulations of Complex and Compressible Flows
Piomelli, Ugo; Balaras, Elias; Mar 6, 2009; 31 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
We have demonstrated the applicability of synthetic turbulence coupled with the controlled-forcing method to generate
eddies at the interface between RANS and LES in hybrid calculations. We obtained shorter transition regions and improved
model accuracy. Realistic turbulence can be generated within 5 boundary-layer thicknesses of the RANS/LES interface even
in cases in which the data supplied by the RANS is inaccurate, or the assumptions on which the forcing is based are invalid.
We applied this technique in a variety of turbulent flows with uniformly good results. A single-block hybrid calculation was
performed in a geometry that, although simple, presented several difficulties. We demonstrated that unless turbulent eddies are
artificially generated at the RANS/LES interface, very significant errors appear in the flow statistics even at low order
(skin-friction coefficient, mean velocity profile). Establishing realistic turbulent eddies capable to transport momentum, energy
and mass, appears to be a critical factor for the accurate prediction of shallow separation by hybrid RANS/LES methods.
DTIC
Average; Compressible Flow; Large Eddy Simulation; Navier-Stokes Equation; Reynolds Averaging; Reynolds Equation;
Simulation; Turbulence; Turbulent Flow
20090021730 Texas Technological Univ., Lubbock, TX USA
Efficient Simulation and Novel Modeling by Using Generic Three-Dimensional Exact Solutions to Analyze Transport
Dynamics in Turbulent Vortices
Bhattacharya, Sukalyan; Feb 28, 2009; 17 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): AFOSR-FA9550-08-1-0175
In this project, we have formulated an alternative boundary-layer theory. This new analysis will be able to mathematically
describe flow-separation unlike the classical theory. In our research, we have partially validated the developed theory and
concluded that approach has considerable potential to account for flow-separation. The effective description of separated flow
can potentially lead to a fast simulation-algorithm for aerodynamic computation. Our estimate predicts that this semianalytical
scheme will compute the lift and drag on an aerodynamic body in less than O.lsec with less than l\% relative error. This is
more than hundredfold increase over current simulation-efficiency. The enhanced efficiency will enable hitherto impossible
exploration of new designs for maximization of the lift to drag ratio. In the future, this will revolutionize aviation technology
by the development of bio-inspired aviation mechanism and other novel systems. Such improvements will help in
energy-savings and pollution control by reducing fuel consumptions.
DTIC
Boundary Layer Separation; Separated Flow; Simulation; Turbulence; Vortices
132
20090021950 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA; NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA; NASA
Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
Testing and Model Correlation of Sublimator Driven Coldplate Coupons and EDU
Leimkuehler, Thomas O.; [2009]; 5 pp.; In English; International Conference on Environmental Systems, 12-16 Jul. 2009,
Georgia, USA; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): 09ICES-0303; JSC-CN-18285; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
The Sublimator Driven Coldplate (SDC) is a unique piece of thermal control hardware that has several advantages over
a more traditional thermal control system. The principal advantage is the possible elimination of a pumped fluid loop,
potentially saving mass, power, and complexity. Because this concept relies on evaporative heat rejection techniques, it is
primarily useful for short mission durations. Additionally, the concept requires a conductive path between the heat-generating
component and the heat rejection device. Therefore, it is mostly a relevant solution for a vehicle with a relatively low heat
rejection requirement and/or short transport distances. Tests were performed on coupons and an Engineering Development
Unit (EDU) at NASA s Johnson Space Center to better understand the basic operational principles and to validate the
analytical methods being used for the SDC development. This paper outlines the results of the SDC tests, the subsequent
thermal model correlation, and a description of the SDC Engineering Development Unit test results.
Author
Heat Transfer; Temperature Control; Heat Radiators
Full-Rotor Aeroelastic Analysis Capability Developed and Tested
Reddy, Tondapu S.; Bakhle, Milind A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 173-174; In English; See also
Failures in fan, compressor, and turbine blades can be caused by high-cycle fatigue due to forced-response aeroelastic
vibrations. Such damaging aeroelastic vibrations can occur when an external unsteady aerodynamic excitation has a frequency
that is nearly equal to a natural frequency of the blade and excites a structural vibration in the corresponding structural mode.
A typical forced-response calculation models a single representative blade and a single representative blade passage. For more
detailed aeroelastic analysis, it is sometimes necessary to model all blades in a blade row. Such a detailed analysis may be
used when a fan stage operates with an incoming flow that includes a low-order inlet distortion. A full-rotor analysis is required
to model such distortions when the fan stage includes an inlet guide vane in order to enable the accurate calculation of the
unsteady aerodynamic forcing function on each blade. Also, such a detailed analysis enables the modeling of unsteady flow
phenomena that are aperiodic, and thus cannot be modeled using the phase-lag or time-shift periodic boundary conditions used
with a simplified single-passage analysis. As part of the current work at the NASA Glenn Research Center, an aeroelastic
analysis capability was developed with Glenn s TURBO-AE code (Reynolds- Averaged Navier-Stokes aeroelastic code) that
includes calculating and recording the time history of surface pressure on all blades in a blade row. After this, Fourier analysis
of the time history is used to identify forcing functions for various excitation sources and engine orders, and the
forced-response vibration amplitude is calculated for each blade.
Derived from text
Aeroelasticity; Fourier Analysis; Navier-Stokes Equation; Rotors; Unsteady Aerodynamics; Computational Fluid Dynamics;
Rotor Aerodynamics; Rotor Dynamics
Heat-Rejection Systems Utilizing Composites and Heat Pipes Evaluated
Jaworske, Donald A.; Beach, Duane E.; Sanzi, James L.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 52; In English; See
Heat-rejection systems designed for long-term use need to be durable to the space environment. One threat to such
systems is that of micrometeoroid impact on tubing with subsequent loss of coolant. To accommodate the inevitability of
micrometeoroid impacts, system design is driven toward the use of individual heat pipes, where a micrometeoroid impact on
a given heat pipe removes only a small portion of the total cooling capability. With this design philosophy in mind,
development of heat-rejection systems utilizing heat pipes is of ongoing interest. One heat-pipe system under consideration
for such temperature conditions is the titanium-water heat-pipe system. High-temperature titanium-water heat pipes show
great promise. A technology development effort was initiated at the NASA Glenn Research Center to develop heat-rejection
systems utilizing titanium-water heat pipes. Several radiator demonstration units (RDUs) were designed, fabricated, and
tested. Thermal performance was evaluated at steady state in a liquid-nitrogencooled thermal vacuum chamber. Thermal
133
performance also was compared with analytical predictions based on a thermal model utilizing the physical properties of the
RDU constituents.
Derived from text
Heat Pipes; Titanium; Temperature Control; Leakage; Composite Materials
20090022217 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Florida Inst. of Tech., FL, USA; Sierra Lobo, Inc.,
OH, USA
Modeling of Slosh Dynamics in Cryogenic Propellant Tanks in Microgravity Environments
John F. Kennedy Space Centers Technology Development and Application 2006-2007 Report; March 03, 2008, pp. 86-87/88;
The slosh dynamics in cryogenic fuel tanks under microgravity is a pressing problem that severely affects the reliability
of launching spacecraft. After reaching low Earth orbit, the propellant in a multistage rocket experiences large and cyclic
changes in temperature as a result of solar heating. Tank wall heating can induce thermal stratification and propellant boiloff,
particularly during slosh-inducing vehicle maneuvers. Precise understanding of the dynamic and thermodynamic effects of
propellant slosh caused by these maneuvers is critical to mission performance and success. Computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) analysis is used extensively within the space vehicle industry in an attempt to characterize the behavior of liquids in
microgravity, yet experimental data to quantify these predictions is very limited and reduces confidence in the analytical
predictions. A novel approach designed to produce high-fidelity data for correlation to CFD model predictions is being
developed with the assistance of Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) and Sierra Lobo, Inc. With few exceptions, previous
work in slosh dynamics was theoretical or treated the mass of fuel as a variable of inertia only; such models did not consider
the viscosity, surface tension, or other important fluid effects. The challenges in this research are in the development of
instrumentation able to measure the required parameters, the computational ability to quantify the fluid behaviors, and the
means to assess both the measurements and predictions. The design of this experiment bridges the understanding of slosh
dynamics in microgravity by a comprehensive approach that combines CFD tools, dynamic simulation tools, semianalytical
models of the predominant fluid effects, and an experimental framework that includes measurement and characterization of
liquid slosh in one-degree-of-freedom (DOF) and two-DOF experiments, and ultimately experiments in a NASA low-gravity
aircraft.
Derived from text
Computational Fluid Dynamics; Dynamic Models; Fuel Tanks; Liquid Sloshing; Microgravity; Propellant Tanks; Cryogenic
Tanks
35
INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
Includes remote sensors; measuring instruments and gages; detectors; cameras and photographic supplies; and holography. For aerial
photography see 43 Earth Resources and Remote Sensing. For related information see also 06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation;
and 19 Spacecraft Instrumentation and Astrionics.

Wireless Passive Sensors and Systems for Physical Sensors and Hydrogen Sensing Applications
Malacha, D.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 36, 487-525; In English; See also 20090021319;
Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
This research proposes the development of passive, wireless surface acoustic wave (SAW) multi-sensor systems for
NASA application to gauging systems and for remote hydrogen sensing. The proposed SAW sensors are passive, wireless,
small and lightweight. SAW devices have no fundamental limitation in material or physical principle for wide temperature
operation; from cryogenic temperatures to 1000 C (with appropriate substrate material), making them ideal for use in
cryogenic applications, space vehicles, robots, structures in space, or in hostile environments. It is believed that many of the
commercially available SAW materials will operate at cryogenic temperatures, and at high temperatures materials from the
langasite family will work and are available. These wide operating temperature ranges are very attractive for space
applications. The proposed SAW sensor can be encoded which provides security and close proximity multi-sensor operation.
Finally, the proposed SAW sensor is totally passive, which means there are no batteries or other source for a spark or ignition;
critical for the hydrogen environment. The SAW device can be accessed remotely without external connections, removing
cabling and interconnects to a sensor array. The objective of this research is to build new and novel SAW wireless-passive
134
sensors, to research the SAW components operation at cryogenic temperatures, to build new devices and test fixtures for
hydrogen gas sensing, and to develop measurement and test procedures. The device embodiment presented uses orthogonal
frequency coded (OFC) SAW reflective structures to encode the signal and to send back the sensor information. The encoding
technique is similar to multi-tone CDMA in terms of its implementation, where a transducer or reflector is built with the
desired code. The applications are for a wide range of NASA ground and aerospace needs, which include temperature sensing
in harsh environments of space or ground-based operations, liquid level sensing for hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or other
cryogenic liquids, and hydrogen gas sensing. The research effort demonstrates that SAW devices can operate at cryogenic
temperatures, that various device embodiments can be used for sensing temperature and gas, and that the devices can survive
even under extreme temperatures. A RF 250 MHz transceiver system has been built for sensor interrogation, which shows the
feasibility of a software-radio approach for data acquisition, post processing and sensor data extraction.
Author
Gas Analysis; Multisensor Applications; Sound Waves; Surface Waves; Technology Utilization; Temperature Sensors; Gas
Detectors
Highly Selective Nano-Mems Low Temperature Hydrogen Sensor
Seal, S.; Cho, H.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 34, 457-472; In English; See also
We have developed the sol-gel derived nanocrystalline indium oxide (In2O3)-doped tin oxide (SnO2) sensor, in the form
of thin film/nanowires/nanofibers, for room temperature hydrogen (H2) sensing application, for NASA, under the atmospheric
conditions existing on the surface of the Earth. The nanocrystalline thin film sensor is incorporated into the
microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device to achieve high H2 sensitivity and selectivity with minimum detection and
recovery time at room temperature. Effect of various test parameters such as the air pressure, the H2 concentration as well as
the MEMS design parameters such as the finger spacing and the number of fingers on the room temperature H2 sensing
characteristics of the present sensor has been evaluated. The present nano-micro integrated sensor shows giant room
temperature H2 sensitivity (S=103-105) with high selectivity over carbon monoxide (CO). The current H2 detection and
recovery time at room temperature lie within the range of 10 to 250 sec and 10 to 200 sec respectively. New technological
solutions for further reducing the response and the recovery time of the present nano-micro integrated sensor have been
proposed. Nano-micro integrated sensor prototype has been successfully developed.
Author
Hydrogen; Microelectromechanical Systems; Sol-Gel Processes; Gas Detectors; Nanotechnology
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors for Hydrogen and Other Gas Detection
Bhethanabotla, V.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 43, 657-668; In English; See also
Sensitive, selective, fast-responding, low-power, and robust sensors for hydrogen and other gases are necessary for safety
of the shuttle mission, space exploration and terrestrial applications such as in the hydrogen fuel economy and chemical
process monitoring. Acoustic wave devices have been known for the past decade or so in sensor applications, and are capable
of meeting the above requirements, as well as are capable of providing passive, wireless, operation. To achieve these goals
however, advances in device fabrication, wireless communication, packaging and sensing materials are necessary. This
research has focused on advances in sensing nanomaterials and novel devices to achieve hydrogen and organic vapor sensors
at room temperature that have been demonstrated to be superior in sensitivity, response-time and robustness in comparison to
existing technologies. Future research along these lines is being conducted to yield commercially viable sensors.
Author
Acoustics; Gas Detectors; Hydrogen
20090021501 Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, Arlington, VA USA
Fiber Optic Biosensors
Olsen, Roger; Reardon, Ken; Fredrickson, Herbert; Leeson, Andrea; Dec 2006; 42 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497634; ESTCP-ER-0115; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Significant costs are associated with laboratory analyses of groundwater samples collected at Department of Defense
135
(DoD) sites. Most of these samples are needed to characterize the nature and extent of contamination at a site, evaluate
remedial system performance, and track contaminant plume migration via regularly scheduled monitoring events. There is
need to replace laboratory analyses with reliable, easy-to-use field methods that produce real-time results. Colorado State
University (CSU) has developed fiber-optic biosensors that are ideally suited for field monitoring of groundwater
contaminants. Generally, a biosensor is a device that utilizes a biological recognition element (typically enzymes or antibodies)
to sense the presence of an analyte and create a response that is converted by a transducer to an electrical or optical signal.
The primary issue regarding the use of biosensors is reliability, i.e., are biosensor results comparable to laboratory analyses?
The end user also needs to know whether there are conditions that affect the reliability of biosensor performance. Biosensors
also need to be easy to use and calibrate so that reproducible results can be obtained from different users. The demonstration
described in this document was designed to address these issues. The overall objective of the biosensor demonstration was to
provide a basis to justify the use of biosensors to augment or replace conventional analytical methods for measuring selected
compounds in groundwater.
DTIC
Bioinstrumentation; Fiber Optics; Ground Water

Maritime Security: Vessel Tracking Systems Provide Key Information, but the Need for Duplicate Data Should Be
Reviewed
Caldwell, Stephen L; Canjar, R E; Cuero, Odilon; Henderson, Erin; Kaneshiro, Daniel; Kostyla, Stanley; Stenersen, Stan;
Vogt, Adam; Ormond, Josh; Mar 2009; 59 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497865; GAO-09-337; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
U.S. ports, waterways, and coastal approaches are part of a system handling more than $700 billion in merchandise
annually. With the many possible threats -- including transportation and detonation of weapons of mass destruction, suicide
attacks against vessels, and others -- in the maritime domain, awareness of such threats could give the Coast Guard advance
notice to help detect, deter, interdict, and defeat them and protect the U.S. homeland and economy. GAO was asked to review
the Coast Guards efforts to achieve awareness about activity in the maritime domain. This report addresses the extent to which
the Coast Guard has done the following: (1) put vessel tracking systems in place, (2) used these systems to track vessels that
may be threats, and (3) coordinated the development and implementation of these systems. To answer these questions, GAO
analyzed relevant statutes, regulations, and plans for vessel tracking systems, compared the roles of the planned systems, and
interviewed appropriate officials. To ensure efficient use of resources, GAO recommends that the Commandant of the Coast
Guard determine the extent to which duplicate vessel tracking information from the long-range identification and tracking
system (LRIT) and the commercially provided long-range automatic identification system (AIS) is needed to accomplish Coast
Guard missions, particularly in light of information already available through national technical means. DHS agreed with this
recommendation.
DTIC
Coasts; Oceans; Security
20090021670 Naval Surface Warfare Center, Panama City, FL USA

Initial Buried Minehunting Demonstration of the Laser Scalar Gradiometer Operating Onboard REMUS 600
Clem, T R; Bono, J T; Davis, P S; Overway, D J; Vaizer, L; King, D; Torres, A; Austin, T; Stokey, R P; Packard, G; Sep 2006;
8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Laser Scalar Gradiometer (LSG) is a sensitive passive magnetic sensor based on the opto-magnetic properties of
helium-4 gas in accordance with the Zeeman effect. The LSG has attained increased sensitivity over comparable sensors by
the use of a laser in place of incoherent light for optical pumping. It employs four helium sense cells configured in a
volume-filling arrangement to measure four independent channels of information: the scalar field magnitude and three linearly
independent admixtures of the three components of the scalar-field gradient vector. The LSG has now been integrated into the
REMUS 600 and evaluated in land-based testing. This land-based testing has assured the proper functionality of this integrated
system prototype and established the sensors noise floor in the electromagnetic environment of the REMUS 600. Following
this land-based testing, at-sea shakedown tests and experiments over target fields have been conducted to provide a more
definitive measure of the LSGs performance under actual operational conditions and to evaluate its current capability to
detect, classify, and localize (DCL) buried mines. The system configuration, the experiment design, associated test procedures,
136
and results of data analysis from the underwater experiments conducted with the LSG onboard REMUS 600 are reported in
this paper.
DTIC
Lasers; Scalars
20090021674 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI USA
Development of High-Resolution Acoustic Camera Based Real-Time Object Recognition System by Using Autonomous
Underwater Vehicles
Yu, Son-Cheol; Kim, Tae-Won; Asada, Akira; Weatherwax, Scott; Collins, Ben; Yuh, Junku; Sep 2006; 7 pp.; In English;
This paper addresses acoustic camera DIDSON based object recognition method for AUVs(Autonomous Underwater
Vehicles). The acoustic cameras characteristics and display method based on various experiments and the acoustic camera
model and efficient and reliable image recognition method for AUVs are proposed. As examples, the cubic and cylindrical
objects modeled to simulate the image and their recognition test was carried out in experimental tank.
DTIC
Audio Equipment; Autonomous Navigation; Autonomy; Cameras; High Resolution; Pattern Recognition; Real Time
Operation; Underwater Vehicles
20090021675 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA USA
Acoustic Lens Camera and Underwater Display Combine to Provide Efficient and Effective Hull and Berth Inspections
Belcher, Edward O; Barone, Jeffery R; Gallagher, Dennis G; Honaker, Ronald E; Sep 2003; 8 pp.; In English; Original
With the advent of the War on Terrorism, and the formation of the Department of Homeland Security, security
requirements for the nations ports and harbors have increased exponentially. A grave threat to ports and harbors are mines
or improvised explosive devices (IED) placed on ship hulls, piers, berths, and beds of harbors. Underwater detection is
predominately carried out by divers. In dark, turbid water their searches require slow, tactile examinations. With the increasing
demand for underwater security searches it is imperative that more efficient and effective methods are developed. The Applied
Physics Laboratory, University of Washington (APL-UW) developed acoustic cameras that use acoustic lenses and produce
almost photographic quality images with sound-even in dark, turbid water where optical systems are ineffective. These
acoustic cameras can be configured for operations with ROVs, AUVs, or divers. When used by divers, the camera system
includes a high-resolution, head-mounted color display system developed by NSWCDD-Coastal Systems Station. This paper
concentrates on the diver-held system. Two versions of the acoustic cameras have been used by divers. The first is the Limpet
Mine Imaging Sonar (LIMIS). The LIMIS operates at 2 MHz, has 64 beams, and has a field of view of 20 degrees. Its
maximum effective range is 12 m. The second is the Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON). DIDSON operates at
two frequencies-1.8 MHz and 1.1 MHz-with maximum effective ranges of 15 m and 35 m, respectively. DIDSON has 96
beams at 1.8 MHz and 48 beams at 1.1 MHz. In each case the field of view is 30 degrees. In February 2003, two LIMIS
systems were tested and evaluated by The Shore Intermediate Maintenance Activity (SIMA) and local law enforcement dive
units at the Mayport Naval Station near Jacksonville, FL. The two LIMIS prototype units were used in underwater security
sweeps at the Blount Island pier and docking area and under the aircraft carrier USS Kennedy.
DTIC
Acoustics; Cameras; Harbors; Hulls (Structures); Inspection; Lenses
Impact of Aerosols on Scene Collection and Scene Correction
Quinn, Kevin M; Mar 2009; 135 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Airborne aerosols contaminate satellite imagery, making it difficult for analysts to characterize surface targets. The
amount of contamination is due to aerosol loading, best quantified by aerosol optical depth (AOD). Level 2 AERONET data
provides ground truth AOD measurements. Unfortunately, targets are not likely to be near an AERONET station. This thesis
examines two methods of quantifying AOD in lieu of AERONET data: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) AOD retrievals and Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) AOD forecasts (with MODIS data
137
assimilation). Over the Persian Gulf and Japan, MODIS accurately retrieved AOD at 0.55 micrometers wavelength. MODIS
may have accurately retrieved AOD over Korea, but uncertainty in the retrieval was high due to a small sample size. Over
West Africa, MODIS underestimated AOD. Over the Persian Gulf and Japan, NAAPS accurately estimated AOD at 0.55
micrometers. Over Korea, the model displayed mixed results. Finally, over West Africa, NAAPS tended to underestimate
AOD.
DTIC
Aerosols; Contamination; Electro-Optics; Satellite Imagery; Spectroradiometers; Targets
Implementation of Efficient Pan-Tilt-Zoom Camera Calibration
Fung, Nicholas; David, Philip; Apr 2009; 22 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras, frequently used in both online and automated surveillance applications, require accurate
knowledge of camera parameters in order to accurately register autonomously tracked objects to a world model. Due to
imprecision in the PTZ mechanism, these parameters cannot be obtained from PTZ control commands but must be calculated
directly from camera imagery. This report describes the efforts to implement a real-time calibration system for a stationary
PTZ camera. The approach continuously tracks distinctive image feature points from frame to frame, and from these
correspondences, robustly calculates the homography transformation between frames. Camera internal parameters are then
calculated from these homographies. Finally, the external parameters can be calculated from the internal parameters and image
homographies. The calculations are performed by a self-contained program that continually monitors images collected by the
camera as it performs pan, tilt, and zoom operations. The accuracy of the calculated calibration parameters are compared to
ground truth data. The program works with a higher degree of accuracy for small changes in the cameras external parameters.
In addition, long algorithm execution time prevents the algorithm from running under all real-time conditions.
DTIC
Attitude (Inclination); Calibrating; Cameras
20090021834 Air Force Research Lab., Mesa, AZ USA
Physics Based Simulation of Night Vision Goggles
Martin, Elizabeth; Clark, Jeff; Jul 2000; 13 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): F41624-97-D-5000; Proj-4924
Report No.(s): AD-A497746; AFRL-RH-AZ-PR-2000-0002; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center
(DTIC)
Night vision goggles (NVGs) are a head-mounted, head-steered sensor designed to allow an aviator to operate at night
with increased operational capability and situation awareness. NVGs greatly enhance an aircrews ability to conduct night
operations and are used extensively in both rotary- and fixed-wing operations. NVGs provide an intensified image of scenes
illuminated by ambient energy that exists in the night environment. NVGs (generation III) amplify energy in a certain portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum 2,000-7,000 times. They are sensitive in the red and near infrared (approximately 600-900
nanometers). In fact, there is little to no overlap in the ranges of sensitivity of the human eye and NVGs. The resulting imagery
has some special characteristics that influence human perception and operational employment that drive a requirement for
realistic imagery to support simulation-based training and mission rehearsal.
DTIC
Goggles; Night Vision; Simulation
20090021837 Army Research Lab., White Sands Missile Range, NM USA
A Model for Nighttime Urban Illumination
Shirkey, Richard C; Dec 2006; 31 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Army increasingly relies on night operations to accomplish its objectives. These night operations frequently require
using Night Vision Goggles and other light-sensitive devices which are strongly affected by ambient lighting, a large
component of which is urban. An urban illumination model is proposed for use in tactical decision aids and wargames which
138
would allow for more accurate prediction of target acquisition ranges and increased realism in simulations. This model will
build on previous research that predicts broadband brightness as a function of population and distance from the city center.
Since city population and aerosols affect light distributions, the model is being extended and generalized for multiple city types
and natural and man-made aerosols. An overview of the model along with future improvements will be presented.
DTIC
Cities; Night; Night Vision
20090021942 Strategic Command, Omaha, NE USA
Technologies for the Detection and Monitoring of Clandestine Underground Tunnels, Fall 2007 - Project 07-03
Allen, Lance; Birrell, Matt; Borowski, Kyle; Korth, Sheila; Obermeyer, Sheila; Tesla, Erica; Johnson, Kevin; Hudson, II, John
G; Jan 2008; 154 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-07-03
The detection of clandestine underground tunnels, tunneling activities, and tunnel use is of strategic interest to the U.S.
Whether these activities and features appear on our borders, on American soil, or under U.S. interests abroad, they provide
potential gateways for grave and undesirable activity interfering with said interests. The very nature of a clandestine
underground tunnel suggests such undesirable activity. Plainly, activities which are welcomed do not require clandestine
action. The action of creating hidden tunnels has long been associated with activities such as prison breaks, guerilla tactics
in wartime, and transfer of contraband. An exploration of available technologies includes a comparison of sensor modalities
and deployment platforms. Analysis will include data handling concerns, with quality of information as the primary determiner
of optimal solutions. Finally, a coherent recommendation including a combination of targeted technologies will be proposed
along with appropriate political, military, economic, social, and infrastructure and informational support for the proposed set
of technologies.
DTIC
Detection; Deployment; Tactics; Economics
Automatic Identification System: AIS-A Reception of AIS-B, 2008 Study
Tavener, Sandra; Cooper, Tristan; Dec 2008; 41 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A498176; DSTO-TN-0867; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The use of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) has been mandated for ships over 300 gross tonne since December
2004. Through Border Protection Command, DSTO was tasked to assist the Australian Maritime Safety Authority with the
assessment of the performance of AIS and a new variant AIS-B. AIS-B is a cut down version meant for smaller vessels but
there have been concerns by the maritime community that AIS-B cannot be detected sufficiently by vessels carrying AIS. This
report covers a three month study investigating this issue. The outcome, based on a survey of vessels entering Newcastle Port,
was that the different AIS fitouts carried were capable of detecting AIS-B signals. However, 17% of these vessels did not report
detections. This was more likely to occur if the model of AIS equipment only displayed the vessels identification number
because it was not capable of decoding and displaying the name of the AIS-B vessel. This finding indicates the lack of
detection issue is to some extent caused by Vessel Masters not recognising the detection on their AIS displays. It was also
discovered that even where the name of the AIS-B vessel was displayed, the AIS displays do not distinguish between AIS and
AIS-B detections.
DTIC
Automatic Control; Ships; Identifying
Magnetic Signature: Small Arms Testing of Multiple Examples of Same Model Weapons
Fischer, G A; Fine, J E; Edelstein, A S; Apr 2009; 26 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
This report investigates identical model small arms, in particular eight same-model pistols and seven same-model
shotguns. This is an adjunct to experiments to obtain statistically significant quantities of signatures of objects of military
interest. Magnetic signature features were compared to find similarities and differences between all the pistols and all the
shotguns tested. In the far field region, the shapes of the component curves for each weapon were similar; the relative shapes
139
of the component signals, however, were different for both types of weapon. A comparison of total field decay with distance
from pistol to sensor showed a noticeable difference when the experiment was performed indoors when compared with an
open field. Finite element simulations were done to demonstrate the effect of nearby ferrous objects on the total field decay
with distance.
DTIC
Magnetic Signatures; Simulation; Weapons

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): The First Light Machine
Stahl, H. Philip; October 09, 2008; 114 pp.; In English; James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): The First Light Machine, 9
Oct. 2008, Springfield, OH, USA; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): MSFC-2150; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A06, Hardcopy
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), expected to launch in 2011, will study the origin and evolution of luminous
objects, galaxies, stars, planetary systems and the origins of life. It is optimized for near infrared wavelength operation of
0.6-28 micrometers and will have a 5 year mission life (with a 10 year goal). This presentation reviews JWSTs science
objectives, the JWST telescope and mirror requirements and how they support the JWST architecture. Additionally, an
overview of the JWST primary mirror technology development effort is highlighted.
Derived from text
James Webb Space Telescope; Mirrors; Space Missions; Technology Assessment

Measuring Ultrasonic Acoustic Velocity in a Thin Sheet of Graphite Epoxy Composite
A method for measuring the acoustic velocity in a thin sheet of a graphite epoxy composite (GEC) material was
investigated. This method uses two identical acoustic-emission (AE) sensors, one to transmit and one to receive. The delay
time as a function of distance between sensors determines a bulk velocity. A lightweight fixture (balsa wood in the current
implementation) provides a consistent method of positioning the sensors, thus providing multiple measurements of the time
delay between sensors at different known distances. A linear fit to separation, x, versus delay time, t, will yield an estimate
of the velocity from the slope of the line.
Derived from text
Acoustic Emission; Acoustic Velocity; Graphite-Epoxy Composites; Ultrasonics; Measuring Instruments
20090022242 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Florida Solar Energy Center, FL, USA; ASRC
Aerospace Corp., USA; University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
Reversible Chemochromic Hydrogen Detectors
The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), affiliated with the University of Central Florida, has invented a reversible
pigment that changes from light beige to blue when exposed to hydrogen and back to light beige when exposed to atmospheric
oxygen. In laboratory and environmental studies, the FSEC pigment in its tape form failed to change color adequately when
exposed to hydrogen after one day of exposure at Kennedy Space Centers Beach Corrosion Test Facility. The reversible
hydrogen-detecting tape also lost its ability to change color after being placed in an environmental chamber at 45 C for one
day. The first attempts at extruding the reversible pigment into various polymers were unsuccessful because of the pigments
poor thermal stability. The goal of this project was to formulate a pigment with improved thermal and environmental stability
for extrusion into a variety of appropriate polymer matrices. The formulation of the reversible hydrogen-detecting pigment was
140
modified by removing one reagent and chemically modifying the hydrogen sensitive ingredient. This was intended to improve
the hydrophobicity of the pigment and alter the thermal degradation mechanism.
Derived from text
Detection; Hydrogen; Polymer Matrix Composites; Color
JPL Greenland Moulin Exploration Probe
Behar, Alberto; Zlotnicki, Victor; Wang, Huan; Karlsson, Henrik; Steffen, Konrad; Huff, Russell; NASA Tech Briefs, June
2009; June 2009, pp. 29; In English; See also 20090022325
A probe was designed to investigate the moulins (melt water drainage channels on an ice cap) and ice-hydrology
interaction in the Greenland Ice Cap.
Derived from text
Drainage; Ice; Glaciers; Glaciology; Probes
36
LASERS AND MASERS
Includes lasing theory, laser pumping techniques, maser amplifiers, laser materials, and the assessment of laser and maser outputs.
For cases where the application of the laser or maser is emphasized see also the specific category where the application is treated. For
related information see also 76 Solid-State Physics.
20090021429 Institute of Electronic Measurements, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Progress in the Development of IEM KVARZ Passive Hydrogen Masers
Demidov, N A; Pastukhov, A V; Uljanov, A A; Dec 1999; 10 pp.; In English
This paper presents progress in development of the passive hydrogen masers at IEM KVARZ The passive hydrogen maser
physics package and electronic systems are described and the results of measurements of the passive masers frequency
stability and its immunity to variations in external temperature and magnetic field are reported.
DTIC
Hydrogen Masers; Masers; Progress
20090021431 Centre Suisse dElectronique et de Microtechnique S.A., Zurich, Switzerland
Vertical Cavity Lasers for Atomic Time Standards
Zappe, Hans P; Dec 1999; 8 pp.; In English
The availability of Vertical Cavity Lasers (VCSELs) has allowed the development of new generations of optical systems,
which can benefit from the small size, low power consumption, and high reliability of these light sources. Among diode laser
families, VCSELs are particularly attractive for a number of reasons: (I) relatively simple and robust fabrication; (2) very low
threshold current and, thus, low power consumption; (3) surface emission, thus simplified packaging and two-dimensional
array capabilities; (4) circular emission apertures and, thus, good beam shape in the near and far-field; and (5) single-mode
emission with a high wavelength tuning rate and range. Rubidium- or cesium-based atomic time standards could benefit
greatly from the use of customized VCSELs as a pump for Rb or Cs. Required is a high spectral purity coupled with emission
at precisely the pump wavelengths of interest: 780 or 852 nm. The Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM)
has developed VCSELs for atomic time standard applications, which fulfill these requirements, and is preparing their
industrialization. Optimized laser parameters include single-mode emission with a high side-mode suppression ratio,
polarization stability, narrow linewidth, high tunability, and low noise. In this paper, we will discuss the principles underlying
VCSEL operation, the required fabrication technology, and, finally, the electro-optical characteristics as these relate to the use
of VCSELs in atomic clocks. We will present device results on 780 nm VCSELs customized for operation at elevated
temperatures for use in Rb time standards. An emphasis will be placed on spectral properties, tunability, and stability. Based
141
on these developments, it is expected that VCSELs may soon play a significant role in a new generation of compact atomic
time standards.
DTIC
Atomic Clocks; Atoms; Laser Cavities; Surface Emitting Lasers; Time Measurement
20090021493 British Columbia Univ., Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
Cryogenic Masers
Berlinsky, A J; Hardy, W N; Dec 1981; 17 pp.; In English
The long-term frequency stability of a hydrogen maser is limited by the mechanical stability of the cavity, and the
magnitudes of the wall relaxation, spin exchange, and recombination rates which affect the Q of the line. Recent magnetic
resonance studies of hydrogen atoms at temperatures below 1 K and in containers coated with liquid helium films have
demonstrated that cryogenic masers may allow substantial improvements in all of these parameters. In particular the thermal
expansion coefficients of most materials are negligible at 1 K. Spin exchange broadening is three orders of magnitude smaller
at 1 K than at room temperature, and the recombination and wall relaxation rates are negligible at 0.52 K where the frequency
shift due to the Helium 4-coated walls of the container has a broad minimum as a function of temperature. Other advantages
of the helium-cooled maser result from the high purity, homogeneity, and resilience of the helium-film-coated walls and the
natural compatibility of the apparatus with helium-cooled amplifiers, which are necessary to take advantage of the intrinsically
low thermal noise of the cooled cavity.
DTIC
Cryogenics; Hydrogen Masers; Masers
Study of Multiple Optical Transitions in 87-Rb Using Laser Diodes
Newton, C L; Robinson, H G; Dec 1982; 8 pp.; In English
Recent work with laser diodes has indicated their potential usefulness in optically pumping atomic frequency standards.
We consider various optical pumping schemes for 87-Rb incorporating such light sources at two D1 frequencies for
experimental situations of either evacuated wall-coated cells or atomic beams. Numerical integration of rate equations
governing the level populations with arbitrary pumping light choices of intensity, D1 hyperfine transition(s), and polarization
and subsequent calculation of scattered light provide a simplified O-O hyperfine signal analysis.
DTIC
Optical Pumping; Optical Transition; Rubidium; Semiconductor Lasers
Real-Time Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents Using Multi-Wavelength Photoacoustics
Gurton, Kristan; Felton, Melvin; Tober, Richard; Apr 2009; 18 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
We present a proof-of-concept study designed to investigate the utility of operating a conventional photoacoustic
spectroscopy technique in a multi-wavelength mode applied to chemical vapor/aerosols for application of trace species
detection and identification. The technique involves propagating three or more laser sources through a non-resonate, flow
through photoacoustic cell. Each laser source is modulated at a different frequency, chosen at some convenient acoustic
frequency. A portion of each lasers power is absorbed by a particular test gas/aerosol that is passing through the PA cell,
resulting in a acoustic signal that is found to be proportional to the absorption cross section of the gas/vapor at the particular
laser wavelength. A superposition of frequency component (equal to the number of laser wavelengths used), combines with
the ambient acoustic noise spectrum and is recorded by an electret microphone housed in the photoacoustic cell. The signal
is deconvolved using phase sensitive detection where each component (one corresponding to a particular modulation
frequency for a particular laser) is amplified and recorded as function of species concentration. Ratios of the resultant
absorption information are used to produce an identifiable metric that remains constant for all concentrations. For the study
presented here, we used 3 laser wavelengths all lying in the spectrally rich long-wave infrared (LWIR), i.e., 8.72, 9.27, and
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10.35 um. Test nerve agents simulants include (but not limited to), diethyl phosphonate (DEMP), dimethyl methylphosphonate
(DMMP), and diisopropyl phosphonate (DIMP). Measured photoacoustic absorption results compare well with Fourier
Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis that is conducted in situ with the photoacoustic portion of the measurement.
DTIC
Chemical Warfare; Detection; Lasers; Real Time Operation; Signal Transmission; Sound Waves
Light-Driven Actuators Based on Polymer Films Developed and Demonstrated
Adamovsky, Grigory; Sarkisov, Sergey S.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 104-105; In English; See also
A novel light-driven actuator technology based on films of polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was developed and
demonstrated by the NASA Glenn Research Center and the Alabama A and M University. The actuation principle is in the
mechanical bending of a polymer film caused by low-power (10-mW and less) laser radiation. The technology is based on a
photomechanical effect that combines various physical mechanisms, such as thermal expansion, the converse piezoelectric
mechanism, and photovoltaic and pyroelectric mechanisms, where thermal expansion is dominant. The force applied by the
actuators to external objects was found to be proportional to the power of the laser beam and could be as high as 10(exp -4)
N for a 50 (micrometer) film illuminated with a 10-mW laser beam. We demonstrated mechanical vibrations of a 1- by 7-mm
strip actuator at a frequency of 0.3 kHz. As examples of possible applications, a photonic switch and an actuator with a
closed-loop motion that could drive the inner workings of a conventional mechanical clock were demonstrated. The proposed
actuators also could be used as the propulsion components of future light-driven microsystems and nanosystems.
Derived from text
Laser Beams; Actuators; Thermoplastic Films; Photomechanical Effect
20090022105 Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, AL USA
Targeting at the Speed of Light
Hughey, Richard L; McGovern, James; Feb 23, 2007; 84 pp.; In English
Is laser energy just a better bullet, bomb or missile? Or will laser energy be a disruptive technology that could enable a
U.S. advantage in the operational environment of 2025? If so, how will laser weapon systems be used in the operational
environment of the future. Uncertainty and change are the predictions for the future. Many predict a future of accelerating
change. That assumption significantly weakens forecasting estimates and increases risk for any organization. The consequence
of a rapidly changing environment, with respect to military capabilities, exposes the USA to increased security risk. The U.S.
military, as an instrument of power, must be able to mitigate or overcome security challenges. Laser weapons offer a disruptive
capability to minimize these challenges and continue the traditional warfare advantage of the U.S. in the air, space and
maritime domains. Understanding the science and technology of laser energy is crucial to understanding potential strengths
and weaknesses as lasers are weaponized. This comprehension allows insight to the value of lasers as a future weapon system.
Laser weapon systems will offer speed, ultraprecision, minimal collateral effects and deep magazines that enable temporal and
spatial control of the air, space and maritime domains. Laser weapon systems will allow an increase in targets available in the
operational environment, increase dynamic targeting and further compress the kill chain. This paper attempts to capture the
military utility of laser weapons systems in the context of targeting, weaponeering and operational implications using laser
weapon system capabilities described in the Draft 2006 Air Force Directed Energy Master Plan employed with current doctrine
against present-day targets.
DTIC
Laser Weapons; Weapon Systems; Target Acquisition; Energy Technology
Single Longitudinal Mode, High Repetition Rate, Q-switched Ho:YLF Laser for Remote Sensing
Bai, Yingxin; Yu, Jirong; Petzar, Paul; Petros, M.; Chen, Songsheng; Trieu, Bo; Lee, Nyung; Singh, U.; May 31, 2009; 2 pp.;
In English; Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/IQEC 09),
31 May - 5 Jun. 2009, Baltimore, MD, USA; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): LF99-8155; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Ho:YLF/LuLiF lasers have specific applications for remote sensing such as wind-speed measurement and carbon dioxide
143
(CO2) concentration measurement in the atmosphere because the operating wavelength (around 2 m) is located in the eye-safe
range and can be tuned to the characteristic lines of CO2 absorption and there is strong backward scattering signal from aerosol
(Mie scattering). Experimentally, a diode pumped Ho:Tm:YLF laser has been successfully used as the transmitter of coherent
differential absorption lidar for the measurement of with a repetition rate of 5 Hz and pulse energy of 75 mJ [1]. For highly
precise CO2 measurements with coherent detection technique, a laser with high repetition rate is required to averaging out the
speckle effect [2]. In addition, laser efficiency is critically important for the air/space borne lidar applications, because of the
limited power supply. A diode pumped Ho:Tm:YLF laser is difficult to efficiently operate in high repetition rate due to the large
heat loading and up-conversion. However, a Tm:fiber laser pumped Ho:YLF laser with low heat loading can be operated at
high repetition rates efficiently [3]. No matter whether wind-speed or carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration measurement is the
goal, a Ho:YLF/LuLiF laser as the transmitter should operate in a single longitudinal mode. Injection seeding is a valid
technique for a Q-switched laser to obtain single longitudinal mode operation. In this paper, we will report the new results for
a single longitudinal mode, high repetition rate, Q-switched Ho:YLF laser. In order to avoid spectral hole burning and make
injection seeding easier, a four mirror ring cavity is designed for single longitudinal mode, high repetition rate Q-switched
Ho:YLF laser. The ramp-fire technique is chosen for injection seeding.
Author
Q Switched Lasers; Optical Radar; Remote Sensing; Laser Outputs; Differential Absorption Lidar; Mie Scattering; Carbon
Dioxide Concentration; Absorption Spectroscopy
Proton and Gamma Radiation Effects in Undoped, Single-doped and co-doped YLiF4 and LuLiF4
Lee, Hyung; Bai, Yingxin; Yu, Kirong; Singh, U.; May 31, 2009; 2 pp.; In English; Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics
and International Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/IQEC 09), 31 May - 5 Jun. 2009, Baltimore, MD, USA; Original
Proton and gamma radiation effects in various YLiF4 and LuLiF4 crystals have been investigated. The radiation induced
color centers compared with six different kinds of crystal samples in ranges up to 200 krads and 200 MeV. The radiation
induced absorption coefficients are strongly dependent on polarization and concentration of rare-earth ions.
Author
Optical Radar; Crystals; Gamma Rays; Proton Beams; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Absorption; Aerospace Environments;
Aerospace Systems
37
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Includes mechanical devices and equipment; machine elements and processes. For cases where the application of a device or the host
vehicle is emphasized see also the specific category where the application or vehicle is treated. For robotics see 63 Cybernetics,
Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics; and 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support.
20090021418 Bourne Technologies, Inc., Merritt Island, FL, USA

EFTS Command Controller
Arce, Dennis; May 12, 2009; 38 pp.; In English; 2009 Test Instrumentation Workshop, 12 - 14 May 2009, California, USA;
Report No.(s): DFRC-1003; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
A detailed description of an EFTS command controller and its functionality is presented. Prototype capability and NASA
Drydens Initial Operating Capability (IOC) is also described.
CASI
Controllers; Command and Control; Prototypes; Systems Integration
A Comprehensive Prognostics Approach for Predicting Gas Turbine Engine Bearing Life
Orsagh, Rolf; Roemer, Michael; Sheldon, Jeremy; Klenke, Christopher J; Jun 2004; 10 pp.; In English; Original contains
color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497770; GT2004--53965; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Development of practical and verifiable prognostic approaches for gas turbine engine bearings will play a critical role in
144
improving the reliability and availability of legacy and new acquisition aircraft engines. In addition, upgrading current USA
Air Force (USAF) engine overhaul metrics based strictly on engine flight hours (EFH) and total accumulated cycles (TAC)
with higher fidelity prognostic models will provide an opportunity to prevent failures in engines that operate under unusually
harsh conditions, and will help avoid unnecessary maintenance on engines that operate under unusually mild conditions. A
comprehensive engine bearing prognostic approach is presented in this paper that utilizes available sensor information
on-board the aircraft such as rotor speed, vibration, lube system information and aircraft maneuvers to calculate remaining
useful life for the engine bearings. Linking this sensed data with fatigue-based damage accumulation models based on a
stochastic version of the Yu-Harris bearing life equations with projected engine operation conditions is implemented to provide
the remaining useful life assessment. The combination of health monitoring data and model-based techniques provides a
unique and knowledge rich capability that can be utilized throughout the bearings entire life, using model-based estimates
when no diagnostic indicators are present and using the monitored features such as oil debris and vibration at later stages when
failure indications are detectable, thus reducing the uncertainty in model-based predictions. A description and initial
implementation of this bearing prognostic approach is illustrated herein, using bearing test stand run-to-failure data and engine
test cell data.
DTIC
Gas Turbine Engines; Gas Turbines; Predictions
A Low-wear Planar-contact Silicon Raceway for Microball Bearing Applications
Waits, C M; Apr 2009; 34 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-H94-94MDP0
As silicon rotary micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices become critical components to power generation and
sensor platforms, it is crucial to develop bearing mechanisms that can achieve speed and reliability requirements without
increasing cost and complexity. Microball bearings have proven simple to fabricate and capable of achieving high speeds.
However, previous microball raceway implementations showed substantial degradation in performance and required cleaning
steps to improve reliability. Furthermore, large surface roughness on the raceway thrust surface caused increased wear and
friction. In this work, the silicon raceway is modified by shifting the rotor bond interface, minimizing both wear and debris
generation within the bearing. We developed a modified fabrication process that eliminates the source of the raceway thrust
surface roughness. These modifications led to continuous and repeatable operation for over 4,500,000 revolutions with no
degradation in performance. Our testing demonstrated speeds in excess of 85,000 rpm, more than twice that of previous
designs.
DTIC
Ball Bearings; Fabrication; Silicon; Wear
Ultra-High-Power, Lightweight Cryogenic Motor Developed and Operated in Liquid Nitrogen
Brown, Gerald V.; Jansen, Ralph H.; Dever, Timothy P.; Nagomy, Aleksandr S.; Trudell, Jeffrey J.; 2007 Research and
Technology; June 2008, pp. 175; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
In fiscal year 2007, researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center operated a switched-reluctance motor in liquid
nitrogen (LN2) with a power density as high as that reported for any motor or generator. The high performance stems from
the low resistivity of copper (Cu) at LN2 temperature (about oneseventh of room temperature) and from the geometry of the
windings -- the combination of which permits steady-state root-mean-square current density up to 7000 A/cm2, about 10 times
that possible in coils cooled by natural convection at room temperature.
Derived from text
Cryogenics; Winding; Motors; Stators; Rotors
Advanced Stirling Convertor Engineering Units Completed and Delivered
Wong, Wayne A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 50-51; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains
In fiscal year 2007, Advanced Stirling Convertor Engineering Units (ASC-Es) were completed and delivered by the
145
NASA Glenn Research Center and Sunpower, Inc., team to Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company (LMSSC), the
Department of Energys (DOE) system integration contractor for the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator Engineering
Unit (ASRG EU). The ASC-Es were developed as low-mass, high-efficiency power convertors for the ASRG EU
Derived from text
Stirling Cycle; Stirling Engines; Thermoelectric Power Generation

Simulation Developed That Captures the Thermoacoustic Instability Behavior of Advanced, Low-Emissions Combustor Prototype
DeLaat, John C.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 94-96; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
To reduce the environmental impact of aerospace propulsion systems, extensive research is being done in the development
of lean-burning (low fuel-to-air ratio) combustors that can reduce emissions throughout the mission cycle. However, these
combustors have an increased susceptibility to thermoacoustic instabilities, or high-pressure oscillations much like sound
waves, that can cause severe high-frequency vibrations in the combustor. These pressure waves can fatigue the combustor
components and even the downstream turbine blades, significantly decreasing the safe operating life of the combustor and
turbine. Previous work at Glenn has shown that active combustion control utilizing advanced algorithms and working through
high-frequency fuel actuation can effectively suppress combustion instabilities in aircraft gas turbine engine combustors. We
desire to extend these active control methods to advanced low-emissions combustors such as that being prototyped. The ability
to develop such active control designs successfully is greatly enhanced by accurate modeling and simulation of the
thermoacoustic instability behavior of the combustor under investigation. A simulation developed at Glenn captures the
experimentally observed instability behavior of the low-emissions combustor prototype described earlier, and the layout of the
simulation captures the relevant physical features of the combustor and test rig.
Derived from text
Combustion Chambers; Propulsion System Performance; Simulation; Active Control

Advanced Stirling Convertors began Extended Operation
Oriti, Salvatore M.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 49-50; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
The NASA Glenn Research Center has been supporting development of the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator
(ASRG) for the Department of Energy; and Lockheed Martin Space Systems (Valley Forge, PA) has been assigned as system
integrator under contract to the Department of Energy. The generator will utilize free-piston Stirling conversion technology
to produce electrical power from a plutonium-238 heat source and will be able to operate in deep space or in gaseous
atmospheres such as Mars. Free-piston convertor designs make use of noncontacting moving parts to eliminate wear
mechanisms and enable the long life required by deep-space missions. Glenn has been supporting Lockheed Martin Space
Systems and the ASRG project by providing key data in the areas of performance enhancement and risk mitigation. Glenn
tasks include extended-duration convertor testing, heater head life assessment, structural dynamics testing and analysis,
organics assessment, and reliability analysis. The purpose of the convertor testing effort is to provide independent validation
and verification of the conversion technology as well as demonstrate its life and reliability. To accomplish this, Glenn
researchers have put several convertors on extended, around-the-clock operation. Six prototype convertors, designed and
fabricated by Sunpower, Inc., designated Advanced Stirling Convertors (ASCs), have operated for over 10,700 total hours with
no failures. Two pairs of Infinia, Corp., Technology Demonstration Convertors (TDCs) also continued extended operation.
TDCs #13 and #14 have operated for 32,200 hours, and TDCs #15 and #16 have operated for over 18,000 hours.
Derived from text
Stirling Cycle; Energy Conversion Effciency; Technology Assessment; Life (Durability); Mechanical Engineering
146
38
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND RELIABILITY
Includes approaches to, and methods for reliability analysis and control, quality control, inspection, maintainability, and standardization.

Use of Sensors on a Bladed Rotating Disk Evaluated for Health Monitoring and Crack Detection
Abdul-Aziz, Ali; Gyekenyesi, Andrew L.; Baaklini, George Y.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 105-107; In
Developing health management and ultrasafe engine technologies are the primary goals of NASAs Aviation Safety
Program. In addition to improving safety, health monitoring can reduce maintenance costs. Typically, this involves a sensor
system that can sustain normal operation in a harsh engine environment. The system should also be able to broadcast a signal
if a crack detected in the component is greater than a prespecified length but below a critical length that would lead to failure.
Furthermore, the system should have a neutral effect on overall engine system performance and should not interfere with
engine maintenance operations. Currently, many different non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are used to detect
cracks to prevent catastrophic failure, but the effectiveness and reliability of these techniques vary substantially depending on
the inspection conditions. Therefore, more reliable diagnostic tools and high-level techniques for detecting damage and
monitoring the health of rotating components are needed to maintain engine safety and reliability and to assess life. As a result,
the NDE Group at the NASA Glenn Research Center assembled a unique disk spin simulation system to verify and study a
crack-detection technique that sense center-of-mass changes of the rotor system. The study is under NASA s Aviation Safety
Integrated Vehicle Health Management program, which is developing and demonstrating technologies that lead to safer
aviation and to fewer injuries and fatal aviation accidents. Glenns NDE Group is developing combined experimentalanalytical capabilities to test the ability of health-monitoring technologies to detect rotor damage in situ prior to a catastrophic
event. The system can evaluate crack-detection techniques systematically through highly controlled crack-initiation and
crack-growth tests on subscale rotors up to 46-cm (18-in.) diameter spinning at up to 10,000 rpm.
Derived from text
Nondestructive Tests; Crack Initiation; Detection; Structural Health Monitoring; Sensors; Rotating Disks; Rotors; NASA
Programs
20090022249 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; United Space Alliance, Cape Canaveral, FL, USA;
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
Influence Map Methodology for Evaluating Systemic Safety Issues
Raising the bar in safety performance is a critical challenge for many organizations, including Kennedy Space Center.
Contributing-factor taxonomies organize information about the reasons accidents occur and therefore are essential elements
of accident investigations and safety reporting systems. Organizations must balance efforts to identify causes of specific
accidents with efforts to evaluate systemic safety issues in order to become more proactive about improving safety. This
project successfully addressed the following two problems: (1) methods and metrics to support the design of effective
taxonomies are limited and (2) influence relationships among contributing factors are not explicitly modeled within a
taxonomy.
Derived from text
Aerospace Safety; Accident Prevention; Taxonomy; System Identification; Systems Engineering
39
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
Includes structural element design, analysis and testing; dynamic responses of structures; weight analysis; fatigue and other structural
properties; and mechanical and thermal stresses in structures. For applications see 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance; and
18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance.
20090021297 American Society of Civil Engineers, Chicago, IL, USA

Design of Protective Structures (A New Concept of Structural Behavior)
Amirikian, A.; Aug. 1950; 82 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-110459; NP-3766; NAVDOCKSP51; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
The design of protective structures is no longer confined to the exclusive domain, of military construction. As a result of
147
atomic warfare and with the elimination of previous boundaries of military objective, protective design is now a common
problem for both the military installations as well as for civil and industrial buildings. Presently there is but little information
available to serve as a guide for the design of such structures. With the objective of providing some aid to the structural
engineer in his new and difficult task, this paper presents certain data and design procedure. The presentation is made in two
parts: The first part includes declassified experimental data and a procedure used by the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the
Navy Department in designing structures to resist conventional weapons of the last war, such as bombs and projectiles. The
second part is devoted to a discussion of atomic bomb blast and to a new concept of structural resistance. Based on this
concept, an analysis is presented, together with a simplified procedure, for the design of structures to resist atomic blast.
NTIS
Structural Analysis; Military Operations
20090021387 North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State Univ., Greensboro, NC, USA
Evaluation of Acceptance Strength Tests for Concrete Pavements
Picornell-Darder, M.; Chen, J. L.; Jun. 30, 2005; 175 pp.; In English
The North Carolina Department of Transportation has used traditionally flexural strength tests for acceptance testing of
Portland cement concrete pavements. This report summarizes a research project implemented to investigate the feasibility of
using other strength tests and nondestructive tests, to accomplish the same objective of ensuring an adequate modulus of
rupture of the slab but avoiding or reducing the need to perform a large number of flexural strength determinations for
acceptance testing. The present work has been laid around using a nondestructive test (a resonant column) to measure a seismic
modulus that is used as a rating tool to evaluate the repeatability of duplicate specimens before the specimens are strength
tested. This has been accomplished by developing regression lines and confidence and prediction intervals for the correlation
of the seismic modulus to flexural, splitting tension, and compressive strength test. All these test show strong correlation
coefficients and, thus, all have the possibility to be used in the prediction of flexural strength. The report suggests a new
process for acceptance testing based on using a combination of compressive strength and seismic modulus. The selection of
compression testing is based on the perceived know-how of the personnel of NCDOT throughout the State.
NTIS
Acceptability; Cements; Concretes; Flexural Strength; Pavements
20090021498 General Plastics Mfg. Co., Tacoma, WA USA

Polyurethane Foam and Sand Barriers Extend Munitions Igloo Capacity
Gragg, Ken; Henry, Floyd P; Hile, Theodore C; Aug 1998; 14 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Safe high-explosive mass-storage methods usually rely on a simple combination of earth and concrete barriers, combined
with sufficient distance between loads, to avoid accidental conflagration. Established Net Explosive Weight (NEW)
equivalencies and Quantity-Distance (Q-D) storage standards allow conventional 40 by 80 earth-covered magazines (or:
igloos) a maximum of 425 pounds NEW storage per unit. With each unit separated from others by the required distances,
an accidental explosion could be limited to a single magazine, without initiating other explosions nearby. However, using this
storage method at Air National Guard installations is made complex by a need to co-locate with civilian aviation activities.
Often, meeting Q-D safety requirements is difficult, or impossible. At the same time, it may be unworkable to keep adequate
stores of ordnance items nearby to meet Guard-unit mission requirements, while maintaining adequate safety. Expanding
urbanization around formerly isolated bases contributes added safety and security concerns, sometimes forcing use of
inconveniently remote storage magazines to support unit mission Magazine-availability constraints objectives. Magazineavailability constraints resulting from continued downsizing of military facilities and functions might make impractical the
storage of ammunition and explosives in other locations. Explosive and ordnance researchers and manufacturers encounter
these identical problems and concerns. Both military and civilian facilities often need a convenient way to expand magazine
storage capacity to meet schedules, lower costs, and improve efficiency. The ideal solution lay in an easily constructed blast
wall system, which, when added to the interior of an igloo, shields and segregates multiple explosive loads while maintaining
magazine safety at low cost.
DTIC
Explosives; Polyurethane Foam; Polyurethane Resins; Sands
148
20090021685 Karagozian and Case, Glendale, CA USA

Modeling of Fragment Loads and Effects on Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Malvar, L J; Wesevich, James W; Crawford, John E; Aug 1996; 12 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
This paper describes a technique used to characterize the loading and damage generated by the primary fragments from
cased munitions on reinforced concrete slabs or walls. It has been observed that the damage generated by the fragments, while
usually of secondary importance to the airblast, can in some circumstances dominate the response. Test observations indicate
that fragments from cased conventional bombs, not only directly load a wall element through momentum transfer, but also
create a substantial amount of damage on the walls front face. This damage may include slicing of the reinforcement and
complete removal of concrete from the front face to depths beyond the front face reinforcement. Single fragment tests have
also shown that the momentum transferred is substantially greater than the fragment momentum prior to impact, due to the
significant amount of concrete debris ejected from the impact crater. Equivalent forcing functions, in terms of pressure versus
time, are derived to approximate both the momentum transfer and the damage generated in the concrete.
DTIC
Composite Materials; Concretes; Fragments; Loads (Forces); Models; Slabs
20090021687 Florida Univ., Shalimar, FL USA
RC Beams and Slabs Externally Reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Panels
Ross, C A; Muszynski, L C; Jerome, D M; Tedesco, J W; Sierakowski, R L; Aug 1996; 17 pp.; In English
Considerable experimental and analytical studies concerning the external reinforcement of RC beams and slabs using fiber
reinforced plastic (FRP) strips and panels have been accomplished in the past ten to twelve years. This paper will review the
pertinent work in this area and in particular will review and present both experimental and analytical studies conducted by the
USA Air Force at Wright Laboratorys Pavements and Facilities Section (WL/FIVCO), Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. Both
experimental and analytical studies at WL/FIVCO have shown that RC beams and slabs retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced
plastic (CFRP) and Aramid fiber reinforced plastic (AFRP) show considerable flexural strength increases when compared to
control beams without the FRP panels. These studies have been conducted on structural response to static loads, drop weight
dynamic loads and blast loadings from conventional explosives. In all cases considerable strength enhancement has been
observed. For beams retrofitted with bottom tensile CFRP strips the largest strength enhancement occurred for RC beams with
steel reinforcing ratios of 1.5 percent or less. This corresponds to a ratio of steel area (tension only) to CFRP area of
approximately 4.0 or less. In cooperation with WL/FIVCO, the University of Florida developed a vacuum bond technique to
apply prefabricated FRP panels to concrete surfaces using a commercial high performance epoxy adhesive. In addition to beam
and slab structural response, WL/FIVCO has conducted tests of freeze-thaw cycling, ultraviolet exposure, heating, cooling,
wetting and drying on concrete samples with and without various FRP strips. No detrimental effects were observed for these
tests. Fatigue strength of externally reinforced beams (no steel) was also studied at WL/FIVCO using a non-reversed fatigue
loading of 80 and 10 percent of static maximum load applied at a rate of 20 Hz for 2,000,000 cycles.
DTIC
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics; Composite Materials; Concretes; Explosives; Panels; Reinforced Plastics; Reinforcing
Fibers; Slabs
20090021962 Civil Engineering Squadron (00341st), Malmstrom AFB, MT USA
Environmental Assessment for Fiscal Year 2005 Replace Family Housing (Jupiter) Phase V at Malmstrom Air Force
Base, Montana
DeBlois, Jeanette; Hoffman, Philip; May 17, 2004; 68 pp.; In English
This EA has been developed for the Replace Family Housing Phase V (Jupiter) design and construction project at
Malmstrom AFB. The current family housing situation at Malmstrom AFB is very poor. Of the 1,406 housing units on base,
only 377 are deemed adequate according to current AF Housing Guidance (USAF 1995a, 2003). Many of the existing homes
have deterioirated and the following problems have been reported: electrical wiring and fixtures that do not meet current
building codes, plumbing fixtures that have corroded, outdated flooring, asbestos is present in flooring and countertops, and
lead-based paint has been detected on several interior and exterior surfaces. The AF proposes to build new housing units within
the existing housing area to remedy these needs.
DTIC
Habitats; Fixtures; Wiring; Pipelines; Paints
149
20090021969 Civil Engineering Squadron (00341st), Malmstrom AFB, MT USA

Environmental Assessment for Phase 6 and Phase 7, Replace Family Housing at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana
Hoffman, Philip; Dillon, Jeff; Jan 2005; 68 pp.; In English
This Environmental Assessment has been developed for the Replace Family Housing Phase 6 and Phase 7 design and
construction project at Malmstrom AFB. The current family housing situation at Malmstrom AFB is very poor. Of the 1,471
housing units on base, only 498 are deemed adequate according to current Air Force Housing Guidance (USAF 1995a, 2003).
Many of the existing homes have deteriorated and the following problems have been reported electrical wiring and fixtures
that do not meet current building codes, plumbing fixtures that have corroded, outdated flooring, asbestos is present in flooring
and countertops, and lead-based paint has been detected on several interior and exterior surfaces. The Air Force proposes to
build new housing units within the existing housing area to remedy these needs.
DTIC
Habitats; Fixtures; Paints; Pipelines; Wiring
20090021976 Science Applications International Corp., Bothell, WA USA

Environmental Assessment for Replace Family Housing Phase IV at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana
Dagel, Mark; Eldridge, Jim; Gross, Lorraine; Jaminet, Maria; Johnson, Irene; Aug 15, 2003; 82 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DACW67-02-D-1013
The USA Air Force Air Force, as the 341st Civil Engineer Squadron (341 CES) proposes to demolish 100 existing
family housing units and rebuild 94 in their place. This is the fourth phase of housing upgrades, with several additional phases
to follow. This Environmental Assessment (EA) has been prepared to analyze the potential environmental consequences
associated with the Proposed Action and No Action Alternatives in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA) of 1969 (?42 USA Code [USC]4321-4347), Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) Regulations for Implementing
the Procedural Provisions of NEPA (?40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 1500-1508), and Air Force Instruction (AFI)
32-7061, Environmental Impact Analysis Process (?32 CFR 989, et seq.).
DTIC
Habitats; Environmental Quality; Structural Engineering; Environment Management

Formal Methodology Developed for Probabilistically Evaluating the Design of Composite Structures
Chamis, Christos C.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 153-155; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright;
Composite materials are widely used in modern structures for high performance and reliability. However, because these
structures usually operate in hostile and random service environments, it is difficult to predict their structural performance. In
addition, experiments show that the composite structural behavior exhibits wide scatter because of inherent uncertainties in
the design variables. The scatter in structural behavior cannot be computationally simulated by traditional deterministic
methods, which use a safety factor to account for uncertain (scattered) structural behavior. Thus, these methods cannot
determine the structural reliability of a composite structure. A probabilistic design methodology is needed to do that. The
NASA Glenn Research Center has developed a formal methodology to efficiently and accurately quantify the scatter in the
composite structural response and to evaluate composite structural design, while accounting for the uncertainties at all
composite scale levels (constituent, ply, laminate, and structure). This methodology, which integrates microcomposite and
macrocomposite mechanics and laminate theories, finite element methods, and probability algorithms, was implemented
through the Integrated Probabilistic Assessment of Composite Structures (IPACS) computer code, which in essence describes
a multifunctional, multiscale design. IPACS is used to evaluate composite structures probabilistically for all types of structural
performance factors, such as instability, clearance, damage initiation, delamination, microbuckling, fiber crushing, and
resonance damage (multiscale). Since IPACS uses a special probability algorithm - the fast probability integrator, instead of
the conventional Monte Carlo simulation - an enormous amount of computational time can be saved (multifunctional).
Therefore, a probabilistic composite structural analysis, which cannot be done traditionally, becomes desirable especially for
150
large structures with many uncertain variables. The typical case analyzed herein demonstrates IPACS for the probabilistic
evaluation of composite structures and illustrates the formal multiscale, multifunctional design evaluation methodology.
Derived from text
Composite Structures; Composite Materials; Structural Design; Probability Theory; Computer Programs
20090022184 Ohio Aerospace Inst., Brook Park, OH, USA

Reliability-Based Design Optimization of a Composite Airframe Component
Patnaik, Surya N.; Pai, Shantaram S.; Coroneos, Rula M.; April 2009; 35 pp.; In English; 12th Multidisciplinary Analysis and
Optimization Conference, 10 - 12 Sep. 2008, British Columbia, Canada; Original contains color and black and white
illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-215501; AIAA Paper 2008-5879; E-16553-1; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
A stochastic design optimization methodology (SDO) has been developed to design components of an airframe structure
that can be made of metallic and composite materials. The design is obtained as a function of the risk level, or reliability, p.
The design method treats uncertainties in load, strength, and material properties as distribution functions, which are defined
with mean values and standard deviations. A design constraint or a failure mode is specified as a function of reliability p.
Solution to stochastic optimization yields the weight of a structure as a function of reliability p. Optimum weight versus
reliability p traced out an inverted-S-shaped graph. The center of the inverted-S graph corresponded to 50 percent (p = 0.5)
probability of success. A heavy design with weight approaching infinity could be produced for a near-zero rate of failure that
corresponds to unity for reliability p (or p = 1). Weight can be reduced to a small value for the most failure-prone design with
a reliability that approaches zero (p = 0). Reliability can be changed for different components of an airframe structure. For
example, the landing gear can be designed for a very high reliability, whereas it can be reduced to a small extent for a raked
wingtip. The SDO capability is obtained by combining three codes: (1) The MSC/Nastran code was the deterministic analysis
tool, (2) The fast probabilistic integrator, or the FPI module of the NESSUS software, was the probabilistic calculator, and (3)
NASA Glenn Research Center s optimization testbed CometBoards became the optimizer. The SDO capability requires a finite
element structural model, a material model, a load model, and a design model. The stochastic optimization concept is
illustrated considering an academic example and a real-life raked wingtip structure of the Boeing 767-400 extended range
airliner made of metallic and composite materials.
Author
Design Optimization; Composite Structures; Airframes; Stochastic Processes; Transport Aircraft; Wing Tips; Distribution
Functions; Finite Element Method; Risk

Evaluation of Material Models within LS-DYNA(Registered TradeMark) for a Kevlar/Epoxy Composite Honeycomb
Polanco, Michael A.; Kellas, Sotiris; Jackson, Karen; May 27, 2009; 16 pp.; In English; AHS International 65th Forum and
Technology Display, 27-29 May 2009, Grapevine, TX, USA; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
The performance of material models to simulate a novel composite honeycomb Deployable Energy Absorber (DEA) was
evaluated using the nonlinear explicit dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA(Registered TradeMark). Prototypes of the DEA
concept were manufactured using a Kevlar/Epoxy composite material in which the fibers are oriented at +/-45 degrees with
respect to the loading axis. The development of the DEA has included laboratory tests at subcomponent and component levels
such as three-point bend testing of single hexagonal cells, dynamic crush testing of single multi-cell components, and impact
testing of a full-scale fuselage section fitted with a system of DEA components onto multi-terrain environments. Due to the
thin nature of the cell walls, the DEA was modeled using shell elements. In an attempt to simulate the dynamic response of
the DEA, it was first represented using *MAT_LAMINATED_COMPOSITE_FABRIC, or *MAT_58, in LS-DYNA. Values
for each parameter within the material model were generated such that an in-plane isotropic configuration for the DEA material
was assumed. Analytical predictions showed that the load-deflection behavior of a single-cell during three-point bending was
within the range of test data, but predicted the DEA crush response to be very stiff. In addition, a
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY, or *MAT_24, material model in LS-DYNA was developed, which represented
the Kevlar/Epoxy composite as an isotropic elastic-plastic material with input from +/-45 degrees tensile coupon data. The
151
predicted crush response matched that of the test and localized folding patterns of the DEA were captured under compression,
but the model failed to predict the single-cell three-point bending response.
Author
Kevlar (Trademark); Epoxy Resins; Foams; Composite Materials; Composite Structures; Honeycomb Structures; Structural
Design; Materials Selection; Computer Programs; Computerized Simulation; Energy Dissipation; Impact Resistance; Finite
Element Method

Developing Soil Models for Dynamic Impact Simulations
Fasanella, Edwin L.; Lyle, Karen H.; Jackson, Karen E.; May 27, 2009; 21 pp.; In English; AHS International 65th Forum
and Technology Display, 27-29 May 2009, Grapevine, TX, USA; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
This paper describes fundamental soils characterization work performed at NASA Langley Research Center in support of
the Subsonic Rotary Wing (SRW) Aeronautics Program and the Orion Landing System (LS) Advanced Development Program
(ADP). LS-DYNA(Registered TradeMark)1 soil impact model development and test-analysis correlation results are presented
for: (1) a 38-ft/s vertical drop test of a composite fuselage section, outfitted with four blocks of deployable energy absorbers
(DEA), onto sand, and (2) a series of impact tests of a 1/2-scale geometric boilerplate Orion capsule onto soil. In addition,
the paper will discuss LS-DYNA contact analysis at the soil/structure interface, methods used to estimate frictional forces, and
the sensitivity of the model to density, moisture, and compaction.
Author
Rotary Wing Aircraft; Aircraft Landing; Spacecraft Landing; Crash Landing; Landing Sites; Soils; Characterization;
Dynamic Tests; Impact Tests; Energy Absorption
42
GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL)
Includes general research topics related to the Earth sciences, and the specific areas of petrology, mineralogy, and general geology. For
other specific topics in geosciences see categories 42 through 48.
20090022139 NASA Wallops Flight Center, Wallops Island, VA, USA

GFO and JASON Altimeter Engineering Assessment Report. Update: GFO-Acceptance to End of Mission on October
22, 2008, JASON-Acceptance to September 29, 2008
Conger, A. M.; Hancock, D. W., III; Hayne, G. S.; Brooks, R. L.; April 2009; 210 pp.; In English; Original contains black
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2009-209984/Ver.1/Vol.11; 200901612; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A10, Hardcopy
The purpose of this document is to present and document GEOSAT Follow-On (GFO) performance analyses and results.
This is the ninth Assessment Report since the initial report and is our final one. This report extends the performance assessment
since acceptance on November 29, 2000 to the end of mission (EOM) on October 22, 2008. Since launch, February 10, 1998
to the EOM, we performed a variety of GFO performance studies; Appendix A provides an accumulative index of those
studies. We began the inclusion of analyses of the JASON altimeter after the end of the Topographic Experiment (TOPEX)
mission. Prior to this, JASON and TOPEX were compared during our assessment of the TOPEX altimeter. With the end of
the TOPEX mission, we developed methods to report on JASON as it related to GFO. It should be noted the GFO altimeter,
after operating for over 7 years, was power cycled off to on and on to off approximately 14 times a day for over 18 months
in space with no failure. The GFO altimeter proved to be a remarkable instrument providing stable ocean surface
measurements for nearly eight years. This report completes our GFO altimeter performance assessment.
Author
GEOSAT Satellites; Altimeters; Performance; Reliability
152
43
EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
Includes remote sensing of earth features, phenomena and resources by aircraft, balloon, rocket, and spacecraft; analysis of remote
sensing data and imagery; development of remote sensing products; photogrammetry; and aerial photography. For related
instrumentation see 35 Instrumentation and Photography.

Exploiting Unique Features of Nanodiamonds as an Advanced Energy Source
Mattson, William D; Balu, Radhakrishnan; Rice, Betsy M; Ciezak, Jennifer A; Apr 2009; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains
color illustrations
We present a combined experimental and theoretical study on carbon nanodiamonds (NDs) using Raman and DAC
experimentation and ab initio calculations. Our calculations confirm the surface reconstruction to a fullerene-like structure, and
indicate compression of the diamond core, producing an estimated internal pressure of 50 GPa. Quantum molecular dynamics
simulations of hypervelocity collisions of NDs show that upon collision, shock-induced amorphization first occurs, followed
by complete disruption of the ND surface and ejection of reactive particles into the vacuum. Raman spectra of oxidized ND
samples at increasing pressures showed a subtle increase in the vibrational intensity of the Raman feature centered near 1335
cm-1 near 18 GPa and continued under subsequent pressure increases. The intensification of this vibrational feature is
consistent with a thinning of the amorphous carbon outer shell, which results in greater exposure to the diamond core with
increasing pressure and may be a precursor to Structural Bond Energy Release (SBER) initiation. Additionally, a nearly
twofold increase in the vibrational intensity of the sp2 graphite peak centered near 1630 cm-1 in the spectra of the oxidized
nanodiamond sample suggests the possibility of a sluggish partial phase transition from sp3 hybridized diamond to sp2
hybridized graphite.
DTIC
Bit Error Rate; Diamonds; Energy Transfer; Joints (Junctions); Molecular Dynamics

Developments in Oil Shale
Andrews, Anthony; Nov 17, 2008; 35 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497639; CRS-RL34748; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The Green River oil shale formation in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming is estimated to hold the equivalent of 1.38 trillion
barrels of oil equivalent in place. The shale is generally acknowledged as a rich potential resource; however, it has not
generally proved to be economically recoverable. Thus, it is considered to be a contingent resource and not a true reserve.
Also, the finished products that can be produced from oil shale are limited in range to primarily diesel and jet fuel. Earlier
attempts to develop oil shale under the 1970s era Department of Energy (DOE) Synthetic Fuels program and the later
Synthetic Fuels Corporation loan guarantees ended after the rapid decline of oil prices and development of new oil fields
outside the Middle East. Improvements taking place at the time in conventional refining enabled increased production of
transportation fuels over heavy heating oils (which were being phased out in favor of natural gas). Rising oil prices and
concerns over declining petroleum production worldwide revived USA interest in oil shale after a two-decade hiatus. In
addition to technological challenges left unsolved from previous development efforts, environmental issues remained and new
issues have emerged. Estimates of the ultimately recoverable resource also vary. Challenges to development also include
competition with conventional petroleum production in the mid-continent region, and increasing petroleum imports from
Canada. The regions isolation from major refining centers in the Gulf Coast may leave production stranded if pipeline
capacity is not increased.
DTIC
Oils; Shales
153

Global Warming Threatens National Interests in the Arctic
McCarthy, Jr, Thomas R; Mar 26, 2009; 38 pp.; In English
Global warming has impacted the Arctic Ocean by significantly reducing the extent of the summer ice cover allowing
greater access to the region. Greater access to the Arctic Ocean potentially threatens the USA national interests in the region.
Access to the USA natural resources, specifically crude oil and natural gas, and to its territory and critical infrastructure must
be protected. The USA must continue to engage the United Nations and the Arctic Council on issues that potentially threaten
its national interests. The new Obama Administration should continue, improve upon, and support the international and
domestic climate change initiatives that were begun under President Bush to include the nations comprehensive energy
strategy. In addition, ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea should be an immediate priority for
the new administration. The Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense (DoD) must continue to study
their requirements and plan for increased operations in the Arctic region, and DoD must continue to research and develop new
and alternate energy sources for its forces. Global warming is a difficult challenge and its impact can only be mitigated by a
holistic government approach.
DTIC
Arctic Ocean; Arctic Regions; Crude Oil; Global Warming; Greenhouse Effect; Natural Gas; Protection; United States
Geo-STAR: A Geostationary Microwave Sounder for the Future
Lambrigtsen, Bjorn H.; Brown, S. T.; Dinardo, S. J.; Gaier, T. C.; Kangaslahti, P. P.; Tanner, A. B.; August 26, 2007; 11 pp.;
In English; Data: SPIE Optics and Photonics, 26-30 Aug. 2007, San Diego, CA, USA; Original contains color illustrations;
Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
The Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Aperture Radiometer (GeoSTAR) is a new Earth remote sensing instrument concept
that has been under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. First conceived in 1998 as a NASA New Millennium
Program mission and subsequently developed in 2003-2006 as a proof-of-concept prototype under the NASA Instrument
Incubator Program, it is intended to fill a serious gap in our Earth remote sensing capabilities - namely the lack of a microwave
atmospheric sounder in geostationary orbit. The importance of such observations have been recognized by the National
Academy of Sciences National Research Council, which recently released its report on a Decadal Survey of NASA Earth
Science activities1. One of the recommended missions for the next decade is a geostationary microwave sounder. GeoSTAR
is well positioned to meet the requirements of such a mission, and because of the substantial investment NASA has already
made in GeoSTAR technology development, this concept is fast approaching the necessary maturity for implementation in the
next decade. NOAA is also keenly interested in GeoSTAR as a potential payload on its next series of geostationary weather
satellites, the GOES-R series. GeoSTAR, with its ability to map out the three-dimensional structure of temperature, water
vapor, clouds, precipitation and convective parameters on a continual basis, will significantly enhance our ability to observe
hurricanes and other severe storms. In addition, with performance matching that of current and next generation of
low-earth-orbiting microwave sounders, GeoSTAR will also provide observations important to the study of the hydrologic
cycle, atmospheric processes and climate variability and trends. In particular, with GeoSTAR it will be possible to fully resolve
the diurnal cycle. We discuss the GeoSTAR concept and basic design, the performance of the prototype, and a number of
science applications that will be possible with GeoSTAR. The work reported on here was performed at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Author
Remote Sensing; Geosynchronous Orbits; Earth Orbits; Synchronous Platforms; Storms (Meteorology); Water Vapor; NASA
Programs; Hydrological Cycle; Diurnal Variations; Hurricanes
Thermal Remote Sensing in Earth Science Research
Quattrochi, Dale A.; Luvall, Jeffrey C.; [2009]; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): M09-0226; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Earth Sciences; Infrared Detectors; Remote Sensing
154
44
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
Includes specific energy conversion systems, e.g., fuel cells; and solar, geothermal, windpower, and waterwave conversion systems;
energy storage; and traditional power generators. For technologies related to nuclear energy production see 73 Nuclear Physics. For
related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power; 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; and 28 Propellants and Fuels.
20090021250 Savannah River National Lab., Aiken, SC, USA

Radiolytic Hydrogen Generation in Savannah River Site (SRS) High Level Waste Tanks Comparison of SRS and
Hanford Modeling Predictions
Crawford, C. L.; Bibler, N. E.; Aug. 2009; 36 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): DE2009-951332; WSRC-TR-2004-00468-REV6; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information
Service (NTIS)
In the high level waste tanks at the Savannah River Site (SRS), hydrogen is produced continuously by interaction of the
radiation in the tank with water in the waste. Consequently, the vapor spaces of the tanks are purged to prevent the
accumulation of H2 and possible formation of a flammable mixture in a tank. Personnel at SRS have developed an empirical
model to predict the rate of H2 formation in a tank. The basis of this model is the prediction of the G value for H2 production.
This G value is the number of H2 molecules produced per 100 eV of radiolytic energy absorbed by the waste. Based on
experimental studies it was found that the G value for H2 production from beta radiation and from gamma radiation were
essentially equal. The G value for H2 production from alpha radiation was somewhat higher. Thus, the model has two
equations, one for beta/gamma radiation and one for alpha radiation. Experimental studies have also indicated that both G
values are decreased by the presence of nitrate and nitrite ions in the waste. These are the main scavengers for the precursors
of H2 in the waste; thus the equations that were developed predict G values for hydrogen production as a function of the
concentrations of these two ions in waste.
NTIS
Hydrogen; Hydrogen Production; Radioactive Wastes; Nuclear Electric Power Generation
20090021321 Florida International Univ., Miami, FL, USA

Improved Hydrogen Yield from Florida Specific Biomass Gasification Using a Pilot Scale Gasification Unit
Srivastava, R.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 39, 563-599; In English; See also
Concerns about the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, energy security, and pollution caused by continuously increasing
energy demands make biomass and hydrogen attractive alternative energy sources. Recently, there has been an increasing
interest in taking the necessary steps to move towards a hydrogen-based economy. NASA and Kennedy Space Center (KSC)
and the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in particular, have been exploring options to locally produce the hydrogen.
Local production of hydrogen is necessitated by economic, transportation safety, and energy security considerations. Hydrogen
is currently derived from nonrenewable resources by steam reforming in which fossil fuels, primarily natural gas, react with
steam at high pressures and temperatures in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst. In principle, hydrogen can also be
generated from renewable resources such as biomass through thermochemical or biological pathways. Gasification
(thermochemical methodology) yields fuel gas that makes a wide array of power options viable, including traditional internal
combustion engines and fuel cells. During the earliest phase of this project, citrus peels in Central Florida and sugarcane
bagasse were identified as promising local biomass resources in Florida due to their overabundance and favorable market
value. The farmland acreage dedicated to citrus almost exceeds 800,000 acres. The citrus industry generates more than 1
million tons/year of citrus waste residue (dry basis). The undertaken research has focused on utilizing biomass residue from
citrus juice production to co-produce hydrogen and heat. Hydrogen can then be used to generate electricity and additional heat.
The pilot-scale gasification system was designed using mostly off-the-shelf components. This report assesses the technical and
economic potential of producing hydrogen from citrus peel fed biomass gasifier. The report also includes information on the
feedstock preparation, feedstock handling, feedstock performance, hydrogen yields and potential problems identified during
the pilot scale experiments.
Author
Fruits; Sugar Cane; Biomass Energy Production; Gasification; Hydrogen Production; Hydrogen-Based Energy; Energy
Technology; Technology Assessment
155

Hydrogen Production from Used Lubricating Oils
T-Raissi, A.; Ramasamy, K.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 22, 159-172; In English; See also
Used lubricating oils (lube oils) are generated throughout the U.S. and collected in central locations in many communities.
Disposing of these used oils in an improper manner causes environmental degradation. However, used lube oils can be re-used
as a lubricant or as an energy source. At the Florida Solar Energy Center, a process has been developed that converts used
oils to hydrogen and other valuable low molecular weight hydrocarbons. Used lube oils are a complex mixture of aliphatic
and polycyclic hydrocarbons formulated to withstand high service temperatures in internal combustion engines. Both synthetic
and mineral oils contain a high concentration of hydrogen (about 13-14 wt%). In this project, lube oil reformation experiments
were carried out using several commercially available dehydrogenation catalysts over a range of reactor temperatures,
pressures, residence times and steam to carbon ratios. The data giving the experimental results are presented and discussed
in this report.
Author
Hydrogen; Hydrogen Production; Lubricating Oils; Hydrogen-Based Energy

Compact, Lightweight, and Optimized Fuel Cells for Space and Aircraft Power
Fenton, J.; Choi, P.; Bonville, L.; Kunz, R.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 19, 107-132; In
This study was performed to determine techniques for improving proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell
performance when operating on dry reactants that are known to harm performance. The use of reactant recirculation, water
recirculation, and a cell with a membrane additive were considered. For reactant recirculation, a simple mass balance model
was used to determine the membrane inlet relative humidity (RH) for a fuel cell operating on dry reactant gases. Calculations,
with cell temperature, cell pressure, reactant stoichiometry and reactant recycle as variables, generated strategies for internally
humidifying the stack and for operation under conditions which maximize power density. These calculations showed cathode
recycle was much more effective than anode recycle at increasing the membrane inlet relative humidity; but they also showed
that, for reasonable total flow rates, the losses due to reduced reactant pressures were much higher than the gains for the
increased membrane water content. In a parallel effort single-cell and multi-cell tests were designed and implemented to
demonstrate the operation of a water transport device for the recirculation of water. These tests included internal recirculation
of anode and cathode exhaust streams with an internal humidifier that uses a Nafion(R) membrane as a separator between the
exhaust and the inlet gases. Using simple models and this experimental data, the inlet and exit membrane relative humidities
were calculated. Tests were conducted with commercial Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) as well as with FSECs thin
composite membranes (Nafion -- Teflon -- Phosphotungstic Acid). Unexpectedly, the performance improvement for anode
humidification was much higher than anticipated. The cell performance of the composite membrane was higher than that of
commercial Nafion(R) 112 membranes and MEAs from a commercial source (Ion Power). Synthesis of thin composite
membranes and the incorporation of water management strategies using internal humidification improved the performance and
reduced the volume of the conceptual fuel cell systems.
Author
Fuel Cells; Membranes; Humidity
20090021410 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA

Cost and Reliability Improvement for CIGS-Based PV on Flexible Substrate, Phase II: 26 September 2007 - 25
September 2008
Wiedeman, S.; Mar. 01, 2009; 20 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC36-99-GO10337
Report No.(s): DE2009-951027; NREL/SR-520-45213; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service
(NTIS)
Global Solars CIGS manufacturing cost has decreased by increased automation, higher materials utilization, and greater
capacity with higher rates in all tools.
NTIS
Copper; Gallium; Indium; Manufacturing; Photovoltaic Conversion; Selenides; Substrates
156
20090021411 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO USA

Manufacturing Process Optimization to Improve Stability, Yield and Efficiency of CdS/CdTe PV Devices: Final Report,
December 2004 - January 2009
Sampath, W. S.; Enzenroth, A.; Brath, K.; Mar. 01, 2009; 37 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC36-99-GO10337
Report No.(s): DE2009-951028; NREL/SR-520-45214; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service
(NTIS)
The research by Colorado State University advances the understanding of device stability, efficiency, and process yield
for CdTe PV devices.
NTIS
Cadmium Tellurides; Manufacturing; Photovoltaic Conversion; Solar Cells; Stability
Energy Security: Reducing Vulnerabilities to Global Energy Networks
Pritchard, Jack K; Moon, Michael; Mar 2009; 38 pp.; In English
In the age of globalization the vulnerability of energy networks, particularly oil and gas networks, has increased due to
multiple factors, the least of which include: the presence of non-state, transnational terrorist networks, political and economic
aims of emerging states, and the overall interdependence on global energy sources. These vulnerabilities have revealed the
extreme fragility of these networks and the mere presence of threats to these networks causes disruptions to the flow of
resources and leads to instabilities in the global markets and the world economy. The effects of these disruptions are felt almost
immediately and are worldwide. Current energy security policies do not adequately address these vulnerabilities. This paper
examines the vulnerabilities global energy networks and provides recommendations for developing a new energy security
policy that mitigates the threats and increases resiliency in energy networks.
DTIC
Energy Consumption; Vulnerability
Tough Guys Go Green: Expanding DoDs Role in Energy Security
Farrell, Michael; Mar 17, 2009; 34 pp.; In English
Americas dependency on fossil fuels is a critical National Security issue. The USA needs to develop alternative means
to power and fuel aircraft, ships and ground vehicles with the ultimate goal of achieving energy independence from foreign
oil sources. This monograph examines the linkages between a National Energy Policy, National Security Strategy, National
Defense Strategy and National Military Strategy. Our dependence on foreign oil sources and the lack of adequate supplies of
fossil fuels is a critical National Security issue; therefore the USA Military should be at the forefront of looking for and
employing alternative fuels and sources of energy. The plan to develop alternative fuels and power sources must be written
into the National Security Strategy, National Defense Strategy and the National Military Strategy.
DTIC
Energy Consumption; Guy Wires; Security
20090021919 Porvair Advanced Materials, Hendersonville, NC, USA
Scale-Up of Carbon/Carbon Bipolar Plates, (Final)
Haack, D. P.; Apr. 08, 2009; 245 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-FC36-02AL67627
Report No.(s): DE2009-950868; DOE/AL/67627-1; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This project was focused upon developing a unique material technology for use in PEM fuel cell bipolar plates. The
carbon/carbon composite material developed in this program is uniquely suited for use in fuel cell systems, as it is lightweight,
highly conductive and corrosion resistant. The project further focused upon developing the manufacturing methodology to
cost-effectively produce this material for use in commercial fuel cell systems. United Technology Fuel Cells Corp., a leading
fuel cell developer was a subcontractor to the project was interested in the performance and low-cost potential of the material.
The accomplishments of the program included the development and testing of a low-cost, fully molded, net-shape
157
carbon-carbon bipolar plate. The process to cost-effectively manufacture these carbon-carbon bipolar plates was focused on
extensively in this program. Key areas for cost-reduction that received attention in this program was net-shape molding of the
detailed flow structures according to end-user design. Correlations between feature detail and process parameters were formed
so that mold tooling could be accurately designed to meet a variety of flow field dimensions.
NTIS
Bipolarity; Carbon; Carbon-Carbon Composites; Fuel Cells; Plates (Structural Members)

Lithium-Ion Battery Demonstrated for NASA Desert Research and Technology Studies
Baldwin, Richard S.; Bennett, William R.; Bugga, Ratnakumar V.; Horsham, Gary A.; Reid, Concha M.; Smart, Marshall C.;
2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 35-36; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains black and white
Lithium-ion batteries have attractive performance characteristics that are well suited to a number of NASA applications.
These rechargeable batteries produce compact, lightweight energy-storage systems with excellent cycle life, high charge/
discharge efficiency, and low self-discharge rate. NASA Glenn Research Centers Electrochemistry Branch designed and
produced five lithium-ion battery packs configured to power the liquid-air backpack (LAB) on spacesuit simulators. The
demonstration batteries incorporated advanced, NASA-developed electrolytes with enhanced low-temperature performance
characteristics. The objectives of this effort were to (1) demonstrate practical battery performance under field-test conditions
and (2) supply laboratory performance data under controlled laboratory conditions. Advanced electrolyte development is being
conducted under the Exploration Technology Development Program by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Three field trials
were successfully completed at Cinder Lake from September 10 to 12, 2007. Extravehicular activities of up to 1 hr and 50
min were supported, with residual battery capacity sufficient for 30 min of additional run time. Additional laboratory testing
of batteries and cells is underway at Glenn s Electrochemical Branch.
Derived from text
Lithium Batteries; Performance; Field Tests

New Lithium-Ion Batteries with Enhanced Safety and Power Density Evaluated for Future NASA and Aerospace
Missions
Baldwin, Richard S.; Bennett, William R.; Bugga, Ratnakumar V.; Horsham, Gary A.; Reid, Concha M.; Smart, Marshall C.;
2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 34-35; In English; See also 20090021990; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01,
Hardcopy
Lithium-ion rechargeable battery technology is being developed by NASA to address future aerospace mission needs and
requirements, with particular emphasis on inherent safety characteristics for crewed missions. In 2007, a NASA Innovative
Partnership Program (IPP) seed fund provided the impetus to structure a unique relationship between two NASA centers and
three industrial partners to develop and evaluate the performance of an alternative, high-rate, and inherently safe lithium-ion
battery/cell chemistry and design and to assess its relevance for future NASA and commercial aerospace mission applications.
The ongoing IPP cost-shared project, which is supported by the NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate, is
administered at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The five diverse team partners and stakeholders are providing unique
expertise and facilities to address the technical tasks in a complementary manner. The primary objectives of the project are
to assess both the electrochemical and safety performance of the A123 COTS baseline cells in both generic and NASA
mission-relevant test conditions, and to forecast the viability of such cells in space-qualified battery hardware. In addition to
assessing the performance of baseline high-power cells and multicell modules, the NASA centers made performance
enhancements to the A123 baseline cell chemistry with respect to low-temperature performance and high-temperature
resilience for enhanced safety, and these enhancements continue to be assessed. The successful completion of the IPP effort
will afford a higher level of technology readiness for utilizing high-power battery chemistries in aerospace missions, and it
will impact energy storage technology selections for human-rated NASA Constellation Systems and other relevant missions.
In addition, the program has successfully cultivated mutually beneficial relationships between the teams industrial partners,
which will ultimately result in reduced systems-level cost and reduced times for technology maturation.
Derived from text
Lithium Batteries; Recharging; Power Effciency; Aerospace Safety; Energy Storage; Technology Assessment
158

Hybrid Power Management Program: Prototype Grid-Tie Photovoltaic Power System Has Been in Successful
Operation for Over 1 Year at NASA Glenn and Is Serving as the Basis for Future Expansion
Eichenberg, Dennis J.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 54-55; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
Present global energy concerns reinforce the need for the development of alternative energy systems. Modern
photovoltaic (PV) panels and electronics have made grid-tie PV power systems safe, reliable, efficient, and economical with
a life expectancy of at least 20 years. During fiscal year 2007, the NASA Glenn Research Center collected data from a
state-of-the-art 2-kW grid-tie PV power system designed, developed, and installed at Glenn. Among other uses, these data will
show how solar energy varies in Cleveland, Ohio, over the year.
Derived from text
Photovoltaic Conversion; Solar Energy; Solar Cells
Passive Cooling Plates Studied for Fuel Cells
Colozza, Tony; Burke, Kenneth A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 36-37; In English; See also 20090021990;
The required characteristics of passive cooling plates for fuel cells were analyzed at the NASA Glenn Research Center.
The cooling studies revealed that for small- to moderate-size fuel cells (less than or equal to 225 cm(exp 2) in active area)
cooling plates of less than a millimeter in thickness could be used if the thermal conductivity of the plates was 800 W/m/K
or greater. Although this thermal conductivity is about twice that of copper, there are materials that have thermal conductivities
greater than 1000 W/m/K that could potentially be used. Future work in this area is planned to test advanced thermally
conductive materials for potential use as cooling plates inside fuel cell stacks and to construct sample cooling plates for
incorporation into fuel cell stacks to demonstrate the feasibility of the new technology.
Derived from text
Fuel Cells; Cooling; Plates; Technology Assessment
Progress Made in Power-Conversion Technologies for Fission Surface Power
Mason, Lee S.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 47-48; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains
NASA has begun technology development of power-conversion systems for fission surface power (FSP). FSP provides
a low-mass, long-life power option for Moon and Mars applications, especially for human outposts. These systems could be
developed to satisfy power requirements from tens of kilowatts to hundreds of kilowatts. Risk and cost could be reduced if
the fission reactor could utilize terrestrial-derived components and materials. A possible reactor configuration might include
uranium dioxide fuel with stainless steel cladding and liquid metal coolant, permitting operating temperatures up to 900 K.
A key technical challenge is the development of high-power, high-efficiency power-conversion technologies that are
compatible with this heat source and operating temperature. The NASA Glenn Research Center is evaluating both free-piston
Stirling and closed-Brayton-cycle options. Both technologies provide a feasible path to meet the power, efficiency, and lifetime
goals for FSP.
Derived from text
Nuclear Fission; Energy Sources; Nuclear Electric Power Generation; Energy Conversion; Technology Assessment; Stirling
Cycle; Power Converters; Brayton Cycle
45
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Includes atmospheric, water, soil, noise, and thermal pollution.
20090021256 National Park Service, Lakewood, CO, USA

Annual Data Summary, Acadia National Park, Mc Farland Hill, 2002 National Park Service Gaseous Air Pollutant
Monitoring Network
The primary objective of this monitoring program is to establish the status and trends of park unit air quality conditions
159
and to determine if a park unit is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to protect public health and welfare. In addition, such monitoring is designed to detect changes or
trends in pollution levels over time. A monitoring station may also be established if there is documented biological injury due
to air pollution in a park unit. Information on ambient air pollution levels is an important part of research on effects of air
pollutants on NPS resources, and can help confirm suspected causes of observed effects.
NTIS
Air Pollution; National Parks; Pollution Monitoring
20090021258 National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, USA
Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA-2005-0076; 2005-0201-3080, Ballys, Paris, and Caesars Palace Casinos, Las
Vegas, Nevada, May 2009. Environmental and Biological Assessment of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Among Casino Dealers
Achutan, C.; West, C.; Mueller, C.; Boudreau, Y.; Mead, K.; May 2009; 48 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109526; HETA-2005-0076-3080; HETA-2005-0201-3080; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03,
Hardcopy
Between January and April 2005, NIOSH received confidential requests for HHEs from nonpoler (NP) casino dealers at
Ballys, Paris, and Caesars Palace casinos in Las Vegas, Nevada. These casino dealers were concerned that exposure to ETS
in their workplace was causing a variety of acute and long-term health effects. In response to these requests, NIOSH
investigators conducted three onsite evaluations at Ballys, Paris, and Caesars Palace casinos. The first onsite evaluation was
conducted July 22-24, 2005, during which we interviewed employees, reviewed OSHA Forms 200 and 300 (Log of Work
Related Injuries and Illnesses), and administered a screening questionnaire. The screening questionnaire was used to select
potential participants to take a subsequent health symptom questionnaire and undergo environmental and biological
monitoring. During the second site visit, from August 21-24, 2005, additional screening questionnaires were distributed to NP
casino dealers. A health symptom questionnaire was mailed January 6, 2006, and we conducted biological and environmental
monitoring on our final site visit from January 19-22, 2006. During the confidential medical interviews and the open
discussions, NP casino dealers reported that they were most concerned about respiratory health effects related to ETS.
NTIS
Exposure; Hazards; Health; Respiratory System; Safety; Smoke; Tobacco
20090021260 National Park Service, Lakewood, CO, USA
Annual Data Summary, Acadia National Park, Cadillac Mountain, 2002 National Park Service Gaseous Air Pollutant
Monitoring Network
The primary objective of this monitoring program is to establish the status and trends of park unit air quality conditions
and to determine if a park unit is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to protect public health and welfare. In addition, such monitoring is designed to detect changes or
trends in pollution levels over time. A monitoring station may also be established if there is documented biological injury due
to air pollution in a park unit. Information on ambient air pollution levels is an important part of research on effects of air
pollutants on NPS resources, and can help confirm suspected causes of observed effects.
NTIS
Air Pollution; Mountains; National Parks; Pollution Monitoring
Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA-2007-0167-3078, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, Feruary 2009.
Evaluation of Exposures in Sculpture Studios at a College Art Department
Chen, L.; Tapp, L.; Feb. 2009; 32 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109528; HETA-2007-0167-3078; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
NIOSH received a confidential employee request for an HHE at Brooklyn College in Brooklyn, New York. The request
was to investigate health and safety concerns in the sculpture studios, including the ceramic, woodworking, and metalworking
studios. Employees were concerned that degenerative nerve damage, lung cancer, sinus problems, allergies, and headaches
were possibly related to work exposures. On October 22-24, 2007, NIOSH investigators conducted an initial evaluation that
included an opening conference, a tour of the three sculpture studios, observations of work activities, and a review of relevant
160
health and safety documents. We evaluated the ventilation in the studios, collected area and PBZ air samples for VOCs in the
woodworking studio, and interviewed employees about their health. On October 24, we held a closing conference to provide
preliminary recommendations. On March 28, 2008, we returned to collect area and PBZ welding fume air samples during a
metalworking class. We observed inadequate electrical grounding, machine guarding, and spacing around power tools and
machines; and poor housekeeping practices. Eating and drinking were allowed in the studios during classes, eye protection
was not always used, and respirators were used improperly. Many of the existing health and safety rules and guidelines of the
studios were not being enforced.
NTIS
Ceramics; Exposure; Hazards; Health; Industries; Safety; Universities
NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Occupational Exposures to Lead and Noise at Indoor Firing Ranges
Kardous, C. A.; King, B. F.; Khan, A.; Whelan, E. A.; Tubbs, R. L.; Apr. 2009; 32 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109531; DHHS/PUB/NIOSH-2009-136; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) requests help in preventing injury and illness in
workers at indoor firing ranges in the USA. Workers are potentially exposed to hazardous amounts of lead and noise at these
ranges. They include thousands of employees at the firing ranges as well as more than a million Federal, State, and local law
officers who train regularly at these facilities. In addition to workers, 20 million active target shooters are potentially exposed
to lead and noise hazards at indoor firing ranges. This Alert presents five case reports that document lead and noise exposures
of law enforcement officers and students. The Alert examines firing range operations, exposure assessment and control
methods, existing regulations, and exposure standards and guidelines. NIOSH requests that the recommendations in this Alert
be brought to the attention of all firing range owners, operators, workers, and users as well as safety and health officials,
industry associations, unions, and editors of trade journals.
NTIS
Exposure; Health; Ordnance; Ranges (Facilities); Safety; Test Firing
Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA-2005-0248-3077, Sara Lee Bakery, Sacramento, California, January 2009.
Exposure to Flour Dust and Sensitization Among Bakery Employees
Page, E. H.; Dowell, C. H.; Mueller, C. A.; Biagini, R. E.; Jan. 2009; 40 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109527; HETA-2005-0248-3077; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
In May 2005, NIOSH received a confidential employee request for an HHE at the Sara Lee Bakery in Sacramento,
California. The request concerned rashes, respiratory symptoms, and problems with ventilation and indoor environmental
quality. In an August 2005 work site visit we met with management and union representatives, toured the plant, and held
confidential medical interviews with employees. We observed potential exposure to flour dust and BAA and received reports
of employees with work-related hand dermatitis, cough, eye irritation, and aggravation of pre-existing asthma. We also learned
of at least one employee who was diagnosed with bakers asthma. We returned to the bakery in March 2006. All bakery
employees were asked to participate in an evaluation designed to compare sensitization and symptom prevalences between
groups categorized as having higher and lower potential exposure to BAA and to more accurately characterize exposure in the
different bakery departments. PBZ and GA air monitoring was performed to measure inhalable flour dust and total dust. The
inhalable flour dust samples were further analyzed for alpha-amylase and wheat. The study included a questionnaire, and blood
tests for total IgE; IgE specific to flour dust, wheat, and alpha-amylase; and for a variety of common aeroallergens.
NTIS
Dust; Exposure; Hazards; Health; Indoor Air Pollution; Personnel; Safety
20090021291 Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC, USA
How CBO Estimates the Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions. Background Paper
CBOs methodology for estimating the costs of mitigating greenhouse-gas emissions draws on a wide range of public and
private sources for data and analysis and involves a relatively simple framework that can be used to evaluate a wide variety
of proposed policies. The framework can be adjusted to take into account changes in projections of emissions, other important
economic assumptions, and science and policy parameters. In preparing its cost estimates, CBO uses estimates of mitigation
161
costs that, by construction, are in the middle of the range of estimates produced by current state-of the- art energy-economy
models.
NTIS
Air Pollution; Cost Estimates; Costs; Estimates; Exhaust Emission; Exhaust Gases; Greenhouse Effect; Pollution Control
20090021292 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA

Assessment of the Impacts of Global Change on Regional U.S. Air Quality: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impact on
Ground-Level Ozone. An Interim Report of the U.S. EPA Global Change Research Program
Report No.(s): PB2009-110257; EPA/600/R-07/094F; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
It is increasingly recognized that the science and policy communities need to explore the potential impact of long-term
(multi-decadal), global climate change on regional air qualityspecifically the possibility that such change may complicate air
quality managers ability to attain their management goals. These concerns are grounded in information derived from
observational studies, basic atmospheric chemistry, and modeling of short-term air pollution episodes. For example, these
analyses have established the major role that weather patterns play in establishing conditions conducive to ozone (O3)
formation and accumulation, such as abundant sunshine, high temperatures, and stagnant air. It is now well understood that
year-to-year variability in summer climate is strongly correlated with the number of days that exceed O3 air quality standards.
Historically, air pollution has been studied mostly in terms of immediate local and regional concerns, rather than as a global
change issue. In 2001, the EPA Office of Research and Developments Global Change Research Program initiated an effort to
increase understanding of the multiple complex interactions between long-term global climate change and atmospheric
chemistry which have the potential to influence air pollution in the USA. The overall goal of the assessment effort is to enhance
the ability of air quality policy makers and managers to consider global climate change in their decisions through this increased
understanding.
NTIS
Air Quality; Climate Change; Climatology; Ozone

Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act
DeAngelo, B.; Samenow, J.; Martinich, J.; Grano, D.; Kruger, D.; Apr. 17, 2009; 171 pp.; In English
This document provides technical support for the endangerment analysis concerning greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
that may be addressed under the Clean Air Act. This document itself does not convey any judgment or conclusion regarding
the question of whether GHGs may be reasonably anticipated to endanger public health or welfare, as this decision is
ultimately left to the judgment of the Administrator. The conclusions here and the information throughout this document are
primarily drawn from the assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the U.S. Climate Change
Science Program.
NTIS
Air Quality; Greenhouse Effect; Hazards; Safety Factors
20090021390 Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
Carbon Monoxide National Ambient Air Quality Standards: Scope and Methods Plan for Health Risk and Exposure
Assessment
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is presently conducting a review of the carbon monoxide (CO) national
ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). EPAs overall plan and schedule for this CO NAAQS review are presented in the Plan
for Review of the Carbon Monoxide National Ambient Air Quality Standards (US EPA, 2008b), or Integrated Review Plan
(IRP). This IRP (US EPA, 2008b) outlines the Clean Air Act (CAA) requirements related to the establishment and periodic
review of the NAAQS and the process and schedule for conducting the current CO NAAQS review. It presents the key
policy-relevant issues to be addressed in this review as a series of policy-relevant questions that will frame our approach to
determining whether the current primary NAAQS for CO should be retained or revised. The IRP also discusses two key
162
components in the NAAQS review process - an Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) and a Risk and Exposure Assessment
(REA) - in addition to the policy assessment and rulemaking components that complete the review.
NTIS
Air Quality; Ambience; Carbon Monoxide; Exposure; Health; Risk Assessment
20090021400 National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Champaign, IL, USA

Quality Assurance Report National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 1996 and 1997
Rothert, J.; Apr. 1999; 190 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109860; NADP/MP-188; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A09, Hardcopy
This Laboratory Operations Quality Assurance Report, a summary of the quality control/quality assurance measures in
place at the Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network
(NADP/NTN) and NADP/Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (NADP/AIRMoN), is the product of many
individuals. The U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Quality Systems coordinates the external interlaboratory comparison
program. Karen Harlin, Mark Peden, and Van Bowersox of the NADP Program Office provide ongoing input and support
throughout the year. A dedicated staff of analysts analyzes thousands of samples with the support of conscientious sample
receiving and processing personnel. Andrea Morden-Moore contributed computer products for the 1996 data.
NTIS
Atmospheric Chemistry; Deposition; Quality Control
20090021409 Idaho National Lab., Idaho Falls, ID, USA

Radiological Safety Analysis Computer (RSAC) Program Version 7.0 Users Manual
Schrader, B. J.; Mar. 01, 2009; 128 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC07-99ID-13727
Report No.(s): DE2009-950986; INL/EXT-09-15275; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The Radiological Safety Analysis Computer (RSAC) Program Version 7.0 (RSAC-7) is the newest version of the RSAC
legacy code. It calculates the consequences of a release of radionuclides to the atmosphere. A user can generate a fission
product inventory from either reactor operating history or a nuclear criticality event. RSAC-7 models the effects of
high-efficiency particulate air filters or other cleanup systems and calculates the decay and ingrowth during transport through
processes, facilities, and the environment. Doses are calculated for inhalation, air immersion, ground surface, ingestion, and
cloud gamma pathways. RSAC-7 can be used as a tool to evaluate accident conditions in emergency response scenarios,
radiological sabotage events and to evaluate safety basis accident consequences. This users manual contains the mathematical
models and operating instructions for RSAC-7. Instructions, screens, and examples are provided to guide the user through the
functions provided by RSAC-7. This program was designed for users who are familiar with radiological dose assessment
methods.
NTIS
Computer Programs; Fission Products; Radiation Protection; Radiology; Safety; User Manuals (Computer Programs)
20090021419 Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineering (Red Horse) 823 Div., Tyndall
AFB, FL USA
Environmental Assessment 819th Red Horse Five Year Plan, Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana
Aug 7, 2007; 96 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A496865; XC-823D-RED/HOR; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This EA analyzes the potential environmental impacts from the proposed and alternative actions at Malmstrom AFB in
Great Falls Montana. The Proposed Action supports mission requirements of the 819th RHS. Construction of new facilities
and expansion of existing facilities is needed to address the shortfall in space required by the 819th RHS. The purpose of this
action is to provide adequate space for the efficient execution of the 819th RHS mission.
DTIC
Construction; Horses; Military Air Facilities
163
20090021527 Conservation Fund Partners, Chapel Hill, NC USA

Limiting Encroachment Through Conservation Investments: A Statewide Assessment of Georgia (The Conservation
Fund)
Pease, Fred; Aug 2004; 18 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Conservation; Environment Protection; Resources Management
20090021773; National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Champaign, IL, USA
Quality Assurance Report National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 1998
Rothert, J.; May 2000; 131 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109861; NADP/QA-2000-01A; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A07, Hardcopy
The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) has been in operation since 1978. Since the beginning of the
Network, quality assurance has been of paramount importance. The Quality Assurance Report, National Atmospheric
Deposition Program, 1998, describes the quality assurance/quality control measures used at the Central Analytical Laboratory
(CAL) of the NADP/National Trends Network and NADP/Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network in order to
ensure that the quality of the data produced is of the highest possible caliber. Information about the quality of the data
generated is presented in the form of tables, figures, graphs, and brief written explanations. The CAL was within the quality
control objectives for the network in 1998.
NTIS
20090021784 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA USA
DOE/NV/26383-LTR2008-01 Letter Report Yucca Mountain Environmental Monitoring Systems Initiative - Air
Quality Scoping Study for Caliente, Lincoln County, Nevada. (DE2009-950711)
Engelbrecht, J.; Kavouras, I.; Campbell, D.; Campbell, S.; Kohl, S.; Apr. 02, 2009; 29 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC52-06NA26383
Report No.(s): DE2009-950711; DOE/NV/26383-LTR2008-01; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The Desert Research Institute (DRI) is performing a scoping study as part of the U.S. Department of Energys Yucca
Mountain Environmental Monitoring Systems Initiative (EMSI). The main objective is to obtain baseline air quality
information for Yucca Mountain and an area surrounding the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Air quality and meteorological
monitoring and sampling equipment housed in a mobile trailer (shelter) is collecting data at eight sites outside the NTS,
including Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Beatty, Sarcobatus Flats, Rachel, Caliente, Pahranagat NWR,
Crater Flat, and Tonopah Airport, and at four sites on the NTS (Engelbrecht et al., 2007a-d). The trailer is stationed at any
one site for approximately eight weeks at a time. This letter report provides a summary of air quality and meteorological data,
on completion of the sites sampling program.
NTIS
Air Pollution; Air Quality; Environmental Monitoring; Mountains; Nevada; Pollution Monitoring
20090021785 Desert Research Inst., Reno, NV, USA
Letter Report Yucca Mountain Environmental Monitoring Systems Initiative - Air Quality Scoping Study for Crater
Flat, Nye County, Nevada
Engelbrecht, J.; Kavouras, J.; Campbell, D.; Campbell, S.; Kohl, S.; Aug. 02, 2008; 26 pp.; In English
including Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Beatty, Sarcobatus Flats, Rachel, Caliente, Pahranagat NWR,
164
Crater Flat, and Tonopah Airport, and at four sites on the NTS (Engelbrecht et al., 2007a-d). The trailer is stationed at any
NTIS
Air Pollution; Air Quality; Craters; Environmental Monitoring; Mountains; Nevada; Pollution Monitoring
Letter Report Yucca Mountain Environmental Monitoring Systems Initiative - Air Quality Scoping Study for
Pahranagat National Wildlife
Engelbrecht, J.; Kavouras, J.; Campbell, D.; Kohl, S.; Campbell, S.; Apr. 02, 2009; 29 pp.; In English
including Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Pahranagat NWR, Beatty, Rachel, Caliente, Crater Flat, and
Tonopah Airport, and at four sites on the NTS (Engelbrecht et al., 2007a-d). The trailer is stationed at any one site for
approximately eight weeks at a time. This letter report provides a summary of air quality and meteorological data on
completion of the sites sampling program.
NTIS
Air Pollution; Air Quality; Environmental Monitoring; Mountains; Nevada; Pollution Monitoring; Wildlife
Letter Report Yucca Mountain Environmental Monitoring Systems Initiative - Air Quality Scoping Study for Tonopah
Airport, Nye County, Nevada
Engelbrecht, J.; Kavouras, I.; Campbell, D.; Campbell, S.; Kohl, S.; Apr. 02, 2009; 29 pp.; In English
including Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Tonopah Airport, Beatty, Rachel, Caliente, Pahranagat NWR,
Crater Flat, and the Tonopah Airport, and at four sites on the NTS (Engelbrecht et al., 2007a-d). The trailer is stationed at any
NTIS
Air Pollution; Air Quality; Airports; Environmental Monitoring; Mountains; Nevada; Pollution Monitoring
Rothert, J.; Jun. 2001; 128 pp.; In English
Network, quality assurance has been of paramount importance. The Quality Assurance Report, National Atmospheric
(CAL) of the NADP/National Trends Network (NTN) and NADP/Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network
(AIRMoN) and reports the results of these programs. The goal of the CAL quality assurance program is to provide reliable,
consistent, high-quality data that fulfills the needs of researchers and other data users. This is achieved by incorporating quality
checks throughout the sample flow process. System blanks and control checks are included at strategic sample and data flow
165
points. Results are compiled to generate information about the quality of the data generated and presented as tables, figures,
graphs, or brief written explanations. The CAL was within the quality control objectives for the networks in 1999.
NTIS

Rothert, J.; Nov. 2002; 144 pp.; In English
The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) has been in operation since 1978, and quality assurance always
has been of paramount importance. The Quality Assurance Report, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 2000, describes
the quality assurance/quality control measures used at the Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) of the NADP/National Trends
Network (NTN) and NADP/Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN) to ensure that the data
produced are of the highest possible caliber. Information about the quality of the data generated is presented in the form of
tables, figures, graphs, and brief written explanations. The CAL was within the quality control objectives for the networks in
2000.
NTIS
Atmospheric Chemistry; Quality Control; Data Products

Rothert, J.; Dec. 2003; 211 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109864; NADP/QA-2003-01; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A10, Hardcopy
network, quality assurance has been of paramount importance. The Quality Assurance Report, National Atmospheric
(CAL) of the NADP/National Trends Network (NTN) and NADP/Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network
(AIRMoN) and reports the results of these programs. The goal of the CAL quality assurance program is to provide reliable,
consistent, high-quality data that fulfill the needs of researchers and other data users. This is achieved by incorporating quality
checks throughout the sample flow process. System blanks and control checks are included at strategic sample and data flow
points. Results are compiled to generate information about the quality of the data, which are presented in tables, figures, or
brief written explanations. The CAL was within the quality control objectives for the networks in 2001.
NTIS

Rothert, J.; Aug. 2006; 212 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109865; NADP/QA-2006-01; ISWS-D/CS-2006-01; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A10, Hardcopy
The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) and the Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) have been in
operation since 1978. Since the beginning of the network, quality assurance has been of paramount importance. The Quality
Assurance Report, National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 2002, describes the quality assurance/quality control measures
used at the CAL of the NADP/National Trends Network (NTN) and NADP/Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring
Network (AIRMoN), and reports the results of these programs. The goal of the CAL quality assurance program is to provide
reliable, consistent, high-quality data that fulfill the needs of researchers and other data users. This is achieved by incorporating
quality checks throughout the sample flow process. System blanks and control checks are included at strategic sample and data
flow points. Results are compiled to generate information about the quality of the data, which are presented in tables, figures,
or brief written explanations. The CAL was within the quality control objectives for the networks in 2002.
NTIS
166
20090021926 Frontier Geosciences, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA

National Atmospheric Deposition Program Mercury Deposition Network. Mercury Analytical Laboratory Annual
Quality Assurance Report, 2004
Van der Jagt, G.; Brunette, R.; January 2004; 45 pp.; In English
Since January 1996, Frontier GeoSciences Inc. (FGS) has served as the Mercury Analytical Laboratory (HAL) and Site
Liaison Center for the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN). MDN, coordinated through the National Atmospheric Deposition
Program (NADP), was designed with the primary objective of quantifying the wet deposition of mercury in North America
to determine long-term geographic and temporal distributions. MDN has grown to incorporate over 95 sites in the USA and
Canada. In 2006, MDN is expected to incorporate 10-15 additional new sites. As HAL, FGS receives weekly precipitation
samples to be analyzed for total mercury. HAL also analyzes samples for methylmercury from selected sites participating in
the methylmercury program. The analytical technique Modified EPA Method 1631 Revision B was developed by Nicolas S.
Bloom, one of FGS founders. FGS also served as the referee lab for the Method 1631 final validation study.
NTIS
Air Pollution; Atmospheric Composition; Chemical Analysis; Deposition; Mercury (Metal); Quality Control
20090021927 Frontier Geosciences, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
National Atmospheric Deposition Program Mercury Deposition Network. Mercury Analytical Laboratory Annual
Quality Assurance Report, 2005
Van der Jagt, G.; January 2005; 51 pp.; In English
Since January 1996, Frontier GeoSciences Inc. (FGS) has served as the Mercury Analytical Laboratory (HAL) and Site
Liaison Center for the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN). MDN, coordinated through the National Atmospheric Deposition
Program (NADP), was designed with the primary objective of quantifying the wet deposition of mercury in North America
to determine long-term geographic and temporal distributions. MDN has grown to incorporate over 95 sites in the USA and
Canada. In 2006, MDN is expected to incorporate 10-15 additional new sites. As HAL, FGS receives weekly precipitation
samples to be analyzed for total mercury. HAL also analyzes samples for methylmercury from selected sites participating in
the methylmercury program. The analytical technique Modified EPA Method 1631 Revision B was developed by Nicolas S.
Bloom, one of FGS founders. FGS also served as the referee lab for the Method 1631 final validation study.
NTIS
Air Pollution; Chemical Analysis; Deposition; Mercury (Metal); Pollution Control
46
GEOPHYSICS
Includes Earth structure and dynamics, aeronomy; upper and lower atmosphere studies; ionospheric and magnetospheric physics; and
geomagnetism. For related information see 47 Meteorology and Climatology; and 93 Space Radiation.

Static Experiments of Partially Buried Cased Charges Against Earth and Timber Bunkers
Tank, Amy; Rickman, Denis; Ehrgott, Jay; Pearson, Richard; Angel, Jason; Jan 2009; 18 pp.; In English; Original contains
color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497460; ARL-RP-234; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The US Army Research Laboratory (ARL), in conjunction with the Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC),
performed experiments to assess the effects of a partially buried charge against an earth and timber bunker. The experiments
were designed to evaluate the ground shock and airblast environment, as well as the resultant loads on the bunker, produced
by a cased charge with a TNT-equivalence of 41.4 Kg. ARLs Model of Earth and Timber Bunkers (METB) code was used
to predict ground shock loads produced by the buried charges. The charges were placed at burial depths of 0.50 m or 0.91 m,
and at varying distances from the bunker, corresponding to expected levels of no damage, light damage, and collapse as
predicted by the code. Results from the METB code and the experiments are compared. Initial comparisons between the code
and experimental results demonstrate good correlation. Both experimental results and code predictions show that the cased
charge is capable of producing heavy damage to the earth and timber bunker, provided that the charge is located so that the
front wall of the bunker is near or within the crater the charge creates in the soil. The charge produces light damage to the
167
bunker at further distances. The experimental results also show that the charge causes significant damage to the rear bunker
wall via airblast loading, and this mechanism is capable of producing damage at greater distances than can the ground shock
loading. The key airblast mechanism responsible for the rear wall damage is the positive pressure differential between the
inside of the bunker and the exterior. This pressure reached values of 25.5 to 51.7 KPa. Such differential pressures were
sufficient to severely damage the rear wall of the bunker.
DTIC
Blast Loads; Damage
20090021461 Dugway Proving Ground, UT USA
Current Status and Future Directions in the Use of High-Resolution Atmospheric Models for Support of T&
Bowers, James; Astling, Elford; Warner, Thomas; Swerdlin, Scot; Betancourt, Terri; Dec 2005; 29 pp.; In English; Original
Right from the beginning of the computer age, high performance computers have been dedicated to weather research and
forecasting. ATEC and the National Center for Atmospheric Research have partnered on the development of one of the
highest-resolution operational weather-prediction systems in the world, ATEC 4DWX. Weather models need to be closely
coupled to special-applications models - transport and diffusion, parachute drift, sound propagation. The mobile version is
used to support special missions that are not covered by stationary range weather-modeling systems such as WSMR support
of missile launches in Hawaii. Global Climatological Analysis Tool is run for decades-long historical period to downscale
available global climatological analyses. The resulting high-resolution climatology of winds, temperature, etc. can be used for
long range test planning. National Ground Intelligence Center now uses this system operationally; it will soon be deployed
to ATEC ranges. The ATEC 4DWX model is being coupled to building-aware urban models.
DTIC
Atmospheric Models; High Resolution
20090021473 Ministry of Defense, Singapore
Small-Scale Testing on Ground Shock Propagation in Mixed Geological Media
Zhou, Yingxin; Chong, Karen O; Wu, Yaokun; Aug 1998; 12 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
This paper presents results of a series of small-scale tests conducted to investigate shock propagation through mixed
geological media. The tests were conducted in a granite quarry pit. Soil backfill with geotechnical properties similar to the in
situ residual soil was placed on top of the granite rock to simulate the soil cover. A vertical charge hole was drilled in the
granite rock to simulate an underground storage chamber. Various types of gauges were placed in rock boreholes as well as
in the soil backfill. For the soil backfill, gauges were placed along the soil/rock boundary, at mid-height, and on the surface
of the soil, all at the same horizontal distances. A total of eight charges were detonated to study the effects of coupling,
chamber loading density, charge shape and location, and the effect of water. Results from these tests have provided valuable
data for calibration of generic computer models developed for the prediction of ground shock propagation, and contributed
significantly to the understanding of shock wave propagation through mixed geological media.
DTIC
Computerized Simulation; Geology; Oils; Safety
Modeling of Atmospheric Effects on Terahertz Imaging Systems
OBrien, Sean G; Tofsted, David H; Dec 2006; 41 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The terahertz (THz) electromagnetic frequency band is a potentially useful domain for remote sensing in military and
Homeland Security applications. Sensors operating in this band gain some of the material penetrating abilities of radio waves,
some of the image resolving capabilities of infrared (IR) devices, and an enhanced chemical discrimination capacity inherent
to the THz band itself. Both passive (thermal) and active (maser) THz sensor operating modes have been contemplated, with
the greatest emphasis on active sensors. Active sensors gain a particular advantage due to typical equivalent source brightness
168
temperatures in the neighborhood of 1018 K. At these intensities, the significance of natural emission effects is negligible, but
the influence of water vapor absorption can be significant at frequencies above 0.4 THz. For systems performance analysis
we have developed simulation software to assess the limiting effects of the atmosphere on both passive and active terahertz
imagers for various instrumental operating frequencies, bandwidths, sensor noise levels, integration times, and atmospheric
conditions. We will show some of the early results of our modeling and simulation efforts, which illustrate the wide range of
potential for atmospheric impacts on terahertz sensors.
DTIC
Atmospheric Effects; Atmospheric Models; Image Processing; Imaging Techniques
Validating a Physical Model With Real Data. Part 1. Verifying Wind Tunnel Flow Features in Equivalent Real-Sized
Data
Vaucher, Gail; Cionco, Ronald; Dec 2006; 17 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
How much realism is enough? Airflow around a single building was simulated in the Environmental Protection Agency
[EPA] Wind Tunnel by Snyder and Lawson, and their results were published in 1994. Other researchers have done subsequent
simulations in the EPA Wind Tunnel; however, the Snyder and Lawson results were selected for calibration against real air
flow measurements acquired around an equivalent single office building in New Mexico. This paper will summarize the Wind
Tunnels miniaturized physical model, the Wind Tunnel results targeted for validation, the field test designed for real air flow
sampling, and a comparison of the wind tunnel flow features verses the data acquired around a real single building structure.
Six out of six major Wind Tunnel flow features were validated with the real field data. A case study from the real field data
demonstrates these features numerically, graphically, and with pictures. Recommendations for future studies will conclude the
paper.
DTIC
Buildings; Field Tests; Flow Characteristics; Wind Tunnel Tests; Wind Tunnels
Redox Interactions between Iron and Carbon in Planetary Mantles: Implications for Degassing and Melting Processes
Martin, A.; Righter, K.; [2009]; 1 pp.; In English; 72nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, 13 - 18 Jul. 2009, Nancy,
France; Original contains black and white illustrations
Carbon stability in planetary mantles has been studied by numerous authors because it is thought to be the source of
C-bearing atmospheres and of C-rich lavas observed at the planetary surface. In the Earth, carbonaceous peridotites and
eclogites compositions have been experimentally studied at mantle conditions [1] [2] [3]. [4] showed that the fO2 variations
observed in martian meteorites can be explained by polybaric graphite-CO-CO2 equilibria in the Martian mantle. Based on
thermodynamic calculations [4] and [5] inferred that the stable form of carbon in the source regions of the Martian basalts
should be graphite (and/or diamond), and equilibrium with melts would be a source of CO2 for the martian atmosphere.
Considering the high content of iron in the Martian mantle (approx.18.0 wt% FeO; [6]), compared to Earth s mantle (8.0 wt%
FeO; [7]) Fe/C redox interactions should be studied in more detail.
Author
Iron; Carbon; Iron Oxides; Planetary Structure; Planetary Mantles; Planetary Surfaces; SNC Meteorites; Degassing;
Graphite; Oxidation-Reduction Reactions; Basalt
Sub-Daily Earth Rotation during the Epoch 92 Campaign
Freedman, A. P.; Ibanez-Meier, R.; Lichten, S. M.; Dickey, J. O.; Herring, T. A.; [1993]; 16 pp.; In English; Original contains
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-538; NAW-0037; NSF EAR-89-05560; NA90AA-D-AC481; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Earth rotation measurements were obtained using Global Positioning System (GPS) data for 11 days during the Epoch
92 campaign in the Summer of 1992. Earth orientation was measured simultaneously with several very long baseline
169
interferornetry (VLBI) networks. These data were processed to yield both GPS and VLBI estimates of UT1 with 3-hour time
resolution, which were then compared and analyzed. The high frequency behavior of both data sets is similar, although drifts
between the two series of approx.0,1 ms over 2-5 days are evident, Models for tidally induced UT1 variations and estimates
of atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) at 6-hour intervals were also compared with the geodetic data, These studies
indicate that most of the geodetic signal in the diurnal and semidiurnal frequency bands can be attributed to tidal processes,
and that UT1 variations over a few days are mostly atmospheric in origin.
Author
Earth Rotation; Very Long Base Interferometry; Global Positioning System; Earth Orientation; Atmospheric Circulation;
Angular Momentum; Geodesy; Diurnal Variations
20090022377 ARES Corp., Houston, TX, USA
Ar-Ar and I-Xe Ages and Thermal Histories of Three Unusual Metal-Rich Meteorites
Bogard, Donald D.; Garrison, Daniel H.; [2009]; 50 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Portales Valley, Sombrerete, and Northwest Africa (NWA) 176 are three unrelated meteorites, which consist of silicate
mixed with substantial amounts of metal and which likely formed at elevated temperatures as a consequence of early impacts
on their parent bodies. Measured Ar-39-Ar-40 ages of these meteorites are 4460+/-20 Ma and 4480+/-15 Ma (two samples of
Portales Valley), 4542+/-15 Ma, and 4525+/-20 Ma, respectively. The Ar-Ar data for Portales Valley show no evidence of later
open system behavior suggested by some other chronometers. Measured I-129-Xe-129 ages of these three meteorites are
4561.6+/-0.5 Ma, approx.4540 Ma, and 4562.2+/-1.2 Ma, respectively (relative to Shallowater =4563.3 Ma). From stepwise
temperature release data, we determined the diffusion characteristics for Ar and Xe in our samples and calculated approximate
closure temperatures for the K-Ar and I-Xe chronometers. Adopting results and interpretations about these meteorites from
some previous workers, we evaluated all these data against various thermal cooling models. We conclude that Portales Valley
formed approx.4561 Ma ago, cooled quickly to below the I-Xe closure temperature, then cooled deep within the parent body
at a rate of approx.4 C/Ma through K-Ar closure. We conclude that Sombrerete formed approx.4562 Ma ago and cooled
relatively quickly. NWA 176 likely formed and cooled quickly 4.54-4.55 Ga ago, or later than formation times of most
meteorite parent bodies. For all three meteorites, the Ar-Ar ages are in better agreement with the preferred thermal models if
we increase these ages by approx.20 Ma to correct for probably errors in K-40 decay parameters in current use, as previously
suggested by others. The role of impact heating and possible disruption and partial reassembly of meteorite parent bodies to
form some meteorites likely was an important process in the early solar system.
Author
Meteorites; Chronometers; Temperature Distribution; High Temperature; Diffusion
47
METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
Includes weather observation forecasting and modification.
20090021249 Argonne National Lab., IL, USA

Impact of Drought on U.S. Steam Electric Power Plant Cooling Water Intakes and Related Water Resource
Management Issues
Kimmell, T. A.; Veil, J. A.; Apr. 03, 2009; 91 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): DE2009-951252; DOE/NETL-2009/1364; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service
(NTIS)
This report was funded by the U.S. Department of Energys (DOEs) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)
Existing Plants Research Program, which has an energy-water research effort that focuses on water use at power plants. This
study complements their overall research effort by evaluating water availability at power plants under drought conditions.
According to the National Drought Policy Commission, which was established in July 1998 when the 105th Congress enacted
the National Drought Policy Act (Public Law 105-199), drought will occur at some time every year in the USA and can and
does extend over long periods of time and across large geographical areas (NDPC 2000). Drought can also be more localized
in nature, affecting smaller areas over shorter periods of time.
NTIS
Cooling; Drought; Electric Generators; Resources Management; Steam; Water Resources
170

Data Assimilation and Regional Forecasts Using Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) Profiles
Chou, Shih-Hung; Zavodsky, Bradley; Jedlovec, Gary; January 11, 2009; 1 pp.; In English; 89th American Meteorological
Society Annual Meeting, 11-15 Jan. 2009, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): M09-0232; M09-0278; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
In data sparse regions, remotely-sensed observations can be used to improve analyses, which in turn should lead to better
forecasts. One such source comes from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), which together with the Advanced
Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), provides temperature and moisture profiles with an accuracy comparable to that of
radiosondes. The purpose of this paper is to describe a procedure to optimally assimilate AIRS thermodynamic
profiles--obtained from the version 5.0 Earth Observing System (EOS) science team retrieval algorithm-into a regional
configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using WRF-Var. The paper focuses on development of
background error covariances for the regional domain and background field type, a methodology for ingesting AIRS profiles
as separate over-land and over-water retrievals with different error characteristics, and utilization of level-by-level quality
indicators to select only the highest quality data. The assessment of the impact of the AIRS profiles on WRF-Var analyses will
focus on intelligent use of the quality indicators, optimized tuning of the WRF-Var, and comparison of analysis soundings to
radiosondes. The analyses will be used to conduct a month-long series of regional forecasts over the continental U.S. The
long-tern1 impact of AIRS profiles on forecast will be assessed against verifying radiosonde and stage IV precipitation data.
Author
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit; Earth Observing System (EOS); Infrared Instruments; Temperature Profiles;
Covariance; Radiosondes; Weather Forecasting

EPAs Ocean Survey Vessel Bold, 2008 Annual Report. Monitoring and Assessing the Health of Our Oceans and
Coastal Waters
Report No.(s): PB2009-109536; EPA/842/R-09/002; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This is the third OSV Bold Annual Report. It highlights the vessels 2008 scientific survey capabilities, accomplishments,
and the unique role that this vessel plays in supporting EPAs monitoring and assessment programs. In 2008, the OSV Bold
supported scientific surveys over a wide variety of geographic areas of the U.S., including the Taiya Inlet in Alaska, the Gulf
of Mexico, the Florida Keys, and the Pacific Coast. These missions included monitoring ocean dredged material disposal sites,
monitoring contaminant levels in sediments and aquatic organisms, and assessing coastal eutrophication and hypoxia. During
this period, the OSV Bold completed oceanographic surveys, involving 125 sampling locations, while spending 235 days at
sea.
NTIS
Coastal Water; Environment Protection; Health; Oceanography; Oceans; Position (Location); Sampling; Surveys
20090021384 Climate Change Science Program, Washington, DC, USA

Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the USA. Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.5
Wilbanks, T. J.; Bhatt, V.; Bilello, D. E.; Bull, S. R.; Ekmann, J.; Feb. 2008; 96 pp.; In English
This report summarizes what is currently known about effects of climate change on energy production and use in the USA.
It focuses on three questions, which are listed below along with general short answers to each. Generally, it is important to
be careful about answering these questions for two reasons. One reason is that the available research literatures on many of
the key issues are limited, supporting a discussion of issues but not definite conclusions about answers. A second reason is
that, as with many other categories of climate change effects in the U.S., the effects depend on more than climate change alone,
such as patterns of economic growth and land use, patterns of population growth and distribution, technological change, and
social and cultural trends that could shape policies and actions, individually and institutionally. The report concludes that,
based on what we know now, there are reasons to pay close attention to possible climate change impacts on energy production
and use and to consider ways to adapt to possible adverse impacts and take advantage of possible positive impacts.
NTIS
Climate Change; United States
171

Uses and Limitations of Observations, Data, Forecasts, and Other Projections in Decision Support for Selected Sectors
and Regions. Synthesis and Assessment Product 5.1
Aug. 2008; 86 pp.; In English
This Synthesis and Assessment Product (SAP), Uses and Limitations of Observations, Data, Forecasts, and Other
Projections in Decision Support for Selected Sectors and Regions (SAP 5.1), examines the current and prospective
contribution of Earth science information/data in decision-support activities and their relationship to climate change science.
The SAP contains a characterization and catalog of observational capabilities in an illustrative set of decision-support
activities. It also contains a description of the challenges and promises of these capabilities and discusses the interaction
between users and producers of information, including the role, measurement, and communication of uncertainty and
confidence levels associated with decision-support outcomes and their related climate implications. The organizing basis for
the chapters in this SAP is the decision-support tools (DST), which are typically computerbased models assessing such
phenomena as resource supply, the status of real-time events (e.g., forest fires and flooding), or relationships among
environmental conditions and other scientific metrics (for instance, water-borne disease vectors and epidemiological data).
These tools use data, concepts of relations among data, and analysis functions to allow analysts to build relationships
(including spatial, temporal, and process-based) among different types of data, merge layers of data, generate model outcomes,
and make predictions or forecasts. DSTs are an element of the broader decision-making contextthe Decision-Support System
(DSS). DSSs include not just computer tools but also the institutional, managerial, financial, and other constraints involved
in decision making.
NTIS
Climate Change; Earth Sciences; Forecasting; Decision Support Systems

Best Practice Approaches for Characterizing, Communicating and Incorporating Scientific Uncertainty in Climate
Decision Making. Synthesis and Assessment Product 5.2
Morgan, M. G.; Dowlatadabi, H.; Henrion, M.; Keith, D.; Lempert, R.; January 2009; 156 pp.; In English
The primary objective of this report is to provide a tutorial to the climate analysis and decision-making communities on
current best practice in describing and analyzing uncertainty in climate-related problems. While the language is largely
semi-technical, much of it should also be accessible to non-expert readers who are comfortable with the treatment of technical
topics at the level of journals such as Scientific American.
NTIS
Climatology; Climate Change; Communicating; Decision Making
Atmospheric 14CO2 Constraints on and Modeling of Net Carbon Fluxes 06-ERD-031. An LLNL Exploratory Research
in the Directorates Final Report
Guilderson, T. P.; Cameron-Smith, P.; Graven, H. D.; Keeling, R.; Boering, K.; Mar. 18, 2009; 24 pp.; In English
A critical scientific question is: what are the present day sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the natural
environment, and how will these sinks evolve under rising CO2 concentrations and expected climate change and ecosystem
response. Sources and sinks of carbon dioxide impart their signature on the distribution, concentration, and isotopic
composition of CO2. Spatial and temporal trends (variability) provide information on the net surface (atmosphere to ocean,
atmosphere to terrestrial biosphere) fluxes. The need to establish more reliable estimates of sources and sinks of CO2 has lead
to an expansion of CO2 measurement programs over the past decade and the development of new methodologies for tracing
carbon flows. These methodologies include high-precison pCO2, a13CO2, and (O2/N2) measurements on atmospheric
constituents that, when combined, have allowed estimates of the net terrestrial and oceanic fluxes at decadal timescales. Major
gaps in our understanding remain however, and resulting flux estimates have large errors and are comparatively unconstrained.
NTIS
Atmospheric Models; Carbon; Experimentation; Geology; Geophysics
172
20090021408 Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA

Ion Uptake Determination of Dendrochronologically-Dated Trees Using Neutron Activation Analysis, (Final)
Kenan, U.; Kuniholm, P. I.; Schwarz, D. K. H.; Cetiner, N. O.; Chiment, J. J.; Mar. 30, 2009; 41 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-FG07-05ID14702
Report No.(s): DE2009-950837; DOE/ID/14702; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Uptake of metal ions by plan roots is a function of the type and concentration of metal in the soil, the nutrient biochemistry
of the plant, and the immediate environment of the root. Uptake of gold (Au) is known to be sensitive to soil pH for many
species. Soil acidification due to acid precipitation following volcanic eruptions can dramatically increase Au uptake by trees.
Identification of high Au content in tree rings in dendrochronologically-dated, overlapping sequences of trees allows the
identification of temporally-conscribed, volcanically-influenced periods of environmental change. Ion uptake, specifically
determination of trace amounts of gold, was performed for dendrochronologically-dated tree samples utilizing Neutron
Activation Analysis (NAA) technique. The concentration of gold was correlated with known environmental changes, e.g.
volcanic activities, during historic periods.
NTIS
Environmental Monitoring; Neutron Activation Analysis
Eddy-Mean Flow Interactions in Western Boundary Current Jets
Waterman, Stephanie N; Feb 2009; 267 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497546; MIT/WHOI-2009-02; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This thesis examines eddy-mean flow interactions in western boundary current jets via theoretical studies of eddy-mean
flow interactions in idealized configurations and an observational analysis to characterize eddy-mean flow interactions in the
Kuroshio Extension. Theoretical studies are made of the mechanism by which eddies drive recirculation gyres through
nonlinear rectification, and the role that eddies play in the downstream evolution of a baroclinic jet subject to mixed
instabilities. The observational study seeks to evaluate the relevance of these idealized studies to the actual oceanic system.
Results include a new understanding that the eddy-driven rectified mean flow results from an up gradient eddy potential
vorticity flux, and that the strength of the eddy-driven circulation depends on the energy radiation away from the forcing,
which in turn depends on the population of waves excited. The relevance of this mechanism to the eddy-driving of
recirculation gyres in an idealized jet model is demonstrated. Finally, the first clear observational evidence of a northern
recirculation gyre in the Kuroshio Extension is presented, as is observational support for the hypothesis that the recirculations
are, at least partially, eddy-driven, consistent with the mechanism described.
DTIC
Boundaries; Flow Characteristics; Ocean Currents; Streams; Vortices
20090021494 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA USA
Tropical Cyclones within the Sedimentary Record: Analyzing Overwash Deposition from Event to Millennial
Timescales
Woodruff, Jonathan D; Feb 2009; 109 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497619; MIT/WHOI-2009-01; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Tropical cyclone activity over the last 5000 years is investigated using overwash sediments from coastal lagoons on the
islands of Vieques, Puerto Rico and Koshikijima, Japan. A simple sediment transport model can reproduce the landward fining
deposits observed at Vieques, and reveals that although the record exhibits centennial-tomillennial changes in hurricane
overwash frequency, the magnitude of these flooding events has remained relatively constant. Stochastic simulations of
hurricane overwash show that breaks in activity at Vieques are extremely long and unlikely to occur under current hurricane
climatology and the present barrier morphology. Periods of less frequent hurricane deposition at Vieques are contemporaneous
with intervals of increased El Nino occurrences and reduced precipitation in West Africa, suggesting a dominant influence by
these two climatic phenomena. Hiatuses in overwash activity between 3600- to-2500 and 1000-500 years ago are longer than
what is generated by overwash simulations under a constant El Nino-like state, indicating that mechanisms in addition
variability in the El Nino/Southern Oscillation are required to completely produce the overwash variability at Vieques. Periods
of low overwash activity at Vieques are concurrent with increased overwash activity at Kamikoshiki and may indicate a
173
correspondence between tropical cyclone activity in the western Northern Atlantic and the western North Pacific.
DTIC
Cyclones; Deposition; Sediment Transport; Sedimentary Rocks; Simulation; Tropical Storms
Evaluation of a High Resolution Wind Model Over a Complex Terrain Surface
Chang, Sam S; Garvey, Dennis M; Williamson, chatt C; Huynh, Giap; Apr 2009; 45 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
A complete and comprehensive description of the high resolution wind (HRW) model is presented. The HRW model has
been in development at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, formerly U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, since
1978. This model is a two-dimensional, diagnostic atmospheric surface-layer wind model with a horizontal grid spacing of
the order of 100 m over a domain of about 5 by 5 km. It uses Gauss? principle of least constraint and a direct variational
relaxation method to adjust an initially uniform wind field to conform with topography, mass conservation, and buoyancy
forces. A distinctive feature of the model is the use of a non-orthogonal, terrain following, warped coordinate system. A
valuable observational dataset of surface wind has been provided from the field study of Meteorology and Diffusion Over
Non-Uniform Areas (MADONA) at Porton Down, Salisbury, England during September and October 1992. Using the
MADONA data, a critical evaluation for the HRW model for 39 cases has been carried out. The results of this study are
presented, indicating both the range of validity and the limitations of the HRW model.
DTIC
Atmospheric Models; High Resolution; Terrain; Terrain Following; Wind (Meteorology)
Impact Planning Aids for Major Storms (IPAMS): A Homeland Defense Weather Disaster Decision Aid
Szymber, Richard J; Shirkey, Richard C; Dec 2006; 21 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has developed a red-amber-green mission planning aid for Army
commanders to advise them when and where the environmental conditions currently exceed (or are forecast to exceed) levels
of marginal or severe impact to their systems, operations, or personnel. This Integrated Weather Effects Decision Aid
(IWEDA) is successfully deployed today with U.S. Army combat weather teams around the world for Command and Control
(C2) Battle Command and Command, Control, Communication, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
(C4ISR) mission planning applications. IWEDA will be extended to enable key government decision makers and planners to
more directly and automatically anticipate and understand the critical impacts and deleterious effects caused by major storms,
severe/adverse weather, and hurricanes that affect resources, infrastructure, transportation, property, safety, and lives. This
extension will produce a Impact Planning Aids for Major Storms (IPAMS), resulting in a national concept of America...
Staying Ahead of the Storm.
DTIC
Decision Support Systems; Disasters; Forecasting; Storms
20090021938 Geological Survey, Reston, VA USA; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, MD
USA; National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Washington, DC, USA; National Climatic Data
Center, Asheville, NC, USA
Amount and Percentage of Current Societal Assets in Areas on Kauai, Hawaii, with in the 1992 Hurricane Iniki
Storm-Surge Inundation Zone
Wood, N.; January 2008; 15 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-110034; USGS-OFR-2008-1280; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service
(NTIS)
The Pacific Risk Management Ohana (PRiMO) is a network of partners and stakeholders involved in the development,
delivery, and communication of risk management-related information, products, and services across the Pacific Ocean
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Services Center, 2008). One PRiMO-related project is the NOAA
National Climatic Data Centers Integrated Data and Environmental Applications (IDEA) Centers Pacific Region Integrated
Climatology Information Products (PRICIP) initiative, which seeks to improve the understanding of patterns and trends of
174
storm frequency and intensity (storminess) within the Pacific region and to develop a suite of integrated information products
that can be used by emergency managers, mitigation planners, government agencies, and other decision-makers (National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Integrated Data and Environmental Applications Center, 2008a). One of the PRICIP
information products is a historical storm event anatomy, which includes a summary of sector-specific socioeconomic impacts
associated with a particular event, as well as information about the event and its climatological context. The intent of an event
anatomy is to convey the causes of an extreme storm event and the associated impacts in a format that users can understand.
The event anatomies also are intended to familiarize users with the in-place and remotely sensed products typically employed
to track and forecast weather and climate. The first event anatomy developed as a prototype and hosted on the PRICIP portal
is for Hurricane Iniki (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Integrated Data and Environmental Applications
Center, 2008b), a Category 3-4 hurricane that made landfall on the south coast of Kauai Island on September 11, 1992, with
estimated maximum sustained winds of more than 140 mph and gusts as high as 175 mph. Storm-surge inundation occurred
on the southern and northeastern coast of Kauai Island.
NTIS
Histories; Hurricanes; Ratios; Risk Management; Storm Surges
20090022164 Colorado Univ., Boulder, CO, USA
Radiation Dry Bias of the Vaisala RS92 Humidity Sensor
Vomel, H.; Selkirk, H.; Miloshevich, L.; Valverde-Canossa, J.; Valdes, J.; Kyro, E.; Kivi, R.; Stolz, W.; Peng, G.; Diaz, J. A.;
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology; June 2007; Volume 24, Issue 6, pp. 953-963; In English; Original contains
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNG05GO45G; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
ONLINE: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JTECH2019.1
The comparison of simultaneous humidity measurements by the Vaisala RS92 radiosonde and by the Cryogenic Frostpoint
Hygrometer (CFH) launched at Alajuela, Cosla Rica, during July 2005 reveals a large solar radiation dry bias of the Vaisala
RS92 humidity sensor and a minor temperature-dependent calibration error. For soundings launched at solar zenith angles
between 10 and 30 , the average dry bias is on the order of 9% at the surface and increases to 50% at 15 km. A simple pressureand temperature-dependent correction based on the comparison with the CFH can reduce this error to less than 7% at all
altitudes up to 15.2 km, which is 700 m below the tropical tropopause. The correction does not depend on relative humidity,
but is able to reproduce the relative humidity distribution observed by the CFH.
Author
Cryogenics; Hygrometers; Humidity Measurement; Temperature Dependence; Calibrating; Radiosondes; Tropopause; Solar
Radiation
Hail Size Distribution Mapping
A 3-D weather radar visualization software program was developed and implemented as part of an experimental Launch
Pad 39 Hail Monitor System. 3DRadPlot, a radar plotting program, is one of several software modules that form building
blocks of the hail data processing and analysis system (the complete software processing system under development). The
spatial and temporal mapping algorithms were originally developed through research at the University of Central Florida,
funded by NASA s Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM), where the goal was to merge National Weather Service
(NWS) Next-Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) volume reflectivity data with drop size distribution data acquired from
a cluster of raindrop disdrometers. In this current work, we adapted these algorithms to process data from a cluster of hail
disdrometers positioned around Launch Pads 39A or 39B, along with the corresponding NWS radar data. Radar data from all
NWS NEXRAD sites is archived at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). That data can be readily accessed at
<http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov /nexradin/>. 3DRadPlot plots Level III reflectivity data at four scan elevations (this software is
available at Open Channel Software, <http://www.openchannelfoundation.org/projects/3DRadPlot>). By using spatial and
temporal interpolation/extrapolation based on hydrometeor fall dynamics, we can merge the hail disdrometer array data
coupled with local Weather Surveillance Radar-1988, Doppler (WSR-88D) radial velocity and reflectivity data into a 4-D (3-D
space and time) picture of hail size distributions. Hail flux maps can then be generated and used for damage prediction and
assessment over specific surfaces corresponding to structures within the disdrometer array volume. Immediately following a
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hail storm, specific damage areas and degree of damage can be identified for inspection crews.
Derived from text
Hail; Computer Programs; Weather Forecasting; Climatology; Meteorological Radar; Radar Data; Mapping; Algorithms
Winter QPF Sensitivities to Snow Parameterizations and Comparisons to NASA CloudSat Observations
Molthan, Andrew; Haynes, John M.; Jedlovec, Gary J.; Lapenta, William M.; January 15, 2009; 7 pp.; In English; 89th
American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting/American Meteorological Society (AMS), 15-19 Jan. 2009, Phoenix, AZ,
USA; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): M09-0265; M09-0266; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
Steady increases in computing power have allowed for numerical weather prediction models to be initialized and run at
high spatial resolution, permitting a transition from larger scale parameterizations of the effects of clouds and precipitation to
the simulation of specific microphysical processes and hydrometeor size distributions. Although still relatively coarse in
comparison to true cloud resolving models, these high resolution forecasts (on the order of 4 km or less) have demonstrated
value in the prediction of severe storm mode and evolution and are being explored for use in winter weather events . Several
single-moment bulk water microphysics schemes are available within the latest release of the Weather Research and Forecast
(WRF) model suite, including the NASA Goddard Cumulus Ensemble, which incorporate some assumptions in the size
distribution of a small number of hydrometeor classes in order to predict their evolution, advection and precipitation within
the forecast domain. Although many of these schemes produce similar forecasts of events on the synoptic scale, there are often
significant details regarding precipitation and cloud cover, as well as the distribution of water mass among the constituent
hydrometeor classes. Unfortunately, validating data for cloud resolving model simulations are sparse. Field campaigns require
in-cloud measurements of hydrometeors from aircraft in coordination with extensive and coincident ground based
measurements. Radar remote sensing is utilized to detect the spatial coverage and structure of precipitation. Here, two radar
systems characterize the structure of winter precipitation for comparison to equivalent features within a forecast model: a 3
GHz, Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) based in Omaha, Nebraska, and the 94 GHz NASA CloudSat
Cloud Profiling Radar, a spaceborne instrument and member of the afternoon or A-Train of polar orbiting satellites tasked
with cataloguing global cloud characteristics. Each system provides a unique perspective. The WSR-88D operates in a
surveillance mode, sampling cloud volumes of Rayleigh scatterers where reflectivity is proportional to the sixth moment of
the size distribution of equivalent spheres. The CloudSat radar provides enhanced sensitivity to smaller cloud ice crystals aloft,
as well as consistent vertical profiles along each orbit. However, CloudSat reflectivity signatures are complicated somewhat
by resonant Mie scattering effects and significant attenuation in the presence of cloud or rain water. Here, both radar systems
are applied to a case of light to moderate snowfall within the warm frontal zone of a cold season, synoptic scale storm. Radars
allow for an evaluation of the accuracy of a single-moment scheme in replicating precipitation structures, based on the bulk
statistical properties of precipitation as suggested by reflectivity signatures.
Derived from text
Atmospheric Models; Clouds (Meteorology); Mathematical Models; Parameterization; Precipitation (Meteorology); Weather
Forecasting
51
LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
Includes general research topics related to plant and animal biology (non-human); ecology; microbiology; and also the origin,
development, structure, and maintenance of animals and plants in space and related environmental conditions. For specific topics in life
sciences see categories 52 through 55.

Genetic Engineering to Enhance Biological Hydrogen Production
Self, W.; Ganyc, D.; Halvorsen, L.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 33, 433-456; In English;
See also 20090021319; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Bacteria produce hydrogen by catalyzing the reduction of protons with electrons using enzymes termed hydrogenases.
The reducing potential (electrons) for hydrogen production is primarily derived from the oxidation of sugars (and other carbon
sources). Large quantities of plant biomass go unutilized as waste products in the agriculture community each year. These
waste products are typically turned into the soil at which time endogenous soil bacteria catalyze the conversion of organic
polymers such as cellulose (sugars) into organic acids, H2 and CO2. Much of this hydrogen is then converted to methane by
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methanogens, yielding a potent greenhouse gas. We aim to genetically engineer metabolic pathways in bacteria to enhance the
hydrogen yield generated from oxidation of the polymers (sugars). Using engineered bacteria we can then couple fermentation
of sugars derived from biomass to hydrogen that can be used to support our ever increasing energy needs. We will first
demonstrate that genetic engineering of metabolic pathways can enhance hydrogen production in the model system of
Escherichia coli. We will build upon this by implementing a similar strategy in a hydrogen producing microbe that can
efficiently degrade plant biomass, Erwinia chrysanthemi. Optimization of high level expression of the formate hydrogenlyase
(FHL) complex will be accomplished in order to determine whether this approach is feasible for long term hydrogen
production from plant biomass. This will ensure that this engineered system will be useful in the near term for hydrogen
production from plant biomass.
Author
Biomass; Genetic Engineering; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Production; Microorganisms
20090021455 Air Force Academy, CO USA
Effect of Zinc Supplements on Preventing Upper Respiratory Infections in Air Force Academy Cadets in Basic Training
Veverka, Donald; Wilson, Candy; Jones, Deborah; Bush, Anneke; Kober, Peter; Jan 2009; 21 pp.; In English; Original
Zinc plays a vital role in the functioning of the immune system. However, under stress, the presence of zinc is reduced.
As a result, the immune system is less effective, and the body is more susceptible to illness. In military training and operations,
oftentimes members of the Armed Forces are subjected to high levels of stress which can increase the susceptibility of soldiers
to illness. To investigate this effect in healthy young subjects, a two month randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial
involving 57 cadets was implemented to evaluate zincs effectiveness in reducing the risk of contracting upper respiratory
infections (URIs). The primary objective for the study was to compare incidence of URIs between supplemented and
non-supplemented groups. Post study data revealed no significant differences (p=0.53) between groups in terms of physician
reported URI cases. However, the data suggest that stress may have played a key role as expected. Both mean plasma zinc
levels decreased over time, albeit nonsignificantly, in both groups (p=0.20). However, there was a greater decrease in zinc
values (20%) in the placebo group over that seen in the zinc supplemented group (14%). While administration of 20 mg/day
of zinc gluconate did not change the incidence of URIs between groups, supplemented participants appeared to have lost less
plasma zinc than their nonsupplemented counterparts. Higher levels of zinc may be warranted to confer a protective effect
under more challenging immunological conditions.
DTIC
Armed Forces (United States); Education; Infectious Diseases; Respiratory Diseases; Universities; Upper Atmosphere; Zinc
20090021465 SRI International Corp., Menlo Park, CA USA
Analytical and Characterization Studies of Organic Chemicals, Drugs, and Drug Formulation
Lim, Peter; Mar 2009; 13 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-C-0111
Although the overall purpose of this contract was to perform chemical/physical analyses on bulk pharmaceutical
substances and formulated drug products of interest to the USAMRMC Drug Development Program for parasitic and
infectious diseases, chemical and biological defense, etc, by far the majority of time and effort expended during the current
contract was devoted to design, development, and cGMP manufacture of an artesunic acid parenteral dosage form. Over 5,000
units of the two-component drug were released to the Army for clinical use. As a part of the cGMP manufacture, a program
of stability studies was maintained over the entire contract period to ensure the continued integrity of the drug in its clinical
use. To obtain genetox information on our drug, three major genetox assays were performed, and the reports were submitted
to our COR. Attributes and faults of our product have been identified, and attempts have been made to correct these faults,
in order to produce an improved drug. Associated with this effort were 108 reports, 7 certificates of analyses, one poster
presentation, and one patent. Considerable time and effort were also spent on analysis and solutions stability studies on
MMB-4, a promising nerve gas antidote of interest to the Army. Results from these studies merit the Army?s continuing
interest in developing MMB-4 into a drug product. Associated with the MMB-4 activities, four poster presentations and one
paper were submitted for publication. In addition to the above activities, the core project team continued to serve all areas of
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the Army by performing chemical analyses when required, and reports on these analyses were submitted to the COR.
Additionally, one paper based on work performed on the previous contract was published.
DTIC
Drugs; Organic Chemistry
20090021474 California State Univ., Dominguez Hills, CA USA
Program Evaluation of Outcomes Based Orthotic and Prosthetic Education
Hornbeak, Scott; Dec 2008; 90 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W81XWH-06-1-0144
Major Accomplishments During Project: Expanded O&P program from 28 to 48 graduates per year. Recruited Kate
Muller, CPO, as Lead Orthotics Instructor; writing of new Orthotics curricula and syllabi; installation of new Orthotics
Laboratory and teaching of 4 Orthotic and 6 Prosthetic Certificates during the project. Installed Smart Classroom, Gait room,
and Blackboard (online) Learning System. Development of new Biomechanics, Gait, and Lower Limb Prosthetics curricula.
Established student clinical rotation in Navy Medical Center San Diego C5 Program to work with amputee service members
returning from Iraq and Afghanistan (OEF-OIF). Outcome Tools Developed During Project: development of comprehensive
list of skills and knowledge required of O&P students in cognitive, psychomotor, and afferent learning categories. Creation
of 14 Program Level Objectives designed to be the centerpiece of an outcomes based Program Evaluation Plan; development
of checkout criteria for all Orthotic and Prosthetic patient fittings; development of Practical (formative) Exams for each
clinical course; transition of all lectures and grading to online Blackboard System; implemented group focus meetings for
students to provide critique of ongoing learning; implementation of Graduate and Employer Questionnaires to provide
feedback on teaching content. Development of Patient Surveys to provide feedback on student professional behaviors.
DTIC
Education; Prosthetic Devices
20090021476 National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, DC USA
Dietary Supplement Use by Military Personnel
Oria, Maria P; Dec 2008; 8 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W81XWH-06-10787
An Institute of Medicine expert committee was convened to review the use of dietary supplements by military personnel
and provide recommendations to the Department of defense about determining their safety The committee held a public
workshop on February 12-13, 2007, in Washington, D.C., to gather results from military surveys on the use of dietary
supplements, and current approaches and innovative ideas on monitoring adverse effects; this information was of primary
consideration in the preparation of this report. The committee also reviewed the 2005 IOM report Dietary Supplements: A
Framework for Evaluating Safety as a starting point for its deliberations. The committee considered the special demands facing
military subpopulations that set them apart from the general population. The committee wrote a report with recommendations
for an approach to management by military leadership of the use of dietary supplements and identifies general areas of research
needs. The recommended approach applies to all branches of the military.
DTIC
Diets; Military Personnel
20090021478 University Clinical Education and Research Associates, Honolulu, HI USA
The Effect of Interactive Simulations on Exercise Adherence with Overweight and Obese Adults
Miyahira, Sarah D; Dec 2008; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
This project was designed to evaluate the effect of video game play on exercise motivation, self-efficacy, and adherence
in overweight and obese adults. Unanticipated events required modifications to the project schedule and delayed data
collection. Exercise equipment and software that met the study requirements were not available. Therefore, the project team
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opted to develop a prototype stationary exercise bicycle that integrated video game play capabilities, and to create software
that integrated the components and transferred data from the exercise bicycle ergometer to the study database. Available
commercial components, e.g., stationary exercise bicycle and video game console, were used to develop the prototype exercise
bicycle which allows a participant to continue video game play contingent upon maintaining his or her target heart rate zone
while pedaling. If the heart rate falls below the target zone, game play stops. Unique software had to be developed to create
a functioning unit and to transfer the data. The software allows performance data to be automatically transferred to the
database during the exercise session, and eliminates the need for a separate television controller. In addition, the software
requires minimal re-configuration for each participant, and provides simultaneous heart rate level monitoring displays for up
to 8 cyclists. A no-cost extension was obtained to support data collection in the subsequent performance period.
DTIC
Adults; Heart Rate; Physical Exercise; Prototypes; Simulation
20090021483 California Univ., San Francisco, CA USA
Merlin, the Hippo Pathway, and Tumor Suppression in Meningiomas
Lal, Anita; Baia, Gilson S; Feb 7, 2009; 18 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The goal of this proposal was to determine whether merlin exerts its tumor suppressive effects in meningiomas by
signaling through the Hippo pathway. Using paired meningioma cell lines, where the only difference is expression of merlin,
we have shown that loss of merlin is associated with a clear increase in the protein levels of YAP, a transcriptional coactivator
and downstream effector of the Hippo pathway. In addition to this increase, merlin loss was associated with nuclear
localization of YAP. Using RNA interference and flow cytometry, we have shown that depletion of YAP results in a reversal
of the enhanced proliferation phenotype caused by the loss of merlin. Thus, Merlin signals through YAP, a core component
of the Hippo pathway, to regulate cell proliferation in meningiomas.
DTIC
Membranes; Neoplasms; Tumors
20090021484 International Brain Mapping, West Hollywood, CA USA
5th Annual World Congress of IBMISPS on Brain Mapping & Image Guided Therapy held at The University of
California, Los Angeles on 26-29 August 2008
Kateb, Babak; Oct 2008; 75 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The third (sic) annual meeting of International Brain Mapping & Intra-operative Surgical Planning Society (IBMISPS)
was held at UCLA-California Nano-System Institute (CNSI). IBMISPS is a non-profit society organized for the purpose of
encouraging basic and clinical scientists who are interested in areas of Brain Mapping and Intraoperative Surgical planning
to improve the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of patients afflicted with neurological disorders. Currently, there is no
combined conference on both subjects. This meeting intends to build a bridge between the two fields. The meeting has been
organized by the board of directors and who will form the organizing committees: Search, Medical Education Committee,
Program and Finance in collaboration with the local organizing committee who are listed on the program. The event did have
significant clinical and basic science components. Thus, it was a multidisciplinary venue to explore and clarify a defined
subject, problem, or area of knowledge related to BM and ISP with leaders in the field. The 6th annual meeting of IBMISPS
is set for Aug 26-29, 2009 at Harvard Medical schools Joseph Martin Conference center. IBMISPS is also intended for the
purpose of promoting the public welfare through the advancement of Intraoperative Surgical Planning and Brain Mapping, by
a commitment to excellence in education, and by dedication to research and scientific discovery. This society promotes the
public welfare and improves patient care through the translation of new technologies into life saving diagnostic and therapeutic
procedures. The society is committed to excellence in education, and scientific discovery. The society achieves its mission
through multi-disciplinary collaborations with government agencies, patient advocacy groups, educational institutes and
private sector (industry) as well as philanthropic organization. All talks will be available for podcasting on line and special
issue will be published by Elsevier.
DTIC
Bioengineering; Brain; Neurology; Therapy
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20090021488 Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA USA

Postcards Encourage Participant Updates
Welch, Kari E; LeardMann, Cynthia A; Jacobson, Isabel G; Speigle, Steven J; Smith, Besa; Smith, Tyler C; Ryan, Margaret
A; Mar 2009; 4 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497608; NHRC-08-06; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Participant retention is vital to the success of a longitudinal cohort study. Various approaches have been used for retaining
participants in longitudinal studies, including maintaining up-to-date contact information. Postcards are sent to Millennium
Cohort Study participants each Memorial and Veterans Day to honor their military service, thank them for their continued
participation, and prompt them to update their contact information. Descriptive investigations of the Millennium Cohort Study
participants who voluntarily updated their contact information online and had a change of address were completed. The
percentage of participants who updated their contact information online of the total number of current participants was
graphically displayed. Univariate analyses were completed to temporally compare the volume of updated contact information
associated with Memorial and Veterans Day postcards. The results show that almost 77% of Cohort members moved between
2001 and 2007. Of these, 12% voluntarily updated their contact information online. Of those who updated their contact
information online, 65% updated their contact information at least once within 2 weeks of semiannual postcard contact. Even
in times of significant combat deployments, the U.S. military is a highly mobile population. Semiannual appreciatory contact
is an effective way to maintain communication with study participants while prompting updates of contact information.
DTIC
Electronic Mail; Health; Information Transfer; Military Personnel; Personnel Management; Surveys
20090021490 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA USA
Injury Prevention and Performance Enhancement in 101st Airborne Soldiers
Yates, Anthony; Oct 2008; 9 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): 5B; GRANT NUMBER W81XWH-06-2-0070
To date, a total of 250 Soldiers have undergone a comprehensive human performance screening for injury prevention and
optimal performance to evaluate musculoskeletal strength and flexibility, balance, VO2 max, lactate threshold, body
composition, movement patterns during functional (tactical) tasks, along with nutritional screening. The data collected to date
suggest that there are areas where a significant number of Soldiers could improve their physical readiness, mechanical, and
nutritional preparation for tactical operations. These data will be compared to injury surveillance data to prospectively
establish risk factors for injury. Based on the preliminary data, an injury prevention and performance optimization intervention
is being developed to address the suboptimal biomechanical, physiological, and musculoskeletal characteristics.
DTIC
Augmentation; Injuries; Prevention
20090021495 Medicine and Dentistry Univ. of New Jersey, Newark, NJ USA
Ethyl Pyruvate Provides Therapeutic Benefits to Resuscitation Fluids
Ulloa, Luis; Feb 2009; 16 pp.; In English
Many promising strategies in experimental models of hemorrhage have failed in clinical trials, in part because classical
experimental models may not mimic clinical settings. Unlike classical experimental models, hemorrhage in critical care is
normally associated with collateral trauma that affects the physiological responses during resuscitation. Unlike rodents, swine
are an optimal species donor for experimental hemorrhage as they have an anatomy, physiology and hemodynamic responses
that closely resembles human. Here, we analyze whether ethyl pyruvate can provide a therapeutic anti-inflammatory value to
resuscitation fluids in porcine hemorrhage with trauma. Ethyl pyruvate prevented systemic TNF levels, hyperglycemia,
aspartate aminotransferase and preserved the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Resuscitation with ethyl pyruvate attenuated TNF
levels in the spleen, liver and intestine. The most significant effects were found in the terminal ileum were ethyl pyruvate
inhibited TNF levels, restrained myelopyroxidase activity, preserved the intestinal epithelium, and prevented the appearance
of bacterial endotoxin in the serum. Unlike observed in rodents, ethyl pyruvate did not attenuate TNF levels in the lung and
the heart, providing a potential explanation for its failure in clinical trials of cardiopulmonary bypass. These results suggest
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that ethyl pyruvate provided significant effects in porcine hemorrhage previously undetected in rodents. These results suggest
that anti-inflammatory adjuvant in resuscitation fluids can prevent organ damage and it may decrease the susceptibility to
secondary sepsis during resuscitation.
DTIC
Ethyl Compounds; Hemorrhages; Pyruvates; Resuscitation; Therapy
20090021499 Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC USA
Washington DC Area Computer Aided Surgery Society Monthly Meetings
Cleary, Kevin R; Mar 2009; 13 pp.; In English
Since its inception in 1999, the Washington, D.C., Area Computer-Aided Surgery Society (WashCAS) has become the
major vehicle in the Washington/Baltimore area for exploring the issues in the emerging field of computer aided surgery and
related technologies. The key accomplishments of the society to date are: 1. Has held meetings every other month since 1999,
featuring many of the worlds leading experts on computer-assisted surgery and related topics. 2. Has brought together
representatives from national funding agencies including NIH, NSF, NRL, the Navy Medical Center, Walter Reed, and Fort
Detrick. Participating universities have included Georgetown, George Washington, George Mason, Catholic, and Johns
Hopkins, among others. 3. While the great majority of the meetings have been held at the National Library of Medicine, we
have also held meetings at Georgetown, George Washington, and the University of Maryland. 4. Established a web site
(www.washcas.org) to disseminate information, including abstracts of all the talks to date and links to local research groups.
DTIC
Computer Aided Design; Computer Techniques; Surgery
20090021502 Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, TN USA
Manganese Research Health Project (MHRP)
Aschner, Michael; Fitsanakis, Vanesssa A; Feb 2009; 146 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Manganese (Mn) and iron are essential metals for normal growth and development that compete for and share the same
transporters. Thus, during periods of low dietary iron intake, the transport and deposition of Mn in the brain are increased.
Conversely, high-risk populations for Mn intoxication, namely Mn miners and welders, may benefit from iron
supplementation, which may lower their central nervous system (CNS) Mn burden. For the first 3 years, we proposed to
determine the temporal brain Mn deposition pattern using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have completed the
imaging and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) phases. Both iron and Mn content in six discrete brain regions have been
determined, along with ascertainment of blood and plasma metal levels. Data analysis is progressing for both the brain images
and R1 values from the MRI, and several manuscripts have been submitted, both addressing Mn and Fe modeling in the brain,
as well as the relationship between Mn and Fe brain depositions.
DTIC
Health; Iron; Manganese
20090021511 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 3, Number 7, October 1997
Brundage, JOhn F; Rubertone, Mark V; Kohlhase, Kimmie; Pearse, Lisa; Oct 1997; 21 pp.; In English
When varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects healthy children, it generally causes chickenpox, a mild self-limited febrile
illness with a characteristic vesicular rash. VZV infections of older or immunocompromised hosts can have more serious
clinical consequences (e.g., primary VZV pneumonia). 1 Primary VZV infection generally results in lifelong immunity against
chickenpox recurrences ? and latent infection of dorsal root ganglia. Reactivation of VZV later in life causes herpes zoster
(shingles) a painful herpetic rash in the distribution of sensory nerves of affected ganglia. VZV spreads from person to person
by direct contact or via the respiratory route. It is extremely contagious, and most Americans are infected as children. VZV
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can spread with remarkable efficiency among immunologically na?ve members of military units. The potential for VZV to
cause outbreaks in military settings, disrupting military operations and training, defines to a great extent its military
importance.
DTIC
Diseases; Infectious Diseases; Pneumonia; Sicknesses; Surveillance; Viral Diseases; Viruses
Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 3, Number 5, July/August 1997
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Kohlhase, Kimmie; Aug 1997; 21 pp.; In English
Plasmodium vivax malaria re-emerged along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in the Republic of Korea in 1993. In 1996,
between June and September, twelve cases occurred among US soldiers in Korea; and at least two cases presented in the USA
among soldiers who had served in Korea the previous transmission season. In the late summer of 1996, a multi-disciplinary
Epidemiologic Consultation (EPICON) team and Army preventive medicine authorities in Korea determined that the malaria
risk to US troops was confined to areas north of the Imjin River. The team provided specific recommendations regarding, for
example, mosquito surveillance and control, personal protective measures, troop education, and early recognition, diagnosis,
and treatment of cases. The goal of the recommended control measures was to reduce the impact of malaria on US forces who
lived and trained in the high risk region. 18th Medical Command implemented the recommendations for the 1997 malaria
season (routine chemoprophylaxis was not recommended nor initiated). This report summarizes the recent experience of US
soldiers regarding vivax malaria of Korean origin.
DTIC
Diseases; Health; Medical Services; Military Operations; Parasitic Diseases; Regions; Surveillance
Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 3, Number 4, June 1997
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Kohlhase, Kimmie; Jun 1997; 17 pp.; In English
In December 1995, the USA deployed a joint task force to Bosnia as part of a multinational peacekeeping mission called
Operation Joint Endeavor (OJE). Daily, during the operation, data regarding hospitalizations of US soldiers were transmitted
electronically to the Patient Administration Systems and Biostatistics Activity (PASBA) in San Antonio, Texas. In turn,
PASBA periodically transmitted deployment hospitalization data to the Army Medical Surveillance Activity (AMSA) for
integration with data from other sources (e.g., deployment rosters, reportable diseases, stored serum specimens, personnel
information). This report summarizes the OJE hospitalization experience of soldiers in relation to time in theater, demographic
factors, prior hospitalization and major deployment histories.
DTIC
Diseases; Infectious Diseases; Spiders; Surveillance
Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 3, Number 3, April 1997
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Kohlhase, Kimmie; Apr 1997; 25 pp.; In English
This issue marks the beginning of the MSMRs third year of reporting Army-wide medical surveillance information. Each
April, the MSMR summarizes hospitalization and reportable disease experiences during the previous calendar year. In this
anniversary issue, the MSMR introduces new disease and injury summaries that will be useful for tracking effects of Army
disease and injury prevention and control programs. The Army requires central reporting of 97 diseases/conditions with public
health or military operational significance (e.g., cases with command interest or requiring a public health response). The Army
Medical Surveillance Activity has designated 23 of these as sentinel reportable diseases (SRDs). The SRDs were selected
because they represent various modes of transmission and are reported with relatively high frequencies Army wide -- thus,
time trend analyses are meaningful. Presentations of SRD incidence data are grouped by principal modes of transmission,
including fecaloral, respiratory, sexual, arthropod, or by the main affected organ (e.g. liver, meninges). For all SRDs,
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comparisons of reports to date (current versus prior year) will be presented in the MSMR quarterly (see pages 19-21).
Two-year time trends and tabular summaries of selected sexually transmitted diseases and seven of the most frequently
reported SRDs will be published monthly (see pages 4-7). Clearly, frequencies and trends of reportable diseases are less
meaningful when reporting is incomplete, inaccurate, or untimely. As an objective measure of reporting compliance, the
AMSA analyzed the proportion of all reportable hospitalizations (as recorded in IPDS, the Armys central hospitalization
database) that were reported through the MSS, the Armys automated disease reporting system. To track indicators of
compliance with Army required disease reporting, semiannually the MSMR will publish rates and trends of reporting
completeness.
DTIC
Health; Infectious Diseases; Membranes; Surveillance

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 3, Number 2, March 1997
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Kohlhase, Kimmie; Jones, Bruce H; Craig, Stephen C; Ludwig, Sharon L; Hewitson,
Bill C; Towle, Cynthia R; Mar 1997; 17 pp.; In English
The Army Medical Surveillance Activity assessed rates, trends, and correlates of risk of pneumonia hospitalizations
among active duty soldiers during the period January 1990 through September 1996. Records of hospitalizations of solders
(source: PASBA, Fort Sam Houston, Texas) were searched to identify those with a principal discharge diagnosis of
pneumonia (International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, codes 480-487) or a principal diagnosis of acute
respiratory infection, e.g. pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, (ICD-9 codes 460-466) and a secondary diagnosis of
pneumonia. If soldiers had multiple pneumonia admissions, only the first was retained for analysis. Denominators for rate
calculations were derived from semiannual (1990-1992) or monthly (1993- 1996) Army active duty personnel rosters (source:
Defense Manpower Data Center, Monterrey, California). To assess geographic correlates of risk, we identified states of
residence prior to entering military service for soldiers on active duty in the Army during the study period (source: Military
Entrance Processing Command, North Chicago. Illinois). To determine if certain states were over or under-represented among
pneumonia cases, for each state we calculated an expected number of cases by multiplying the states proportional
representation among all soldiers by the total number of pneumonia cases. Variations between observed and expected cases
were then calculated for each state, and the statistical significance of variations was assessed based on the chi-square
distribution (nominal statistical significance defined as p< .05).
DTIC
Infectious Diseases; Medical Services; Pneumonia; Streptococcus; Surveillance

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 2, Number 10, December 1996
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Hohlhase, Kimmie; Jones, Bruce H; Craig, Stephen C; Ludwig, Sharon L; Hewitson,
Bill C; Towle, Cynthia R; Dec 1996; 17 pp.; In English
Outbreaks of febrile acute respiratory disease (ARD) have occurred throughout the history of the military, particularly
during fall-winter seasons. ARD outbreaks, sometimes massive, have often disrupted training and overwhelmed local medical
support at mobilization and basic training centers. In the 1960s, it was demonstrated that adenoviruses, particularly types 4
and 7, were predominant causes of ARD among Army basic trainees. In 1966, a surveillance system was established at Army
training centers to monitor the safety, efficacy, and side effects of the then new adenovirus vaccines . For more than thirty years
since then, the Army has conducted surveillance of febrile acute respiratory diseases among basic trainees. For this program,
a case of ARD is defined as a trainee who is hospitalized with fever (oral temperature > 100.5F) and a sign or symptom of
acute respiratory tract inflammation. Figure 1 shows the large decline in ARD rates among Army trainees following 1984, the
year the Army began year-round use of adenovirus vaccines. Since then, ARD rates have declined slowly but persistently
culminating in the lowest annual rate ever recorded in 1996 (0.19 per 100 trainee-weeks). Figure 2 is an overlay of plots of
183
weekly ARD rates at individual training centers during the last ten years. This display shows that ARD outbreaks have been
infrequent, particularly in the last five years. In addition, figure 2 shows that the seasonally adjusted baseline (around which
rates of individual centers vary) and magnitudes of fall-winter peaks have slowly but persistently declined over the past
decade. In this edition, there is a detailed update of the Armys ARD surveillance experience for calendar years 1995 and 1996.
DTIC
Adenoviruses; Cold Weather; Education; Injuries; Respiratory Diseases; Surveillance; Viruses

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 2, Number 9, November 1996
Bill C; Towle, Cynthia R; Nov 1996; 13 pp.; In English
The morning of 3 September 1996, the Environmental Health Epidemiology Technician at Ft. Belvoir notified the
Community Health Nursing Department of a 3-year-old child that had a positive stool culture with Shigella sonnei. It was also
learned that the child was enrolled in a daycare center on post. This was of particular concern because daycare centers,
particularly those with diapered children, are considered ideal settings for the spread of shigellosis. The director of the daycare
center was notified about the potential spread of shigella among children at the daycare center. Later that day, the director
called the community health nurse about another child with diarrhea from the same preschool room. It was also discovered
that the father of this child had been experiencing diarrhea for approximately 4 days. During the afternoon of 3 September
1996, the daycare center was inspected and the director informed the community health nurse that an employee from the same
preschool room had called in sick that day. A telephone call to this individual confirmed that she was symptomatic with
diarrhea. The employee also mentioned that 2 other employees from the same preschool room had been sick with diarrhea over
the weekend. The community health nurse recommended that all individuals symptomatic with diarrhea submit stool
specimens.
DTIC
Bacteria; Surveillance

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 2, Number 8, October 1996
Bill C; Towle, Cynthia R; Oct 1996; 17 pp.; In English
As of 30 September 1996, ten cases of vivax malaria were diagnosed and treated at the 121st General Hospital at Yongsan
Garrison, Seoul, Korea (see map on page 3). The first case, a Korean soldier assigned to the United Nations Command (UNC)
Security Battalion Joint Security Area (JSA) at Panmunjom, was admitted to the 121st General Hospital on 20 June. On 28
June, an investigation by preventive medicine (PM) specialists from the 5th Medical Detachment (Entomology) and the 168th
Medical Battalion (AS) revealed a significant mosquito problem at the site. In late June and mid-July, two additional cases
were diagnosed in Korean soldiers assigned to the UNC Security Battalion at Panmunjom. Primary health care providers near
the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) were alerted to the vivax malaria threat. In late July, the summer monsoons produced heavy
flooding near the DMZ. No additional cases were diagnosed during late July or early August. During the last week of August,
two cases were diagnosed in US soldiers: one was assigned to the JSA at Panmunjom; the other was a PM technician who
had conducted human bite mosquito collections at the JSA. During the first week of September, five US soldiers were admitted
to the 121st General Hospital with vivax malaria. All had trained north of the Imjin River near the JSA. In response, the USFK
Surgeon recommended that soldiers assigned or training north of the Imjin River take chloroquine for chemoprophylaxis and
primaquine for terminal prophylaxis at the end of their exposure. The USFK Blood Center was notified to ensure that the blood
supply was adequately protected. On 6 September, the 18th MEDCOM Commander requested epidemiologic consultation
(EPICON) to assist in developing a long term (3-5 year) strategy for malaria prevention. A multidisciplinary team representing
USACHPPM, WRAIR, and the Fort Drum medical activity traveled to Korea in response to the request.
DTIC
Cold Weather; Entomology; Injuries; Medical Services; Organizations; Parasitic Diseases; Surveillance
184

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 2, Number 7, September 1996
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Jones, Bruce H; Craig, Stephen C; Ludwig, Sharon L; Hewitson, Bill C; Towle,
Cynthia R; Sep 1996; 13 pp.; In English
Following a joint training exercise at Ft Bragg (Operation Purple Star) and Camp Lejeune (Operation Royal Dragon),
twenty-eight British paratroopers from a unit of 400 (7%) developed a rash illness of unknown etiology. The total contingency
involved in the joint exercise, which took place between 25 April and 20 May 1996, included approximately 10,000 soldiers.
Only one British unit developed symptoms; there were no reported cases among U.S. soldiers who participated in the exercise.
The epidemiologist/microbiologist at the Royal Haslar Hospital, in conjunction with the Communicable Disease Surveillance
Centre (CDSC), conducted an outbreak investigation and determined that two distinct types of skin rashes were involved, with
the date of onset of symptoms approximately 5 June 1996. Preliminary data from a questionnaire was analyzed and it was
determined that The affected soldiers parachuted into the Camp Mackall area located on Ft Bragg and bivouacked around the
Luzon Drop Zone, a heavily forested area. Nymphal ticks were removed by some of the British soldiers, all of whom carried
tick identification cards and were instructed in the use of permethrin-impregnated uniforms. Three soldiers had a febrile illness
associated with a petechial rash resembling Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) and the remaining 25 soldiers had a rash
described as a localized, expanding circular rash, similar to erythema migrans (EM). The involved soldiers were treated with
Doxycycline 200 mg daily for 14 days. All clinical cases had serological tests for a variety of possible infective agents
including Lyme, RMSF, Ehrlichia, and Leptospira. Only one specimen was found positive for RMSF. All serological tests for
Borrelia burgdorferi (tickborne spirochete causing Lyme disease) were negative. The final results of the data analysis are
pending and a case-control study to delineate other risk factors is underway.
DTIC
Epidemiology; Etiology; Infectious Diseases; Surveillance

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 2, Number 6, July 1996
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Jones, Bruce H; Craig, Stephen C; Ludwig, Sharon L; Hewitson, Bill C; Towle,
Cynthia R; Jul 1996; 17 pp.; In English
On 29 April 1996, a 21-year-old white male, active-duty Army soldier was admitted to Walter Reed Army Medical Center
(WRAMC) due to severe iron deficiency anemia. Upon admission his hemoglobin (Hb) was 7.6 g/dL, with a hypochromic,
microcytic anemia of seven months duration, intermittent diarrhea, and symptoms of hypovolemia. The patient was born and
raised in Michigan. He entered basic training at Ft. McClellan, Alabama, in 1993 and completed advanced individual training
there. In January 1994, he was stationed at Ft. Drum, New York. Since his arrival, his only travel outside the continental USA
was to the Jungle Operations Training Center (JOTC), Panama, in June 1995. While in Panama, he spent his first week in the
cantonment area in classroom training. During the second week, he was outside the cantonment area during the day but
returned to the barracks to sleep. During the third week, he was out of the cantonment area for 4-5 days. During this time,
he slept on his sleeping mat, taking off only his BDU blouse. He recalled only limited direct contact with soil, e.g., placing
his hand on the ground while rising to a standing position. During the exercise, he typically sat or laid on the ground fully
clothed with sleeves down while awaiting the arrival of patrolling forces. He noted that the ground in the training areas smelled
of feces, though he did not see formed stool. While in the field, he slipped into and immediately climbed out of a small, deep
hole filled with chest deep water. The barracks in Panama were infested with insects upon the units arrival, but they were
cleaned soon thereafter. He ate at several local establishments without gastrointestinal problems. Two weeks after his return
from Panama, he experienced non-bloody, brown, watery diarrhea lasting approximately seven days. He was evaluated at the
Troop Medical Clinic (TMC) and returned to duty. He continued to have sporadic loose bowel movements approximately
every two weeks.
DTIC
Feces; Gastrointestinal System; Hemoglobin; Medical Services; Surveillance; Viruses
185

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 2, Number 4, April 1996
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Jones, Bruce H; Ludwig, Sharon L; Fonseca, Vincent P; Towle, Cynthia R; Apr 1996;
25 pp.; In English
During late December 1995 through January 1996 an outbreak of rash-associated illness occurred among units supporting
Operation Joint Endeavor. In March a second outbreak occurred among U.S. Forces participating in a joint NATO training
exercise, Cooperative Adventure Express 96. A multi-disciplinary preventive medicine team investigated the outbreak sites
and affected units and collected environmental and clinical laboratory specimens for analysis. The common factor uniting the
two events was unit activity in northern Belgium. This article provides a brief update of significant findings.
DTIC
Injuries; Surveillance

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 2, Number 3, March 1996
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Jones, Bruce H; Fonseca, Vincent P; Ludwig, Sharon L; Towle, Cynthia R; Mar 1996;
17 pp.; In English
In the US military, New World cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease that is typically seen in personnel who have deployed
to Central and South America, particularly to the Jungle Operations Training Center (JOTC) at Ft. Sherman, Panama, or the
French Foreign Legion jungle training school in French Guiana (4). In the Americas, the causative agents are intracellular
protozoa (L. braziliensis, L. peruviana and L. mexicana; rarely L. chagasi). The organism is spread by sand flies, Lutzomyia
and Psychodopygus species in the Americas and Phlebotomus species elsewhere. The disease ranges from a self-healing,
localized ulcer to widely disseminated, progressive lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. (1). This zoonotic diseases
primary reservoir is small forest rodents or in the case of L. peruviana, dogs. New world cutaneous leishmaniasis is most
common in individuals who work in jungles (rural settlers, road builders, and soldiers). It is seen during the hot season and
after the summer rains (2). Definitive diagnosis is by demonstrating amastigotes upon biopsy/scraping/aspirate taken from the
edge of the lesion, NOT the center. Treatment is with either sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) in the US or meglumine
antimoniate (Glucantime) in South America. The U.S. FDA classifies Pentostam as an investigational new drug; therefore, its
use requires adherence to specific protocol guidelines. Only two locations in the USA are allowed to use Pentostam: the CDC
and WRAMC. The WRAMC protocol for cutaneous leishmaniasis uses intravenous Pentostam 20 mg/kg each day for 20 days.
The protocol for treatment with Pentostam requires close monitoring of treatment including a weekly EKG (looking for QT
prolongation, a side effect of Pentostam), CBC (looking for cytopenia, anemias, leukopenias, pancytopenias), and
lipase/amylase (drug-induced pancreatitis occurs in 50 percent of patients (5)).
DTIC
Anemias; Lesions; Membranes; Mucus; Surveillance

Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 2, Number 2, February 1996
Brundage, John F; Rubertone, Mark V; Jones, Bruce H; Fonseca, Vincent P; Ludwig, Sharon L; Towie, Cynthia R; Feb 1996;
17 pp.; In English
This investigation concluded that, although the incidence of injury for women were significantly higher than for men,
integrated training did not elevate the incidence of injuries for women. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that risks of
injury for both men and women were high and that these risks could probably be lowered through modifications of training
that would not adversely affect final physical fitness levels at the end of BCT. The next issue of the MSMR will discuss the
association of physical fitness and injuries among men and women observed in this survey.
DTIC
Education; Military Personnel; Physical Fitness; Surveillance; Therapy
186

Beyond Joint Medical Training
McCurdy, Darlene A; Mar 2009; 34 pp.; In English
The military services are responsible to recruit, train, equip and sustain their forces. For decades the Department of
Defense (DOD) has received pressure to consolidate medical departments and therefore, DOD reciprocates that challenge to
the uniformed services to create a single medical command. The Army, Navy and Air Force have always justified separate
medical branches, by staunchly stating that war-time requirements demand unique medical skill sets for Soldiers, Seamen and
Airmen. However, current combat environments have blurred the lines between distinctions of medical care. Medics and
physicians from all military services work side by side to save lives and return warriors to duty. The Military Health System
(MHS) is responsible for health care delivery in military hospitals and routinely use joint services health care providers. In
2005, Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) established that, all military medical training sites for enlisted members will
consolidate at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Now is the perfect time to design, create, resource and mandate real JOINT medical
training for our enlisted members. Military medical education can embrace process efficiencies to establish effective and
realistic joint medical training.
DTIC
Education; Medical Services
20090021551 Cincinnati Univ., OH USA
A Molecular Beam Deposition of DNA Nanometer Films
Hagen, Joshua A; Li, Wei-Xin; Spaeth, Hans; Grote, James G; Steckl, Andrew J; Jan 2007; 10 pp.; In English
The development of novel photonic devices which incorporate biological materials is strongly tied to the development of
thin film forming processes. Solution-based (wet) processes when used with biomaterials in device fabrication suffer from
dissolution of underlying layers, incompatibility with clean environment, inconsistent film properties, etc. We have
investigated ultra-high-vacuum molecular beam deposition of surfactant-modified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). We have
obtained effective deposition rates of 0.1-1 A/s, enabling reproducible and controllable deposition of nanometer-scale films.
DTIC
Current Density; Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Deposition; Molecular Beams; Thin Films
20090021552 Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA
Impact of Phlebotomine Sand Flies on U.S. Military Operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 1. Background, Military
Situation, and Development of a Leishmaniasis Control Program
Coleman, Russell E; Burkett, Douglas A; Putnam, John L; Sherwood, Van; Caci, Jennifer B; Jennings, Barton T; Hochberg,
Lisa P; Spradling, Sharon L; Rowton, Edgar D; Blount, Keith; Ploch, John; Hopkins, Grady; Raymond, Jo-lynne W; OGuinn,
Monica L; Lee, John S; Weina, Peter J; Jul 2006; 17 pp.; In English
One of the most significant modern day efforts to prevent and control an arthropod-borne disease during a military
deployment occurred when a team of U.S. military entomologists led efforts to characterize, prevent, and control leishmaniasis
at Tallil Air Base (TAB), Iraq, during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Soon after arriving at TAB on 22 March 2003, military
entomologists determined that 1) high numbers of sand flies were present at TAB, 2) individual soldiers were receiving many
sand fly bites in a single night, and 3) Leishmania parasites were present in 1.5% of the female sand flies as determined using
a real-time (fluorogenic) Leishmania-generic polymerase chain reaction assay. The rapid determination that leishmaniasis was
a specific threat in this area allowed for the establishment of a comprehensive Leishmaniasis Control Program (LCP) over 5
mo before the first case of leishmaniasis was confirmed in a U.S. soldier deployed to Iraq. The LCP had four components: 1)
risk assessment, 2) enhancement of use of personal protective measures by all personnel at TAB, 3) vector and reservoir
control, and 4) education of military personnel about sand flies and leishmaniasis. The establishment of the LCP at TAB before
the onset of any human disease conclusively demonstrated that entomologists can play a critical role during military
deployments.
DTIC
Airports; Insects; Iraq; Military Operations; Sands
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20090021559 Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA USA

Disordered Eating and Weight Changes after Deployment: Longitudinal Assessment of a Large US Military Cohort
Jacobson, Isabel G; Smith, Tyler C; Smith, Besa; Keel, Pamela K; Amoroso, Paul J; Wells, Timothy S; Bathalon, Gaston P;
Boyko, Edward J; Ryan, Margaret A; Feb 4, 2009; 15 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497814; NHRC-08-03; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The effect of military deployments to combat environments on disordered eating and weight changes is unknown. Using
longitudinal data from Millennium Cohort Study participants who completed baseline (2001-2003) and follow-up (2004-2006)
questionnaires (n=48,378), the authors investigated new-onset disordered eating and weight changes in a large military cohort.
Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare these outcomes among those who deployed and reported combat
exposures, those who deployed but did not report combat exposures, and those who did not deploy in support of the wars in
Iraq and Afghanistan. Results show that deployment was not significantly associated with new-onset disordered eating in
women or men, after adjustment for baseline demographic, military, and behavioral characteristics. However, in subgroup
comparison analyses of deployers, deployed women reporting combat exposures were 1.78 times more likely to report
new-onset disordered eating (95% confidence interval: 1.02, 3.11) and 2.35 times more likely to lose 10% or more of their
body weight compared with women who deployed but did not report combat exposures (95% confidence interval: 1.17, 4.70).
Despite no significant overall association between deployment and disordered eating and body weight changes, deployed
women reporting combat exposures represent a subgroup at higher risk for developing eating problems and weight loss.
DTIC
Body Weight; Combat; Deployment; Eating; Females; Males; Military Personnel; Order-Disorder Transformations
20090021636 Dana Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA USA
Proteomic Analyses of Nipple Fluid for Early Detection of Breast Cancer
Garber, Judy; Oct 14, 2008; 6 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAMD17-03-1-0575
Our purpose is to combine the well-established method of breast nipple fluid collection with new proteomics methodology
for analyses of complex protein mixtures, in order to seek a better test for early breast cancer. The scope of our work is
far-reaching, as our results could have a significant impact on the ability to detect occult breast cancers at earlier stages than
is possible with current cancer detection methods. To date, we have completed a pilot test of 12 patients to optimize collection
and lab storage and analysis conditions. Throughout the last year, we have completed sample collection: we have collected
a total of 255 nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) samples (58 case samples and 197 control samples). Our modification of the
collection protocol to collect NAF directly with capillary has been successful. This collection procedure is more efficient
providing more useable samples for lab analysis. We have run test samples using SELDI-TOF methodology that showed
significant numbers of peaks on IMAC40 chips thereby validating both the collection and analysis protocols. In summary, we
have developed a workable protocol for nipple fluid collection that produces consistent quantitative protein analysis. We have
completed sample collection and will turn our attention to sample analysis in the coming year.
DTIC
Breast; Cancer; Detection; Mammary Glands; Proteome
20090021639 Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD USA
Prostate Cancer Progression and Serum Sibling (Small Integrin Binding N-Linked Glycoprotein) Levels
Fedarko, Neal S; Oct 1, 2008; 154 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
We have been studying a gene family termed SIBLINGs (for small integrin binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins) whose
members include bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein
(DSPP) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). Our Specific Aims are to describe the distribution of
serumbased measurements of SIBLINGs among (a) normal individuals, (b) individuals with benign prostatic disease, (c)
individuals with clinically defined prostate cancer, and (d) longitudinal samples from individuals with prostate cancer before
and after treatment; and to establish serum-based measurements which maximize sensitivity and specificity of SIBLINGs as
markers for prostate cancer detection as well as for prostate cancer progression and response to treatment. Although the
laboratory is still blinded to staging and progression data at this point in time, some significant observations can be made. The
distribution of serum levels of BSP and DSPP suggest they have utility for prostate cancer detection. Whether used separately
188
or as an adjunct to PSA screening, the preliminary data indicates that measurement of DSPP may have a significant effect on
current prostate cancer management.
DTIC
Cancer; Prostate Gland; Serums
20090021643 Massachusetts Univ., Lowell, MA USA
Terahertz Spectroscopy of Intrinsic Biomarkers for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Joseph, Cecil S; Yaroslavsky, Anna N; Al-Arashi, Munir; Goyette, Thomas M; Dickinson, Jason C; Gatesman, Andrew J;
Soper, Brian W; Forgione, Christoher M; Horgan, Thomas M; Ehasz, Elizabeth J; Giles, Robert H; Nixon, William E; Jan
Continuous wave terahertz imaging has the potential to offer a safe, non-invasive medical imaging modality for detecting
different types of human cancers. The aim of this study was to identify intrinsic biomarkers for non-melanoma skin cancer
and their absorption frequencies. Knowledge of these frequencies is a prerequisite for the optimal development of a continuous
wave terahertz imaging system for detecting different types of skin cancers. The absorption characteristics of skin constituents
were studied between 20 and 100 cm-1 (0.6 THz - 3 THz). Terahertz radiation is highly absorbed by water. Thus, the high
water content of human tissue necessitates a reflection based imaging modality. To demonstrate a reflection based, high
resolution, terahertz imaging system, a prototype imaging system was constructed at 1.56 THz. The system resolution was
determined to be 0.5 mm and the system signal to noise ratio was found to be 70 dB. Data from the terahertz spectroscopy
experiments and reflection based terahertz images at 1.56 THz are presented.
DTIC
Biomarkers; Cancer; Continuous Radiation; Imaging Techniques; Spectroscopy; Tumors
20090021649 Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, AL USA
Interfering with DNA Damage Signals: Radiosensitizing Prostate Cancer Using Small Peptides
Xu, Bo; Nov 1, 2008; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The major goal of this project is to identify small inhibitory peptides that can target critical DNA damage responsive
pathways in order to develop novel therapeutic agents for prostate cancer radiotherapy. Previously we have demonstrated that
small fusion peptides containing SMC1 phosphorylation and NBS1 ATM binding sequences can inhibit ATM activity and
decrease prostate tumor cell clonogenic survival after radiation, therefore these peptides can be tested for in vivo activities of
radiosensitization. In order to achieve this goal, we generated a series of tumor homing peptides containing these sequences
and proved tumor specific targeting of the peptides. Ongoing experiments include approaches to reduce radiation damage to
normal tissues and to evaluate of the fusion peptides as radiosensitizers in prostate cancer xenograft models.
DTIC
Cancer; Damage; Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Peptides; Prostate Gland; Radiation Therapy
Army Health Care. Progress Made in Staffing and Monitoring Units that Provide Outpatient Case Management, but
Additional Steps Needed
Apr 2009; 40 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497890; GAO-09-357; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
In February 2007, a series of Washington Post articles disclosed problems at Walter Reed Army Medical Center,
particularly with the management of servicemembers receiving outpatient care. In response, the Army established Warrior
Transition Units (WTU) for servicemembers requiring complex case management. Each servicemember in a WTU is assigned
to a Triad of Care-a primary care manager, a nurse case manager, and a squad leader-who provide case management services
to ensure continuity of care. The Army established staff-to-servicemember ratios for each Triad of Care position. This report
examines (1) the Armys ongoing efforts to staff WTU Triad of Care positions and (2) how the Army monitors the recovery
process of WTU servicemembers. GAO reviewed WTU policies, analyzed Army staffing and monitoring data, interviewed
Army officials, and visited five selected WTUs.
DTIC
Health; Medical Services
189
20090021689 Special Operations Command, MacDill AFB, FL USA

Journal of Special Operations Medicine. Volume 7, Edition 4, Fall 2007
Jan 2007; 137 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
FEATURE ARTICLES: An Unconscious Diver With Pulmonary Abnormalities: Problems Associated With Closed Circuit
Underwater Breathing Apparatus by Dana E. Adkins, MD; Richard T. Mahon, MD; Steven Bennett, MD. What Every SOF
Medic Should Know about Agroterrorism by Kathleen Dunn Farr, MD. A Novel Application of Hydrogel to Improve the
Asherman Chest Seal(registered trademark) in a Deployed Environment by Farzad Nowrouzzadeh, MD. Joint Special
Operations Task Force - Philipines (JSOTF-P) Joint Medcap Planning by HMC Jody Fletcher; SFC John Dominguez; HM1
Travis Walker; HM1 Patrick Gallaher. Use of Unapproved Products, Off-Label Use and Black-Box Warning... A Variation of
Newtons Third Law or the Practical Application of the Rule of Unintended Consequences? Considerations in Military
Operational Medicine by Jerome F. Pierson, RPh, PhD.
DTIC
Agriculture; Pharmacology
Journal of Special Operations Medicine, Volume 7, Edition 1
FEATURE ARTICLES: Hazards of Dietary Supplement Use by Anthony E. Johnson, MD; Chad A. Haley, MD; John A.
Ward, PhD. Medical Civilian Assistance Programs (MEDCAP) in Direct Support of Kinetic Operations: A Template for
Integration of Civil Medical Operations as a Force Multiplier During Combat Operations by Robert F. Malsby III, DO, FS,
DMO; Bart M. Territo, PA-C. Hypertension and the SOF Warrior by George W. Horsley, NREMT-P, PA-C. Role of Medicine
in Supporting Special Forces Counter-Insurgency Operations in Southern Afghanistan by Sean Keenan, MD. Running a Local
National Medical Clinic for Special Forces/Special Operations Medical Personnel by Samuel J. Blazier, 18Z; Ronald A.
Leach, PA-C; George Perez, 18D; Bruce W. Holmes, 18D; Robert S. Blough, 18D; Sean Keenan, MD.
DTIC
Afghanistan; Diets; Hypertension; Surveys
FEATURE ARTICLES: Transfusion Medicine by Troy Johnson, MD; Rob Kacprowicz, MD; Dan Mosely, MD. Special
Operations Medicine: A Federal Law Enforcement Perspective by Daniel J. Schmidt, Special Agent, DEA. Community
Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus by John S. Hammes, MD. Traumatic Amputation of a Finger - A Stark
Reminder Al Calvillo, 18D, BHS, BS & Jeffrey L. Spivey, MPAS, PA-C. Rapid Reversal of Warfarin Toxicity Using
Recombinant Factor VIIa in a Deteriorating Patient with Left Hemothorax by Hany Samir, MD, MBCCH; Gabriel P. Owens,
PA-C, MPAS; Faisal Masud, MD, FCCP.
DTIC
Blood; Fingers; Staphylococcus; Transfusion
20090021692 Center for Army Lessons Learned, Fort Leavenworth, KS USA
Journal of Special Operations Medicine, Volume 7, Edition 4. Training Supplement: Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures
This document is a compilation of open source material collected and analyzed by the Center for Army Lessons Learned
(CALL) from special operations medical personnel deployed in support of the Global War on Terrorism. The majority of the
observations, insights, and lessons (OIL); tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP); and best practices are derived from
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) actions in theater and lessons learned. However, as
special operations forces (SOF) are globally engaged executing missions across the full spectrum of operations, OIL from
OEF-Horn of Africa, OEF-Philippines, and other areas of responsibility have been included. SOF typically provide far-forward
190
austere trauma care to sustain casualties (CAX) until they can reach forward surgical care. Often the special operations
warfighter, coalition member, or noncombatant casualty is dehydrated at the time of wounding, under heat or cold stress, and
fatigued. The majority of the OIL and TTP listed here are oriented to the Level I management of combat CAX or management
at the point of injury (POI) or wounding. The term ?special operations medic? used throughout this document is meant to be
inclusive of USA Army Special Operations Command medical personnel, U.S. Air Force Special Operations Command
pararescuemen (PJs) and independent duty medical technician personnel, U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command
(NAVSPECWARCOM) Sea, Air, Land (SEAL) and independent duty corpsmen, and U.S. Marines Special Operations
Command corpsmen. This supplement is being formatted into a handbook to be published by CALL.
DTIC
Education; Emergencies; Injuries; Medical Services; Military Operations; Tactics
20090021704 Army Aeromedical Research Lab., Fort Rucker, AL USA
Performance Sustainment of Two Man Crews during 87 Hours of Extended Wakefulness with Stimulants and Napping
LeDuc, Patricia; Rowe, Terry; Martin, Christopher; Curry, Ian; Wildzunas, Robert; Schmeisser, Elmar; Estrada, Arthur;
Palacio, Lisa; Rouse, Tiffany; Dueringer, Lisa; Milam, Lana; Bass, Julie; Feb 2009; 70 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A498120; USAARL-2009-04; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Thirty-two pilots each completed twenty-two simulated flights and other evaluations during 87 hours of sustained
operations. General results are that dextroamphetamine and modafinil similarly attenuated numerous sleep loss problems.
While caffeine had some benefits preventing performance declines, changes in performance often mimicked those seen in the
placebo group. The benefits of all three stimulants were most noticeable from 0200 until 1000 when the fatigue from sleep
deprivation was greatest. The most consistent drug effects were seen on physiological measures and self-reported mood, but
a number of performance effects were seen as well. These data are compared to previous flight simulator studies of dexedrine
and modafinil with respect to dose effects on operator performance as well as the need to examine the resilience and
vulnerability of team behavior as a fatigue countermeasure. These findings strongly suggest that stimulant medications can
assist the warfighter in maintaining acceptable levels of judgment and decision making, as well as crew coordination, when
combat requirements dictate long periods of sleep deprivation.
DTIC
Circadian Rhythms; Crews; Sleep Deprivation; Stimulants; Wakefulness; Wakes
20090021708 Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Washington, DC USA
Impact of Phlebotomine Sand Flies on U.S. Military Operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 3. Evaluation of Surveillance
Devices for the Collection of Adult Sand Flies
Burkett, Douglas A; Knight, Ronald; Dennett, James A; Sherwood, Van; Rowton, Edgar; Coleman, Russell E; Mar 2007;
5 pp.; In English
We evaluated the effectiveness of commercially available light traps and sticky traps baited with chemical light sticks for
the collection of phlebotomine sand flies. Evaluations were conducted at Tallil Air Base, Iraq, in 2003. In an initial study, a
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-style trap with UV bulb collected significantly more sand flies than did
an up-draft CDC trap, a standard down-draft CDC trap (STD-CDC), or a sticky strap with a green chemical light stick. In a
subsequent study, we found that the addition of chemical light sticks to sticky traps resulted in a significant increase in the
number of sand flies collected compared with sticky traps without the light sticks. These data indicate that 1) the CDC light
trap with an UV bulb is an effective alternative to the standard CDC light trap for collecting phlebotomine sand flies in Iraq,
and 2) that the addition of a chemical light stick to a sticky trap can result in a field-expedient tool for the collection of sand
flies.
DTIC
Adults; Airports; Blood; Chemiluminescence; Collection; Insects; Military Operations; Sands; Surveillance; Traps
Influence of Snail on Integrin Beta l Expression/Activity in Breast Carcinoma
Bachelder, Robin E; Sep 2008; 29 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
We provide the first evidence that Snail-1, a tumor progression factor[1-3], influences breast tumor cell adhesion to matrix
191
proteins. Specifically, we show that Snail-1 reduces alpha2 beta1 integrin expression levels in breast tumor cells. This novel
Snail-1 activity results in impaired tumor cell adhesion to the alpha2 beta1 integrin-binding matrix protein Collagen-1. As a
specificity control, we show that Snail-1 does not influence alpha5 beta1 integrin levels or alpha5 beta1 integrin-mediated
adhesion to Fibronectin. Previous studies indicate a suppressive role for the alpha2 beta1 integrin in breast tumor cell
migration[4, 5]. Accordingly, we postulate that Snail-1 repression of alpha2 beta1 integrin expression promotes breast tumor
cell motility, a topic of current study. Based on the knowledge that tumor cell migration is critical for tumor metastasis, we
postulate that this novel Snail-1 function promotes tumor metastasis, an area for future investigation.
DTIC
Adhesion; Beta Particles; Breast; Cancer; Mammary Glands; Snails
20090021797 Texas State Guard, Austin, TX USA

The Military Emergency Management Specialist (MEMS) Qualification and the Medical Units of the State Defense
Force: It Just Makes Sense
Greenstone, James L; Jan 2006; 3 pp.; In English
Sponsored by the State Guard Association of the USA and the Military Emergency Management Specialist (MEMS)
Academy, the Military Emergency Management Specialist is a qualification that is individually earned and that recognizes
personal effort and skills development. During the early and formative days of the Texas Medical Rangers of the Texas State
Guard, it seemed a logical step to encourage relevant and ongoing training. This training should provide the military bases
necessary for a Uniformed Medical Reserve Corps. At first look, the Expert Field Medical Badge (EFMB) qualification
requirements seemed to fit the bill, however, there were some problems that had to be considered. While many of the EFMB
skills are useful for field medical units, many of the military requirements go beyond what is needed or even expected in the
Texas Medical Rangers, Texas State Guard, and probably most other State Defense Force (SDF) Brigades. Enter the MEMS
Qualification Badge. The skills required, along with the individual nature of the qualification process, makes this the badge
of choice for the SDF. Suited for medical and nonmedical line units, the Texas Medical Rangers strongly encourages all of
its soldiers to earn at least the Basic Badge. Because this qualification is based on individual achievement, regular unit training
schedules can remain intact. Coaching and assistance can be offered to MEMS candidates though the current MEMS Academy
organization, but most of the work is left to the individual. Not only is this qualification exactly what the doctor ordered for
the Texas Medical Rangers and for all SDF Brigades and Units, but its very nature makes it well suited for all military and
military-related units throughout the USA. The inclusiveness of the MEMS Academy and of the MEMS qualification courses
may well set the standard in this country for ongoing cooperation in the face of disaster and terrorism.
DTIC
Education; Emergencies; Management Methods; Medical Services; Microelectromechanical Systems; Qualifications
20090021826 Air Force Research Lab., Brooks AFB, TX USA

Eliciting Action Potentials from Epidermal Stimulation of Skin Receptors Using Ultrashort Laser Pulses
Goddard, Douglas N; Imholte, Michelle; Jindra, Nicole; Thomas, Robert J; Feb 2009; 16 pp.; In English; Original contains
color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): FA8650-08-D-6930; Proj-7757
Report No.(s): AD-A497588; 711-HPW/RHDO; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Measurements of laser stimulated action potentials in the sciatic nerve of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) were made using
two ultrashort pulsed infrared lasers. The dorsal sides of the frogs hind limbs were exposed to 1540 nm and 1064 nm
wavelengths at three separate spot sizes: 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm. Energy density thresholds were determined for eliciting an
action potential at each experimental condition. Results from these exposures showed similar evoked potential thresholds for
both wavelengths. Skin ablation was observed at temperature increases as low as 0.7 degrees C, so we believe the primary
skin damage mechanism to be stress confinement. Determining the method of receptor activation was outside the scope of this
study. While the exact mechanism still remains unknown, it is possible to elicit action potentials from transdermal exposures
of ultrashort lasers.
DTIC
Frogs; Infrared Radiation; Lasers; Nerves; Pulsed Lasers; Sciatic Region; Skin (Anatomy); Stimulation
192
20090021908 Joint Special Operations Univ., Hurlburt Field, FL USA

Journal of Special Operations Medicine. Volume 4, Edition 1, Winter 2004
Hammer, David L; DuGuay, Michelle D; Jan 2004; 105 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Happy New Year from USSOCOM and the Surgeons Office! Once again, those of us in the headquarters find ourselves
in awe of the accomplishments of the medical folks in this command and all they do to ensure the deployment safety of our
SOF war-fighters and the care given to them when they get sick or injured. Though the public focus remains within the OEF
and OIF areas, we are well aware and appreciative of the activity of SOF operators in greater than 150 countries this past year
and the impact it has on this nation. Several significant issues are coming up and our focus continues to be upon getting the
correct tools and training to our medical operators. 1. The home for Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) has been resolved
and AFSOC is working the details on how this important mission will be incorporated into SOF. My career in SOF started
at the old Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service (ARRS) serving USAF PJs as we transitioned through 23rd Air Force
(MAC) in the late 1980s and into AFSOC. The CSAR mission transitioned into USAF/ACC, and for many years our
association with PJs was less than optimal in spite of the long history of successful interoperability. As AFSOC works through
the transition we have the opportunity to again share capability with our PJ colleagues--their history is rich and goes back to
WW2 and the China/Burma/India theater. With the help of CMSgt Hickson, Commandant of the PJ School, we will find ways
to share training successes and make the schools interoperable, giving us additional options in our training scenarios. 2. Since
our efforts at fielding hemostatic dressings and agents, there has been tremendous activity in the fielding of products to stem
battlefield hemorrhage. Our initial BISC initiatives were with fibrin/thrombin-containing dressings and we fielded them under
an IND permitted by the FDA. Since then, other dressings and products have moved forward and are available.
DTIC
Medical Services; Surgery; Winter
Journal of Special Operations Medicine, Volume 4, Edition 2, Spring 2004
Butler, Frank K; DuGuay, Michelle D; Jan 2004; 87 pp.; In English
Id like to take this opportunity to thank the outgoing Command Surgeon, Col Dave Hammer,for his many contributions
to SOF medicine over the years and to recall some of the successes that the staff achieved under his leadership. A medical
planning support cell for the Center for Special Operations (CSO) has been established to ensure that missions run by
USSOCOM (as a supported Combatant Commander) have the medical influence on operational planning that they need.
Personnel from this office are available to the CSO on a 24-hour basis to provide assistance. The Command endorsed the
establishment of a Special Operations Paramedic program defined by the SOF community, allowing our training to more
precisely meet the medical requirements of our units. The USSOCOM Surgeons office has helped coordinate the placement
of medical planners on the staff of the theater Special Operations commanders, assisting those commands with medical support
for their operations. The Journal of Special Operations Medicine continues to provide a central voice for the Special
Operations medical community, and the quality of this excellent publication continues to improve. USSOCOM took a
leadership role in the development and fielding of hemostatic dressings in the US military, early in the initial proof-of-concept
studies at the Army Institute for Surgical Research and later, working with the Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
to obtain funding to procure these lifesaving dressings for our warfighters. Last, Col Hammer was a strong supporter of the
USSOCOM/BUMED combined effort to establish a standing Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), which
is now providing updated guidelines in TCCC for our deploying combat medical personnel.
DTIC
Medical Science; Medical Services; Military Operations; Surgery
Hammer, David L; DuGuay, Michelle D; Jan 2003; 79 pp.; In English
Greetings again from your HQ/USSOCOM. As we move into the summer months we still find ourselves in awe and in
full support of our special ops forces in the fields and towns of Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere in the world (150 countries
so far this year). I just read the recent data from Landstuhl Medical Center on the patients moving through that terrific facility
193
and was reminded again of the critical job our Civil Affairs folks are doing in Iraq and the risks they take day in and day out
in accomplishing their missions. Sometimes we forget to acknowledge just how dangerous their work is--they move into a
combat area near the end of formal combat hostilities and get close to the families and civilians they are sent there to support.
Every so often they are rewarded with a blast from an AK-47 or an RPG. This is dangerous, yet critical work that they do
and they are turning on the lights, getting the water to flow, and building an environment where the Iraqis can enjoy their new
freedom presented by this campaign. These units are amazing; give them your full support. As we enter this last FY quarter,
we are anticipating a conference here at the headquarters where we will bring in our medical guys representing all the
component units, and we will go over the lessons learned in this past year of operation activity. This is critical, for we will
hear firsthand the issues and it will plot our way ahead in support of the Medics/Corpsmen/PJs/SMEs out there caring for our
troops. The data will drive changes in the curriculum of the school, medical supply issues, and how we will invest our
Biomedical Initiatives dollars to solve problems encountered by our guys and described by them (as with fibrin/chitosan
dressings, HBOC, etc).
DTIC
Explosions; Medical Services; Military Operations; Supplying

Journal of Special Operations Medicine Volume 1, Edition 1
Education; Medical Personnel; Military Personnel

Journal of Special Operations Medicine Volume 1, Edition 2
Military Personnel; Warfare
20090021952 Veterans Research Foundation of Pittsburgh, PA USA

Helping Severely Injured Soldiers Participate Fully in Society
Cooper, Rory A; Mar 2009; 36 pp.; In English
Work, family and participation in the community are key ingredients for having a satisfying and productive life. In order
to continue to serve the needs of all severely injured service members, it is necessary to consider the effectiveness of current
programs and services and how future medical and rehabilitation services should be structured and delivered. A group of 34
veterans with disabilities completed questionnaires and interviews during the 2008 National Disabled Veterans Winter Sports
Clinic (sponsored by the Department of Veterans Affairs and Disabled American Veterans). Individual characteristics,
including demographics, disability and functional status, previous employment and education, co-morbid conditions, and other
factors are being analyzed in relation to vocational and community integration outcomes. Qualitative analysis of open-ended
interview questions is ongoing. The structured interview questionnaire has been examined and is in the process of being
revised, in a continuing effort to improve the interview process. The questionnaire and structured interview are expected to
be used for future information gathering to track vocational rehabilitation and community reintegration outcomes and to
explore the factors that influence those outcomes.
DTIC
Military Personnel; Medical Services; Disabilities; Injuries
194

Hammer, David L; DuGuay, Michelle D; Anderson, Warner J; Jan 2003; 93 pp.; In English
Advanced Technical Applications for Combat Casualty Care (ATACCC) came and went by for the second year since
9/11--recall that it was during ATACCC that the attack on America happened. There were great presentations--we got feedback
by medics with first-hand experience in OEF and OIF and we are more committed than ever to meet the needs of our
medics/corpsmen/PJs out there leading the way.
DTIC
Air Transportation; Evacuating (Transportation); Injuries; Medical Personnel; Medical Services; Supplying
20090021974 Geneva Foundation, Lakewood, WA USA

A Clinician-Centered Evaluation of the Usability of AHLTA and Automated Clinical Practice Guidelines at TAMC
Lasome, Caterina; Staggers, Nancy; Jennings, Bonnie M; Oct 2008; 14 pp.; In English
The purposes of the study were to examine critical usability issues in AHLTA; redesign problematic features and test the
new functions; and, using this knowledge, design and evaluate automated clinical practice guidelines (aCPGs) in AHLTA.
Usability issues were examined using naturalistic observations and structured interviews. The naturalistic observations were
done in two clinics, Family Practice and Pediatrics, and involved six physicians during nine patient encounters. The 12
clinicians who were interviewed walked the interviewer through their daily routines related to using AHLTA. Their verbal
responses were audio-taped. Their use of AHLTA was captured on videotape, with the camera focused solely on the computer
screen. These data were analyzed by staff from Pacific Science and Engineering. Over 175 usability issues were identified. The
plans to redesign and test AHLTA and design and evaluate aCPGs were thwarted by operational issues. In particular, it was
not possible to collect data using future releases of AHLTA that were under development. Despite months of effort to devise
a feasible alternative, the only reasonable solution was to modify the original Scope of Work and address new research aims.
DTIC
Medical Services; Clinical Medicine
20090022206 Dynamac Corp., Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Florida Univ., USA; Bionetics Corp., Cocoa Beach, FL, USA;
NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA
Focused Metabolite Profiling for Dissecting Cellular and Molecular Processes of Living Organisms in Space
Environments
Regulatory control in biological systems is exerted at all levels within the central dogma of biology. Metabolites are the
end products of all cellular regulatory processes and reflect the ultimate outcome of potential changes suggested by genomics
and proteomics caused by an environmental stimulus or genetic modification. Following on the heels of genomics,
transcriptomics, and proteomics, metabolomics has become an inevitable part of complete-system biology because none of the
lower -omics alone provide direct information about how changes in mRNA or protein are coupled to changes in biological
function. The challenges are much greater than those encountered in genomics because of the greater number of metabolites
and the greater diversity of their chemical structures and properties. To meet these challenges, much developmental work is
needed, including (1) methodologies for unbiased extraction of metabolites and subsequent quantification, (2) algorithms for
systematic identification of metabolites, (3) expertise and competency in handling a large amount of information (data set),
and (4) integration of metabolomics with other omics and data mining (implication of the information). This article reviews
the project accomplishments.
Derived from text
Cytology; Data Mining; Metabolites; Biochemistry; Bioastronautics
195
52
AEROSPACE MEDICINE
Includes the biological and physiological effects of atmospheric and space flight (weightlessness, space radiation, acceleration, and
altitude stress) on the human being; and the prevention of adverse effects on those environments. For psychological and behavioral
effects of aerospace environments, see 53 Behavioral Sciences. For the effects of space on animals and plants see 51 Life Sciences.

NASA Human Research Program (HRP). International Space Station Medical Project (ISSMP)
Sams, Clarence F.; June 03, 2009; 25 pp.; In English; 12th Meeting of the US/Russian Joint Working Group on Space
Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research, 3 - 5 Jun. 2009, Moscow, Russia; Original contains color and black and white
illustrations
This viewgraph presentation describes the various flight investigations performed on the International Space Station as
part of the NASA Human Research Program (HRP). The evaluations include: 1) Stability; 2) Periodic Fitness Evaluation with
Oxygen Uptake Measurement; 3) Nutrition; 4) CCISS; 5) Sleep; 6) Braslet; 7) Integrated Immune; 8) Epstein Barr; 9)
Biophosphonates; 10) Integrated cardiovascular; and 11) VO2 max.
CASI
International Space Station; Aerospace Medicine; Manned Space Flight; NASA Space Programs
CHeCS: International Space Station Medical Hardware Catalog
November 2008; 297 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
The purpose of this catalog is to provide a detailed description of each piece of hardware in the Crew Health Care System
(CHeCS), including subpacks associated with the hardware, and to briefly describe the interfaces between the hardware and
the ISS. The primary user of this document is the Space Medicine/Medical Operations ISS Biomedical Flight Controllers (ISS
BMEs).
Derived from text
Aerospace Medicine; Catalogs (Publications); International Space Station; Hardware; Manned Space Flight; Avionics
Affects of Multiple Deployments on Families
Duckworth, Darrell; Mar 11, 2009; 30 pp.; In English
At the strategic level, balancing the military force structure, maintaining equipment, and properly supporting its family
members has not been easy for the USA Army. Ongoing combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan continue to put an
enormous amount of stress on its Soldiers and their families. Many soldiers joined the military in search of a brighter future
for themselves and their families, but in some cases had not expected the spike in the militarys operational tempo to remain
at this high rate for such a long period of time. The efforts to sustain continuous combat operations abroad have evolved into
a military stretched too thin and one contributing to significant hardships on family members. The military now has service
members at all levels facing their second, third and in some cases fourth deployment in a span of six years, with deployment
rotations not expected to reduce anytime soon.
DTIC
Deployment
20090021917 Wyle Integrated Science and Engineering Group, Houston, TX, USA
The Integrated Medical Model: A Decision Support Tool for In-flight Crew Health Care
Butler, Doug; May 26, 2009; 84 pp.; In English; HSI Knowledge Broadcast, 26 May 2009, Texas, USA; Original contains
color and black and white illustrations
This viewgraph presentation reviews the development of an Integrated Medical Model (IMM) decision support tool for
196
in-flight crew health care safety. Clinical methods, resources, and case scenarios are also addressed.
CASI
Aerospace Medicine; Models; Spacecrews; Pharmacology; Clinical Medicine; International Space Station; Decision Support
Systems
Lunar Dust Toxicology Studied In Vitro at the Cellular Level
Jordan, Jacqueline; Fischer, David G.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 78-79; In English; See also
NASA has near-term plans to return astronauts to the lunar surface. A major concern is astronaut exposure to the lunar
dust. Numerous astronauts of the Apollo era complained of respiratory symptoms (e.g., irritation and swollen nasal cavities)
following extravehicular activities. On Earth, ultrafine and fine airborne particles have been implicated in cardiovascular and
pulmonary diseases such as atherosclerosis, strokes, chronic bronchitis, pneumoconiosis lung disease, and cancer. To date,
however, the toxicity associated with the inhalation of lunar dust is undetermined. Through the Summer Faculty Fellowship
program at the NASA Glenn Research Center, the in vitro cellular toxicity of lunar dust analogs was investigated.
Derived from text
In Vitro Methods and Tests; Lunar Dust; Particles; Respiratory Diseases; Toxicity; Toxicology; Particulates; Exposure
US and Russian Cooperation in Space Biology and Medicine
Sawin, C.F.; Hanson, S.I.; House, N.G.; Pestov, I.D.; June 07, 2009; 23 pp.; In English; 17th IAA Humans in Space
Symposium, 7 - 11 Jun. 2009, Moscow, Russia; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
This slide presentation concerns the 5th volume of a joint publication that describes the cooperation between the USA and
Russia in research into space biology and medicine. Each of the chapters is briefly summarized.
CASI
Aerospace Medicine; Russian Federation; United States; Research; International Cooperation
54
MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
Includes human factors engineering, bionics, man-machine systems, life support, space suits and protective clothing. For related
information see also 16 Space Transportation and Safety and 52 Aerospace Medicine.
20090021154 NATO Research and Technology Organization, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France

Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land Environments
vanErp, J. B. F., Editor; Self, B. P., Editor; August 2008; 114 pp.; In English; See also 20090021155 - 20090021162; Original
Report No.(s): RTO-TR-HFM-122; AC/323(HFM-122)TP/208; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: C01, CD-ROM; A06, Hardcopy
This report describes the state-of-the-art of touch-based displays in military environments: neurophysiology,
psychophysics, perceptual and human factors issues, hardware and integration issues and lessons learned, and future
directions. The document gives an overview of NATO activities and is useful for both end users and designers.
Author
Display Devices; Human Factors Engineering; Navigation Aids; Lessons Learned; Neurophysiology; Psychophysics
20090021155 Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp., Canberra, Australia
Tactile Actuator Technology
Book Chapter
McGrath, Braden; McKinley, Andy; Duistermaat, Maaike; Carlander, Otto W.; Brill, J. Christopher; Zets, Gary; Van Erp, Jan
B. F.; Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land Environments; August 2008,
pp. 4-1 - 4-12; In English; See also 20090021154; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03,
Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
Over time, a wide variety of tactile stimulation devices have been designed and implemented in an attempt to minimize
power requirements and weight while simultaneously maximizing the stimulus effect. Consequently, the hardware is widely
197
varied and has specific strengths and weaknesses. This section discusses the basic features universal to particular tactile
actuator (tactor) designs and a summary table indicating the key performance characteristics of each technology. In addition,
there are several characteristics that must be considered when attempting to optimize the tactile actuator design. When
considering the signal itself, it is important to take into account its strength/amplitude, the amplitude range, power
consumption, and the frequency range. Ideally, the available frequency range and stimulus amplitude range should match that
of the human sensory system (see Chapter 2) and its perceptual characteristics (see Chapter 3). Conversely, the power
consumption should be kept to a minimum, especially when there is a need for portability. In addition, it is ideal to reduce
the size/weight of the individual tactors, physical discomfort, distortion of the signal, and any sensitivity to contact pressure.
Likewise, there is a need to maximize the reliability of the hardware, improve its ruggedness, and provide the option to protect
electrical components from water. Lastly, the amount of acoustic energy and electromagnetic radiation should be kept to a
minimum. However, it should be noted that some of these design requirements are specific to the type of tactor technology.
For example, purely electrical stimulation typically does not yield acoustic energy radiation. These aspects are discussed in
greater detail in the following sections.
Author
Actuators; Tactile Discrimination; Weight Reduction; Energy Consumption; Acoustic Emission; Frequency Ranges
20090021156 Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Soesterberg, Netherlands
Tactile Displays in Military Environments: Current Status and Future Directions
Book Chapter
Van Erp, Jan B. F.; Self, Brian P.; Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land
Environments; August 2008, pp. 7-1 - 7-4; In English; See also 20090021154; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy;
Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The challenging environments encountered by military personnel require the Human Factors community to constantly
search for innovative concepts to improve the interaction between soldiers, equipment, and information. The last 15 years,
several groups within NATO started researching the use of tactile displays displays that use the skin to present information.
The primary motivation behind this research is the threat of overloading the eyes, ears and minds of soldiers (whether trained
pilots or inexperienced dismounted soldiers) through the ever increasing need to communicate data from information systems.
Several theoretical models substantiate the claim that tactile displays can potentially lessen the threat of sensory and cognitive
overload. By using the skin as an information channel, a tactile display can reduce the overload of other sensory modalities
such as ears and eyes. For example, a localised vibration on the torso can serve as a tap-on-the-shoulder to provide local
guidance information. Such information is processed intuitively, which reduces the risk of cognitive overload. Given the
current progress of technological developments and operational concepts regarding the use of tactile displays in military
environments, a strong and combined effort of NATO countries was considered important. The NATO RTO HFM Task Group
122 therefore focused on the unique human-system issues associated with effective applications of tactile displays in military
environments. Some of the issues included in this report are hardware/actuator technology, perception and psychophysics of
touch, interface and coding standardisation, operating concepts, and integration issues.
Author
Display Devices; Military Personnel; Torso; Actuators; Human Factors Engineering; Mathematical Models; Psychophysics
20090021157 NATO Research and Technology Organization, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land Environments
Book Chapter
Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land Environments; August 2008, pp. ES-1
- ES-2; In English; See also 20090021154; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM
only as part of the entire parent document
Tactile displays such as vibrating mobile phones present information via the user s skin. Tactile displays may reduce the
risks of sensory and cognitive overload and can increase the operational effectiveness of military personnel. This report aims
to disseminate basic knowledge on tactile displays, to share the lessons learned from previous research, and to provide future
research directions. It is intended to be useful for both designers and end users. Many issues must be considered in the design
and application of tactile displays. The psychophysics of tactile cues are described in Chapter 2 and must be examined to
ensure the success of any new tactile display. Sensation thresholds, spatial and temporal summation, adaptation, and tactile
illusions are major design considerations and affect the perception of tactile cues. Primary perceptual issues for tactile
applications include the spatial acuity of the torso (or other applicable body part), the ability to localize the stimulus, and the
perception of the stimulus external direction based on that stimulus localization. Human factors concerning these perceptual
198
issues are discussed in Chapter 3. Other human factors, including coding principles, cognitive issues, and multi-sensory
integration, are also introduced. When presenting new displays, there is always the danger of both sensory and cognitive
overload. It is therefore important to provide intuitive display information whenever possible, and to avoid tactile clutter.
Because it is anticipated that tactile displays will be combined with other display modalities, it is essential to determine how
tactile signals can best augment visual and/or auditory signals. Familiarization with the cueing principles discussed in Chapter
3 should provide guidance on how to program multi-sensory and/or multifunction displays. The type of hardware utilized
depends on the specific application for the display - hardware issues are discussed in Chapter 4. Electrical tactors can be very
small and lightweight, but are extremely dependent on skin condition (e.g., dry versus wet) and tactor contact. Rotary-inertial
tactors are very cost effective, robust, and do not require much power, while linear actuators yield high force and displacement.
Pneumatic tactors may be the best choice when there is a ready supply of compressed air, such as in a fighter jet. Finally, future
developments in electro-active polymers and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) may result in other attractive options
for display designers.
Author
Display Devices; Tactile Discrimination; Human Factors Engineering; Microelectromechanical Systems; Vibration; System
Effectiveness; Navigation Aids; Military Personnel; Lessons Learned
20090021158 Wyle Life Sciences, Inc., Brooks AFB, TX, USA
Applied Research Review/Lessons Learned
Book Chapter
Ercoline, Bill; McKinley, Andy; Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land
Environments; August 2008, pp. 6-1 - 6-16; In English; See also 20090021154; Original contains color and black and white
illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent
document
This chapter briefly summarizes past and current applied research with an emphasis on lessons learned. It is not intended
to cover the entire database of published research articles. The taxonomy for this chapter organizes the information into the
four basic topics of Air, Land, Sea, and Other. The experiments presented form a large body of evidence indicating the
potential of tactile displays in a diversity of military applications. Although most studies presented have been proofs-ofconcept, favourable effects were found for a wide range of military operators. These include fixed and rotary wing pilots,
vehicle drivers, dismounted soldiers, divers, unmanned vehicles, and even astronauts. The positive effect of tactile displays
is evident, especially in circumstances of degraded vision or high workload. However, there have not been conducted extended
experiments under real operational circumstances and for extended periods (i.e., weeks or months).
Author
Display Devices; Military Technology; Lessons Learned; Taxonomy
20090021159 California Polytechnic State Univ., San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
Human Factors Issues of Tactile Displays for Military Environments
Book Chapter
Self, Brian P.; Van Erp, Jan B. F.; Eriksson, Lars M.; Elliott, Linda; Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and
Communication in Air, Sea and Land Environments; August 2008, pp. 3-1 - 3-18; In English; See also 20090021154; Original
contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of
the entire parent document
The overall goal of this chapter is to give the reader insights into the human factors issues related to the use of tactile
displays. Torso-mounted displays, which are particularly suited for direction and orientation cues, are emphasized. First,
perceptual issues relevant to tactile stimulation are discussed. These include issues regarding spatial acuity and absolute
localization of tactile cues on the torso, such as internal reference points, anchor points, and spatial accuracy. In addition,
tactile illusions, burst durations, and temporal effects are discussed in relation to tactile torso display design. A second section
focuses on issues related to coding principles; that is, how best to develop tactile patterns to be intuitively understood within
a specific operational context. Cognitive issues are then addressed, such as how tactile stimulation can either alleviate or
exacerbate attention tunneling, and the extent to which multiple tactile patterns can be used effectively. Cognitive processes
related to tactile cueing are described, followed by issues related to multisensory integration and multifunction displays.
Finally, issues related to user acceptance are discussed.
Author
Human Factors Engineering; Display Devices; Position (Location); Torso; Illusions; Cognition
199
20090021160 Human Sciences and Engineering Ltd., Chicester, West Sussex, UK

Integration Issues of Tactile Displays in Military Environments
Dobbins, Trevor; McKinley, Andy; Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land
Environments; August 2008, pp. 5-1 - 5-8; In English; See also 20090021154; Original contains color illustrations;
Tactile displays are versatile and highly valuable in a multitude of different environments, each with characteristics that
substantially influence the interface with the human. As a result, a wide range of application specific phenomena must be
discussed as they relate to equipment integration with the user. For example, the inertial stresses created in the high
acceleration environment (measured in multiples of the acceleration due to the Earth s gravitational pull or G), water
submersion, skin-tactor contact issues, vibration, and the unique features of garments and life support equipment can create
factors that must be accounted for when implementing tactile technologies. These issues have been divided into their causal
factors, namely those related to environmental stressors, and those dependent on the interface between the tactile equipment
and the human body.
Author
Tactile Discrimination; Display Devices; Human Body; Life Support Systems; Vibration
20090021161 Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Soesterberg, Netherlands
Introduction to Tactile Displays in Military Environments
Book Chapter
Van Erp, Jan B. F.; Self, Brian P.; Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land
Environments; August 2008, pp. 1-1 - 1-18; In English; See also 20090021154; Original contains color illustrations;
Challenging situations, such as those encountered by military pilots, are often a major thrust for ergonomic innovation.
Examples include the development of advanced, multimodal, and intuitive interface techniques to counteract the danger of
visual, auditory, and cognitive overload. Tactile displays (displays that use the skin as an information channel) typically belong
to this category. The variety of tactile displays ranges from a single vibrating element (like those in mobile phones) to matrices
of elements covering the torso of a pilot, soldier, diver, or other operator. Examples of this matrix display are the TNO Tactile
Torso Display (TTTD, see Figure 1.1) and the Naval Aeromedical Research Laboratory Tactile Situation Awareness System
(TSAS), which both provide intuitive three-dimensional spatial information.
Author
Display Devices; Military Operations; Laboratory Equipment; Aerospace Medicine; Diving (Underwater); Vibration
20090021162 Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Anatomical, Neurophysiological and Perceptual Issues of Tactile Perception
Book Chapter
Cheung, Robert; Van Erp, Jan B. F.; Cholewiak, Roger W.; Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication
in Air, Sea and Land Environments; August 2008, pp. 2-1 - 2-18; In English; See also 20090021154; Copyright; Avail.:
CASI: A03, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
This chapter describes the anatomical and psychophysical aspects of the sense of touch. It shows that the sense of touch
is very complex, consisting of many specialized receptors and cortical projections. Although the body of psychophysical data
is much smaller than for the visual and auditory senses, the information required to design vibrotactile displays is available.
Basic information on factors such as the spatial and the temporal resolution is available and presented here. However, data
on other stimuli than pressure or vibration (for instance electrocutaneous signals) are still sparse. With respect to vibration
stimuli, it can be concluded that location and timing are the two most important stimulus parameters, also strongly interacting
with each other. This can for example result in apparent motion and spatial masking. Psychophysical data are especially
relevant to the human factors of tactile displays, which will be discussed in Chapter 3.
Author
Visual Perception; Tactile Discrimination; Neurophysiology; Human Factors Engineering; Display Devices; Auditory
Perception; Touch
20090021251 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI USA
In-Vehicle Video and Motion Sickness
Schoettle, B.; Sivak, M.; Mar. 2009; 56 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-107756; UMTRI-2009-6; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A04, Hardcopy
This study consisted of a brief literature review of motion sickness and a paper-and-pencil survey that focused on the
200
frequency and severity of motion sickness of respondents past experiences while viewing video in a moving vehicle. Also
included in the survey were questions related to the frequency of installation of in-vehicle video technology, the physical
aspects of the video display, and the frequency of viewing video while traveling in a vehicle. Completed paper-and-pencil
surveys were obtained for 136 adults and 32 children.
NTIS
Human Factors Engineering; Motion Sickness; Motor Vehicles
20090021392 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI USA
Abdonimal Injury in Motor-Vehicle Crashes
Nov. 2008; 158 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109514; DTNH22-05-H-01020; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service
(NTIS)
A review of the biomechanical and epidemiological literature on abdomen injury in motor-vehicle crashes was performed.
Results of this review demonstrate that (1) there are limited data on abdomen injuries in real-world crashes of newer model
airbag-equipped vehicles, (2) there are insufficient useful data on the force-deflection characteristics of the abdomen under
loading conditions that represent those that occur to near-side occupants in T-type side impacts, (3) data are needed on the
response of the abdomen to lap-belt loading using realistic belt geometry and loading conditions, and (4) data are needed on
the dynamic response of spleen tissue and on failure criteria for spleen and liver tissue. To address the first identified need,
analyses of the NASS and CIREN datasets were performed to determine how abdomen injuries occur in frontal and side
crashes of airbag-equipped vehicles when seatbelt use is high.
NTIS
Abdomen; Crashes; Injuries; Motor Vehicles
20090021531 Department of Defense, Arlington, VA USA
Department of Defense Joint Chemical and Biological Defense Program 2009 Annual Report to Congress
Mar 27, 2009; 76 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Department of Defense (DoD) Joint Chemical and Biological Defense Programs (CBDP) 2009 Annual Report to
Congress (ARC) details the progress made by the Department over the last year to protect our nation and allies from current
and emerging threats posed by weapons of mass destruction (WMD). It also reviews current programs that provide Warfighters
with the most superior chemical and biological (CB) defense training, equipment, and preparedness to ultimately achieve our
CBDP vision of ensuring DoD operations are unconstrained by chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) effects.
Additionally, this years report marks the second year of the transformation of the ARC to a more streamlined format.
Information regarding quantities, characteristics, and capabilities of fielded CB defense equipment are available in the 2008
Research, Development, and Acquisition (RDA) Plan. Congress, other federal agencies, academia, international partners, and
the private sector all partner with the DoD CBDP to fulfill its mission to provide CBRN defense capabilities in support of the
National Military Strategies. This mission is supported by our immediate goal to provide integrated, coordinated, and
sustainable WMD solutions to the Warfighter; and our longer-term goal of advancing our defense capabilities to build
readiness for current and future WMD challenges. We have structured our mission to be forward-thinking, responsive to
Warfighter and national security needs, and streamlined with authority and accountability vested in specific executives.
DTIC
Chemical Defense; Congressional Reports; Defense Program; Military Technology; Research and Development
20090021555 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisitions and Technology), Washington, DC USA
Department of Defense Chemical and Biological Defense Programs. Annual Report to Congress 2007
Apr 2007; 336 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP) provides U.S. forces the best capability and support in the world.
The CBDP is a key component of national and defense strategies aimed at defending the nation from the hostile use of
weapons of mass destruction (WMD) - particularly chemical and biological (CB) weapons - against U.S. citizens, military
forces, friends, and allies. The CBDP seeks to ensure that Department of Defense (DoD) operations are unconstrained by
201
chemical and/or biological effects by providing CB defense capabilities to build readiness for current and future challenges.
This annual report of the Department of Defense Chemical and Biological Defense Program describes how the Department
is executing the CBDP and provides the context for a management framework that seeks to identify and balance investment
priorities against risks over time. The report provides detailed information and assessments regarding: (1) the overall readiness
of the armed forces to fight in a CB warfare environment, along with efforts undertaken and ongoing plans to improve such
readiness; and (2) the requirements for the CBDP, including requirements for training, detection, protective equipment,
decontamination equipment, medical prophylaxis, and treatment of casualties resulting from the use of CB weapons.
DTIC
Biological Weapons; Chemical Defense; Chemical Warfare; Congressional Reports; Defense Program

Future Cyborgs: Human-Machine Interface for Virtual Reality Applications
Powell, Robert R; Apr 2007; 47 pp.; In English
From its inception as a technology, virtual reality has promised to revolutionize the way we interact with our computers
and each other. So far, the reality of virtual reality has not lived up to the hype. This paper explores what the state of virtual
reality interface technology will be in the future by analyzing the current state of the art, forecasting trends in areas relevant
to virtual reality interface research and development, and highlighting the barriers to providing virtual reality environments
that are immersive and interactively indistinguishable from reality (strong VR). This research shows that the evolutionary
pathway of virtual reality technology development will not be able to overcome all of the barriers and limitations inherent in
the current generation of interfaces. I use a reverse tree methodology to explore alternate pathways to achieve strong VR.
Brain-machine interfaces (invasive and non-invasive) represent the most likely pathway that will lead to a strong VR interface.
The US Air Force should continue to develop common VR interface technology using widely available interfaces, but should
increase its funding and support for technologies that will enable enhanced brain-machine interfaces to ensure its dominance
in training and simulation for the future.
DTIC
Man Machine Systems; Virtual Reality

Magnetic Stirrer Tested for a System to Produce Intravenous Fluid During Exploration Missions
Barlow, Karen L.; McQuillen, John B.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 76-77; In English; See also
The longer duration crewed missions outlined in the Vision for Space Exploration increase the likelihood that intravenous
(IV) fluids will be needed to treat a medical emergency. A system for generating medical-grade water from a potable water
source and for mixing the sterile water with powders or concentrates to prepare IV fluids would reduce the storage
requirements for IV fluids. The NASA Glenn Research Center analyzed several potential methods for doing this. Several
filtration technologies were considered for producing sterile water.
Author
Water; Stirring; Magnets; Sterilization

Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal Tested in Reduced Gravity on NASA C-9 Aircraft
Hall, Nancy Rabel; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 90-91; In English; See also 20090021990; Original
The Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal (VPCAR) project is candidate water-processing technology for a
closed-loop water-recycling system applicable to long-duration missions including the Lunar Outpost. VPCAR utilizes a
wiped-film rotating-disk (WFRD) evaporator that retains an evaporating film of wastewater on one side of a rotating flat disk
and a condensing film of clean water on the other. A temperature difference is maintained across the disk from the condensing
side to the evaporating side so that the heat flows across the disk. This allows the WFRD to recycle the latent heat of
vaporization. The NASA Glenn Research Center built and is currently evaluating the rotating disk unit of the WFRD and water
202
delivery system to determine its reduced gravity operation and performance.

Derived from text
Ammonia; Vapor Phases; Water Treatment; Microgravity; Life Support Systems
20090022211 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Dynamac Corp., Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Delaware
Univ., DE, USA
RT-MATRIX: Measuring Total Organic Carbon by Photocatalytic Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) inevitably accumulate in enclosed habitats such as the International Space Station
and the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) as a result of human metabolism, material off-gassing, and leaking equipment. Some
VOCs can negatively affect the quality of the crews life, health, and performance; and consequently, the success of the
mission. Air quality must be closely monitored to ensure a safe living and working environment. Currently, there is no reliable
air quality monitoring system that meets NASAs stringent requirements for power, mass, volume, or performance. The
ultimate objective of the project -- the development of a Real-Time, Miniaturized, Autonomous Total Risk Indicator System
(RT.MATRIX).is to provide a portable, dual-function sensing system that simultaneously determines total organic carbon
(TOC) and individual contaminants in air streams.
Derived from text
Air Quality; Volatile Organic Compounds; Measuring Instruments; Spacecraft Environments; Life Support Systems
RESOLVE Projects: Lunar Water Resource Demonstration and Regolith Volatile Characterization
To sustain affordable human and robotic space exploration, the ability to live off the land at the exploration site will be
essential. NASA calls this ability in situ resource utilization (ISRU) and is focusing on finding ways to sustain missions first
on the Moon and then on Mars. The ISRU project aims to develop capabilities to technology readiness level 6 for the Robotic
Lunar Exploration Program and early human missions returning to the Moon. NASA is concentrating on three primary areas
of ISRU: (1) excavating, handling, and moving lunar regolith, (2) extracting oxygen from lunar regolith, and (3) finding,
characterizing, extracting, separating, and storing volatile lunar resources, especially in the permanently shadowed polar
craters. To meet the challenges related to technology development for these three primary focus areas, the Regolith and
Environment Science and Oxygen and Lunar Volatile Extraction (RESOLVE) project was initiated in February 2005, through
funding by the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate. RESOLVEs objectives are to develop requirements and conceptual
designs and to perform breadboard concept verification testing of each experiment module. The final goal is to deliver a flight
prototype unit that has been tested in a relevant lunar polar environment. Here we report progress toward the third primary
area creating ways to find, characterize, extract, separate, and store volatile lunar resources. The tasks include studying
thermal, chemical, and electrical ways to collect such volatile resources as hydrogen, water, nitrogen, methane, and ammonia.
We approached this effort through two subtasks: lunar water resource demonstration (LWRD) and regolith volatile
characterization (RVC).
Derived from text
In Situ Resource Utilization; Lunar Resources; Lunar Rocks; Water Resources; Extraterrestrial Water; Water; Life Support
Systems
Development Status of the Carbon Dioxide and Moisture Removal Amine Swing-Bed System (CAMRAS)
Papale, William; Nalette Tim; Sweterlitsch, Jeffrey; [2009]; 5 pp.; In English; 39th International Conference on
Environmental Systems, 12-16 Jul. 2009, Savannah, GA, USA; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): 09ICES-0212; JSC-CN-18290; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Under a cooperative agreement with NASA, Hamilton Sundstrand has successfully designed, fabricated, tested and
delivered three, state-of-the-art, solid amine prototype systems capable of continuous CO2 and humidity removal from a
closed, habitable atmosphere. Two prototype systems (CAMRAS #1 and #2) incorporated a linear spool valve design for
203
process flow control through the sorbent beds, with the third system (CAMRAS #3) employing a rotary valve assembly that
improves system fluid interfaces and regeneration capabilities. The operational performance of CAMRAS #1 and #2 has been
validated in a relevant environment, through both simulated human metabolic loads in a closed chamber and through human
subject testing in a closed environment. Performance testing at Hamilton Sundstrand on CAMRAS #3, which incorporates a
new valve and modified canister design, showed similar CO2 and humidity removal performance as CAMRAS #1 and #2,
demonstrating that the system form can be modified within certain bounds with little to no effect in system function or
performance. Demonstration of solid amine based CO2 and humidity control is an important milestone in developing this
technology for human spaceflight. The systems have low power requirements; with power for air flow and periodic valve
actuation and indication the sole requirements. Each system occupies the same space as roughly four shuttle non-regenerative
LiOH canisters, but have essentially indefinite CO2 removal endurance provided a regeneration pathway is available. Using
the solid amine based systems to control cabin humidity also eliminates the latent heat burden on cabin thermal control
systems and the need for gas/liquid phase separation in a low gravity environment, resulting in additional simplification of
vehicle environmental control and life support system process requirements.
Author
Closed Ecological Systems; Carbon Dioxide Removal; Environmental Control; Life Support Systems; Habitability;
Fabrication; Solidified Gases; Temperature Control; Air Flow
59
MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER SCIENCES (GENERAL)
Includes general topics and overviews related to mathematics and computer science. For specific topics in these areas see categories
60 through 67.
20090021248 Newcastle-upon-Tyne Univ., Newcastle, UK

Modelling and Analysis in VDM: Proceedings of the Fouth VDM/Overture Workshop
Fitzgerald, J. S.; Larsen, P. G.; Sahara, S.; May 2008; 87 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109965; CS-TR-1099; Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This report contains proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop of the Overture group (www.overturetool.org)
whose aim is to develop the next generation of tools supporting the Vienna Development Method (VDM) and related formal
techniques. Contributed papers describe the rCOS technique and tools, the relationship between VDM and complementary
formalisms including Colored Petri Nets and JML; support for automated test generation; proof support using HOL; and future
directions for VDM extensions for modelling embedded and distributed systems. The workshop took place as part of the 15th
International Symposium on Formal Methods (FM 2008) at Aabo Akademi, Turku, Finland in May 2008.
NTIS
Computerized Simulation; Conferences; Finland; Mathematical Models
20090021299 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Chalmers Univ. of Technology,
Goeteborg, Sweden; Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Some Conditional Correlation Inequalities for Percolation and Related Processes
Van den Berg, J.; Haggstrom, O.; Kahn, J.; Aug. 01, 2004; 24 pp.; In English
Consider ordinary bond percolation on a finite or countably infinite graph. Let s, t, a and b be vertices. An earlier paper
proved the (nonintuitive) result that, conditioned on the event that there is no open path from s to t, the two events, there is
an open path from s to a and there is an open path from s to b, are positively correlated. In the present paper we further
investigate and generalize the theorem of which this result was a consequence. This leads to results saying, informally, that,
with the above conditioning, the open cluster of s is conditionally positively (self-)associated and that it is conditionally
negatively correlated with the open cluster of t. We also present analogues of some of our results for (a) random-cluster
measures, and (b) directed percolation and contact processes, and observe that the latter lead to improvements of some of the
results in a previous paper by Belitsky, Ferrari, Konno and Liggett.
NTIS
Inequalities; Percolation
204
20090021304 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Nicolaus Copernicus Univ., Torun,
Poland
Image Segmentation by Polygonal Markov Fields
Kluszczynski, R.; Van Lieshout, M. N. M.; Schreiber, T.; Dec. 2004; 26 pp.; In English
This paper advocates the use of multi-coloured polygonal Markov fields for model-based image segmentation. The formal
construction of consistent multi-coloured polygonal Markov fields by Arak-Clifford-Surgailis and its dynamic representation
are recalled and adapted. We then formulate image segmentation as a statistical estimation problem for a Gibbsian
modification of an underlying polygonal Markov field, and discuss the choice of Hamiltonian. Monte Carlo techniques for
estimating the model parameters and for finding the optimal partition of the image are developed. The approach is illustrated
by means of toy examples.
NTIS
Imaging Techniques; Markov Processes
20090021377 National Inst. of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Computer Security Division Annual Report, FY 2008
Report No.(s): PB2009-109232; NISTIR-7536; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The Computer Security Division (CSD), a component of NISTs Information Technology Laboratory (ITL), provides
standards and technology to protect information systems against threats to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
information and services. During Fiscal Year 2008 (FY2008), CSD successfully responded to numerous challenges and
opportunities in fulfilling its mission. CSD carried out a diverse research agenda and participated in many national priority
initiatives, leading to the development and implementation of high-quality, cost-effective security and privacy mechanisms
that improved information security across the federal government and throughout the national and international information
security community. In FY2008, CSD continued to develop standards, metrics, tests, and validation programs to promote,
measure, and validate the security in information systems and services. Recognizing the potential benefits of more automation
in technical security operations, CSD hosted the Information Security Automation Program (ISAP), which formalizes and
advances efforts to enable the automation and standardization of technical security operations, including automated
vulnerability management and policy compliance evaluations. The CSD also continued to work closely with federal agencies
to improve their understanding and implementation of the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) to protect
their information and information systems. CSD supported a major intelligence community and national security community
initiative to build a unified framework for information security across the federal government. This initiative is expected to
result in greater standardization and more consistent and cost-effective security for all federal information systems.
NTIS
Computer Information Security; Policies; Standards
20090021382 Geological Survey, Reston, VA USA

View-SPECPR: Software for Plotting Spectra (Installation Manual and Users Guide, Version 1.2)
Kokaly, R. F.; January 2008; 30 pp.; In English
(NTIS)
This document describes procedures for installing and using the View-SPECPR software system to plot spectra stored in
SPECPR (SPECtrum Processing Routines) files. The View-SPECPR software is comprised of programs written in IDL.
(Interactive Data Language) that run within the ENVI (ENvironment for Visualizing Images) image processing system.
SPECPR files are used by earth-remote-sensing scientists and planetary scientists for storing spectra collected by laboratory,
field, and remote sensing instruments. A widely distributed SPECPR file is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) spectral library
that contains thousands of spectra of minerals, vegetation, and man-made materials. SPECPR files contain reflectance data and
associated wavelength and spectral resolution data, as well as meta-data on the time and date of collection and spectrometer
settings. Furthermore, the SPECPR file automatically tracks changes to data records through its history fields.
NTIS
Computer Programs; Image Processing; Plotters; Plotting
205
20090021383 Geological Survey, Reston, VA USA

Quantifying and Qualifying USGS ShakeMap Uncertainty
Wald, D. J.; Lin, K. W.; Quitoriano, V.; January 2008; 29 pp.; In English
(NTIS)
We describe algorithms for quantifying and qualifying uncertainties associated with USGS ShakeMap ground motions.
The uncertainty values computed consist of latitude/longitude grid-based multiplicative factors that scale the standard
deviation associated with the ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) used within the ShakeMap algorithm for estimating
ground motions. The resulting grid-based uncertainty map is essential for evaluation of losses derived using ShakeMaps as
the hazard input. For ShakeMap, ground motion uncertainty at any point is dominated by two main factors: (i) the influence
of any proximal ground motion observations, and (ii) the uncertainty of estimating ground motions from the GMPE, most
notably, elevated uncertainty due to initial, unconstrained source rupture geometry.
NTIS
Algorithms; Earthquakes; Geological Surveys; Shaking
20090021389 Louisiana Transportation Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Development of a Statewide Transportation Data Warehousing and Mining System Under the Louisiana Transportation Information System (LATIS) Program, Technical Summary Report 428
Buckles, B. P.; Ishak, S.; Smith, S.; Apr. 2009; 2 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109501; LTRC-TSR-428; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Considerable amounts of data are collected by metropolitan and state authorities that are either not used or accessed and
analyzed with difficulty. This situation has been exacerbated by the recent increase in information from Intelligent
Transportation Systems and other data collection programs. To address this situation, the Louisiana Transportation Research
Center (LTRC) initiated a study investigating the design of a data warehousing/data mining system that would be applicable
to metropolitan areas in the state, or as a statewide model.
NTIS
Data Acquisition; Data Mining; Information Systems; Transportation
20090021399 Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC, USA
Fighting Fraud with the Red Flags Rule: A How-To Guide for Business
Mar. 2009; 17 pp.; In English
As many as nine million Americans have their identities stolen each year. Identity thieves may drain their accounts,
damage their credit, and even endanger their medical treatment. The cost to businesses left with unpaid bills racked up by scam
artists can be staggering, too. The Red Flags Rule, in effect since January 1, 2008, requires many businesses and organizations
to implement a written Identity Theft Prevention Program designed to detect the warning signs or red flags of identity theft
in their day-to-day operations, take steps to prevent the crime, and mitigate the damage it inflicts. By identifying red flags in
advance, they will be better equipped to spot suspicious patterns when they arise and take steps to prevent a red flag from
escalating into a costly episode of identity theft. The Red Flags Rule is enforced by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC),
the federal bank regulatory agencies, and the National Credit Union Administration. If you work for a bank, federally chartered
credit union, or savings and loan, check with your federal regulatory agency for guidance. Otherwise, this booklet has tips for
determining if you are covered by the Rule and guidance for designing your Identity Theft Prevention Program.
NTIS
Commerce; Computer Information Security; Identities; Prevention
20090021677 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Wavelet Techniques for Reversible Data Embedding into Images
Kamstra, L.; Heijmans, H. J. A. M.; Mar. 23, 2004; 36 pp.; In English
The proliferation of digital information in our society has enticed a lot of research into data embedding techniques that
add information to digital content like images, audio and video. This additional information can be used for various purposes
and different applications place different requirements on the embedding techniques. In this paper, we investigate high capacity
lossless data embedding methods that allow one to embed large amounts of data into digital images (or video) in such a way
206
that the original image can be reconstructed from the watermarked image. The paper starts by briefly reviewing three existing
lossless data embedding techniques as described by Fridrich and co-authors, by Tian, and by Celik and co-workers. We then
present two new techniques: one based on least significant bit prediction and Sweldens lifting scheme; and another that is an
improvement of Tians technique of difference expansion. The various embedding methods are then compared in terms of
capacity-distortion behaviour, embedding speed, and capacity control.
NTIS
Embedding; Imagery; Wavelet Analysis
20090021774 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Savoy, IL, USA; National Archives and Records Service, Washington,
DC, USA
XML and Scientific File Formats
McGrath, R. E.; Aug. 2003; 25 pp.; In English
For many years, scientific data has been stored and transferred using a variety of data formats. In recent years XML has
become an important and popular for exchanging digital information. At the most abstract level, XML can be used for any
purpose that a binary format might be used, and vice versa. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of XML and
binary formats, and speculates on the best uses of each in future scientific data systems.
NTIS
Distributed Processing; Document Markup Languages; Format; Programming Languages
20090021778 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Savoy, IL, USA; National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA USA
Comparative Study of Network Latencies and Effective Bandwidths on Linux PC Clusters
Tran, N.; Jan. 03, 2003; 11 pp.; In English
In this study, we seek to understand and gain insights on two main components of network performance in cluster
computing environments: network latency and effective bandwidth.
NTIS
Bandwidth; Computer Networks; Unix (Operating System)
20090021779 Georgia Tech Research Inst., Atlanta, GA, USA; Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
PERPOS Information Assurance
Nguyen, S.; May 31, 2005; 52 pp.; In English
Electronic record archives that are a part of any computer network, and especially those that are connected to the Internet,
are at risk of attack by hackers. This report describes three security technologies that are used to mitigate these risks--firewalls,
vulnerability assessment tools, and antivirus software. Two firewall products are evaluated with regard to their depth of
inspection, hardware/software platform, and performance. Among our conclusions with regard to firewalls are--Firewalls
should be classified by the degree to which they do deep packet inspection and on a per protocol basis. Firewall appliances
should be used instead of firewall software on a general purpose operating system in order to provide increased security,
reduced management costs, optimized configurations, and higher performance. NIAP certification of firewall products, while
a Federal requirement, is not sufficient to control access to protected systems.
NTIS
Documents; Records Management; Security
20090021911 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Universidad Politecnica de
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications, Paris, France
Adaptive Wavelets for Image Compression Using Update Lifting: Quantisation and Error Analysis
Heijmans, H. J. A. M.; Piella, G.; Pesquet-Popescu, B.; Mar. 01, 2004; 26 pp.; In English
Classical linear wavelet representations of images have the drawback that they are not optimally suited to represent edge
information. To overcome this problem, nonlinear multiresolution decompositions have been designed that can take into
account the characteristics of the input signal/image. In some of our previous work we have introduced an adaptive lifting
framework, that does not require bookkeeping but has the property that it processes edges and homogeneous image regions
207
in a different fashion. The current paper discusses the effects of quantization in such an adaptive wavelet decomposition, as
such an analysis is essential for the application of these adaptive decompositions in image compression. We provide conditions
for recovering the original decisions at the synthesis and show how to estimate the reconstructions error in terms of the
quantization error.
NTIS
Data Compression; Image Processing; Wavelet Analysis
20090021912 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization, North Ryde, Australia
Path Openings and Closings
Heijmans, H. J. A. M.; Buckley, M.; Talbot, H.; Mar. 01, 2004; 22 pp.; In English
This paper lays the theoretical foundations to path openings and closings. The traditional morphological filter used for the
analysis of linear structures in images is the union of openings (or the intersection of closings) by linear segments. However
structures in images are rarely strictly straight, and as a result a more flexible approach is needed. An extension to the idea
of using straight line segments as structuring elements is to use constrained paths, i.e. discrete, one-pixel thick successions of
pixels oriented in a particular direction, but in general forming curved lines rather than perfectly straight lines. However the
number of such paths is prohibitive and the resulting algorithm by simple composition is inefficient. In this paper we propose
a way to compute openings and closings over large numbers of constrained, oriented paths in an efficient manner, suitable for
building filters with applications to the analysis of oriented features, such as for example texture.
NTIS
Algebra; Morphology; Openings; Structural Analysis
Mathematical and Statistical Opportunities in Cyber Security
Meza, J.; Campbell, S.; Bailey, D.; Mar. 23, 2008; 11 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): DE2009-950976; LBNL-1667E; No Copyright; Avail.: Department of Energy Information Bridge
The role of mathematics in a complex system such as the Internet has yet to be deeply explored. In this paper, we
summarize some of the important and pressing problems in cyber security from the viewpoint of open science environments.
We start by posing the question What fundamental problems exist within cyber security research that can be helped by
advanced mathematics and statistics. Our rst and most important assumption is that access to real-world data is necessary to
understand large and complex systems like the Internet. Our second assumption is that many proposed cyber security solutions
could critically damage both the openness and the productivity of scientific research. After examining a range of cyber security
problems, we come to the conclusion that the eld of cyber security poses a rich set of new and exciting research opportunities
for the mathematical and statistical sciences.
NTIS
Computer Information Security; Security
Low-Cost Attack on a Microsoft CAPTCHA
Yan, J.; El Ahmad, A. S.; Apr. 2008; 22 pp.; In English
CAPTCHA is now almost a standard security technology. The most widely used CAPTCHAs rely on the sophisticated
distortion of text images rendering them unrecognisable to the state of the art of pattern recognition techniques, and these
textbased schemes have found widespread applications in commercial websites. The state of the art of CAPTCHA design
suggests that such text-based schemes should rely on segmentation resistance to provide security guarantee, as individual
character recognition after segmentation can be solved with a high success rate by standard methods such as neural networks.
In this paper, we analyse the security of a textbased CAPTCHA designed by Microsoft and deployed for years at many of their
online services including Hotmail, MSN and Windows Live. This scheme was designed to be segmentation-resistant, and it
has been well studied and tuned by its designers over the years. However, our simple attack has achieved a segmentation
success rate of higher than 90% against this scheme. It took approx. 80 ms for our attack to completely segment a challenge
on a desktop computer with a 1.86 GHz Intel Core 2 CPU and 2 GB RAM. As a result, we estimate that this Microsoft scheme
208
can be broken with an overall (segmentation and then recognition) success rate of more than 60%. On the contrary, its design
goal was that automatic scripts should not be more successful than 1 in 10,000 attempts (i.e. a success rate of 0.01%). For
the first time, we show that a CAPTCHA that is carefully designed to be segmentation-resistant is vulnerable to novel but
simple attacks. Our results show that it is not a trivial task to design a CAPTCHA scheme that is both usable and robust.
NTIS
Computer Information Security; Internets; Low Cost

COTraSE: Connection Oriented Traceback in Switched Ethernet
Andreaou, M.; van Moorsel, A.; Apr. 2008; 10 pp.; In English
Layer 2 traceback is an important component of end-to-end packet traceback. Whilst IP traceback identifies the origin
network, L2 traceback extends the process to provide a more fine-grained result. Other known proposals have exposed the
difficulties of L2 traceback in switched ethernet. We build on our earlier work and improve in a number of dimensions.
Memory requirements are decreased by maintaining connection records rather than logging all frames. Our switchport
resolution algorithm provides error detection by correlating MAC-table values from two switches. Furthermore, our solution
takes stock of potential transformations to packet data as this leaves the local network.
NTIS
Ethernet; Switching

Dynamic Coalitions Workbench: Final Report
Bryans, J. W.; Fitzgerald, J. S.; Greathead, D.; Jone, C. B.; Payne, R. J.; Apr. 2008; 79 pp.; In English
This report describes a proof-of-concept study demonstrating the analysis of dynamic coalition policies and structures by
means of a tool based on a formal abstract model. The study suggests that such models may be valuable tools in designing
for dynamic, adaptive behaviour in coalitions. Previous research has used formal modelling as a way of gaining insight into
the range of types or patterns of dynamic coalition that may arise. Experience also suggests that human and organizational
aspects are at least as important as technical approaches to the dependable operation of coalitions. The goal for this project
was to investigate the application of formal modelling techniques, with tool support, to help explore the consequences of
alternative designs for coalition structures and policies. The exploration was centered on the role of the human in a coalition,
in terms of their understanding of information flows. A Dynamic Coalitions Workbench has been developed to allow the
animation of a specific coalition model. Users, who may be domain experts, interact with the model by invoking membership
and information exchange functions in response to prompts driven by a scenario. Interaction is via a simple graphical interface
so that users require no familiarity with the technicalities of the underlying formal modelling language. A specific scenario,
based on crisis management in a military context, has been developed in collaboration with Dstl to exercise the workbench.
A variety of users, including one designated expert with relevant experience, were observed using the workbench and
debriefed following each execution of the scenario. The users observed behaviours and their comments have been recorded.
NTIS
Behavior; Management Methods; Physical Exercise; Dynamic Characteristics

Checking pi-Calculus Structural Congruence is Graph Isomorphism Complete
Khomenko, V.; Meyer, R.; May 2008; 23 pp.; In English
We show that the problems of checking pi-Calculus structural congruence (piSC) and graph isomorphism (GI) are Karp
reducible to each other. The reduction from GI to piSC is given explicitly, and the reduction in the opposite direction proceeds
by transforming piSC into an instance of the term equality problem (i.e. the problem of deciding equivalence of two terms
in the presence of associative and/or commutative operations and commutative variable-binding quantifiers), which is known
to be Karp reducible to GI. Our result is robust in the sense that it holds for several variants of structural congruence and some
rather restrictive fragments of pi-Calculus. Furthermore, we address the question of solving piSC in practice, and describe a
209
number of optimisations exploiting specific features of pi-Calculus terms, which allow one to significantly reduce the size of
the resulting graphs that have to be checked for isomorphism.
NTIS
Calculus; Congruences; Graph Theory; Isomorphism
20090021937 Royal Inst. of Tech., Stockholm, Sweden
Introduction to Cellular Classes in the Derived Category of a Ring
Kiessling, J.; January 2008; 8 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-110024; Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The purpose of this thesis is to discuss various aspects of the groving area of cellular classes, or more particularly cellular
classes of chain complexes. The original setting of cellular classes was topological spaces and spectra. The standard reference
is the book of Dror-Farjoun. Dror-Farjoun and others have used cellular classes to set up a framework for doing unstable
homotopy theory in which many traditional theorems have a common generalization and explanation. A nice example is the
paper in which the author generalizes a well known theorem of Blakers and Massey.
NTIS
Homotopy Theory; Theorems
New Automated Data-Post-Processing Program Created for Statistical Analysis of Multiscalar, Single-Shot RamanScattering Measurements in Turbulent Flames
Nguyen, Quang-Viet; Kojima, Jun; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 4-5; In English; See also 20090021990;
Experimental validation of predictive computer codes that simulate the combustion process inside aircraft gas turbine
engines is critically important in ensuring sufficient code fidelity and robustness. The code-validation process is an important
step in developing computer simulations that can enable the design and construction of advanced, low-emissions,
fuel-efficient, clean-burning aircraft engines that have minimal impact on local air quality and global climate and resources.
In pursuing this goal, a team of researchers from NASA Glenn Research Center s Combustion Branch and the Ohio Aerospace
Institute (OAI) made significant progress by providing a preliminary set of quantitative multiscalar data for a high-pressure
swirl-stabilized gaseous combustion using a time-resolved laser Raman diagnostic technique developed at Glenn over the past
6 years. Recently, the team improved the efficiency of the data-post-processing algorithms, improving data quality and
throughput, by developing a comprehensive computer program written in the MATLAB language. This program utilizes the
latest developments in both theoretical and quantitative molecular spectroscopy, and it includes advanced statistical analysis
routines.
Author
Computerized Simulation; Gas Turbine Engines; Molecular Spectroscopy; Raman Spectra; Turbulent Flames
60
COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
Includes hardware for computer graphics, firmware and data processing. For components see 33 Electronics and Electrical Engineering.
For computer vision see 63 Cybernetics, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics.
20090021434 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA

Timing-Accurate Storage Emulation: Evaluating Hypothetical Storage Components in Real Computer Systems
Griffin, John L; Sep 13, 2004; 221 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497428; CMU-PDL-04-108; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Timing-accurate storage emulation offers a unique capability: flexibility of simulation with the reality of experimental
measurements. This allows a researcher to experiment with not-yet-existing storage components in the context of real systems
executing real applications. A timing-accurate storage emulator appears to the system to be a real storage component with
service times matching a model of the component. This allows simulated components to be plugged into real systems, which
can be used for application-based experimentation. Additionally, timing-accurate storage emulation offers opportunity to
investigate more expressive interfaces between storage and computer systems. This dissertation identifies a pressing need for
a new storage evaluation technique, discusses design issues for achieving accurate per-request service times in a
210
timing-accurate storage emulator, and demonstrates it is feasible to construct such an emulator. We built a functional
timing-accurate storage emulator and explored its use in experiments involving models of existing storage products,
experiments evaluating the potential of nonexistent storage components, and experiments evaluating interactions between
modified computer systems and expanded storage device functionality. We configured our emulator with device models
representing an available production disk drive, a hypothetical 50,000RPM disk drive, and a hypothetical MEMS-based
storage device, and executed application-level workloads against the models. We applied timing-accurate storage emulation
in an investigation into storage-based intrusion detection systems. This demonstrates that our emulator accurately reflects the
performance of modeled devices, the feasibility of including intrusion detection capabilities into a standalone processingenhanced disk drive, and that extensions to existing storage communications paths may be used to transmit and receive
information regarding configuration and operational status of such a devi
DTIC
Computer Storage Devices; Computerized Simulation; Computers; Data Storage
Unprecedented Syntonization and Synchronization Accuracy via Simultaneous Viewing with GPS Receivers; Construction Characteristics of an NBS/GPS Receiver
Davis, Dick D; Weiss, Marc; Clements, Alvin; Allan, David W; Dec 1981; 19 pp.; In English
The NBS/GPS receiver has been designed around the concept of obtaining high accuracy, low cost time and frequency
comparisons between remote frequency standards and clocks with the intent to aid international time and frequency
coordination. The receiver has been tested by simultaneous viewing of the GPS satellites with the USNO GPS receiver as well
as by several individual tests. The simultaneous viewing yielded syntonization accuracies of the order of parts in 10E15 over
about a two-week average. Using a May 81 portable clock trip to calibrate the differential delay between the NBS and the
USNO GPS receivers, July and August 81 portable clock trips agreed with the values given by simultaneous GPS satellite
viewing between Boulder, CO and Washington, DC to better than the 10 ns accuracy of the portable clock trips. The hardware
and software of the receiver will be detailed in the text. The receiver is fully automatic with a built in 0.1ns resolution time
interval counter. A microprocessor does data processing. Satellite signal stabilities are routinely at the 5ns level for 15s
averages, and the internal receiver stabilities are at the 1ns level. The second generation receiver has a built in CRT and parallel
keyboard for operator interface. Serial RS232 is provided for local hardcopy (printer) and telephone modem use.
DTIC
Construction; Global Positioning System; Receivers; Synchronism; Syntony; Viewing
20090021514 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA USA
Computer Detection of Bent Fingers in Lead Bonding Frames
Mitnick, Walter L; Jan 1976; 18 pp.; In English
In the production of logic circuits in dual inline packages, various tedious assembly line tasks are performed by human
operators using microscopes or television enlargements. One boring and difficult task is the detection of bent fingers in lead
bonding frames to which integrated circuit chips are subsequently bonded. Bent fingers can cause stresses which may
eventually lead to the failure of circuits. This. paper discusses the inspection problem and presents a computerized bent finger
detection method which could be adapted to free human operators from this task. More immediately, it presents a method of
examining an object and determining whether or not it is in focus based solely on inspection of the objects digitized light
intensity profiles.
DTIC
Bonding; Detection; Fingers; Logic Circuits
20090021715 Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale (Galileo Ferraris), Turin, Italy
Performances of a Date Dissemination Code on Telephone Lines Using Commercial Modems
Cordara, F; Pettiti, V; Quasso, R; Rubiola, E; Dec 1992; 12 pp.; In English
A coded time/date information dissemination system (CTD), based on telephone lines and commercial modems, is now
211
in its experimental phase in Italy at IEN. This service, born from a cooperation with other metrological laboratories (TUG,
Austria, SNT, Sweden, VSL, The Netherlands), represents an attempt towarda an European standardization. This paper will
give some results of an experimental analysis in which a few modems have been tested, both in laboratory conditions and
connected to the telephone network, in order to evaluate the timing capability of the system. When the system is used in a
one-way male, in many practical cases the modems delay turns out to be the main factor which limits the accuracy, even more
than the telephone line delays. If the two-way mode is used, the modems asimmetry, i.e., the delay difference between
transmission and reception, is almost always the most important source of uncertainty, provided the link is not including a
space segment. Comparing the widely used V.22 modems to the old V.21 ones, the latters turn out to be better both in delay
time (30-100 ms V.22, and 7-15 ms V.21) and asimmetry (10-50 pa V.21, and 10 me V.22). Time transfer accuracies of 10
microseconds (same town) to 100 microseconds (long distance calls) have been obtained in two-way mode with commercial
V.21 modems.
DTIC
Information Transfer; Modems; Telephones
61
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
Includes software engineering, computer programs, routines, algorithms, and specific applications, e.g., CAD/CAM. For computer
software applied to specific applications, see also the associated category.

Using Client Puzzles to Mitigate Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in the Tor Anonymous Routing Environment
Fraser, Nicholas A; Kelly, Douglas J; Raines, Richard A; Baldwin, Rusty O; Mullins, Barry E; Jun 2007; 7 pp.; In English;
A novel client puzzle protocol, the Memoryless Puzzle Protocol (MPP), is proposed and investigated. The goal is to show
that MPP is a viable solution for mitigating distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks in an anonymous routing
environment. One such environment, Tor, provides anonymity for interactive Internet services. However, Tor relies on the
Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, making it vulnerable to distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Although client
puzzles are often proposed as a solution to denial-of-service attacks, this research is the first to explore TLS DDoS attack
mitigation in the Tor anonymous routing environment. Using the MPP, the central processing unit (CPU) utilization and
user-data latency measures are analyzed under four increasing DDoS attack intensities and four different puzzle probability
distribution levels. For results, typical CPU utilization rates of 80-100% drop to below 70% signifying successful mitigation.
Furthermore, even if a client only has a 30% chance of receiving a puzzle or the maximum puzzle strength is used, MPP
effectively mitigates attacks. Finally, user-data latency decreases approximately 50% under large-scale attacks. Hence, the
MPP is a suitable solution for increasing the robustness and reliability of Tor.
DTIC
Central Processing Units; Communication Networks; Protocol (Computers)
Shrapnel Impact Probability Analysis Computer Code Development And Diagnostic Port Failure Analysis For LLNLs
Explosives Testing Contained Firing Facility (CFF)
Price, David E; Spence, Bob; Towle, Russell; Aug 1998; 10 pp.; In English
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratorys (LLNL) Contained Firing Facility (CFF) is a facility to be constructed for
explosives testing of up to 60 kg of cased explosives at LLNLs Site 300 Explosives Test Site. The CFF will be a large,
rectangular, reinforced concrete firing chamber, lined with steel for shrapnel protection. The CFF will contain several glass
ports for cameras, lasers, and other diagnostic equipment to be used for data collection during planned explosives detonations.
Glass is used due to the need for the greatest possible optical clarity. This computer code and the associated study were
developed during the CFF final design stage to determine probabilities and consequences (bounding and best estimate) of
impact of shrapnel, due to concerns about the possible effects of rebounding shrapnel on these glass diagnostic ports. Inquiries
and searches discovered no established methodology for doing quantitative shrapnel impact probability analyses. Discussions
212
with programmers in the three-dimensional graphics community led to the conclusion that ray-tracing software could be
adapted to do the analysis. So the decision was made to develop the computerized tools needed to do shrapnel impact
probability analysis. The analysis approach was developed by the team as a whole. David E. Price (a Senior Safety Analyst
with Onsite Engineering & Management, a sub-contractor at LLNL) led the team. Bob Spence (an independent consultant and
developer supporting both Macintosh and Windows platforms, with a strong preference for the Macintosh, and with a
particular interest in graphics/animation/image processing applications) developed the computer code algorithms and modified
the POV-Ray code.
DTIC
Ammunition; Coding; Computer Programs; Explosives; Failure Analysis; Fragments; Probability Theory; Shrapnel; Test
Facilities
How the Air Force Should Stay Engaged in Computer Vision Technology Development
Skouson, Mark B; Apr 2007; 44 pp.; In English
The Air Force must continue to play an active role in shaping future computer vision technologies by investing in sensors
networks, data fusion, technology transition, and artificial intelligence. A survey shows that while that computer vision
technology appears to be progressing in general agreement with Air Force needs for the 2030 timeframe, a few gaps exist that
the Air Force must address. The survey combines the judgment of 13 experts from academia and industry, and the results are
compared to the Air Forces expected computer vision needs, as documented in the Air Force 2025 Study. The survey results
and accompanying analysis are a significant contribution to the military decision-making community. The results show
expected maturity information for specific computer vision technologies, estimate the relative difficulty in maturing the
technologies, and provide a list of technical and non-technical hurdles. The analysis also shows how specific technologies
relate to possible future threats. The information is invaluable for anyone making strategic technology-related decisions.
DTIC
Armed Forces (United States); Computer Vision; Military Personnel
Predicting Military Ground Vehicle Reliability using High Performance Computing
Lamb, David A; Gorsich, David; Krayterman, Dmitriy; Choi, Kyung K; Hardee, Ed; Youn, Byeng D; Ghiocel, Dan; Jan 15,
Report No.(s): AD-A497963; TARDEC-16705-RC; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
To impact the decision making for military ground vehicles, we are using High Performance Computing (HPC) to speed
up the time for analyzing the reliability of a design in modeling and simulation. We use parallelization to get accurate results
in days rather than months. We can obtain accurate reliability prediction with modeling and simulation, using uncertainties and
multiple physics-of-failure, but by utilizing parallel computing we get results in much less time than conventional analysis
techniques.
DTIC
Computerized Simulation; Predictions; Reliability
Soldier/Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation-based Combat Vehicle Duty Cycle Measurement: Duty Cycle Experiment 2
Brudnak, Mark; Pozolo, Mike; Paul, Victor; Mohammad, Syed; Smith, Wilford; Compere, Marc; Goodell, Jarrett; Holtz, Dale;
Mortsfield, Todd; Shvartsman, Andrey; Jan 24, 2007; 18 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497972; TARDEC-16948; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This paper describes a human-in-the-loop motion-based simulator interfaced to hybrid-electric power system hardware
both of which were used to measure the duty cycle of a combat vehicle in a virtual simulation environment. The project
discussed is a greatly expanded follow-on to the experiment published in Paper SIW-06S-080, Simulation Interoperability
Standards Organization (SISO), Orlando, FL, April 2006. This paper is written in the context of the earlier paper and therefore
highlights the enhancements. The most prominent of these enhancements is the integration (in real-time) of the Power &
Electric System Integration Lab (P&E SIL) with a motion base simulator by means of a long haul connection over the
Internet (a geographical distance of 2,450 miles). The P&E SIL is, therefore, able to respond to commands issued by the
213
vehicles driver and gunner and, in real-time, affect the simulated vehicles performance. By thus incorporating hardware into
a human-in-the-loop experiment, TARDEC engineers are able to evaluate the actual power system as it responds to actual
human behavior. After introducing the project, the paper describes the simulation environment which was assembled to run
the experiment. It emphasizes the design of the experiment as well as the approach, challenges and issues involved in creating
a real-time link between the motion-base simulator and the P&E SIL. It presents the test results and briefly discusses on-going
and future work.
DTIC
Combat; Simulation; Virtual Reality
20090021668 Online Alchemy, Austin, TX USA
Parametric Crowd Generation Software for MS&T Simulations and Training
Fryar, Craig; Feb 20, 2007; 21 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W31P4Q-05-C-0286; ARPA ODER-U708-60
Report No.(s): AD-A497974; OAI-SB041-009-D2-04219; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center
(DTIC)
Online Alchemy has performed research on the application of its commercially developed software technology to generate
an API for computer generated avatars or Non-Playable Characters (NPCS) for potential use in military simulation and
training environments. The outcome of this research and development is intended to provide significant improvements and
capabilities not currently found in existing NPCS as the state of current technology has limited realism. The main deliverable
of this project is the Dynemotion API Version, 1.0, and related sample code, behaviors, utilities and documentation that
demonstrate the ability to generate NPCS with distinct (random or user-selected) personalities, goals and behaviors in order
to further demonstrate believable, psycho-socially plausible NPC interactions, communications, emotional responses, and
behaviors. The project deliverables includes an Intel-PC, Microsoft Windows XP or XP Pro Compatible CD-ROM data disk
that includes the aforementioned software and documentation deliverables.
DTIC
Application Programming Interface; Computerized Simulation; Crowding; Education; Simulation
Connecting the Edge: Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) for Network Centric Warfare
Peacock, Brent A; Apr 2007; 52 pp.; In English
The principles of Network Centric Warfare (NCW) are at the heart of DoD transformation plans and are the driving
concept of several high profile acquisition programs. This paper addresses the question of what communications and
networking technology breakthroughs are required to fully realize mobile ad hoc networking (MANET) and deliver on the
promises of NCW at the tactical edge of our military forces in the 2025 timeframe. We begin with a review of the background
and major principles of NCW to define the key characteristics a NCW enabled force must exhibit. Next, we examine the basic
concepts of networks and networking in both the context of network theory and in the specific implementation of fixed wired
and wireless computer networks. We then describe the characteristics and challenges of mobile ad-hoc networks in general,
and the unique requirements for NCW MANETs specifically. The heart of the paper then examines trends in relevant
technologies for MANETs in both the commercial and military spheres, highlighting where the trends converge or diverge.
Finally, specific technology investment recommendations are offered to set the stage for the successful development of
MANETs to implement the vision of NCW.
DTIC
Connectors; Warfare
Command and Control of Network Operations
Barker, Robert A; Mar 30, 2009; 36 pp.; In English
Command and control of network operations is required to synchronize cyberspace operations, fully utilize the concepts
of Joint Net-Centric Operations (JNO), and operate and defend the joint communications network. The current network
operations command and control structure does not provide the Geographical Combatant Commander unity of command or
214
unity of effort in his execution of these requirements. The 2008 Unified Command Plan (UCP) assigns the Geographical
Combatant Commander authority over all military operations, to include the joint theater network, in his area of responsibility.
It assigns the mission of directing operation and defense of the global information grid (GIG) to Commander, USA Strategic
Command (USSTRATCOM). The current network operations command and control structure was developed in support of the
USSTRATCOM mission without appropriately addressing the Geographical Combatant Commanders authority over his
theater network. Command relationships based on UCP assigned responsibilities and in accordance with joint command and
control doctrine must be developed to provide the Geographical Combatant Commander unity of command and unity of effort
to allow him to fully integrate the network as a component of the Joint Warfight.
DTIC
Command and Control; Communication Networks
N-Set: A NASA Research Project
Stukes, Sherry A; Mrozinski, Joseph; Luna, Michael; July 17, 2007; 11 pp.; In English; NASA Cost Symposium, 17-19 Jul.
2007, Denver, CO, USA; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
This slide presentation reviews the research project named N-Set. The goal of this project is to create a user friendly tool
for estimating the cost and size of software development. Using the historical experience which NASA has desire is to create
a tool that will give an early Rough Order Magnitude (ROM) estimate of the cost and size of a software development task
without using the lines of code as a primary input value.
CASI
Computer Programming; Cost Estimates
20090022239 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; DEM Solutions, Lebanon, NH, USA
Determining Trajectory of Triboelectrically Charged Particles, Using Discrete Element Modeling
The Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory is participating in an Innovative
Partnership Program (IPP) project with an industry partner to modify a commercial off-the-shelf simulation software product
to treat the electrodynamics of particulate systems. Discrete element modeling (DEM) is a numerical technique that can track
the dynamics of particle systems. This technique, which was introduced in 1979 for analysis of rock mechanics, was recently
refined to include the contact force interaction of particles with arbitrary surfaces and moving machinery. In our work, we
endeavor to incorporate electrostatic forces into the DEM calculations to enhance the fidelity of the software and its
applicability to (1) particle processes, such as electrophotography, that are greatly affected by electrostatic forces, (2) grain and
dust transport, and (3) the study of lunar and Martian regoliths.
Derived from text
Computerized Simulation; Electrostatics; Charged Particles; Trajectories
KM in Disguise: Lessons from a Decade of Supporting Emergent Knowledge Processes
Cooper, Lynne P.; Phan, Tu-Anh; Cheung, Cara; July 18, 2007; 20 pp.; In English; NASA Knowledge Management
Workshop, Pasadena, California, July 18, 2007, Pasadena, CA, USA; Original contains black and white illustrations;
The contents include: 1) Experience Base; 2) Emergent Knowledge Processes; and 3) Lessons and Insights including
flexibility and adaptability, embeddedness, measures of success, knowledge obsolescence, willingness to share and learning.
CASI
Knowledge Representation; Education; Architecture (Computers); Human-Computer Interface
215
62
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Includes computer networks and distributed processing systems. For information systems see 82 Documentation and Information
Science. For computer systems applied to specific applications, see the associated category.

Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet Backbones
Kende, M.; Sep. 2000; 48 pp.; In English
This paper examines the interconnection arrangements that enable Internet users to communicate with one another from
computers that are next door or on the other side of the globe. The Internet is a network of networks, owned and operated by
different companies, including Internet backbone providers. In order to provide end users with universal connectivity, Internet
backbones must interconnect with one another to exchange traffic destined for each others end users. Internet backbone
providers are not governed by any industry-specific interconnection regulations, unlike other providers of network services;
instead, each backbone provider bases its decisions on whether, how, and where to interconnect by weighing the benefits and
costs of each interconnection. Interconnection agreements between Internet backbone providers are reached through
commercial negotiations in a handshake environment. Internet backbones interconnect under two different arrangements:
peering or transit. In a peering arrangement, backbones agree to exchange traffic with each other at no cost. The backbones
only exchange traffic that is destined for each others end users, not the end users of a third party. In a transit arrangement, on
the other hand, one backbone pays another backbone for interconnection. In exchange for this payment, the transit supplier
provides a connection to all end users on the Internet.
NTIS
Internets; Telecommunication; Network Control
FCC and the Unregulation of the Internet
Oxman, J.; Jul. 1999; 26 pp.; In English
This paper provides a brief examination of the FCCs contributions to the rapid expansion and success of the Internet. The
Commission does not, and should not, take credit for the success of the Internet beyond the role it has played in providing
fertile ground for the growth and development of data networks over the nations communications infrastructure. This paper
highlights the distinction drawn by the FCC between the unregulated Internet and the regulated telecommunications network,
a crucial decision that helped foster the dramatic expansion of computer applications offered over telephone lines. Finally, it
briefly examines convergence issues that raise new questions about the proper role of the FCC in the Internet age and the
fundamental lessons the FCC has learned in the last three decades, with the goal of sparking a dialogue on how such issues
should be addressed. Above all, present day questions about the FCCs role in the Internet are best informed by an examination
of the Commissions thirty-year tradition of unregulating the data services market.
NTIS
Internets; Telecommunication; Policies
Competitively Neutral Approach Office To Network Interconnection
Atkinson, J. M.; Barnkeov, C. C.; Dec. 2000; 36 pp.; In English
This paper develops a consistent, competitively neutral regulatory regime for interconnection between
telecommunications networks. It proposes a default bill and keep solution under which carriers split equally those costs that
are solely incremental to interconnection, and recover all remaining costs from their own customers. The analysis differs from
previous work primarily in that it distinguishes the costs incremental to interconnection from those incremental to increased
traffic volume. The paper demonstrates for several basic network types that this default rule is competitively neutral and
encourages efficient subscription and interconnection decisions. This default rule resolves serious common cost allocation,
externality and gaming problems that arise under current interconnection regimes and under other proposed resolutions. The
key finding is that it is essential to isolate those costs incremental to interconnection per se. Local networks are assigned the
costs of handling all the possible traffic that their subscribers generate in making or receiving calls. The additional facilities
216
necessary to allow interconnection of two such fully provisioned networks can then be defined as the incremental cost of
interconnection.
NTIS
Telecommunication; Costs; Internets; Policies
20090021416 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Technische Univ., Eindhoven,
Netherlands; Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ, USA
Bandwidth Sharing with Heterogeneous Service Requirements
Borst, S. C.; Nunez Queija, R.; Zwart, A. P.; Dec. 15, 2003; 18 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): CWI-P1201
We consider a system with two heterogeneous traffic classes. The users from both classes randomly generate service
requests, one class having light-tailed properties, the other one exhibiting heavy-tailed characteristics. The heterogeneity in
service requirements reflects the extreme variability in flow sizes observed in the Internet, with a vast majority of small
transfers (mice) and a limited number of exceptionally large flows (elephants). The active traffic flows share the available
bandwidth in a Processor-Sharing (PS) fashion. The PS discipline has emerged as a natural paradigm for modeling the
flow-level performance of bandwidth-sharing protocols like TCP. The number of simultaneously active traffic flows is limited
by a threshold on the maximum system occupancy. We obtain the exact asymptotics of the transfer delays incurred by the users
from the light-tailed class. The results show that the threshold mechanism significantly reduces the detrimental performance
impact of the heavy-tailed class.
NTIS
Bandwidth; Heterogeneity; Internets
Undersea Node Localization Using Node-to-Node Acoustic Ranges in Distributed Seaweb Network
Zinkhon, David C; Mar 2009; 116 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Seaweb is a wide-area network interconnecting a set of distributed underwater nodes through the use of a DSP-based
acoustic communications modem at each node and through-water digital acoustic links between neighboring nodes. As a
by-product of Seaweb communications, the distances between neighboring nodes are obtained from the roundtrip acoustic
travel-time measurements. If the network is deployed in an ad hoc distribution, or if an established network is disturbed, the
locations of the nodes are unknown to the operator. This thesis uses the node-to-node ranges, which have been compiled at
the designated master node, as input to an algorithm for estimating the relative locations of all nodes. Synthetic network
geometries serve to evaluate the algorithm with perfect ranges and with imperfect ranges and/or incomplete data. Seaweb
networks deployed at sea are the final test of the algorithm.
DTIC
Acoustics; Communication; Networks; Position (Location); Sound Ranging; Sound Transmission; Underwater Acoustics
20090021435 Delaware Univ., Newark, DE USA
End-to-End Concurrent Multipath Transfer Using Transport Layer Multihoming
Iyengar, Janardhan R; Jul 2006; 124 pp.; In English
Transport layer multihoming binds a single transport layer association to multiple network addresses at each endpoint,
thus allowing the two end hosts to communicate over multiple network paths. This dissertation investigates end-to-end
Concurrent Multipath Transfer (CMT) using transport layer multihoming for increased application throughput. CMT is the
simultaneous transfer of new data from a source host to a destination host via two or more end-to-end paths. We investigate
and evaluate design considerations in implementing CMT at the transport layer using the Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP) as an example of a multihome-capable transport layer protocol. Specifically, we explore (i) algorithms for
CMT at the transport layer, (ii) retransmission policies for CMT, and (iii) performance implications of a bounded receive
buffer on CMT. We identify three negative side-effects of reordering due to CMT that must be managed before the full
performance gains of CMTs parallel transfer can be achieved. We propose three algorithms to eliminate these side-effects: the
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Split Fast Retransmit algorithm (SFR) to handle unnecessary fast retransmissions by a sender, the Cwnd Update for CMT
algorithm (CUC) to counter overly conservative congestion window growth at a sender, and the Delayed Ack for CMT
algorithm (DAC) to curb an increase in ack traffic due to fewer delayed acks by a receiver. These algorithms demonstrate that
a single sequence space within a transport layer association is sufficient for CMT; separate sequence spaces per path are not
required.
DTIC
Multipath Transmission; Protocol (Computers)
Exploring the Plausibility of a National Multi-Agency Communications System for the Homeland Security
Community: A Southeast Ohio Half-Duplex Voice Over IP Case Study
Smith, Christopher S; Mar 2009; 93 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Since 9-11, it has become apparent that the Homeland Security Community consists of more than first responders, and
is, in essence, a Megacommunity composed of three components: government, business, and nonprofit organizations.
Unfortunately, this reality has not translated into a common communications strategy, which presently focuses on radios for
first responders in an emergency. Many reasons exist for not addressing this gap, including the myths that it is impossible or
would be too expensive. Computer gamers, however, have been utilizing low-tech versions of half-duplex VoIP since the
1990s to connect millions of players worldwide. A Southeast Ohio VoIP system, consisting of health departments, hospitals,
emergency management agencies, and their partners, has been testing a similar system since 2003. This thesis defines the
Homeland Security Community, presents criteria that are used to evaluate six communications systems for use as an integrated
national system, and judges the plausibility of the Ohio system as a model. The thesis also proposes the concept of a Universal
Communicator software system that would address the shortcomings of the Ohio system, and provide an inexpensive solution
to the nations need for a national Homeland Security Community Real-Time Voice Communications system.
DTIC
Duplexers; Emergencies; Internets; Interoperability; Ohio; Protocol (Computers); Security; Voice Communication
Stochastic Estimation and Control of Queues Within a Computer Network
Kim, Mingook; Mar 2009; 99 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497702; AFIT/GCS/ENG/09-04; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Captain Nathan C. Stuckey implemented the idea of the stochastic estimation and control for network in OPNET
simulator. He used extended Kalman filter to estimate packet size and packet arrival rate of network queue to regulate queue
size. To validate stochastic theory, network estimator and controller is designed by OPNET model. These models validated
the transient queue behavior in OPNET and work of Kalman filter by predicting the queue size and arrival rate. However, it
was not enough to verify a theory by experiment. So, it needed to validate the stochastic control theory with other tools to
get high validity. Our goal was to make a new model to validate Stuckeys simulation. For this validation, NS-2 was studied
and modified the Kalman filter to cooperate with MATLAB. Moreover, NS-2 model was designed to predict network
characteristics of queue size with different scenarios and traffic types. Through these NS-2 models, the performance of the
network state estimator and network queue controller was investigated and shown to provide high validity for Stuckeys
simulations.
DTIC
Computer Networks; Queueing Theory; Stochastic Processes; Topology
Mitigating Insider Sabotage and Espionage: A Review of the USA Air Forces Current Posture
Leach, Erika C; Mar 2009; 162 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497807; AFIT/GIR/ENG/09-05; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The security threat from malicious insiders affects all organizations. This problem is especially difficult to address because
there is no definitive profile for malicious insiders; organizations have placed their trust in these individuals; and insiders have
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a vast knowledge of their organizations personnel, policies, and information systems. The purpose of this research is to
analyze to what extent the USA Air Forces (USAF) security policies address this problem. The policies are reviewed in terms
of how well they align with best practices published by Carnegie Mellon University and additional factors this research deems
important, including motivation, organizational priorities, and social networks. The research offers actionable
recommendations that the USAF could implement to better prevent, detect, and respond to insider attacks. The most important
course of action is to utilize its workforce to the fullest. All personnel should be trained on observable behaviors that can be
precursors to malicious activity. In addition, supervisors need to be the first line of defense by monitoring for stress, unmet
expectations, and disgruntlement on the part of their subordinates. The research also proposes three new best practices for the
USAF regarding screening for prior behaviors, predispositions, and technical incidents of concern; issuing sanctions for
inappropriate technical acts; and requiring supervisors to take a proactive role.
DTIC
Air Currents; Armed Forces (United States); Computer Information Security; Military Personnel; Policies; Posture;
Sabotage; Security; United States
The Characterization and Measurement of Cyber Warfare, Spring 2008 - Project 08-01
Dobitz, Kyle; Haas, Brad; Holtje, Michael; Jokerst, Amanda; Ochsner, Geoff; Silva, Stephanie; Johnson, Kevin; Hudson, II,
John G; May 2008; 88 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Hostile exercises across computer networks are today increasingly common, and the proliferation of such activity is a
national security concern. The characterization of cyberspace activity is the subject of much debate; the unique nature of the
cyber arena calls into question traditional state boundaries and operational codes of conduct. Actors in cyberspace can exhibit
influence from anywhere in the world, thus many hostile acts are difficult to trace. Additionally, targets in cyberspace are often
intangible, rendering an appropriate response that is difficult to discern. This report provides a framework useful for
delineating such acts, utilizing existing literature and current international law as a frame. Additionally, this research utilized
the assumption that all actors and actions in cyberspace carry inherent risks, and did not separate bad actions from good.
The following factors were identified by the research team as critical for purposes of cyber act characterization: Motivation,
Intent, Target, Effects, and Actors.
DTIC
Computer Networks; Security; Warfare
20090021802 Military Academy, West Point, NY USA
Interfacing Network Simulations and Empirical Data
Lospinoso, Joshua; McCulloh, Ian; Johnson, Anthony; May 2009; 54 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497468; USMA/MA-09-001; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This project tests Social Network Models for longitudinal data against empirical data using an original statistical test to
determine the effectiveness of various models at reproducing networks. The Link Probability Model (LPM) is introduced as
a viable model for the reproduction of social networks in dynamic equilibrium. We survey social network simulation packages
and find that Construct uses a continually updated LPM as its stochastic engine, further establishing the LPMs viability as
a social network model. We use actor oriented models to estimate statistically significant behavior on empirical networks and
provide guidance on future extensions into multi-agent simulation, which is a rapidly growing area of research. Our findings
rely on various empirical datasets and provide analytical results on the nature and structure of the social networks observed
in them.
DTIC
Command and Control; Simulation
Enabling Battlespace Persistent Surveillance: The Form, Function, and Future of Smart Dust
Dickson, Scott A; Apr 2007; 44 pp.; In English
In 2025, the militarys need for persistent surveillance applications will extend beyond current airborne platforms such
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as Global Hawk and Predator. The future of 2025 contains potential enemies with a material and information focus capable
of conducting regular and irregular warfare on foreign lands as well as the continental USA. The U.S. military must invest
its energy and money today into researching enabling technologies such as nanotechnology, wireless networks, and
micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). Nanotechnology reduces todays technology to the molecular level. Wireless
networks can link people, computers, and sensors beyond the borders of nations without the need for costly hardware-intensive
infrastructure. Finally, MEMS have the capability to act as independent or networked sensors. Fused together, these
technologies can produce a network of nanosized particles -- Smart Dust -- that can be distributed over the battlefield to
measure, collect, and disseminate information, Smart Dust will transform persistent surveillance for the warfighter. The U.S.
military should lead the research and development of these enabling technologies so that Smart Dust will be a viable
application by 2025.
DTIC
Dust; Forecasting; Microelectromechanical Systems; Nanotechnology; Surveillance

Glenns Network Emulation Laboratory Established as a Networking Research and Emulation Environment for
NASA
Slywczak, Richard A.; Ishac, Joseph A.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 72-73; In English; See also
The Satellite Networks and Architecture Branch of the Communications Technology Division at the NASA Glenn
Research Center has developed and established the Network Emulation Laboratory (NEL). NEL is a technology cross-cutting
laboratory that provides the division with a reusable infrastructure focusing on network research and simulation/emulation
services.
Derived from text
Networks; Network Analysis; Research and Development; Research Facilities
Joint Non-kinetic Effects Model (JNEM)
Chamberlain, Robert G.; Metivier, Timothy; December 4, 2006; In English; Interservice/Industry Training Simulation, 4-7
Dec. 2006, Orlando, FL, USA; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
This slide presentation reviews the development of the Joint Non-kinetic Effects Model (JNEM), which is tool to support
Battle Command Training that links simulation-generated non-kinetic events and outcomes to Training Audience Command
and Staff decisions. JNEM helps create the operating environment for the following population groups (P-groups): (1) Local
Civilians on the Battlefield, (2) Inter-Governmental Organizations (3) Non-Governmental Organizations (4) Contractors on the
battlefield.
CASI
Populations; Military Technology; Computerized Simulation; Simulation
Next-Generation Telemetry Workstation
A next-generation telemetry workstation has been developed to replace the one currently used to test and control Range
Safety systems. Improving upon the performance of the original system, the new telemetry workstation uses dual-channel
telemetry boards for better synchronization of the two uplink telemetry streams. The new workstation also includes an
Interrange Instrumentation Group/Global Positioning System (IRIG/GPS) time code receiver board for independent, local time
stamping of return-link data. The next-generation system will also record and play back return-link data for postlaunch
analysis.
Derived from text
Telemetry; Workstations; Display Devices
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20090022245 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; ASRC Aerospace Corp., USA; Valador, Inc.,
Rockville Centre, NY, USA
Distributed Observer Network
NASA s advanced visual simulations are essential for analyses associated with life cycle planning, design, training,
testing, operations, and evaluation. Kennedy Space Center, in particular, uses simulations for ground services and space
exploration planning in an effort to reduce risk and costs while improving safety and performance. However, it has been
difficult to circulate and share the results of simulation tools among the field centers, and distance and travel expenses have
made timely collaboration even harder. In response, NASA joined with Valador Inc. to develop the Distributed Observer
Network (DON), a collaborative environment that leverages game technology to bring 3-D simulations to conventional
desktop and laptop computers. DON enables teams of engineers working on design and operations to view and collaborate
on 3-D representations of data generated by authoritative tools. DON takes models and telemetry from these sources and, using
commercial game engine technology, displays the simulation results in a 3-D visual environment. Multiple widely dispersed
users, working individually or in groups, can view and analyze simulation results on desktop and laptop computers in real
time.
Derived from text
Computerized Simulation; Real Time Operation; Distributed Processing; Distributed Interactive Simulation; Computer
Networks
20090022251 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; United Space Alliance, USA
Systems Maintenance Automated Repair Tasks (SMART)
SMART is an interactive decision analysis and refinement software system that uses evaluation criteria for discrepant
conditions to automatically provide and populate a document/procedure with predefined steps necessary to repair a
discrepancy safely, effectively, and efficiently. SMART can store the tacit (corporate) knowledge merging the hardware
specification requirements with the actual how to repair methods, sequences, and required equipment, all within a
user-friendly interface. Besides helping organizations retain repair knowledge in streamlined procedures and sequences,
SMART can also help them in saving processing time and expense, increasing productivity, improving quality, and adhering
more closely to safety and other guidelines. Though SMART was developed for Space Shuttle applications, its interface is
easily adaptable to any hardware that can be broken down by component, subcomponent, discrepancy, and repair.
Author
Specifications; Spacecraft Maintenance; Logistics Management; Applications Programs (Computers); Decision Support
Systems
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CYBERNETICS, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS
Includes feedback and control theory, information theory, machine learning, and expert systems. For related information see also
54 Man/System Technology and Life Support.
20090021459 Air Force Studies and Analyses Agency, Washington, DC USA

Air Force Standard Analysis Toolkit and Analysis Approach
Nichols, Sharon; Dec 2005; 28 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Air Force Standard Analysis Toolkit (AFSAT) is a set of stand-alone, data driven constructive simulations. It provides
for standardized model management, configuration management, VV&A, etc. best practices across the AF analytic
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community. It benefits the community by life cycle costs lowered via reduced duplication of capability via enabling reuse and
greater consistency of results.
DTIC
Computerized Simulation; Military Technology; Research and Development
Missions and Means Framework (MMF) Demonstration: The Storyboard Model
Sandmeyer, Richard S; Dec 2005; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
In the Missions and Means Framework (MMF), platform state is represented by its current capabilities, which can be
compared to current task requirement(s), instead of by a weighted average of probability of having/not having functionality
to perform randomly selected mission. Better representation of residual platform and (ultimately) unit capabilities throughout
simulation should enable better representation of resource allocation/reallocation. The decomposition of missions into
low-level tasks allows cleaner and simpler modeling of alternative means for completing them. This capability supports
higher-fidelity and more relevant analysis. MMF demonstrated the linkage from low-level state changes to task/mission
success.
DTIC
Computerized Simulation; Degradation; War Games
Spatial and Temporal Independent Component Analysis Of Micro-Doppler Features
Chen, Victor C; May 1, 2005; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Micro-Doppler features can be regarded as a unique signature of an object with movements and provide additional
information for classification, recognition and identification of the object. Independent component analysis (ICA) can
decompose micro-Doppler features into independent basis functions that represent salient physical movement attributes of the
object. To study ICA of micro-Doppler features, we used a dataset generated by simulation of radar returned signals from
rotating objects and tumbling objects. Fast ICA algorithm was used in our study to decompose micro-Doppler features into
a set of spatial and temporal independent components. Spatial characteristics of the independent components combined with
the corresponding temporal characteristics can be used to improve performance of classification, recognition and
identification.
DTIC
Doppler Radar; Pattern Recognition
Collusion-Resistant Multi-Winner Spectrum Auction for Cognitive Radio Networks
Wu, Yongle; Wang, Beibei; Liu, K J; Clancy, T C; Dec 2008; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
In order to fully utilize spectrum, auction-based dynamic spectrum allocation has become a promising approach which
allows unlicensed wireless users to lease unused bands from spectrum license holders. Because spectrum resources are
reusable by users far apart, in some scenarios, spectrum is more efficiently utilized by awarding one band to multiple
secondary users simultaneously, which distinguishes it from traditional auctions where only one user can be the winner.
However, the multi-winner auction is a new concept posing new challenges in the traditional auction mechanisms, because
such mechanisms may yield low revenue and are not robust to some newly-emerging collusion. Therefore, in this paper, we
propose an efficient mechanism for the multi-winner spectrum auction with collusion-resistant pricing strategies, in which the
optimal spectrum allocation can be solved by binary linear programming and the pricing is formulated as a convex
optimization problem. Furthermore, a greedy algorithm is proposed to reduce complexity for multiband auctions. Simulation
results are presented to evaluate our proposed auction mechanisms.
DTIC
Frequency Assignment; Optimization; Spectra
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Prescription Based Maintenance Management System
Valentine, G S; Galie, Thomas; Scharschan, John; Jan 2007; 16 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
In recent years, significant focus has been placed on the development and implementation of advanced prognostic and
health management (PHM) technologies in military and industrial applications. The term PHM encompasses anomaly,
diagnostic and prognostic algorithms as well as higher level reasoning algorithms for isolating root causes of faults/failures
and directing optimal operational or maintenance actions. In such systems, two current deficiencies exist. First, for a variety
of reasons, component and subsystem interactions in such systems are poorly realized. The issue manifests itself as multiple
dependent boxes indicating faults with shotgun tests or valuable domain expertise required to de-conflict and reduce
ambiguity groups. Secondly, complex systems still largely rely on expert rule-bases for reasoning which are notoriously
difficult to maintain over a life cycle and are prone to logical conflicts. This paper begins to address these deficiencies by
outlining a simulation-based process for automatically: (1) realizing complex system interactions for optimal PHM system
design and (2) building and maintaining model-based reasoning architectures where decisions and conclusions naturally
precipitate out of a more manageable system model.
DTIC
Architecture (Computers); Maintenance; Management Systems
Extreme Scalability: Designing Interfaces and Algorithms for Soldier-Robotic Swarm Interaction
Haas, Ellen; Fields, MaryAnne; Hill, Susan; Stachowiak, Christopher; Apr 2009; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
In theory, autonomous robotic swarms can be used for critical Army tasks (i.e., accompanying convoys); however, the
Soldier controlling the swarm must be able to monitor swarm status and correct actions, especially in disrupted or degraded
conditions. For this two-year Directors Research Initiative (DRI), we designed metacognition algorithms and Soldier-swarm
display concepts to allow Soldiers to efficiently interact with a robotic swarm participating in a representative convoy mission.
We used a potential field approach for swarm control because it scales easily to large heterogeneous swarms and allows users
to dynamically alter swarm behavior by adjusting field parameters. The Soldier-swarm interface displayed swarm and convoy
geospatial position; swarm health and communication; and convoy status information, using visual, auditory, and tactile
combinations. We measured swarm metacognition by determining the proportion of time the simulated swarm could maintain
a specific orbital ring around the convoy over six terrains in 13-min scenarios. We tested interface effectiveness in a laboratory
study using 16 male Marines (volunteers) with a mean age of 19 years. The metacognition results showed that the swarm could
maintain the pre-defined dispersion more than 85% of the time in each terrain. Using multimodal displays, Soldier workload
decreased and performance increased (i.e., response time reduced).
DTIC
Algorithms; Display Devices; Man Machine Systems; Robotics; Robots
20090021727 Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, San Diego, CA USA
Design and Initial In-Water Testing of Advanced Non-Linear Control Algorithms onto an Unmanned Underwater
Vehicle (UUV)
Djapic, Vladimir; Farrell, J A; Miller, Paul; Arrieta, Rich; Oct 2007; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
UUVs equipped with high-level control software have a variety of potential applications for Anti-Terrorism/Force
Protection (ATFP) objectives. Desirable vehicle control capabilities include the ability to drive at very low, controllable
speeds, the ability to maintain a set distance and attitude (pitch and roll) relative to some surface for optimal sensor (both sonar
and video) effectiveness, and the ability for the operator to intervene to change the mission activities. Moreover, a vehicle
capable of rotating in place or having a fraction of a meter turning radius is needed to conduct the mission. The present
state-of-art vehicles are not maneuverable enough to successfully accomplish most of these tasks. The novel controllers are
expected to be nonlinear due to the fact that the vehicle is translating at nonzero attitude or translating in a direction different
from that of the surface. Non-linear controller that compensates for non-linear forces (such as drag, buoyancy/gravity) was
designed, installed onto the UUV test-bed, and in-water tested. The structure of a controller is hierarchical such that an inner
loop non-linear controller (outputs the appropriate thrust values) is the same for all mission scenarios while an appropriate
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outer-loop nonlinear controller is used based on what mission or part of the mission is desired.
DTIC
Adaptive Control; Algorithms; Autonomous Navigation; Nonlinearity; Underwater Vehicles; Water
20090021842 Naval Air Systems Command (PMA-234), Patuxent River, MD USA
First Applications of the Joint Forces Command Information Operations Range - An ACETEF Perspective
ODay, Stephen C; Bonnevier, Kirk J; Kropp, Derek L; Morrison, Michael R; Freed, Mark R; Dec 2006; 13 pp.; In English;
The Air Combat Environment Test and Evaluation Facility (ACETEF), located at Patuxent River, MD, participated in the
Navy Use Case (NUC) event sponsored by Joint Forces Command (JFCOM). Some of the other sites participating in this
distributed simulation event included the Integrated Battlespace Arena (IBAR) at China Lake, CA, the Joint Research Analysis
and Assessment Center (JRAAC) at Huntsville, AL and facilities located at Ft. Meade, MD. The Information Operations Range
(IOR) network is designed to support testing of effects-based operations techniques and tools. This paper will describe the
goals of the NUC event, the first implementation of the IOR, and how the hardware and software assets at ACETEF supported
this event. Among the ACETEF assets involved in the NUC were the Joint Integrated Mission Model ACE (JIMMACE), the
JIMMACE-JRAAC High Level Architecture (HLA) interface, Tactical Plot (TacPlot) and the I-32 radar stimulator. These tools
are installed in the newly completed Advanced System Integration Laboratory (ASIL). The software and hardware integration
for the NUC event leveraged heavily on a portion of the JFCOM Terminal Fury 06 Information Operations Insertion
(TF06IOI) for the Pacific Command. A discussion of the TF06IOI legacy, and the evolution of this work into the NUC, is
included in the paper as well.
DTIC
Communication Networks; Computer Networks; Computerized Simulation
Extending a Missions and Means Framework (MMF) Demonstration to Vulnerability/Lethality Data Production
Ward, Beth; Dec 14, 2005; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The Missions and Means Framework (MMF) allows direct application of warfighter tasks. Battlefield Operating Systems
(BOS) have been mapped to platform subclasses, individual platforms in those classes, and associated tasks. The system of
systems fault trees allow the program to show the effects of degraded capability states at both the platform and component
level. This allows exploration of alternative courses of action. MMF helps to establish a closer communication between the
modeling, testing and soldier community.
DTIC
Computerized Simulation; Lethality; Vulnerability; War Games
64
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Includes iteration, differential and difference equations, and numerical approximation.
20090021428 Access Network Research Lab., Seoul, Korea, Republic of

Design of a Satellite Data Manipulation Tool in a Time and Frequency Transfer System Using Satellites
Yoon, Sang-Ui; Lee, Jong-Sik; Lee, Man-Jong; Kim, Jin-Dae; Dec 1999; 9 pp.; In English
Two methods are widely being used to synchronize time/frequency of a communications system. One is using earth
networks, the other using satellites. In the method using satellites, a transmitting station sends the high precise time
information, satellite position data, and error correction information, etc., to the satellites. To accomplish this, the satellite data
manipulation tool of a transmitting station should perform the reliable and fast interaction with other tools when acquiring,
transforming, and sending data to the baseband. In this paper, we present the design and core algorithms of the satellite data
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manipulation tool in a transmitting station as an R & D part of the time/frequency transfer system using Koreasat of Korea
Telecom.
DTIC
Algorithms; Frequencies; Networks; Satellite Communication; Telecommunication
20090021438 RAND Education, Santa Monica, CA USA
Math Science Partnership of Southwest Pennsylvania: Measuring Progress Toward Goals
Pane, John F; Williams, Valerie L; Olmsted, Stuart S; Yuan, Kun; Spindler, Eleanor; Slaughter, Mary E; Jan 2009; 151 pp.;
In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497443; MG-857-AIU; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
In 2003, the Allegheny Intermediate Unit received a grant under the National Science Foundations Math and Science
Partnership program to establish the Math Science Partnership of Southwest Pennsylvania (MSP). The MSP brings together
regional K-12 school districts, institutions of higher education, and intermediate units with the goals of increasing K-12
students knowledge of mathematics and science, improving the quality of the K-16 educator workforce, and creating
sustainable partnerships among participants. To achieve these goals, the MSP has instituted a variety of activities, including
leadership academies, fellowship programs, and networking opportunities, to enact three key intervention strategies:
professional development for content and leadership, curriculum alignment and pedagogical and course refinement, and
support for and dissemination of research-based resources and tools. As RANDs involvement with the MSP comes to an end
(the MSP will continue through 2010), the findings presented here provide preliminary evidence regarding the MSPs
progress. The analyses draw on five years of qualitative and quantitative MSP data, including interviews, surveys, participation
records, student achievement assessments, and other sources. The findings suggest that MSP partners are making progress
toward the three MSP goals, although statistical analysis did not find evidence that the MSP was directly responsible for this
progress.
DTIC
Education; Physical Sciences
20090021500 Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head, MD USA
Procedures for the Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation of Explosion-Produced Debris
Gould, Michael J; Swisdak, Jr, Michael M; Aug 1998; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
As predictive models for explosion-produced debris become available, a need exists for experimental data against which
these models may be validated. In addition, a firm database is required for the definition of debris-related explosive-safety
quantity-distances. In the past, the debris collection and recording techniques used in tests have varied from the inadequate
to the obsessive. It became evident during recent attempts at collating debris data that, independent of the thoroughness of
approach, debris information was often difficult or impossible to analyze such that test-to-test comparisons could be made. A
controlled and well-defined methodology was needed to overcome these problems. At the request of the NATO AC/258
Storage Sub-Group, the authors have prepared this document which, it is hoped, will form the first step in achieving some
uniformity of approach to debris data collection and recording. The paper provides a bibliography of currently available
explosion debris information and discusses various methods that may be used to collect and catalog debris information. As
the data collection process starts at the test planning stage, it is at this point that the recommendations commence. The paper
concludes by presenting and discussing algorithms that may be used to analyze the data.
DTIC
Debris; Explosions; Numerical Analysis
A Mode-Shape-Based Fault Detection Methodology for Cantilever Beams
Tejada, Arturo; May 2009; 42 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNH06CC03B; WBS: 645846.02.07.07.07
Report No.(s): NASA/CR-2009-215721; LF99-8139; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
An important goal of NASAs Internal Vehicle Health Management program (IVHM) is to develop and verify methods
and technologies for fault detection in critical airframe structures. A particularly promising new technology under development
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at NASA Langley Research Center is distributed Bragg fiber optic strain sensors. These sensors can be embedded in, for
instance, aircraft wings to continuously monitor surface strain during flight. Strain information can then be used in conjunction
with well-known vibrational techniques to detect faults due to changes in the wings physical parameters or to the presence
of incipient cracks. To verify the benefits of this technology, the Formal Methods Group at NASA LaRC has proposed the use
of formal verification tools such as PVS. The verification process, however, requires knowledge of the physics and
mathematics of the vibrational techniques and a clear understanding of the particular fault detection methodology. This report
presents a succinct review of the physical principles behind the modeling of vibrating structures such as cantilever beams (the
natural model of a wing). It also reviews two different classes of fault detection techniques and proposes a particular detection
method for cracks in wings, which is amenable to formal verification. A prototype implementation of these methods using
Matlab scripts is also described and is related to the fundamental theoretical concepts.
Author
Fault Detection; Cantilever Beams; Aircraft Structures; Airframes; Cracks; Detection; Vibration; Program Verification
(Computers)
20090021666 North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC USA
A New Relaxation Labeling Architecture for Secure Localization in Sensor Networks
Chang, Chih-Chieh G; Snyder, Wesley E; Wang, Cliff; Jan 2007; 7 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W911NF-04-D-003
In this paper, a new strategy is proposed to defend against colluding malicious nodes in a sensor network. The new
strategy is based on a new relaxation labeling algorithm to classify nodes into benign or malicious ones. Only reports from
benign nodes can then be used to perform localization and obtain accurate results. Experimental results based on simulations
and field experiments illustrate the performance of the algorithm.
DTIC
Communication Networks; Detectors; Position (Location)
20090021829 Naval Underwater Systems Center, Newport, RI USA
North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) Detection & Localization in the Bay of Fundy using Widely Spaced,
Bottom Mounted Sensors
Morrissey, R P; Jarvis, S; DiMarzio, N; Ward, J; Moretti, D J; Sep 1, 2006; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
A data set consisting of North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) vocalizations were provided as part of the 2003
International Workshop on Detection and Localization of Marine Mammals using Passive Acoustics in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
These vocalizations were processed using a set of detection and localization algorithms developed as part of the Marine
Mammal Monitoring on Navy Ranges (M3R) program. Localization is performed using hyperbolic multilateration on Time
Difference of Arrival (TDOA) data from a two stage FFT based energy detector. Binary FFTs are computed from the raw time
series by thresholding the FFT using a time average in each bin as the threshold criteria. Clicks are detected by comparing
the total number of bins above threshold to a secondary threshold. Detected clicks are split out of the data stream and the rest
of the data is aligned using a spectrogram cross-correlation. Details of the marine mammal monitoring algorithms will be
presented as well as results from the data set.)
DTIC
Algorithms; Atlantic Ocean; Detection; Detectors; Fast Fourier Transformations; Position (Location); Time Response;
Whales
20090022209 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Florida Inst. of Tech., FL, USA
Numerical Analysis of Rocket Exhaust Cratering
Supersonic jet exhaust impinging onto a flat surface is a fundamental flow encountered in space or with a missile launch
vehicle system. The flow is important because it can endanger launch operations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
226
effect of a landing rocket s exhaust on soils. From numerical simulations and analysis, we developed characteristic expressions
and curves, which we can use, along with rocket nozzle performance, to predict cratering effects during a soft-soil landing.
We conducted a series of multiphase flow simulations with two phases: exhaust gas and sand particles. The main objective
of the simulation was to obtain the numerical results as close to the experimental results as possible. After several simulating
test runs, the results showed that packing limit and the angle of internal friction are the two critical and dominant factors in
the simulations.
Author
Impingement; Jet Exhaust; Multiphase Flow; Numerical Analysis; Rocket Exhaust; Supersonic Jet Flow; Cratering
65
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Includes data sampling and smoothing; Monte Carlo method; time series analysis; and stochastic processes.
20090021275 National Inst. of Justice, Washington, DC USA

National Institute of Justice Research in Brief: Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: A Research
Update
Earls, F. J.; Visher, C. A.; Feb. 1997; 5 pp.; In English
The key milestones reached by the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, an unprecedented
longitudinal study supported by the National Institute of Justice and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The
Projects 8-year research study will attempt to determine how individual personalities, family relationships, school
environment, and type of community interact to contribute to delinquency and criminal behavior over time. In the Projects first
2 years, researchers gathered data using the following measures: a community survey, social observation, a survey of
neighborhood experts, and interviews with 7,000 children and adolescents and their primary caregivers as part of the first wave
of a longitudinal cohort study. Although the researchers are observing areas throughout Chicago, they have identified 80
neighborhoods as the focus for the longitudinal cohort study.
NTIS
Project Management; Human Beings; Personality
Netherlands
Note on the Benefits of Buffering
Mandjes, M. R. H.; Jun. 2004; 18 pp.; In English
Gaussian traffic models are capable of representing a broad variety of correlation structures, ranging from short-range
dependent (e.g. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type) to long-range dependent (e.g. fractional Brownian motion, with Hurst parameter H
exceeding 1/2). This note focuses on queues fed by a large number (n) of Gaussian sources, emptied at constant service rate
nc. In particular, we consider the probability of exceeding buffer level nb, as a function of b. This probability decaying
(asymptotically) exponentially in n, the essential information is contained in the exponential decay rate I(b). The main result
of this note describes the duality relation between the shape of I(.) and the correlation structure. More specifically, it is shown
that the curve I((backslash)cdot) is convex at some buffer size b if and only if there are negative correlations on the time scale
at which the overflow takes place.
NTIS
Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process; Queueing Theory
Netherlands
Reduced-Load Equivalence for Queues with Gaussian Input
Dieker, A. B.; Sep. 2004; 12 pp.; In English
In this note, we consider a queue fed by a number of independent heterogeneous Gaussian sources. We study under what
conditions a reduced load equivalence holds, i.e., when a subset of the sources becomes asymptotically dominant as the buffer
size increases. For this, recent results on extremes of Gaussian processes are combined with de Haan theory. We explain how
227
the results of this note relate to square root insensitivity and moderately heavy tails.
NTIS
Equivalence; Loads (Forces); Heterogeneity
20090021307 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Technische Univ., Hamburg,
Germany; Technische Univ., Twente, Netherlands; TNO Telecom, Delft, Netherlands
Versatile Model for TCP Bandwidth Sharing in Networks with Heterogeneous Users
Abendroth, D.; Van den Berg, J. L.; Mandjes, M. R. H.; Nov. 2004; 24 pp.; In English
Enabled by the emergence of various access technologies (such as ADSL and wireless LAN), the number of users with
high-speed access to the Internet is growing rapidly, and their expectation with respect to the quality-of-service of the
applications has been increasing accordingly. With TCP being the ubiquitous underlying end-to-end control, this motivates the
interest in easy-to-evaluate, yet accurate, performance models for a TCP-based network shared by multiple classes of users.
Building on the vast body of existing models, we develop a novel versatile model that explicitly captures user heterogeneity,
and takes into consideration dynamics at both the packet level and the flow level. It is described how the resulting multiple
time-scale model can be numerically evaluated. Validation is done by using NS2 simulations as a benchmark. In extensive
numerical experiments, we study the impact of heterogeneity in the round-trip times on user-level characteristics such as
throughputs and flow transmission times, thus quantifying the resulting bias. We also investigate to what extent this bias is
affected by the networks packet-level parameters, such as buffer sizes. We conclude by extending the single-link model in
a straightforward way to a general network setting. Also in this network setting the impact of heterogeneity in round-trip times
is numerically assessed.
NTIS
Bandwidth; Heterogeneity; Local Area Networks
20090021415 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Twente Univ., Netherlands
Asymptotically Efficient Simulation Of Large Deviation Probabilities
Dieker, A. B.; Mandjes, M. R. H.; Sep. 03, 2003; 30 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NWO-631.000.002
Consider a family of probabilities for which the decay is governed by a large deviation principle. To find an estimate for
a fixed member of this family, one is often forced to use simulation techniques. Direct Monte Carlo simulation, however, is
often impractical, particularly if the probability that should be estimated is extremely small. Importance sampling is a
technique in which samples are drawn from an alternative distribution, and an unbiased estimate is found after a likelihood
ratio correction. Specific exponentially twisted distributions were shown to be good sampling distributions under fairly general
circumstances. In this paper, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic efficiency of a single exponentially
twisted distribution, sharpening previously established conditions. Using the insights that these conditions provide, we
construct an example for which we explicitly compute the best change of measure. However, simulation using the new
measure faces exactly the same difficulties as direct Monte Carlo simulation. We discuss the relation between this example
and other counter examples in the literature. We also apply the conditions to find necessary and sufficient conditions for
asymptotic efficiency of the exponential twist in a Mogulskii sample-path problem. An important special case of this problem
is the probability of ruin within finite time.
NTIS
Probability Theory; Simulation
The Use of Copulas and MPP-Based Dimension Reduction Method (DRM) to Assess and Mitigate Engineering Risk
in the Army Ground Vehicle Fleet
Lamb, David A; Gorsich, David; Choi, Kyung K; Noh, Yoojeong; Lee, Ikjin; Sep 22, 2008; 9 pp.; In English; Original
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W911NF-07-D-0001
Report No.(s): AD-A497357; TARDEC-19171RC; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
In reliability based design optimization (RBDO) problems with correlated input variables, a joint cumulative distribution
228
function (CDF) needs to be obtained to transform, using the Rosenblatt transformation, the correlated input variables into
independent standard Gaussian variables for the inverse reliability analysis. However, a true joint CDF requires infinite
number of test data to be obtained, so in this paper, a copula is used, which models a joint CDF only using marginal CDFs
and limited data. Then, the inverse reliability analysis can be carried out using the joint CDF modeled by the copula and the
first order reliability method (FORM), which has been commonly used in the inverse reliability analysis. However, because
of the nonlinear Rosenblatt transformation, the FORM may yield inaccurate reliability analysis results. To resolve the problem,
this paper proposes to use the most probable point (MPP)-based dimension reduction method (DRM) for more accurate inverse
reliability analysis and RBDO. As an example of the proposed method, an RBDO study of an M1A1 Abrams tank roadarm
is carried out.
DTIC
Automobiles; Design Optimization; Distribution Functions; Reliability; Risk
20090021458 Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center, Kirtland AFB, NM USA
Simulation Validation Using a Non-Parametric Statistical Method
Smith, Brian D; Dec 2006; 65 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
A primary advantage to using modeling and simulation (M&S) in a test program is it can often answer test measures that,
if answered using real-world data, would require unrealistically expensive, time-consuming, or complex test events.
Simulation outputs, though, are only as good as the underlying assumptions and models built into the simulation. For even
moderately complex simulations, it is not easy to predict the quality of simulation results based purely on the logic that if
component models, theoretical component interactions, and simulation inputs are valid, then the simulation results will be as
valid as the results of a real-world test event under the same conditions. Direct comparison of simulation results to real-world
test data is often conducted as part of a simulation validation effort. The analyst is faced with a difficult question: has enough
data been collected under these conditions to be considered a statistically significant sample for comparison with the
simulation?
DTIC
Simulation; Statistical Analysis
20090021463 Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren, VA USA
A Common Basis for Analytical Clutter Representations
Gray, John E; May 1, 2005; 7 pp.; In English
In order to understand the problems intractable problems nature presents us, we are forced to make simplifications till we
arrive at simple analytical models that we are capable of understanding. Such canonical models are rare, but useful as tools
for constructing more realistic models that we can use analyze nature. The class of analytical models for clutter analysis
limited to those that consist of various amplitude models with the phase noise assumed to have a probability density function
that is uniformly distributed. These analytical models can be extended by relaxing the assumption of uniform phase noise to
phase noise with non-uniform distributions. It is shown how to determine the probability density function for these
non-uniform distributions in general and then the method is illustrated with such distributions as Gaussian, Laplacian, and
Chi-squared. This enables one to determine the probability density functions of the individual components of clutter model
such as xt = vt cos(phi c). Using the rule for determining the products of distributions, we show that the functional form for
xt is reduced to evaluating integrals that reduce to elliptical functions. Once the functional form has been determined, it is easy
to determine the moments of the PDF and hence completely characterize its statistics.
DTIC
Clutter; Mathematical Models; Probability Density Functions
20090021684 Atlantic Research Corp., Gainesville, VA USA
Threat Hazard Assessment - The Key to Insensitive Munitions
Graham, Kenneth J; Spear, Guy B; Aug 1996; 10 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
One aspect of insensitive munitions technology that is required by MIL-STD-2105, yet whose methodology is still
229
ill-defined is the threat hazard assessment (THA). The THA requires definition of the statistical elements of exposure,
likelihood, and probable consequences of damage. Current methodologies do not provide means to quantify the probabilities
associated with the statistical elements of postulated threat scenarios so that they can be combined for risk assessment. In this
paper, the statistically-based threat hazard assessment methodology developed by Atlantic Research Corporation is presented.
We discuss how system safety and risk analysis techniques are combined to develop a new procedure that provides quantitative
measurement of system risks.
DTIC
Cost Analysis; Cost Effectiveness; Explosives; Hazards
20090021693 Iowa Univ. - IIHR, Iowa City, IA USA
Factors of Safety for Richardson Extrapolation for Industrial Applications
Xing, Tao; Stern, Fred; Sep 2008; 18 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-01-1-0073; N00014-06-1-0420
Report No.(s): AD-A498085; IIHR-TR-466; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Improved factors of safety for quantitative estimates for grid and time convergence uncertainties for CFD solutions are
proposed for situations when Richardson extrapolation estimated order of accuracy P(sub k) is larger than the theoretical order
of accuracy P(sub k(th)) and correction factor 1<C(sub k)<2. The improved uncertainty estimates are shown to provide more
reasonable intervals of uncertainty for P(sub k) > P(sub k(th)) (1<C(sub k)<2).
DTIC
Estimates; Extrapolation; Safety
20090021694 Iowa Univ. - IIHR, Iowa City, IA USA
Factors of Safety for Richardson Extrapolation
Xing, Tao; Stern, Fred; Mar 2009; 65 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-01-1-0073; N00014-06-1-0420
Report No.(s): AD-A498086; IIHR-TR-469; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
A factor of safety (FS) method for quantitative estimates of grid/time uncertainties for CFD solutions is derived to remove
the deficiencies of GCI, corrected GCI(sub C), and correction factor (CF) methods, i.e., unreasonably small uncertainty when
CF > 1 (estimated order of accuracy greater than theoretical) and lack of statistical analysis to prove 95% confidence for the
estimated uncertainties to bound the true error. The approach follows the CF method but reflects the uncertainty instead of FS
for CF < 1 for CF > 1 (CF = 1 is asymptotic range). FS at CF = 0 and 1 are determined by reliability and lower band of the
confidence interval of the true mean based on statistical analysis using a large sample of analytical/numerical benchmarks
covering 17 studies, 96 variables and 304 individual grid triplets. Only the FS method provides 95% confidence that the actual
factor of safety FS(sub A) > 1 for the 304 grid convergence studies: confidence intervals are 86.2%, 92.1%, 91.5%, and 95.7%
for GCI, GCI(sub C), CF, and FS. For 20% of the data 1.1 smaller or equal CF < 2.0, GCI, GCI(sub C), and CF methods fail
as only 47.4%, 71.2%, 72.9% confidence intervals are achieved, whereas 89.3% is achieved for the FS method. Only the FS
method has 95% confidence the lower band of the confidence interval for FS(sub A) is larger than 1.2 for different studies,
variables, ranges of CF, and single CF values where multiple FS(sub A) are available.
DTIC
Estimates; Extrapolation; Safety
20090021701 George Washington Univ., Washington, DC USA
Integrating Disparate Information
Singpurwalla, Nozer D; Apr 21, 2009; 133 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-06-1-0037
The focus of our research has been a rigorous investigation of the underlying mathematics driving the integrity and
survivability of systems. Included herein are approaches of integrating information from diverse sources; these serve as a
paradigm for information integration. The period of research performance has resulted in nine refereed publications, two
books, and one publication to appear. See Attached for highlights of significant results.
DTIC
Probability Theory; Risk
230

Wind and Tiadal Effects on Chemical Spill in St Andrew Bay System
Chu, Peter C; Pauly, Patrice; Haeger, Steven D; Ward, Mathew; Jan 2006; 23 pp.; In English
A coupled hydrodynamic-chemical fate model is used to investigate mechanisms for chemical dispersion in the St Andrew
Bay system. It is found that the time for the pollutants transporting outward the bay mainly relies on the winds and source
location. If the application of the stochastic model somehow handles the wind factor, the release location must be shifted to
other places in order to evaluate the relative weight of this factor. Because the flux originating from Gulf of Mexico
predominantly flows westward, a release point located between St Andrew Bay and West Bay or even more inside West Bay
is likely not to deeply impact East Bay. The pollution will only reach the end of East Bay after 15 days if the pollutant is spilled
at point A, which only stands 8km away from the previous spot. As this chemical is not volatile, it does not evaporate and
its mass is roughly conserved into the system until its natural decay acts. West Bay is much shallower than St. Andrew Bay,
thus the small concentration decrease close to the Gulf entrance involves a large pollutant mass transfer into West Bay.
DTIC
Ground Water; Spilling; Water Pollution; Wind Effects
20090021760 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Universitat Jaume-I, Castello,
Spain
Exact Metropolis-Hastings Sampling for Marked Point Processes Using a C++ Library
Van Lieshout, M. N. M.; Stoica, R. S.; Jun. 2004; 24 pp.; In English
This report documents MPPLIB, a C++ library for marked point processes, and illustrates its use by means of a new exact
Metropolis-Hastings simulation algorithm.
NTIS
C++ (Programming Language); Libraries; Markov Processes; Sampling
20090021771 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands
J-Function for Marked Point Patterns
Van Lieshout, M. N. M.; Jun. 2004; 32 pp.; In English
We propose a new summary statistic for marked point patterns. The underlying principle is to compare the distance from
a marked point to the nearest other marked point in the pattern to the same distance seen from an arbitrary point in space.
Information about the range of interaction can be inferred, and the statistic is well-behaved under random mark allocation. We
develop a range of Hanisch style kernel estimators to tackle the problems of exploding tail variance earlier associated with
J-function plug-in estimators, and carry out an exploratory analysis of a forestry data set.
NTIS
Estimates; Forest Management; Forests
Netherlands
Fast Simulation of Overflow Probabilities in a Queue with Gaussian Input
Dieker, A. B.; Mandjes, M. R. H.; Apr. 20, 2004; 32 pp.; In English
Probability Theory; Queueing Theory; Simulation
20090021781 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; France Telecom International,
Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ, USA
Inter-Cell Scheduling in Wireless Data Networks
Bonald, T.; Borst, S. C.; Proutiere, A.; Dec. 2004; 16 pp.; In English
Over the past few years, the design and performance of channel-aware scheduling strategies have attracted huge interest.
In the present paper we examine a somewhat different notion of scheduling, namely coordination of transmissions among base
231
stations, which has received little attention so far. The inter-cell coordination comprises two key elements: (i) interference
avoidance; and (ii) load balancing. The interference avoidance involves coordinating the activity phases of interfering base
stations so as to increase transmission rates. The load balancing aims at diverting traffic from heavily-loaded cells to
lightly-loaded cells. We consider a dynamic scenario where users come and go over time as governed by the arrival and
completion of random data transfers, and evaluate the potential capacity gains from inter-cell coordination in terms of the
maximum amount of traffic that can be supported for a given spatial traffic pattern. We also show that simple adaptive
strategies achieve the maximum capacity without the need for any explicit knowledge of the traffic characteristics. Numerical
experiments demonstrate that inter-cell scheduling may provide significant capacity gains, the relative contribution from
interference avoidance vs. load balancing depending on the configuration and the degree of load imbalance in the network.
NTIS
Balancing; Downlinking; Loads (Forces); Scheduling; Stability

Weaponeering the Future: Direct Energy Weapons Effectiveness Now and Tomorrow
Fager, Chadwick F; Apr 2007; 43 pp.; In English
Direct Energy weapons can exist on the battlefield of today, and the warfighter needs to know what Probability of Damage
these weapons can attain. Currently, the Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual calculates a Single Sortie Probability of
Damage for conventional Blast and Fragmentation weapons. Using Futures Research methods allows the determination of
what effects Direct Energy weapons will impart in the year 2035. The Status of Futures Index (SoFI) method compares
complex entities to one another across multiple dimensions. Adapting the Single Sortie Probability of Damage formula for
Lasers, Microwave, and Millimeter wave weapons allows a determination of their effectiveness. The required formulas for
each type of Direct Energy weapons Probability of Damage (or Effect) are derived and explained. The Direct Energy weapons
are compared to both conventional weapons and one another. Adjusting these probability equations for various inputs enables
a forecast of the future capabilities of each weapon. The current trend trajectory establishes a baseline estimate of future
Probabilities of Effect. Then, disruptive technologies are analyzed for their effect on the weapons capabilities. Each type of
weapon poses a unique challenge. For Lasers to match the capabilities of Blast/Fragmentation weapons, the power output must
be increased. Microwave weapons not only require increases in power, but also advances in antenna technology.
Millimeter-wave weapons can currently produce the required power, but manufacturing them proves to be an obstacle. To
overcome these difficulties, new technologies must be pursued. The SoFI method allows continuous evaluation of progress
toward the goal of effective Direct Energy weapons.
DTIC
Damage; Prediction Analysis Techniques; Probability Theory; System Effectiveness; Weapon Systems
20090021971 Stirling Univ., UK

A Markov Model for the EpiChord Peer-to-Peer Overlay in an XCAST Enabled Network
Kolberg, Mario; Kolberg, Florence; Brown, Alan; Buford, John; Jan 2007; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Structured Peer to Peer (P2P) overlay networks are becoming increasingly popular. Multi-hop systems achieve a
successful lookup in O(log N) hops, whereas one-hop systems approach O(1) hops. Both approaches, but especially one-hop
overlays suffer from a high number of identical messages being sent to a number of nodes on the overlay. Previous work
showed that P2P networks benefit from the integration of the overlay network with the underlay network in which
multi-destination multicast routing is available. This allows combining identical messages from the same source into joint
multi-destination multicast messages to significantly reduce the number of messages. Our experimentation has centered
around the one-hop EpiChord overlay. Here the problem is described using a Markov Model for more advanced analysis. The
Markov Model is believed to be novel in two aspects: it is the first to investigate one-hop overlays and it is the first to study
the performance of multi-destination multicast including the consideration of retransmissions of requests.
DTIC
Markov Processes; Mathematical Models
232
66
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH
Includes mathematical modeling of systems; network analysis; mathematical programming; decision theory; and game theory.

Dynamic Pricing and Investment from Static Proxy Models. OSP Working Paper Series 40
Mandy, D. M.; Sharkey, W. W.; Sep. 2003; 49 pp.; In English
This paper evaluates the use of static cost proxy models in setting forward-looking prices, such as the prices set according
to the FCCs TELRIC methodology. First, it compares the time paths of prices and depreciation under traditional regulatory
accounting with the prices and depreciation implied by various versions of TELRIC. When TELRIC prices are recomputed
at intervals shorter than asset lives, the firm will generally not earn the target rate of return. In these cases, a correction factor
must be applied to the TELRIC price path in order for revenues to exactly recover investment cost, including the target rate
of return. Next, the paper considers a firms cost minimizing investment decisions under two different assumptions about asset
obsolescence. In both scenarios, cost minimizing investment paths and implied utilization rates for the firms assets are derived
under a variety of assumptions about the relevant input parameters. Some implications for TELRIC pricing are then derived.
NTIS
Cost Analysis; Depreciation; Static Models
20090021301 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands; University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, Canada
Strong Laws for Generalized Absolute Lorenz Curves When Data Are Stationary and Ergodic Sequences
Helmers, R.; Zitikis, R. Z.; Sep. 01, 2004; 14 pp.; In English
We consider generalized absolute Lorenz curves that include, as special cases, classical and generalized L-statistics as
well as absolute or, in other words, generalized Lorenz curves. The curves are based on strictly stationary and ergodic
sequences of random variables. Most of the previous results were obtained under the additional assumption that the sequences
are weakly Bernoullian or, in other words, absolutely regular. We also argue that the latter assumption can be undesirable from
the applications point of view.
NTIS
Ergodic Process; Laws; Sequencing
20090021457 Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM USA

Computer and Centrifuge Modeling of Decoupled Explosions in Civilian Tunnels
Preece, Dale S; Weatherby, Joe R; Blanchat, Thomas K; Davie, Neil T; Calderone, James J; Togami, Thomas C; Benham,
Robert A; Aug 1998; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Geotechnical structures such as underground bunkers, tunnels, and building foundations are subjected to stress fields
produced by the gravity load on the structure and/or any overlying strata. These stress fields may be reproduced on a scaled
model of the structure by proportionally increasing the gravity field through the use of a centrifuge. This technology can then
be used to assess the vulnerability of various geotechnical structures to explosive loading. Applications of this technology
include assessing the effectiveness of earth penetrating weapons, evaluating the vulnerability of various structures,
counter-terrorism, and model validation. This document describes the development of expertise in scale model explosive
testing on geotechnical structures using Sandias large scale centrifuge facility. This study focused on buried structures such
as hardened storage bunkers or tunnels. Data from this study was used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of existing
hydrocodes and structural dynamics codes developed at Sandia National Laboratories (such as Pronto/SPH, Pronto/CTH, and
ALEGRA).
DTIC
Centrifuges; Computerized Simulation; Decoupling; Explosions; Scale Models; Underground Explosions
233

Strategic Framing of Stability Operations
Lilly, Douglas D; Mar 2009; 40 pp.; In English
This paper establishes the strategy factors which must be considered for strategy framing of stability operations by
analyzing the strategic aspects of counterinsurgency theory and doctrine, a subset of stability operations. Controlling these
strategic factors with the U.S. Governments instruments of power - diplomatic, informational, military, economic, financial,
intelligence, and law enforcement - set the conditions with other nations and groups external to the fragile state to help ensure
successful stability operations.
DTIC
Stability; Warfare
Evolutionary Game Framework for Behavior Dynamics in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
Wang, Beibei; Liu, K J; Clancy, T C; Jan 2008; 6 pp.; In English
Cooperative spectrum sensing has been shown to greatly improve the sensing performance in cognitive radio networks.
However, if the cognitive users belong to different service providers, they tend to contribute less in sensing in order to achieve
a higher throughput. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary game framework to study the interactions between selfish users
in cooperative sensing. We derive the behavior dynamics and the stationary strategy of the secondary users, and further
propose a distributed learning algorithm that helps the secondary users approach the Nash equilibrium with only local payoff
observation. Simulation results show that the average throughput achieved in the cooperative sensing game with more than
two secondary users is higher than that when the secondary users sense the primary user individually without cooperation.
DTIC
Detection; Game Theory; Radio Transmission; Spectra; Spectrum Analysis
20090021872 Defence Science and Technology Organization, Australia
Some Methods for Scenario Analysis in Defence Strategic Planning
Nguyen, Minh-Tuan; Dunn, Madeleine; Feb 2009; 49 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A498161; DSTO-TR-2242; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Scenarios are an important tool in the strategic planning process, and are increasingly used in both the Defence and
business world. This paper describes some potentially useful scenario analysis methods for systematically selecting and
developing future scenarios. The processes of each method are illustrated with small examples. We also demonstrate a single,
flexible approach to combining these methods using a typical Defence strategic planning problem. Some general guidelines
to consider when choosing and using an appropriate scenario analysis method are also discussed.
DTIC
Management Planning; Operations Research
67
THEORETICAL MATHEMATICS
Includes algebra, functional analysis, geometry, topology, set theory, group theory and number theory.
20090021549 Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD USA

A Field Study to Understand the Currents and Loads of a Near Shore Finfish Farm
Fredriksson, David W; DeCew, Judson C; Irish, James D; Sep 2006; 10 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
An extensive field study was conducted to investigate the current velocities and mooring system tensions in a 20-unit net
pen fish farm located in Eastport Maine, USA, near the Bay of Fundy where extreme tides create strong currents loading fish
farm components. To understand the flow characteristics at the site, currents meters were deployed at external and internal
farm locations during three distinct operational conditions: (1) clean nets for smolts, (2) clean nets for standard grow out and
(3) nets for standard grow out at the end of the stocking schedule, when the gear is fouled with biological material. Also,
234
several load cells were deployed at the same time on important anchor leg and net pen attachment components to measure
system loads. The current meter data sets provided evidence of velocity flow reduction through the farm by examining the
current meter statistics and tidal harmonic constituents. Tidal analysis also showed substantial tidal harmonics or shallow
water tides. The load cells measured maximum loads of 104 kN for anchor leg and 11 kN for net pen lines. The results are
significant because few extensive fish farm engineering data sets exist, especially for different combinations of nets and levels
of biological fouling. These results are being used in complementary studies to quantify flow reduction, to validate Morison
equation type numerical models and as a baseline for specifying offshore fish farm gear.
DTIC
Fishes; Harmonics; Loads (Forces); Ocean Currents; Tides
70
PHYSICS (GENERAL)
Includes general research topics related to mechanics, kinetics, magnetism, and electrodynamics. For specific areas of physics see
categories 71 through 77. For related instrumentation see 35 Instrumentation and Photography; for geophysics, astrophysics, or solar
physics see 46 Geophysics, 90 Astrophysics, or 92 Solar Physics.
20090021456 Oak Ridge Inst. for Science and Education, TN USA

Electrical Exploding Nickel and Tungsten Wires in Air and Water
Vunni, George B; Feb 2009; 22 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): W911QX-04-C-0129; Proj-H430
Nickel wire of diameter d = 230 microns and tungsten wire of diameter d = 150 microns were exploded in air and water.
Plasmas were formed by rapid electrical discharge through thin wires in air and immersed in a water bath. Energy deposited
into the wires at different stages of heating in air and water was estimated from the experiments. It was shown that ~30% more
energy was deposited in water than in air.
DTIC
Exploding Wires; Explosions; Nickel; Tungsten; Water

Detection of Frequency-Hopped Waveforms Embedded in Interference Waveforms with Noise
Weber, John; Kowalske, Kyle; Robertson, Clark; Kragh, Frank; Brown, Christopher; Jan 2007; 7 pp.; In English; Original
Bandwidth usage has become more complex such that it is not uncommon that multiple signals of appreciable power may
be present within the same bandwidth. The presence of multiple signals in addition to additive white Gaussian (AWGN)
increases the difficulty of detecting frequency-hopped (FH) waveforms. This paper investigates the performance of an
exponential-averaging based FH detection method in the presence of interfering signals and AWGN. The detection method
provides an estimate of the noise plus inference spectrum using exponential averaging and then generates an estimate of the
desired signal spectrum by combining the estimated noise plus interference spectrum with the composite spectrum.
DTIC
Communication Networks; Detection; Embedding; Frequencies; Frequency Hopping; Waveforms

HotSpot Software Test Plan
Walker, H.; Homann, S. G.; Mar. 12, 2009; 13 pp.; In English
This Software Test Plan (STP) describes the procedures used to verify and validate that the HotSpot Health Physics Codes
meet the requirements of its user base, which includes: Users of the PC version of HotSpot conducting consequence
235
assessment, hazard assessment and safety analysis calculations; Users of the NARAC Web and iClient software tools, which
allow users to run HotSpot for consequence assessment modeling.
NTIS
Computer Programs; Evaluation; Health Physics; System Effectiveness
Isotope-Specific Detection of Low Density Materials with Mono-Energetic (Gamma)-Rays
Albert, F.; Anderson, S. G.; Gibson, D. J.; Hagmann, C. A.; Johnson, M. S.; Mar. 16, 2009; 7 pp.; In English
The first demonstration of isotope-specific detection of a low-Z, low density object, shielded by a high-Z and high density
material using mono-energetic gamma-rays is reported. Isotope-specific detection of LiH shielded by Pb and Al is
accomplished using the nuclear resonance fluorescence line of 7Li at 0.478 MeV. Resonant photons are produced via
laser-based Compton scattering. The detection techniques are general and the confidence level obtained is shown to be superior
to that yielded by conventional x-ray/(pi)x-ray techniques in these situations.
NTIS
Isotopes; Low Density Materials
71
ACOUSTICS
Includes sound generation, transmission, and attenuation. For noise pollution see 45 Environment Pollution. For aircraft noise see also
02 Aerodynamics and 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power.

Calibrating Two Scientific Echo Sounders
Jech, J M; Chu, Dezhang; Foote, Kenneth G; Hammar, Terence R; Hufnagle, Jr, Lawrence C; Sep 2003; 6 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497845; WHOI-CONTRIB-10983; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center
(DTIC)
The Simrad EK500 has been the state-of-the-art scientific echo sounder for surveying marine fish stocks; the EK60 is its
successor. Both echo sounders have been calibrated with the same 38-kHz, 12-deg-beamwidth, split-beam transducer by the
standard-target method at the acoustic calibration facility on Iselin Dock at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The
principal measurements were on-axis target strengths and the two-way directivity patterns of the main lobe, measured with
a 60-mm-diameter copper sphere. For each echo sounder, the respective split-beam-determined and directly measured angles
of the standard target are compared. The directivity pattern as approximated by Simrad firmware is fit to the experimental data,
and both the splitbeam- determined and newly compensated values of target strength are expressed through histograms. Target
strength distributions are compared for two spheres: a 60-mm-diameter aluminum and 38.1-mm-diameter tungsten carbide
with 6% cobalt binder spheres.
DTIC
Calibrating; Rangefinding; Sounding
Comparing Two Scientific Echo Sounders
Jech, J M; Foote, Kenneth G; Chu, Dezhang; Liberatore, Stephen P; Sep 2003; 4 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497849; WHOI-CONTRIB-10985; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center
(DTIC)
The Simrad EK500 and EK60 scientific echo sounders have been operated with the same 38-kHz, 12-deg-beamwidth,
split-beam transducer, with alternate pinging by means of an external triggering-and-switching system. The respective
performances of the two systems are compared by means of standard-target calibrations conducted at the acoustic calibration
facility on Iselin Dock at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with a 60-mm-diameter copper sphere. Principal comparisons
236
include those of time series of echo strength and target strength, split-beam-determined angles, and derived measures of
directivity.
DTIC
Rangefinding; Sounding
20090021653 Science Applications International Corp., San Diego, CA USA
High-frequency Broadband Matched Field Processing in the 8-16 kHz Band
Hursky, Paul; Porter, Michael B; Siderius, Martin; McDonald, Vincent K; Sep 2003; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-00-D-0115
We will show model-based localization results at 8-16 kHz using a single hydrophone in several shallow water
environments, with successful tracking out to 3 km. It is very difficult to produce accurate replicas of the field at these high
frequencies, due to sensitivity to small bathymetric features, surface motion (waves), and water column fluctuations. To reduce
this sensitivity, we match the envelope of the field in the time domain, using the Bellhop ray-tracing model to calculate
replicas. At these high frequencies, ray tracing is a viable approach. SignalEx tests have been conducted in a variety of shallow
water coastal environments to relate acoustic communications performance to oceanographic conditions. A fixed receiver and
a transmitter drifting out to minimum detectable ranges were used. Waveforms to probe the channel in the 8 to 16 kHz band
were transmitted at regular intervals. These signals were initially used to study the channel and subsequently to test our source
localization algorithms. Working in the time domain enables the fluctuations to be directly observed as changes in the times
of arrival. After aligning a sequence of probe pulses on the stabler initial arrivals, the pattern of fluctuations in the amplitudes
and arrival times of the later arrivals can be observed. These fluctuations cause mismatch between the data and the replicas
with which the data is being correlated. We will present measurements of the time-varying channel response and source
localization results from a shallow water site off the coast of La Jolla in San Diego, California.
DTIC
Broadband; Electromagnetic Fields; High Frequencies; Hydrophones; Shallow Water
20090021654 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA USA
Exploitation of Environmental Complexity in Shallow Water Acoustic Data Communications
Hodgkiss, William S; Mar 27, 2009; 8 pp.; In English
Complexity of the channel is beneficial for time reversal communications. After multichannel combining, each user signal
is processed with a single channel decision feedback equalizer (DFE) to remove any residual intersymbol interference (ISI)
and compensate for channel fluctuations during the packet transmission. This same approach can be applied in a synthetic
aperture context where multiple transmissions (separated spatially) substitute for multiple receive elements. As an alternative
to the passive time reversal technique, an iterative equalization and decoding approach also has been developed for recovering
information transmitted through a shallow water communication channel.
DTIC
Acoustic Properties; Acoustics; Communication; Data Transmission; Exploitation; Shallow Water; Sound Transmission
High Frequency Images of Proud and Buried 3D-Targets
Sammelmann, Gary S; Sep 1, 2003; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
PC SWAT (Personal Computer Shallow Water Acoustic Tool-set) is a sonar simulation package developed at Coastal
Systems Station to predict acoustic sensor performance. This article focuses on the algorithms used by PC SWAT to generate
synthetic images of proud, buried, and partially buried three-dimensional targets. High frequency scattering from the target
is described by a combination of the Kirchhoff approximation and the Geometric Theory of Diffraction. Propagation of sound
into a marine sediment with ripples is described by an application of Snells law and second order perturbation theory in terms
of Bragg scattering.
DTIC
Acoustics; High Frequencies; Signal Detectors; Sonar; Targets
237

Characterization and Modeling of Underwater Acoustic Communications Channels for Frequency-Shift-Keying
Signals
Yang, Wen-Bin; Yang, T C; Sep 2006; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
In a fading channel, bit error rate for frequency-shift- keying signals is determined predominantly by the envelope
amplitude fading statistics of the signal. The narrowband envelope amplitude distributions are measured from the TREX04
data (as a function of frequency) using M-sequence signals centered at 17 kHz with a 5 kHz bandwidth. The results do not
fit the Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami m-distributions. In contrast, we find that the data are fitted well by a K-distribution. We
also analyze the data in terms of long-term and short-term statistics. The long-term and short-term fading statistics are well
fitted by the lognormal distribution and Rayleigh distribution respectively, choosing the average time scale to be ~0.2 sec. The
joint probability distribution function of a lognormal and the Rayleigh distribution is approximately the K-distribution.
DTIC
Acoustics; Channels (Data Transmission); Communication; Frequency Shift; Frequency Shift Keying; Sound Transmission;
Underwater Acoustics
A Kernel Machine Framework for Feature Optimization in Multi-frequency Sonar Imagery
Stack, J R; Arrieta, R; Liao, X; Carin, L; Sep 2006; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The purpose of this research is to optimize the extraction of classification features. This includes the optimal adjustment
of parameters used to compute features as well as an objective and quantitative method to assist in choosing a priori data
collection parameters (e.g., the insonification frequencies of a multi-frequency sonar). To accomplish this, a kernel machine
is employed and implemented with the kernel matching pursuits (KMP) algorithm. The KMP algorithm is computationally
efficient, allows the use of arbitrary kernel mappings, and facilitates the development of a technique to quantify discriminating
power as a function of each feature. A method for feature optimization is then presented and evaluated on simulated and
experimental data. The experimental data is derived from low-resolution, multi-frequency sonar and consists of a large feature
space relative to the available training data. The proposed method successfully optimizes the feature extraction parameters and
identifies the (much smaller) subset of features actually providing the discriminating capability.
DTIC
Imagery; Kernel Functions; Pattern Recognition; Sonar
Broad-band Time Domain Modeling of Sonar Clutter in Range Dependent Waveguides
LePage, K D; Neumann, P; Holland, C W; Sep 2006; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
A broadband time domain reverberation and clutter model has been developed to aid in the development of a better
understanding of the environmental and system characteristics which drive sonar clutter in inhomogeneous waveguides. The
theoretical background of the model is presented and its ability to model both diffuse background reverberation levels and
clutter characteristics for a site on the Malta Plateau south of Sicily are evaluated.
DTIC
Broadband; Clutter; Mathematical Models; Reverberation; Sonar; Waveguides
20090021703 Hanyang Univ., Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Observations of the R Reflector and Sediment Interface Reflection at the Shallow Water 06 Central Site
Choi, Jee Woong; Dahl, Peter H; Goff, J A; Aug 28, 2008; 8 pp.; In English
Acoustic bottom-interacting measurements from the Shallow Water 06 experiment (frequency range 1-20 kHz) are
presented. These are co-located with coring and stratigraphic studies showing a thin (~20 cm) higher sound speed layer
overlaying a thicker (~20 m) lower sound speed layer ending at a high-impedance reflector (R reflector). Reflections from the
R reflector and analysis of the bottom reflection coefficient magnitude for the upper two sediment layers confirm both these
238
features. Geoacoustic parameters are estimated, dispersion effects addressed, and forward modeling using the parabolic wave
equation undertaken. The reflection coefficient measurements suggest a nonlinear attenuation law for the thin layer of sandy
sediments.
DTIC
Acoustic Velocity; Reflectors; Sediments; Shallow Water; Stratigraphy
3-D Acoustic Imaging of Broadband SAS Data
Christoff, Jim; Wilbur, JoEllen; Cook, Dan; Sep 2003; 8 pp.; In English
The difficult conditions encountered in the littoral region require development of flexible sonar processing technologies.
One technical approach to increase the flexibility of active sonar has been the development of broadband sonar for
multifrequency analysis. Physics based target models of acoustic backscatter use frequency as a prime variable, often defined
in terms of radius, a, and acoustic wavenumber, k. For example, fluid filled spheres insonified at low frequencies exhibit sharp
peaks and nulls in the acoustic backscatter. As ka increases marine biologists have predicted and observed a frequency
variation in target strength associated with shape in the acoustic return of biologics that conform to fluid filled and elastic
object models. The broadband synthetic aperture sonar (BBSAS) at CSS enables one to add another dimension (frequency)
to the target feature space without compromising resolution. The processing enables a user to construct a 3-D image
description around targets of interest. A modified STFT, Choi-Williams, and Binomial transformations, are compared for the
frequency decomposition stage of the beamformer. A trade-off between processing complexity and preservation of the target
characteristics is discussed.
DTIC
Acoustic Imaging; Broadband; SAS; Sonar; Synthetic Apertures
Motion Compensation of AUV-Based Synthetic Aperture Sonar
Cook, Daniel A; Christoff, James T; Fernandez, Jose E; Sep 2003; 7 pp.; In English
To date, ocean-going synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) systems have been deployed exclusively in a configuration where
the sonar instrument is housed in a towed body that receives power from and exchanges information with the vessel to which
it is attached. Meanwhile, recent years have witnessed the beginnings of maturity with respect to both SAS and autonomous
underwater vehicle (AUV) technologies. In order to move away from the towed sonar paradigm, the Coastal Systems Station
has recently taken delivery of and begun using the first AUV-based SAS. The AUV was manufactured by Bluefin Robotics
and the sonar used on this vehicle is the existing CSS LF/HF SAS. This transition is not without its challenges, however, as
the operation and dynamic behavior of an AUV is different from that of a towed body. In general, the AUV configuration
makes the problem of unwanted platform motion more severe and more difficult to solve. This paper discusses motion
compensation in the context of initial evaluations of the performance of the CSS AUV-based SAS system.
DTIC
Sonar; Synthetic Apertures
Results of a Multi-static Synthetic Aperture Sonar Experiment
Matthews, Anthony D; Johnson, Victor B; Ball, Randall W; Sep 2003; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
It has long been recognized that point targets in synthetic aperture sonar (or radar) imagery could be used to calculate the
beamformer coefficients and the motion compensation functions for the system. One difficulty with this approach arises when
no point targets are available. Another problem exists in the initial recognition of true point targets, or rather, the automatic
separation of point targets from complex targets in the raw data. A multi-static synthetic aperture sonar (MSSAS) laboratory
experiment, instructive to practical field applications, was conducted at Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division,
Coastal Systems Station (CSS) Acoustic Test Facility (ATF) in December 2000. The experimental method and three
dimensional imagery results are described. Practical field system designs suggested by this experiment are explored.
Hyperbolic Frequency Modulation (HFM) transmissions in the 5-17 KHz band were sent to a vertical array that was four
wavelengths high at 10 KHz. A horizontal aperture of 40 wavelengths (at 10 KHz) was synthesized. A bullet shaped shell,
239
approximately 32 inches long, was used as the target. A simplified self-calibration technique is harnessed to simultaneously
form the basic multi-static beamformer kernel, remove motion effects, and resolve the unknown distances among transmitter,
receivers, and target.
DTIC
Sonar; Synthetic Apertures
20090022222 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Wyle Labs., Inc., USA
Predicting the Acoustic Environment Induced by the Launch of the Ares I Vehicle
The exhaust plumes of launch vehicles impose severe heating rates, pressures, and vibroacoustic loads on ground support
equipment (GSE) on the Mobile Launcher (ML), as well as on the vehicle itself. The vibroacoustic environment must be
predicted before the criteria for the acceptance and qualification testing of GSE components and their installations can be
determined. This project updates launch noise modeling.
Derived from text
Acoustics; Ares 1 Launch Vehicle; Launching; Vibrational Stress; Noise (Sound); Noise Prediction

HART-II Acoustic Predictions using a Coupled CFD/CSD Method
Boyd, D. Douglas, Jr.; May 27, 2009; 19 pp.; In English; AHS International 65th Forum and Technology Display, 27-29 May
2009, Grapevine, TX, USA; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
This paper documents results to date from the Rotorcraft Acoustic Characterization and Mitigation activity under the
NASA Subsonic Rotary Wing Project. The primary goal of this activity is to develop a NASA rotorcraft impulsive noise
prediction capability which uses first principles fluid dynamics and structural dynamics. During this effort, elastic blade motion
and co-processing capabilities have been included in a recent version of the computational fluid dynamics code (CFD). The
CFD code is loosely coupled to computational structural dynamics (CSD) code using new interface codes. The CFD/CSD
coupled solution is then used to compute impulsive noise on a plane under the rotor using the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings
solver. This code system is then applied to a range of cases from the Higher Harmonic Aeroacoustic Rotor Test II (HART-II)
experiment. For all cases presented, the full experimental configuration (i.e., rotor and wind tunnel sting mount) are used in
the coupled CFD/CSD solutions. Results show good correlation between measured and predicted loading and loading time
derivative at the only measured radial station. A contributing factor for a typically seen loading mean-value offset between
measured data and predictions data is examined. Impulsive noise predictions on the measured microphone plane under the
rotor compare favorably with measured mid-frequency noise for all cases. Flow visualization of the BL and MN cases shows
that vortex structures generated in the prediction method are consist with measurements. Future application of the prediction
method is discussed.
Author
Computational Fluid Dynamics; Aeroacoustics; Dynamic Structural Analysis; Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings Equation; Noise
Prediction; Prediction Analysis Techniques; Rotary Wing Aircraft
240
72
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
Includes atomic and molecular structure, electron properties, and atomic and molecular spectra. For elementary particle physics see
73 Nuclear Physics.
20090021475 Institut Rudjer Boskovic, Zagreb, Croatia

Matter Under Extreme Conditions
Bosanac, Slobodan D; Mar 1, 2006; 63 pp.; In English
The conference covered properties of matter and materials in very strong fields, extreme pressure, extreme temperatures
(high and low) and materials on nano-scale level.
DTIC
Atoms; Low Temperature Physics; Nuclear Reactions
20090021714 Yale Univ., New Haven, CT USA

Spectroscopic Characterization of Reactive Intermediates Relevant to Supersonic Combustion
Johnson, Mark A; Feb 28, 2009; 18 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Our program specializes in the spectroscopic characterization of molecular ions and reactive intermediates in
ion-molecule reactions, and is closely integrated with ongoing activities at the AFRL Space Vehicles Directorate to determine
the temperature dependence of ion-molecule and ion-ion reaction kinetics which are important in high-velocity (e.g., scramjet)
combustion and re-entry plasma. Our role in this collaboration was to provide experimental benchmarks for bond energies,
structures, and stationary points in the potential energy profiles for reactions that are relevant models for ion-assisted
combustion of hydrocarbons.
DTIC
Reaction Kinetics; Reactivity; Spectroscopy; Supersonic Combustion
20090021875 Dayton Univ. Research Inst., OH USA

Measurement of Apparent Temperature in Post-Detonation Fireballs Using Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Lewis, W K; Rumchik, C G; May 2009; 5 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-2502
The energy release dynamics of explosives are of ongoing interest, but the short timescales involved often limit the
measurements that can be made during these processes. We have used atomic emission spectroscopy to measure the
temperature of fireballs resulting from detonation of charges of Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine doped with barium
nitrate. The time-averaged emission spectra indicate an apparent temperature of ~3000 K, in good agreement with theoretical
predictions. The technique demonstrated herein should be applicable to time-resolved studies, including those on detonation
timescales.
DTIC
Atomic Physics; Atomic Spectra; Detonation; Emission Spectra; Nuclear Explosions; Spectroscopy; Temperature
Measurement
241
73
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Includes nuclear particles; and reactor theory. For space radiation see 93 Space Radiation. For atomic and molecular physics see
72 Atomic and Molecular Physics. For elementary particle physics see 77 Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields. For nuclear
astrophysics see 90 Astrophysics.

Irans Nuclear Program: Tehrans Compliance With International Obligations
Kerr, Paul K; Mar 31, 2009; 17 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497698; CRS-R40094; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
In 2002, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) began investigating allegations that Iran had conducted
clandestine nuclear activities; the agency ultimately reported that some of these activities had violated Tehrans IAEA
safeguards agreement. The agency has not stated definitively that Iran has pursued nuclear weapons, but has also not yet been
able to conclude that the countrys nuclear program is exclusively for peaceful purposes. The IAEA Board of Governors
referred the matter to the U.N. Security Council in February 2006. Since then, the council has adopted five resolutions, the
most recent of which (Resolution 1835) was adopted in September. The Security Council has required Iran to cooperate fully
with the IAEAs investigation of its nuclear activities, suspend its uranium enrichment program, suspend its construction of
a heavy-water reactor and related projects, and ratify the Additional Protocol to its IAEA safeguards agreement. However, a
February 2009 report from IAEA Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei to the agencys Board of Governors indicated that
Tehran has continued to defy the councils demands by continuing work on its uranium enrichment program and heavy-water
reactor program. Iran has signed, but not ratified, its Additional Protocol. Iran and the IAEA agreed in August 2007 on a work
plan to clarify the outstanding questions regarding Tehrans nuclear program. Most of these questions have essentially been
resolved, but ElBaradei told the agencys board in June 2008 that the agency still has questions regarding possible military
dimensions to Irans nuclear programme. According to ElBaradeis report, the IAEA has not been able to make progress on
these matters. This report provides a brief overview of Irans nuclear program and describes the legal basis for the actions
taken by the IAEA board and the Security Council. It will be updated as events warrant.
DTIC
Iran; Reactor Technology
20090021688 Army Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville, AL USA

U.S. Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Structure Qualification Testing of Explosive Containment Rooms
Wright, Roy S; Aug 1996; 14 pp.; In English
This paper discusses the purposes and procedures of Explosive Containment Room (ECR) structure qualification (i.e.
pressurization) testing for Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP) Demilitarization CONUS sites. Six of the sites
contain explosively configured munitions, and therefore have ECR structures. (The six sites are Tooele, Utah; Anniston,
Alabama; Umatilla, Oregon; Pine Bluff, Arkansas; Pueblo, Colorado; and Richmond, Kentucky. The Tooele facility is the only
CONUS facility already constructed.) The main purpose of the ECR acceptance pressurization testing is to certify compliance
with specified leak rates through the structure, i.e. to determine the vapor tightness of the concrete structure, gates, and blast
doors. A secondary purpose is to establish a baseline of the structure. In the event of a detonation, another pressurization test
could be performed to determine if structural damage had resulted, causing higher leakage rates than the baseline rates. Per
the ECR acceptance pressurization test requirements, the maximum acceptable room leakage rate, after pressurizing to 11
pounds per square inch, is 100 standard cubic feet per minute. The paper briefly discusses the design of each ECR. ECR
structures are reinforced concrete designed in accordance with TM 5-1300. Within the ECR, the explosive components of
chemical munitions are removed by automatic equipment, requiring containment of blast shock pressures and fragmentation
and a high degree of containment of quasi-static gas pressure. The paper also addresses lessons learned from pressurization
testing at the Tooele, Utah facility. Design revisions to electrical conduit penetrations through ECR walls, based on lessons
learned, are briefly discussed.
DTIC
Chemical Composition; Containment; Nuclear Explosions; Performance Tests; Rooms; Stockpiling
242

Discerning U.S. Strategic Options For a Nuclear Iran
Frost, Patricia A; Mar 11, 2009; 36 pp.; In English
Over the last eight years the U.S. strategy of containing and isolating Iran has proven ineffective and actually strengthened
Irans goals for a nuclear energy program. It also pushed Iran to form beneficial trade agreements with nations such as China
and Russia. In order to ensure long term stability and security in the Middle East, security to U.S. allies, and protection of U.S.
vital interests, the U.S. must take the lead in a creating and executing foreign policy that is well coordinated with its allies
and opens a new relationship with Iran. This strategy research paper proposes a U.S. comprehensive smart power strategy that
integrates diplomatic, information, economic and military tools to address the complex and volatile issues of this region. By
using all elements of smart power, the U.S. demonstrates that it is open to a relationship of mutual respect with Iran and is
willing to provide Iran with nuclear energy alternatives. This strategy will also demonstrate U.S. resolve to take action when
vital national interests (survival of allies) are threatened. The U.S. strategic goal is Irans development of a peaceful nuclear
energy program while precluding an indigenous uranium enrichment capacity.
DTIC
Foreign Policy; International Relations; Iran; Military Operations; Strategy
74
OPTICS
Includes light phenomena and the theory of optical devices; for specific optical devices see also 35 Instrumentation and Photography.
For lasers see 36 Lasers and Masers.

Airborne LiDAR Reflective Linear Feature Extraction for Strip Adjustment and Horizontal Accuracy Determination
Toth, D.; Brzezinska, D.; Feb. 2009; 122 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109228; FHWA/OH-2008/15; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The introduction of airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) in the late nineties was followed by a quick
proliferation of the technology, and LiDAR is now the primary surface data extraction mapping technique. This remarkable
success is mainly due to the fact that LiDAR data are explicit and the processing can be highly automated. Consequently,
almost no human intervention is required and the turnaround time is very short. The quality of the LIDAR product is excellent
as compared to most of the surface datasets collected in the past. These factors largely contributed to the fast market
acceptance of the LiDAR technology. Early production experiences for most users, however, usually show similar patterns and
bring up comparable questions. The two most widely discussed topics in this regard are the horizontal accuracy and the desire
to further improve the vertical accuracy. In addition, users generally lack the availability of powerful and user friendly
standardized and widely used software packages; something typical to the conventional large-format aerial camera-based
photogrammetry market. This is due to the relative newness of the LiDAR technology, although there are already a few
emerging products, such as TerraScan and GeoQue, which are expected to fill the current gap. Therefore, users with stronger
in-house R&D capabilities frequently develop their own LiDAR data processing utilities.
NTIS
Accuracy; Airborne Equipment; Extraction; Optical Radar; Pattern Recognition
20090021454 Harbor Branch Oceanographic Inst., Fort Pierce, FL USA
Extended Range Underwater Optical Imaging Architecture
Dalgleish, F R; Caimi, F M; Mazel, C H; Glynn, J M; Sep 2006; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Synchronous scan imagers have demonstrated improved ability to see underwater allowing operation at up to 6 optical
attenuation lengths. Recent developments in laser and scanning systems show promise for further miniaturization of these
systems to allow operation from small AUVs. This paper describes an approach that exhibits several advantages compared to
larger systems having a similar receive aperture and Field of View (FOV).
DTIC
Images; Imaging Techniques; Underwater Vehicles
243
20090021638 Naval Research Lab., Monterey, CA USA

DoD-Tailored Environmental Products from Near Real-Time Terra/Aqua MODIS in Support of Operation Iraqi
Freedom
Miller, Steven; Turk, Joe; Lee, Tom; Hawkins, Jeff; Richardson, Kim; Kent, John; Sep 2003; 6 pp.; In English; Original
Report No.(s): AD-A497824; PMW-150; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) provided pseudo-operational satellite imagery support to Coalition forces during
Operation Iraqi Freedom. This paper highlights some of the high quality products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) that were developed in response to user-defined needs, and measures taken to host the imagery
upon the Satellite Focus Web Page generally within 2.5 hours of data collection.
DTIC
Aqua Spacecraft; Real Time Operation; Spectroradiometers; Terra Spacecraft

Utilizing Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Micro-Shutter Designs for Adaptive Coded Aperture Imaging
(ACAI) Technologies
Ledet, Mary M; Mar 2009; 131 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497537; AFIT/GEO/ENG/09-03; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The Air Force has long relied on surveillance for intelligence and strategic purposes. Most surveillance systems rely on
a lensing system to acquire their images, most of which are in either the visible or infrared wavelengths. Because lensing
systems can be expensive, obtrusive, or hard to maintain, researchers have designed adaptive coded aperture imaging (ACAI)
as a replacement system. Coded aperture imaging(CAI) has been used in both the astronomical and medical communities for
years due to its ability to image light at short wavelengths and thus replacing conventional lenses. Where CAI is limited,
researchers have discovered that adaptive coded aperture imaging can recover what is lost. ACAI uses a reconfigurable coding
mask and digital signal processing to recover the original scene from the detector. In this effort, a prototype of MEMS
microshutters has been designed and fabricated onto a 3 mm x 3 mm square of silicon substrate using the PolyMUMPS?
process. This prototype is a line-drivable array using thin flaps of polysilicon to cover and uncover an 8 x 8 array of 20 m
apertures and is the first known microshutter array to incorporate a line-drivable array driven by physical actuation. A
characterization of the micro-shutters to include mechanical, electrical and optical properties is provided. This prototype, its
actuation scheme, and other designs for individual microshutters have been modeled and studied for feasibility purposes, and
this revealed that the actuation scheme failed in its design due to oversights in the design process and lack of space for each
gear actuator. Because of conformality in the PolyMUMPS? process, none of the microshutters could physically move, but
optical analysis with a 632 nm HeNe laser revealed that they will not undergo upward deflection when exposed to irradiance
sources of less than 0.5 W. The microshutters
DTIC
Apertures; Coding; Imaging Techniques; Microelectromechanical Systems
Compact and Robust Refilling and Connectorization of Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Gas Reference Cells
Poberezhskiy, Ilya Y.; Meras, Patrick; Chang, Daniel H.; Spiers, Gary D.; October 21, 2007; 12 pp.; In English; IEEE LEOS
Annual Meeting2007, 21-25 Oct. 2007, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA; Original contains black and white illustrations;
This slide presentation reviews a method for refilling and connectorization of hollow core photonic crystal fiber gas
reference cells. Thees hollow-core photonic crystal fiber allow optical propagation in air or vacuum and are for use as gas
reference cell is proposed and demonstrated. It relies on torch-sealing a quartz filling tube connected to a mechanical splice
between regular and hollow-core fibers.
CASI
Crystals; Refilling; Photonics; Hollow; Crystal Optics; Optical Fibers
244
Spitzer Instrument Pointing Frame (IPF) Kalman Filter Algorithm
Bayard, David S.; Kang, Bryan H.; June 30, 2004; 156 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white
illustrations
Report No.(s): JPL-D-24809; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
This paper discusses the Spitzer Instrument Pointing Frame (IPF) Kalman Filter algorithm. The IPF Kalman filter is a
high-order square-root iterated linearized Kalman filter, which is parametrized for calibrating the Spitzer Space Telescope
focal plane and aligning the science instrument arrays with respect to the telescope boresight. The most stringent calibration
requirement specifies knowledge of certain instrument pointing frames to an accuracy of 0.1 arcseconds, per-axis, 1-sigma
relative to the Telescope Pointing Frame. In order to achieve this level of accuracy, the filter carries 37 states to estimate
desired parameters while also correcting for expected systematic errors due to: (1) optical distortions, (2) scanning mirror
scale-factor and misalignment, (3) frame alignment variations due to thermomechanical distortion, and (4) gyro bias and
bias-drift in all axes. The resulting estimated pointing frames and calibration parameters are essential for supporting on-board
precision pointing capability, in addition to end-to-end pixels on the sky ground pointing reconstruction efforts.
Author
Gyroscopic Stability; Kalman Filters; Calibrating; Pointing Control Systems; Space Infrared Telescope Facility; Visual
Perception; Boresights; Mirrors; Distortion
Spitzer Space Telescope: Focal Plane Survey Final Report, Appendix B:, IRAC
Bayard, David S.; Kang, Bryan H.; Brugarolas, Paul B.; Boussalis, Dhemetrios; July 8, 2004; 94 pp.; In English; Original
contains color and black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): JPL-D-27667-B; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
This final report summarizes the results and accuracies of the Spitzer Space Telescope focal plane survey. Accuracies
achieved are compared to the focal plane survey calibration requirements put forth in the SIRTF IOC-SV Mission Plan [14]
and pre-flight predictions made in [2]. The results of this focal plane survey are presently being used to support in-flight
precision pointing, precision incremental offsets, IRS peakup array calibration, and ground pointing reconstruction...
Author
Space Infrared Telescope Facility; Pointing Control Systems; Calibrating; Precision
75
PLASMA PHYSICS
Includes magnetohydrodynamics and plasma fusion. For ionospheric plasmas see 46 Geophysics. For space plasmas see
90 Astrophysics.
20090021788 Princeton Univ., NJ USA

Beta-Induced Alfven-Acoustic Eigenmodes in NSTX and DIII-D Driven by Beam Ions
Gorelenkov, N. N.; Menard, J.; Fu, G. Y.; Nazikian, R.; Heidbrink, W. W.; Mar. 06, 2009; 8 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-ACO2-09CH11466
Report No.(s): DE2009-950777; PPPL-4388; No Copyright; Avail.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Kinetic theory and experimental observations of a special class of energetic particle driven instabilities called here
Beta-induced Alfven-Acoustic Eigenmodes (BAAE) are reported confirming previous results (N.N. Gorelenkov H.L. Berk,
N.A. Crocker et. al. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49 B371 (2007)) The kinetic theory is based on the ballooning dispersion
relation where the drift frequency effects are retained. BAAE gaps are recovered in kinetic theory. It is shown that the observed
certain low-frequency instabilities on DIII-D (J.L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42 614 (2002)) and National Spherical Torus
Experiment (M. Ono, S.M. Kaye, Y.-K M. Peng et. al., Nucl. Fusion 40 3Y 557 (2000)) are consistent with their identification
as BAAEs. BAAEs deteriorated the fast ion confinement in DIII-D and can have a similar effect in next-step fusion plasmas,
especially if excited together with multiple global Toroidicity-induced shear Alfven Eigenmode (TAE) instabilities. BAAEs
can also be used to diagnose safety factor profiles, a technique known as magnetohydrodynamic spectroscopy.
NTIS
Eigenvalues; Ions; Magnetohydrodynamic Waves; Plasma Waves; Toruses
245
77
PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS
Includes quantum mechanics; theoretical physics; and statistical mechanics. For related information see also 72 Atomic and Molecular
Physics, 73 Nuclear Physics, and 25 Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry.
20090021795 Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane, IN USA

Analysis of Safety and Performance Status of Double-Base Propellants by Heat Flow Calorimetry
Chin, Anton; Ellison, Daniel S; Aug 1998; 11 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Thermo-kinetic oscillations are among the most fascinating chemical oscillation reactions known in a system where
significant temperature/pressure oscillations occur. The transport of heat out of the system is an essential part of the mechanism
of the oscillation. The reaction causes the temperature/pressure to rise, and the rising temperature/pressure exerts a feed-back
inhibition on the reaction to generate a feed-back loop (oscillation). An oscillation phenomenon was observed during the
microcalorimetric evaluation of 20 mm gun propellant. The heat flow began to gradually start a sinusoidal type oscillation after
approximately 105 days of aging at 80 deg C (~ 70% decomposition). The system resembles the Lotka model from 1910 with
the variation that the autocatalytic reaction is substituted by a reaction with thermic acceleration, and the reaction which
removes the autocatalytic substance is substituted by the transport of heat out of the system. The pattern of the oscillation is
affected by internal gas pressure which is a function of the free head space of the test ampule. A possible similarity of the
oscillation is suggested to the time-to-fume as determined by the NATO 65.5 deg C thermal stability tests used in other 20
mm propellants. The scope of this paper is limited to a discussion of the relationship between the time-to-oscillation and the
time-to-fume during the accelerated aging of 20 mm gun propellant.
DTIC
Double Base Propellants; Heat Measurement; Heat Transmission; Safety
81
ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
Includes management planning and research.

Collaborative PLM - The Next Generation AKA Cars on Mars
Soderstrom, Tom; Stefanini, Mike; June 20, 2007; 54 pp.; In English; UGS Analyst Event, 20 Jun. 2007, New York, USA;
Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
In this slide presentation the importance of collaboration in developing the next systems for space exploration is stressed.
The mechanism of this collaboration are reviewed, and particular emphasis is given to our planned exploration of Mars and
how this will require a great deal of collaboration. A system architecture for this collaboration is shown and the diagram for
the collaborative environment is conceptualized.
CASI
Space Exploration; Multidisciplinary Research; Concurrent Engineering; Systems Engineering; Design Optimization;
Research and Development; Spacecraft Design
82
DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
Includes information management; information storage and retrieval technology; technical writing; graphic arts; and micrography. For
computer program documentation see 61 Computer Programming and Software.
20090021276 Department of Justice, Washington, DC, USA

Protecting Children in Cyberspace: The ICAC Task Force Program. Juvenile Justice Bulletin
Jan. 2002; 8 pp.; In English
Large numbers of young people are encountering unwanted sexual solicitations that, in the most serious cases, involve
being targeted by offenders seeking children for sex. Research conducted by the University of New Hampshire and the
246
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) disclosed that one in five children ages 10-17 received a sexual
solicitation over the Internet in the past year. One in thirty-three received an aggressive solicitation that is, the solicitor asked
to meet them somewhere, called them on the telephone, or sent them regular mail, money, or gifts. Unfortunately, the Internet
is a nearly perfect medium for offenders seeking children for sex. It provides privacy, anonymity, and a virtually unlimited
pool of unsupervised children and teenagers who may be susceptible to manipulation. Cloaked in the anonymity of cyberspace,
sex offenders can capitalize on the natural curiosity of children, seeking victims with little risk of interdiction. These offenders
no longer need to lurk in parks and malls. Instead, they roam from chatroom to chatroom looking for vulnerable, susceptible
children.
NTIS
Children; Computer Information Security; Crime; Internets; Protection; Sex
20090021397 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC, USA; National Center for Statistics and
Analysis, Washington, DC, USA
Fatality Analysis Reporting System General Estimates System; 2006 Data Summary
Jan. 2008; 36 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-109771; DOT HS 810-819; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
FARS, the Fatality Analysis Reporting System that became operational in 1975, contains data on a census of fatal traffic
crashes within the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. To be included in FARS, a crash must involve a motor
vehicle traveling on a trafficway customarily open to the public, and must result in the death of an occupant of a vehicle or
a nonoccupant within 30 days of the crash. The 2006 FARS data file used for the statistics in this report was created in June
2007. The updated final counts for 2005 are reflected in this report. The updated final counts for 2006 will be reflected in the
2007 report. Data in the General Estimates System (GES) are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample
selected from all police-reported crashes. The system began operation in 1988. To be eligible for the GES sample, a police
accident report (PAR) must be completed for the crash, and the crash must involve at least one motor vehicle traveling on a
trafficway and result in property damage, injury, or death.
NTIS
Estimates; Motor Vehicles; Safety; Traffc
20090021398 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
Medicaid and SCHIP Quality Improvement.: Quality Measures Compendium, Vol. 2.0
Dec. 2007; 57 pp.; In English
In the first volume of the Compendium, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) identified measures in
broad categories to support States programmatic needs and provided an overview of the organizations and processes involved
in the development of performance measures. In the second volume of the Compendium (Volume 2.0), CMS provides an
update to the available measures relevant and appropriate for advancement of quality improvement initiatives in Medicaid and
the State Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). With recent acceleration of measure development, there are a number
of performance measures being developed. Such developmental measures are also included.
NTIS
Children; Health; Insurance (Contracts); Medical Services; Quality Control
Contingency Contracting and the IT Manager: Todays Challenges and Future Implications
Randall, Jr , Derek A; Seaberry, Charles M; Mar 2009; 139 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
This qualitative case study examines the relationship between Information Technology management and contractor
management within the context of the Iraq and Afghanistan contingencies. The case study presents a historical context of USA
defense contracting along with another to illustrate the chronological advances made in Information Technology management.
Finally, the case study presents a description of the defense contingency along with a multiple source characterization of
contingency contracting. The case study collects data to support research using the survey technique of individual interviews
with subjects possessing on hand experience dealing with contracted personnel providing Information Technology services
throughout the Iraq and Afghanistan contingencies. The case study analyzes data utilizing the pattern matching methodology
247
to determine the level of efficiency and effectiveness of the management of contractor personnel when performed by
Information Technology managers. After determining whether performance was effective or efficient, the case study identifies
factors that act as levers to either improve or deter effective contract management of Information Technology managers.
Finally, the case study makes recommendations for future research topics affecting the levers presented.
DTIC
Contingency; Contract Management; Information Systems; Personnel
Automated Classification of Beaked Whales and Other Small Odontocetes in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas
Jarvis, Susan; DiMarzio, Nancy; Morrissey, Ronald; Morretti, David; Sep 1, 2006; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Navy sonar has recently been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events. Beaked whales have been
the predominant species involved in a number of these strandings. Monitoring and mitigating the effects of anthropogenic
noise on marine mammals are active areas of research. Key to both monitoring and mitigation is the ability to automatically
detect and classify the animals, especially beaked whales. This paper presents a novel support vector machine based
methodology for automated species level classification of small odontocetes. To date, the algorithm presented has been trained
to differentiate the click vocalizations of Blainvilles beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) from the clicks produced by
delphinids and from man-made sounds. The automated classification capability compliments the detection and tracking tools
already developed through ONR funding for the monitoring and localization of whales at the Atlantic Undersea Test and
Evaluation Center, Andros Island, Bahamas.
DTIC
Bahamas; Classifications; Marine Mammals; Oceans; Tongue; Whales
Synchronization of Unique Identifiers Across Security Domains
Mittrick, Mark R; Moss, Gary S; Feb 2009; 20 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-9TV0VC
Report No.(s): AD-A497570; ARL-MR-712; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The main thrust of the Global Force Management Data Initiative (GFM DI) is the standardization and exposure of force
structure information across the Department of Defense (DOD) components. The GFM Community of Interest developed the
GFM extensible markup language schema definition to facilitate the exchange of information between and within the DOD
enterprise. To implement the GFM DI, each component must instantiate an Organizational Server (Org Server) that can
provide data conforming to this published schema. Key to this data standardization effort is the ability to refer to any GFM
DI element via an identifier that is unique across the enterprise, called a Force Management Identifier. This capability is being
implemented using a construct called Enterprise-wide Identifiers (EwID), developed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory
in 2001. A Web application called an EwID Enterprise Seed Server (ESS) manages the allocation of EwID prefixes, which Org
Servers use to generate EwIDs. Maintaining a single-point control of this process assures that all EwID prefixes, and therefore
EwIDs, are unique. However, for the GFM DI to be truly global, the information must be consistent across security domains.
Thus, EwIDs will be unique regardless of the classification level of the associated data. The GFM DI is addressing this
requirement by implementing a cross domain solution that enables a classified instance of the ESS to delegate an EwID Seed
request to an unclassified instance of the ESS.
DTIC
Domains; Security; Standardization; Synchronism
Creating a Knowledge Management Strategy
Lepak, Jeffrey J; Mar 26, 2009; 32 pp.; In English
The Army needs to reaffirm Knowledge Management as the means to supporting its Strategic Strategy for the 21st Century
248
of transforming itself into a network-centric knowledge-based force. The best way to do this is for the Army to write an Army
Knowledge Management Strategy that lays out a vision to shape the entire Army into a knowledge-based force for the next
20 or 30 years. The strategy would provide a unity of effort for the Army enterprise, which is currently operating in a piece
meal way. With a common Knowledge Management strategy, the Army could direct TRADOC in coordination with
FORSCOM to develop a plan to change the current cultural mindset and Army doctrine to meet its strategic goals. The forces
would affirm these newly developed Knowledge Management processes through daily use, training, and exercises. HQDA
G6/CIO, which is responsible for the Information Management strategy, would tailor the Information technology resources
operating the enterprise to support the Knowledge Management strategy.
DTIC
Computer Networks; Information Management; Information Systems; Knowledge Based Systems; Management Planning;
Organizations; Standardization
20090021537 University of Southern Mississippi, Bay Saint Louis, MS USA

Joint University of Southern Mississippi - U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office ECDIS Laboratory
Smith, Darrell H; Alexander, Lee; van Norden, Maxim F; Sep 1, 2003; 6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
In September 2001, the University of Southern Mississippi in conjunction with the USA Navy established an Electronic
Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) Laboratory to conduct research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E)
on the capabilities and limitations of electronic charting systems, data, display, and updating services required for U.S. Navy
and allied operations. To help attain the Navys goal of Fleet-wide implementation of an ECDISN capability by 2004, the
ECDIS Lab is used to conduct quality control and testing of electronic chart products produced by NAVOCEANO and other
government agencies. Additionally, the lab is helping the Navy to gain a greater appreciation for and understanding of the use
of electronic charts when operating in the shallow littoral areas of the world. The ECDIS Lab also serves as an information
clearinghouse and demonstration center on available electronic chart data, systems, services, and technological advances [1].
This paper discusses the capabilities and accomplishments of the ECDIS Lab, the different electronic charting applications,
electronic charting production and management software tools, and key accomplishments. More importantly, this paper will
discuss the technical assistance the lab has provided to the Naval Oceanographic Office in their development of tactical
overlays, and discuss its supporting role for other agencies such as the U. S. Navy Special Boat Unit 22 and the U. S. Army
Corps of Engineers.
DTIC
Information Systems; Military Operations; Mississippi; Oceanography
20090021539 Naval Oceanographic Office, Bay Saint Louis, MS USA

Requirements Management for the Oceanographic Information System at the Naval Oceanographic Office
Lever, John A; Elkins, Michael; Sep 1, 2003; 5 pp.; In English
Recognizing the complexity of the interdependencies in a diverse information system, NAVOCEANO is conducting a
rigorous overhaul of the Requirements Management process to standardize, develop, and maintain the requirements that the
OIS is intended to satisfy. The intended result is an integrated Requirements Enterprise Architecture Documentation (READ)
suite for the OIS, expressed in database and document form that promotes interoperability and fiscal responsibility of IT
acquisition. Once the requirements baseline is established, the requirements management process will provide a mechanism
to establish, delete, and change requirements. To accomplish this result, our Systems Engineers have decomposed
organizational policies, studies, and directives to extract general requirements and are soliciting detailed requirements from
system users. Each requirement is linked to our existing Enterprise Architecture. The current Configuration Management (CM)
process will be modified to account for the new Requirements Management process to ensure the validity of the READ suite.
This paper will describe the process used, high level requirements documented, and the lessons learned in Requirements
Management.
DTIC
Information Systems; Management Information Systems; Oceanography
249
20090021541 Bienz, Kummer and Partner Ltd., Zollikerberg, Switzerland

EXADAT. A New Explosives Accident Database
Kummer, Peter O; Aug 1996; 27 pp.; In English
Thorough knowledge about accidents which already have happened is a decisive requirement for a realistic assessment
of the safety of explosives and ammunition handling. Especially for probabilistic assessments the causes of fires and
explosions, the frequency of such events and the damages in the surroundings are of main interest. In Switzerland, where the
explosives safety in the military field is judged completely based on quantitative risk basis, respective accident reports have
been collected for years. The library of Bienz, Kummer & Partner Ltd. (BK&P) contains reports and information on about
7000 to 10000 explosives accidents having happened around the world. As the management and the application of this
enormous amount of information for actual risk analysis being time consuming, BK&P and the Swiss DoD Technology and
Procurement Agency are developing in a joint venture a database called EXADAT. This paper describes the explosives
accident database EXADAT, the basic capabilities are explained and the state of work as well as future improvements and
extensions are presented. Furthermore, details are given about the source of information.
DTIC
Accidents; Data Bases; Explosives
Drafting a New Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication
Loney, Timothy J; Mar 2009; 30 pp.; In English
In May 2007, the USA Government published its U.S. National Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic
Communication. The strategy, authored by the Policy Coordinating Committee (PCC) on Public Diplomacy and Strategic
Communication, is the first attempt at coordinating Strategic Communication efforts across the interagency community.
Although a good start, the current strategy is preoccupied with the war on terror, presents a miss match in mission and
objectives, fails to recognize key strategic audiences, and accepts an adversarial relationship with the media. This Strategy
Research Project (SRP) paper reviews the current Strategy in terms of ends, ways, and means and in terms of its suitability,
feasibility and acceptability and provides recommendations for drafting the new U.S. National Strategy for Public Diplomacy
and Strategic Communication.
DTIC
Drafting (Drawing); Foreign Policy
20090021648 California Univ., Berkeley, CA USA
Fast Linearized Bregman Iteration for Compressive Sensing and Sparse Denoising
Osher, Stanley; Mao, Yu; Dong, Bin; Yin, Wotao; Jan 2008; 19 pp.; In English
We propose and analyze an extremely fast, efficient and simple method. This method was first described with more details
and rigorous theory given. The motivation was compressive sensing, which now has a vast and exciting history, which seems
to have started with Candes, Donoho, et.al. Our method introduces an improvement called kicking of the very efficient
method and also applies it to the problem of denoising of undersampled signals. The use of Bregman iteration for denoising
of images began and led to improved results for total variation based methods. Here we apply it to denoise signals, especially
essentially sparse signals, which might even be undersampled.
DTIC
Algorithms; Classifications; Compressibility; Detection; Iteration
Contingency Contracting. DOD, State, and USAID Are Taking Actions to Track Contracts and Contractor Personnel
in Iraq and Afghanistan
Hutton, John P; Apr 1, 2009; 16 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A497924; GAO-09-538T; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The Departments of Defense (DOD) and State (State) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) have
250
relied extensively on contractors to support troops and civilian personnel and carry out reconstruction efforts in Iraq and
Afghanistan. While recognizing the benefits of using contractors, GAO and others have noted the risks and challenges
associated with relying on contractors. To help increase contractor oversight, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2008 directed DOD, State, and USAID to sign a memorandum of understanding (MOU) on contracting in Iraq and
Afghanistan that identified a database to track information on contractor personnel and contracts performed in the two
countries. In their July 2008 MOU, the agencies designated the Synchronized Pre-Deployment and Operational Tracker
database (SPOT) as their system for tracking the required information. GAOs testimony addresses how contractor personnel
and contract information can aid agencies in managing contracts and the status of SPOTs implementation. It is drawn from
GAOs ongoing and prior contingency contracting work. This work involved meeting with agency officials, including those
in Iraq, and reviewing agency documents. GAO obtained agency views on previously unreported information, which the
agencies generally agreed with.
DTIC
Afghanistan; Contingency; Contractors; Data Bases; Iraq; Personnel
Army Communicator. Volume 32, Number 1, Winter 2007
Army Communicator is an authorized, official quarterly professional bulletin of the U.S. Army Signal Center, Fort
Gordon, GA. Articles in this issue include the following topics: information management, joint military activities, modularity
and signal networks, brigade network operations and security cells.
DTIC
Data Management; Networks; Security; Winter
20090021775 California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA
Personal Libraries: Collection Management as a Tool for Lightweight Personal and Group Document Management
Wilensky, R.; Dec. 29, 2000; 12 pp.; In English
The traditional model of scholarly information dissemination works like this: Originators create works, which they submit
to publishers. Publishers filter these submissions, generally assembling those works that pass through the filter into aggregates
(i.e., journals), which they then make available. Libraries select and assemble these aggregates into collections, which they
maintain and organize. Libraries make the collections accessible to users, and also, attempt to preserve what they have
assembled. The division of labor into originators, publishers, libraries and users doesnt transfer cleanly to the digital world.
For example, the CACM Digital Library is a collection of journals, etc., published by CACM. I.e., it is run by the publisher,
and hence has no librarian, in the sense of separate downstream selector and aggregator. The Los Alamos preprint server
provides a hosting service for originators, leaving out publishers and librarians (in the sense that no selection is performed).
NCSTRL, the distributed computer science technical report collection, is a self-federating set of services, each independently
maintained by various research institutions. These institutions represent the originators of the information (i.e., the computer
research laboratories), leaving no role for a publisher or a librarian. Some organizations play a variety of roles.
NTIS
Libraries; Resources Management
Performance of the Open Archives Protocol for Metadata Harvesting Applied to Federal Register Metadata
Futrelle, J.; Zhang, H.; Dec. 31, 2003; 16 pp.; In English
The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) is a de facto standard digital library
(DL) protocol for exchanging metadata collections between distributed providers and more or less centralized services, which
can integrate and otherwise add value to the providers records. This model is applicable to many kinds of government records
management practice, since many government processes involve aggregating records from distributed agencies and adding
value to those records. The production of the Federal Register by NARA and the Government Printing Office exemplifies this
kind of arrangement. But is OAI-PMH really applicable to the Federal Register. There are many issues that need to be
addressed to answer this question, many of which are organizational rather than technical in nature. In this report we
251
summarize our exploration of some of the most important technical issues, especially with respect to the performance of
OAI-PMH services. We begin with a discussion of our attempts to apply NCSAs Open Archives In a Box (OAIB) tool to
metadata from the Federal Register, starting with an analysis of Federal Register data structures and then describing the
process of extracting and normalizing metadata from the Federal Register.
NTIS
Documents; Metadata; Protocol (Computers); Records Management; United States
20090021777 Georgia Tech Research Corp., Atlanta, GA, USA
Corpus of Presidential, Federal and Personal Records for Use in Information Extraction, Description and FOIA/PRA
Review Experiments
Underwood, W.; Hayslett-Keck, M.; Jun. 2004; 28 pp.; In English
The Presidential Electronic Records PilOt System (PERPOS) project is developing a system to assist archivists in
processing electronic records created by office applications on personal computers (PCs). The system, called the Archival
Processing Tool (APT), supports archivists in accessioning, arranging, preserving, reviewing, and describing record series.
Additional tools are envisioned to further assist archivists in describing and reviewing personal computer records. These
include tools for automatically identifying document types, creating better folder titles, summarizing the contents of record
series, and checking for access restrictions. All of these tools depend on advanced information extraction and text
understanding technology. Records at the Bush Presidential Library are being analyzed to identify the kinds of information
that need to be extracted from documents to support description and review. This analysis will also result in the generalization
of rules that characterize the conditions under which one of these restrictions might apply to an entire document or to terms
or passages in a document. We will also analyze Personal Misfiled Records in the Bush Presidential Library to construct the
knowledge needed to discriminate personal/political records from Presidential Records. Using this knowledge we are
constructing a prototype Access Restriction Checker, a document type identifier, a summarizer, and a folder titler.
NTIS
Data Bases; Extraction; Information Systems; Presidential Reports; Records Management
20090021780 Georgia Tech Research Inst., Atlanta, GA, USA
Factual Knowledge Needed for Information Extraction and FOIA Review
Harris, B.; Underwood, W.; Mar. 2005; 97 pp.; In English
One of the research tasks of the PERPOS Project is to apply natural language processing technology to the support of
archival decision making in description and review of electronic Presidential records. Factual knowledge is essential to
extraction of information from electronic records in order to determine document types, summarize documents, and
summarize record series. Understanding of textual documents requires background knowledge of facts that are not stated in
the text. Expert decision-making such as review of documents for Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) exemptions and
Presidential Records Act (PRA) restrictions also requires background knowledge. In this paper we describe some of the kinds
of knowledge required, identify sources of this knowledge, and describe methods for automatically acquiring this knowledge.
The appendices exhibit examples of the knowledge acquired.
NTIS
Extraction; Information Retrieval; United States
U.S. Reliance on Foreign IT: Mitigating Risks Associated with Foreign Sources of Hardware Components, Summer
2008 - Project 08-03
Jokerst, Amanda; Martin, James; Rodgers, Kristen; Roland, Keith; Tesla, Erica; Johnson, Kevin; Hudson, II, John G; Silva,
Stephanie; Aug 2008; 136 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
The focus of this project is to answer the question, How should the USA government address the risks associated with
dependence on foreign supplied IT hardware in critical USA networks? Methodology included both outreach to government,
security, and IT professionals, as well as independent research. The team first investigated the reasons behind the shift toward
offshore hardware suppliers, finding that foreign tax benefits and incentives drive offshoring in high-tech sectors, America has
252
been unable or unwilling to create strategy to remain on par with global trends towards incentivizing domestic manufacture,
and American dominance in science and mathematical disciplines has declined. Following these findings, the team broke the
hardware problem into supply chain phases, because the various stages in the IT hardware supply chain are vulnerable to
subversion and counterfeiting methods to differing extents. The teams recommendation is to employ a holistic combination
of a variety of technological and policy tactics in order to ensure malicious hardware is not included in critical systems.
DTIC
Information Systems; Risk; Summer

Journal of Special Operations Medicine, Volume 4, Edition 4, Fall 2004
Butler, Frank K; DuGuay, Michelle D; Jan 2004; 79 pp.; In English
Making Things Happen in SOF Medicine: How to Energize the System Most SOF operators are action guys and when
they see something they think could be better about the way we operate, theyre usually aggressive about wanting to change
it. For the rest of the column, Im going to cover a few of the ways that YOU can energize the system to turn your good ideas
into real improvements in SOF medicine. Chain of Command: For medical equipment and training while not deployed, the
first place to go with new requirements is through your chain of command. Be sure that you have clearly defined the
requirement, outlined why the command needs it, and done all of the costing homework. Even if your proposal is a solid one,
be prepared to have to work a little to package it and sell it to the commander, since medical issues are generally out of his
area of expertise. For combat-related items, some SOF units have done well at obtaining funding from the Global War on
Terrorism supplements to support medical requirements. The SOF Special Operations Combat Medic (SOCM) Requirements
Board: If you have a new technique or skill that you believe should be added to the training course that SOF combat medics
undergo - the SOCM course - the way to make this happen is to bring it up to the USSOCOM SOCM Requirements Board.
This board is currently chaired by MSG Sam Rodriguez from USASOC and is comprised entirely of SOF combat medics,
physicians, and physician assistants. If you are not sure who your representative on this board is, call CPT Steve Briggs
(813-828-5065) or SMSgt Bob McCumsey (813-828-5043) to find out. The Requirements Board evaluates proposed additions
or deletions to the SOCM Critical Task List. The recommendations are then presented to the Board of Regents for review. The
Biomedical Initiatives Steering Committee (BISC): Lets say you are a SOF combat medic or operator and you have a need
for new physiology information to help you accomplish your mission.
DTIC
Education; Medical Equipment; Medical Services
20090021874 Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO USA

USAFA Cadet Homepage: Institute for Information Technology Applications (IITA)
Hadfield, Steven M; Jan 2005; 20 pp.; In English
The USAFA Cadet Homepage is the result of an Institute for Information Technology Application (IITA) research effort
to develop a single, consolidated access point for cadet information. This information includes individual course schedules,
status of current operations, weather, and links to a full range of electronically available resources. Original research on this
capability began in October 1999 under the title Cadet Personalized Educational Gateway (CPEG). In August 2002, IITA
began implementation of a prototype that would evolve into fully operational system which would be called the Cadet
Homepage. The first prototype was deployed in January 2003 and a full deployment for the Class of 2007 occurred in August
2003. The entire Cadet Wing began use of the Cadet Homepage in February 2004 and, by August 2004, the Cadet Homepage
had become the primary information resource for the entire Cadet Wing. While this effort was led by IITA, the project team
included dozens of individuals from the Dean of the Faculty, 34 TRW, 10th Communications Squadron, and Athletics
Department. IITA provided management and technical oversight and funding for some required basic research as well as initial
server hardware. However, the IITA funding was leveraged to solicit buy in and support from across USAFA mission elements
and their investment was matched many fold by funding from HQ USAFA, 34TRW, DF, and 10CS to develop the full
operational capability and provide robust operational server hardware. At present, the Cadet Homepage was become fully
integrated into cadet life and Cadet Wing operations. Operation of the Cadet Homepage is well in the hands of the 10th
Communications Squadron and management is being transitioned from the IITA Project Officer to the USAFA Chief
Information Officers staff and the 10th Communications Squadron. However, IITA involvement in the project continues
253
primarily in terms of providing basic research to enhance functionality and to develop spin-off capa
DTIC
Armed Forces (United States); Information Systems; Personnel; Resources; Technology Utilization
20090021913 Lanzhou Univ., China

Research and Development Plan and Schedule for the Research Project on Application of Distributed Object
Computation Testbed Technologies to Archival Preservation and Access Requirements
Moore, R. W.; Apr. 2000; 34 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): PB2009-110172; SDSC-TR-2000-1; GA-A23394; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The San Diego Supercomputer Center is developing prototypes for collection-based persistent archive infrastructure in
collaboration with the National Archives and Records Administration. The prior work under the fiscal year 1999 NARA
extension to the DOCT project demonstrated the technology needed to assemble a collection-based persistent archive. An
initial prototype defined a migratable information architecture and a scalable data archive. The key concept developed in the
prototype was the provision of separate information descriptions for the digital object structure, collection organization, and
presentation interface. This allowed the: Separation of data archiving from data accessioning; Separation of management of
the collection organization from storage of digital objects; Separation of presentation and querying of the collection from
collection management. The distribution of functionality into separate components was made possible through the use of a data
handling system (the San Diego Supercomputer Center Storage Resource Broker) that connected data flows across all of the
systems.
NTIS
Computation; Distributed Processing; Documents; Preserving; Schedules

Scientific Formats for Geospatial Data Preservation. A Study of Suitability and Performance
Folk, M.; Choi, V.; Jan. 08, 2004; 31 pp.; In English
The volume, complexity, variability and accessibility of digital geospatial data pose formidable challenges for the
National Archives. Scientific and engineering communities faces many of the same challenges in managing large, complex
digital data collections. This study examines gridded and vector geospatial data through the prism of scientific data
management, with particular emphasis to scientific data formats and software. Geospatial data is characterized in terms of data
types, size and storage requirements. Scientific data formats are described, including some of the benefits of using scientific
data formats and software. Sample geospatial data types are mapped to corresponding scientific data structures, in particular
those supported by HDF5 and HDF-EOS 5. The paper concludes with a report on experiments that are underway to assess
storage and access implications of using HDF5 and HDF-EOS 5 for sample geospatial data types that are of particular interest
to NARA.
NTIS
Data Storage; Documents; Format; Preserving; Data Management; Digital Data
20090021929 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA

NOAAs Abandoned Vessel Program and Resources and Under Sea Threats Project: Partnerships and Progress for
Abandoned Vessel Management
Zelo, I.; Overfield, M.; Helton, D.; January 2006; 6 pp.; In English
Recent incidents within our National Marine Sanctuaries and throughout our country have directed the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration to begin to look proactively at catastrophic oil and other chemical releases from submerged
and abandoned sources. Integrating data from several federal, state, and private sources, the Abandoned Vessel Program (AVP)
and Resources and UnderSea Threats (RUST) database worked hand in hand to develop a joint inventory of submerged and
abandoned vessels to determine through analysis the scope of this potential threat.
NTIS
Escape (Abandonment); Seas; Inventories
254
20090021930 National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC, USA

FARS Analytic Reference Guide 1975 to 2006
Terrmer, J. M.; January 2006; 474 pp.; In English
The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) formerly referred to as the Fatal Accident Reporting System, is a
collection of files documenting all qualifying fatal crashes since 1975 that occurred within the 50 States, the District of
Columbia, and Puerto Rico. To be included in this census of crashes, a crash had to involve a motor vehicle traveling on a
trafficway customarily open to the public, and must result in the death of a person (occupant of a vehicle or a nonmotorist)
within 30 days of the crash. The purpose of this document is to provide an analytic reference to individuals who wish to
conduct crash and vehicle research using the FARS data. Since 1975 a comprehensive coding manual has been produced each
year. The coding manual provides a set of written instructions to every FARS analyst on how to transfer the data from a police
accident/crash report (PAR) to the FARS system. Since 1975, FARS has undergone several changes. To augment the coding
manual, classes are held each year to train the coders and a system wide FARS meeting is held to encourage uniform coding
for later analysis. By default the coding manual has taken on an additional role: an aid to the analytic researcher. When doing
longitudinal analysis (analysis across several years) to ensure accuracy, each variable of interest must be checked in each
years coding manual. Often experience with the system helps with the research, but errors are still possible. An unsuspecting
analyst might assume that if one had a complete set of coding manuals and sufficient diligence, one could produce the desired
results. Unfortunately, the data in the current files available for analysis do not correspond with the historical coding manuals.
This is especially true for the early years of the program.
NTIS
Accident Investigation; Manuals; Motor Vehicles
20090021931 National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC, USA

FARS Analytic Reference Guide 1975 to 2007
The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) formerly referred to as the Fatal Accident Reporting System, is a
collection of files documenting all qualifying fatal crashes since 1975 that occurred within the 50 States, the District of
Columbia, and Puerto Rico. To be included in this census of crashes, a crash had to involve a motor vehicle traveling on a
trafficway customarily open to the public, and must result in the death of a person (occupant of a vehicle or a nonmotorist)
within 30 days of the crash.
NTIS
Accident Investigation; Manuals; Motor Vehicles
20090021939 Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA, USA

PERPOS II: Annual Technical Status Report July 1, 2004-June 30, 2005
Underwood, W.; Simpson, R.; Whitaker, E.; Laib, S.; Harris, B.; Aug. 18, 2004; 41 pp.; In English
Archivists must respond to Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests beginning five years after the end of a
Presidential administration. To respond to these requests, they must be able to search collections of e-records for records that
are relevant to the requests. Review of records for Presidential Record Act (PRA) restrictions and FOIA exceptions is an
intellectually demanding task, requiring page-by-page review. This report describes progress in applying advanced
information technology to support these tasks. Technologies and tools for automatic extraction of information from textual
documents are described. This includes recognition of persons names, job titles, dates, locations, organization names, and
addresses. This information can be used to recognize document types such as letters, memos, itineraries, and resumes. The
recognition of document types supports automated titling of directories and summarization of record series in personal
computer filing systems.
NTIS
Data Storage; Records Management
255
20090021941 Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA, USA

Access Restriction Checker
Harris, B.; Whitaker, E.; Simpson, R.; Aug. 18, 2005; 23 pp.; In English
Part of the PERPOS project has been to analyze the kinds of knowledge that archivists use to review Presidential Records
for Presidential Record Act (PRA) restrictions and Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) exceptions, and to develop an
automated tool that could use this knowledge to support archivists decisions in reviewing Presidential Records. We have
begun prototyping such a tool, which we call the Access Restriction Checker. The results of our initial exploration show great
promise for such a tool and believe it would be a great labor saver as a component in the future archivists tool kit. Such a tool
is not a replacement for the judgment of archivists, whose responsibility it is to review the records; rather the tool is a decision
support tool. This Technical report provides an overview of our initial work on the Access Restriction Checker. Additional
work is required to broaden the knowledge coverage to other types of access restrictions.
NTIS
Data Storage; Presidential Reports
20090021967 Applied Research Associates, Inc., Littleton, CO USA

Portable Energetic Material Data Acquisition and Analysis System (PEMDAAS)
Brown, Larry L; Lynch, Robert; Samaras, Tim; Aug 21, 1996; 11 pp.; In English
An innovative Portable Energetic Material Data Acquisition and Analysis System (PEMDAAS) has been developed by
Applied Research Associates personnel, while employed with the Denver Research Institute, for the Naval Surface Warfare
Center (NSWC), Crane Division. This development provides the energetic material experimenter with an effective,
economical, and modern-technology based system encompassing test set-up configuration, timing/firing, and data acquisition
and analysis capability in one small, hardened, person-portable housing. The PEMDAAS provides signal conditioning and
digitizing for piezoelectric, piezoresistive, fiber optic, temperature, voltage, and strain gage sensors. These sensor suites allow
measurement of dynamic and quasi-static pressure, temperature, strain, velocity of detonation, and fragmentation velocity.
This measurement capability enables the user to document and evaluate energetic material performance including free-field
explosive detonations, ballistic tests, internal explosion effects, IM2105 test measurements of sympathetic detonations,
slow/fast cook-offs, bullet/fragment impact tests, and other dynamic and quasi-static measurements unique to the
test-and-evaluation community. PEMDAAS hardware includes a high speed timer and sequencer (for correlation of data
acquisition to an event time zero), signal conditioning units, high-speed 8 to 12 bit analog-to-digital converters, and a
detonator firing controller interfaced to a remotely located, up to 5000 feet, capacitor discharge firing unit which minimizes
the detrimental effects of long cable lines on the firing discharge characteristics. Safety interlocks and procedures are designed
into the PEMDAAS to meet explosive test site procedures and requirements. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and power
conditioning ensure system operation in electrical noisy and deficient environments. Software capability includes test
configuration, system control, and data analysis.
DTIC
Data Acquisition; Portable Equipment

Army Communicator. Volume 28, Number 1, Spring 2003
The Army Communicator is a authorized, official quarterly professional bulletin of the U.S. Army Signal Center, Fort
Gordon, GA. Articles in this issue include such topics as: Army communications and radio systems, signal regiments, military
operations, warfare, and communications security.
DTIC
Telecommunication; Military Operations; Signal Processing
256
85
TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION AND SURFACE TRANSPORTATION
Includes aerospace technology transfer; urban technology; surface and mass transportation. For related information see also 03 Air
Transportation and Safety, 16 Space Transportation and Safety, and 44 Energy Production and Conversion. For specific technology
transfer applications see also the category where the subject is treated.
20090022325 NASA, Washington, DC, USA

NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009
June 2009; 36 pp.; In English; See also 20090022326 - 20090022353; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright;
Topics covered include: Device for Measuring Low Flow Speed in a Duct, Measuring Thermal Conductivity of a Small
Insulation Sample, Alignment Jig for the Precise Measurement of THz Radiation, Autoignition Chamber for Remote Testing
of Pyrotechnic Devices, Microwave Power Combiners for Signals of Arbitrary Amplitude, Synthetic Foveal Imaging
Technology, Airborne Antenna System for Minimum-Cycle-Slip GPS Reception, Improved Starting Materials for BackIlluminated Imagers, Multi-Modulator for Bandwidth-Efficient Communication, Some Improvements in Utilization of Flash
Memory Devices, GPS/MEMS IMU/Microprocessor Board for Navigation, T/R Multi-Chip MMIC Modules for 150 GHz,
Pneumatic Haptic Interfaces, Device Acquires and Retains Rock or Ice Samples, Cryogenic Feedthrough Test Rig, Improved
Assembly for Gas Shielding During Welding or Brazing, Two-Step Plasma Process for Cleaning Indium Bonding Bumps, Tool
for Crimping Flexible Circuit Leads, Yb14MnSb11 as a High-Efficiency Thermoelectric Material, Polyimide-Foam/Aerogel
Composites for Thermal Insulation, Converting CSV Files to RKSML Files, Service Management Database for DSN
Equipment, Chemochromic Hydrogen Leak Detectors, Compatibility of Segments of Thermoelectric Generators,
Complementary Barrier Infrared Detector, JPL Greenland Moulin Exploration Probe, Ultra-Lightweight Self-Deployable
Nanocomposite Structure for Habitat Applications, and Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical Capacitors.
Derived from text
Antenna Design; Circuits; Computer Storage Devices; Electrochemical Capacitors; Global Positioning System; Radiation
Measurement; Thermoelectric Generators; Microwave Circuits; Microelectromechanical Systems
Polyimide-Foam/Aerogel Composites for Thermal Insulation
Williams, Martha; Fesmire, James; Sass, Jared; Smith, Trent; Weoser. Erol; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 24;
In English; See also 20090022325
Report No.(s): KSC-12894; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Composites of specific types of polymer foams and aerogel particles or blankets have been proposed to obtain thermal
insulation performance superior to those of the neat polyimide foams. These composites have potential to also provide
enhanced properties for vibration dampening or acoustic attenuation. The specific type of polymer foam is denoted TEEK-H,
signifying a series, denoted H, within a family of polyimide foams that were developed at NASA s Langley Research Center
and are collectively denoted TEEK (an acronym of the inventors names). The specific types of aerogels include Nanogel
aerogel particles from Cabot Corporation in Billerica, MA. and of Spaceloft aerogel blanket from Aspen Aerogels in
Northborough, MA. The composites are inherently flame-retardant and exceptionally thermally stable. There are numerous
potential uses for these composites, at temperatures from cryogenic to high temperatures, in diverse applications that include
aerospace vehicles, aircraft, ocean vessels, buildings, and industrial process equipment. Some low-temperature applications,
for example, include cryogenic storage and transfer or the transport of foods, medicines, and chemicals. Because of thermal
cycling, aging, and weathering most polymer foams do not perform well at cryogenic temperatures and will undergo further
cracking over time. The TEEK polyimides are among the few exceptions to this pattern, and the proposed composites are
intended to have all the desirable properties of TEEK-H foams, plus improved thermal performance along with enhanced
vibration or acoustic-attenuation performance. A composite panel as proposed would be fabricated by adding an appropriate
amount of TEEK friable balloons into a mold to form a bottom layer. A piece of flexible aerogel blanket material, cut to the
desired size and shape, would then be placed on the bottom TEEK layer and sandwiched between another top layer of
polyimide friable balloons so that the aerogel blanket would become completely encased in an outer layer of TEEK friable
balloons. Optionally, the process could be further repeated to produce multiple aerogel-blanket layers interspersed with and
encased by TEEK friable balloons.
Author
Thermal Insulation; Polyimides; Foams; Aerogels; Composite Structures; Temperature Effects; Thermal Cycling Tests;
Cryogenic Temperature; Aerospace Vehicles; Thermal Stability
257
20090022327 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

Airborne Antenna System for Minimum-Cycle-Slip GPS Reception
Wright, C. Wayne; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 13-14; In English; See also 20090022325; Original contains
color illustrations; US-Patent-6,844,856 B1
Report No.(s): GSC-14436-1; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
A system that includes a Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna and associated apparatus for keeping the antenna
aimed upward has been developed for use aboard a remote-sensing-survey airplane. The purpose served by the system is to
enable minimumcycle-slip reception of GPS signals used in precise computation of the trajectory of the airplane, without
having to restrict the airplane to maneuvers that increase the flight time needed to perform a survey. Cycle slip signifies loss
of continuous track of the phase of a signal. Minimum-cycle-slip reception is desirable because maintaining constant track of
the phase of the carrier signal from each available GPS satellite is necessary for surveying to centimeter or subcentimeter
precision. Even a loss of signal for as short a time as a nanosecond can cause cycle slip. Cycle slips degrade the quality and
precision of survey data acquired during a flight. The two principal causes of cycle slip are weakness of signals and multipath
propagation. Heretofore, it has been standard practice to mount a GPS antenna rigidly on top of an airplane, and the radiation
pattern of the antenna is typically hemispherical, so that all GPS satellites above the horizon are viewed by the antenna during
level flight. When the airplane must be banked for a turn or other maneuver, the reception hemisphere becomes
correspondingly tilted; hence, the antenna no longer views satellites that may still be above the Earth horizon but are now
below the equatorial plane of the tilted reception hemisphere. Moreover, part of the reception hemisphere (typically, on the
inside of a turn) becomes pointed toward ground, with a consequent increase in received noise and, therefore, degradation of
GPS measurements. To minimize the likelihood of loss of signal and cycle slip, bank angles of remote-sensing survey
airplanes have generally been limited to 10 or less, resulting in skidding or slipping uncoordinated turns. An airplane must be
banked in order to make a coordinated turn. For small-radius, short-time coordinated turns, it is necessary to employ banks
as steep as 45 , and turns involving such banks are times and for confining airplanes as closely as possible to areas to be
surveyed. The idea underlying the design is that if the antenna can be kept properly aimed, then the incidence of cycle slips
caused by loss or weakness of signals can be minimized. The system includes an articulating GPS antenna and associated
electronic circuitry mounted under a radome atop an airplane. The electronic circuitry includes a microprocessor-based
interface-circuit-and-data-translation module. The system receives data on the current attitude of the airplane from the inertial
navigation system of the airplane. The microprocessor decodes the attitude data and uses them to compute commands for the
GPS-antenna-articulating mechanism to tilt the antenna, relative to the airplane, in opposition to the roll or bank of the airplane
to keep the antenna pointed toward the zenith. The system was tested aboard the hurricane- hunting airplane of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [see figure] during an 11-hour flight to observe the landfall of Hurricane
Bret in late summer of 1999. No bank-angle restrictions were imposed during the flight. Post-flight analysis of the GPS
trajectory data revealed that no cycle slip had occurred.considered normal maneuvers. These steep banks are highly desirable
for minimizing flight
Author
Aircraft Antennas; Antenna Design; Global Positioning System; Hurricanes; Microprocessors; Multipath Transmission;
Remote Sensing; Trajectories; Navigation Satellites
Improved Starting Materials for Back-Illuminated Imagers
Pain, Bedabrata; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 14-15; In English; See also 20090022325; Original contains
color illustrations
An improved type of starting materials for the fabrication of silicon-based imaging integrated circuits that include
back-illuminated photodetectors has been conceived, and a process for making these starting materials is undergoing
development. These materials are intended to enable reductions in dark currents and increases in quantum efficiencies, relative
to those of comparable imagers made from prior silicon-on-insulator (SOI) starting materials. Some background information
is prerequisite to a meaningful description of the improved starting materials and process. A prior SOI starting material,
depicted in the upper part the figure, includes: a) A device layer on the front side, typically between 2 and 20 m thick, made
of p-doped silicon (that is, silicon lightly doped with an electron acceptor, which is typically boron); b) A buried oxide (BOX)
layer (that is, a buried layer of oxidized silicon) between 0.2 and 0.5 m thick; and c) A silicon handle layer (also known as
a handle wafer) on the back side, between about 600 and 650 m thick. After fabrication of the imager circuitry in and on the
device layer, the handle wafer is etched away, the BOX layer acting as an etch stop. In subsequent operation of the imager,
258
light enters from the back, through the BOX layer. The advantages of back illumination over front illumination have been
discussed in prior NASA Tech Briefs articles.
Author
Doped Crystals; Quantum Effciency; Imaging Techniques; Illuminating; SOI (Semiconductors); Silicon; Integrated Circuits;
Acceptor Materials
20090022334 Honeywell, Inc., Houston, TX, USA
Some Improvements in Utilization of Flash Memory Devices
Gender, Thomas K.; Chow, James; Ott, William E.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 16; In English; See also
20090022325
Report No.(s): MSC-23465-1/6-1; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
Two developments improve the utilization of flash memory devices in the face of the following limitations: (1) a flash
write element (page) differs in size from a flash erase element (block), (2) a block must be erased before its is rewritten, (3)
lifetime of a flash memory is typically limited to about 1,000,000 erases, (4) as many as 2 percent of the blocks of a given
device may fail before the expected end of its life, and (5) to ensure reliability of reading and writing, power must not be
interrupted during minimum specified reading and writing times. The first development comprises interrelated software
components that regulate reading, writing, and erasure operations to minimize migration of data and unevenness in wear;
perform erasures during idle times; quickly make erased blocks available for writing; detect and report failed blocks; maintain
the overall state of a flash memory to satisfy real-time performance requirements; and detect and initialize a new flash memory
device. The second development is a combination of hardware and software that senses the failure of a main power supply
and draws power from a capacitive storage circuit designed to hold enough energy to sustain operation until reading or writing
is completed.
Derived from text
Memory (Computers); Technology Utilization; Computer Programs; Computer Storage Devices
20090022335 GNC Corp., USA
GPS/MEMS IMU/Microprocessor Board for Navigation
Gender, Thomas K.; Chow, James; Ott, William E.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 16; In English; See also
20090022325
A miniaturized instrumentation package comprising a (1) Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, (2) an inertial
measurement unit (IMU) consisting largely of surface-micromachined sensors of the microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS) type, and (3) a microprocessor, all residing on a single circuit board, is part of the navigation system of a compact
robotic spacecraft intended to be released from a larger spacecraft [e.g., the International Space Station (ISS)] for exterior
visual inspection of the larger spacecraft. Variants of the package may also be useful in terrestrial collision-detection and
-avoidance applications. The navigation solution obtained by integrating the IMU outputs is fed back to a correlator in the GPS
receiver to aid in tracking GPS signals. The raw GPS and IMU data are blended in a Kalman filter to obtain an optimal
navigation solution, which can be supplemented by range and velocity data obtained by use of (l) a stereoscopic pair of
electronic cameras aboard the robotic spacecraft and/or (2) a laser dynamic range imager aboard the ISS. The novelty of the
package lies mostly in those aspects of the design of the MEMS IMU that pertain to controlling mechanical resonances and
stabilizing scale factors and biases.
Author
Microprocessors; Circuit Boards; Global Positioning System; Microelectromechanical Systems; Dynamic Range;
Miniaturization; Micromachining
Device Acquires and Retains Rock or Ice Samples
Giersch, Louis R.; Backes, Paul G.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 19-20; In English; See also 20090022325
The Rock Baller is a sample acquisition tool that improves sample retention. The basic elements of the Rock Baller are
the tool rotation axis, the hub, the two jaws, and the cutting blades, which are located on each of the jaws. The entire device
259
rotates about the tool rotation axis, which is aligned parallel to the nominal normal direction of the parent rock surface. Both
jaws also rotate about the jaw axis, which is perpendicular to the tool rotation axis, at a rate much slower than the rotation
about the tool rotation axis. This movement gradually closes the jaws into a nearly continuous hemispherical shell that
encloses the sample as it is cut from the parent rock. When required the jaws are opened to release the sample. The
hemispherical cutting method eliminates the sample retention problems associated with existing sample acquisition methods
that employ conventional cylindrical cutting. The resulting samples are hemispherical, or nearly hemispherical, and as a result
the aspect ratio (sample depth relative to sample radius) is essentially fixed. This fixed sample aspect ratio may be considered
a drawback of the Rock Baller method, as samples with a higher aspect ratio (more depth, less width) may be considered more
scientifically valuable because such samples would allow for a broader inspection of the geological record. This aspect ratio
issue can be ameliorated if the Rock Baller is paired with a device similar to the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) used on the Mars
Exploration Rovers. The RAT could be used to first grind into the surface of the parent rock, after which the Rock Baller would
extract a sample from a depth inside the rock that would not have been possible without first using the RAT. Other potential
applications for this technology include medical applications such as the removal of tissue samples or tumors from the body,
particularly during endoscopic, laparoscopic, or thoracoscopic surgeries.
Author
Cutting; Rotation; Abrasion; Samples; Rocks; Ice; Mars Exploration; Geology; Cylindrical Bodies; Aspect Ratio
Chemochromic Hydrogen Leak Detectors
Roberson, Luke; Captain, Janine; Williams, Martha; Smith, Trent; Tate, LaNetra; Raissi, Ali; Mohajeri, Nahid; Muradov,
Nazim; Bokerman, Gary; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 27; In English; See also 20090022325
Report No.(s): KSC-13088; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
At NASA, hydrogen safety is a key concern for space shuttle processing. Leaks of any level must be quickly recognized
and addressed due to hydrogen s lower explosion limit. Chemo - chromic devices have been developed to detect hydrogen gas
in several embodiments. Because hydrogen is odorless and colorless and poses an explosion hazard, there is an emerging need
for sensors to quickly and accurately detect low levels of leaking hydrogen in fuel cells and other advanced energy- generating
systems in which hydrogen is used as fuel. The device incorporates a chemo - chromic pigment into a base polymer. The article
can reversibly or irreversibly change color upon exposure to hydrogen. The irreversible pigment changes color from a light
beige to a dark gray. The sensitivity of the pigment can be tailored to its application by altering its exposure to gas through
the incorporation of one or more additives or polymer matrix. Furthermore, through the incorporation of insulating additives,
the chemochromic sensor can operate at cryogenic temperatures as low as 78 K. A chemochromic detector of this type can
be manufactured into any feasible polymer part including injection molded plastic parts, fiber-spun textiles, or extruded tapes.
The detectors are simple, inexpensive, portable, and do not require an external power source. The chemochromic detectors
were installed and removed easily at the KSC launch pad without need for special expertise. These detectors may require an
external monitor such as the human eye, camera, or electronic detector; however, they could be left in place, unmonitored,
and examined later for color change to determine whether there had been exposure to hydrogen. In one type of envisioned
application, chemochromic detectors would be fabricated as outer layers (e.g., casings or coatings) on high-pressure hydrogen
storage tanks and other components of hydrogen-handling systems to provide visible indications of hydrogen leaks caused by
fatigue failures or other failures in those systems. In another type of envisioned application, chemochromic detectors of this
type could be optoelectronically instrumented for monitoring to provide measured digital indications of color changes
indicative of the presence of hydrogen.
Author
Leakage; Hydrogen; Detection; Cryogenic Temperature; Hydrogen Fuels; Storage Tanks; Fuel Cells; Hazards; Explosions;
High Pressure
Compatibility of Segments of Thermoelectric Generators
Snyder, G. Jeffrey; Ursell, Tristan; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 27-28; In English; See also 20090022325;
A method of calculating (usually for the purpose of maximizing) the power-conversion efficiency of a segmented
thermoelectric generator is based on equations derived from the fundamental equations of thermoelectricity. Because it is
260
directly traceable to first principles, the method provides physical explanations in addition to predictions of phenomena
involved in segmentation. In comparison with the finite-element method used heretofore to predict (without being able to
explain) the behavior of a segmented thermoelectric generator, this method is much simpler to implement in practice: in
particular, the efficiency of a segmented thermoelectric generator can be estimated by evaluating equations using only
hand-held calculator with this method. In addition, the method provides for determination of cascading ratios. The concept of
cascading is illustrated in the figure and the definition of the cascading ratio is defined in the figure caption. An important
aspect of the method is its approach to the issue of compatibility among segments, in combination with introduction of the
concept of compatibility within a segment. Prior approaches involved the use of only averaged material properties. Two
materials in direct contact could be examined for compatibility with each other, but there was no general framework for
analysis of compatibility. The present method establishes such a framework. The mathematical derivation of the method begins
with the definition of reduced efficiency of a thermoelectric generator as the ratio between (1) its thermal-to-electric
power-conversion efficiency and (2) its Carnot efficiency (the maximum efficiency theoretically attainable, given its hot- and
cold-side temperatures). The derivation involves calculation of the reduced efficiency of a model thermoelectric generator for
which the hot-side temperature is only infinitesimally greater than the cold-side temperature. The derivation includes
consideration of the ratio (u) between the electric current and heat-conduction power and leads to the concept of compatibility
factor (s) for a given thermoelectric material, defined as the value of u that maximizes the reduced efficiency of the
aforementioned model thermoelectric generator.
Author
Thermoelectric Power Generation; Compatibility; Conductive Heat Transfer; Energy Conversion Effciency; Thermodynamic
Effciency; Electric Current; Thermoelectric Generators; Finite Element Method; Thermoelectric Materials
20090022339 Sierra Lobo, Inc., Milan, OH, USA
Cryogenic Feedthrough Test Rig
Skaff, Antony; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 20; In English; See also 20090022325
Report No.(s): SSC-00299-1; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
The cryogenic feedthrough test rig (CFTR) allows testing of instrumentation feedthroughs at liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen temperature and pressure extremes (dangerous process fluid) without actually exposing the feedthrough to a
combustible or explosive process fluid. In addition, the helium used (inert gas), with cryogenic heat exchangers, exposes the
feedthrough to that environment that allows definitive leak rates of feedthrough by typical industry-standard helium mass
spectrometers.
Author
Test Stands; Cryogenics; Heat Exchangers; Gas Pressure; Liquid Hydrogen; Liquid Oxygen; Helium
Pneumatic Haptic Interfaces
Bae, Sam Y.; White, Victor; Manohara, Harish; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 19; In English; See also
20090022325; Original contains color illustrations
An instrumentation system for direct measurement of the thermal conductivity of a small sample of a highly insulating
material has been devised. As used here, (1) small signifies having dimensions of the order of two centimeters - significantly
less than the sizes of specimens for which prior devices for direct measurement of thermal conductivity have been designed;
and (2) highly insulating signifies having thermal conductivity of the order of that of air. The heart of the system is an
assembly that includes two copper disks - one electrically heated, the other cooled with chilled water. The disks are separated
by a guard ring made of strong, thermally insulating polymethacrylamide foam. The sample fits between the copper disks and
within the ring (see figure). Matched thermocouples are used to measure the temperatures of the heated and cooled disks. The
heated and cooled disks are affixed to larger foam disks, and the essentially still air in the gap between the larger disks insulates
the sides of the specimen. This air gap region can be further divided by extending the foam ring into the gap region. The entire
assembly as described thus far is lightly clamped together by means of nylon threaded rods and is placed inside a cylindrical
chamber wherein the temperature is maintained at a set value (typically, 25 C).
Author
Thermal Conductivity; Insulation; Cylindrical Chambers; Pneumatics; Thermocouples; Foams; Copper
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Multi-Modulator for Bandwidth-Efficient Communication
Gray, Andrew; Lee, Dennis; Lay, Norman; Cheetham, Craig; Fong, Wai; Yeh, Pen-Shu; King, Robin; Ghuman, Parminder;
Hoy, Scott; Fisher, Dave; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 15-16; In English; See also 20090022325; Original
A modulator circuit board has recently been developed to be used in conjunction with a vector modulator to generate any
of a large number of modulations for bandwidth-efficient radio transmission of digital data signals at rates than can exceed
100 Mb/s. The modulations include quadrature phaseshift keying (QPSK), offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK),
Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), and octonary phase-shift keying (8PSK) with square-root raised-cosine pulse
shaping. The figure is a greatly simplified block diagram showing the relationship between the modulator board and the rest
of the transmitter. The role of the modulator board is to encode the incoming data stream and to shape the resulting pulses,
which are fed as inputs to the vector modulator. The combination of encoding and pulse shaping in a given application is
chosen to maximize the bandwidth efficiency. The modulator board includes gallium arsenide serial-to-parallel converters at
its input end. A complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs the
coding and modulation computations and utilizes parallel processing in doing so. The results of the parallel computation are
combined and converted to pulse waveforms by use of gallium arsenide parallel-to-serial converters integrated with
digital-to-analog converters. Without changing the hardware, one can configure the modulator to produce any of the designed
combinations of coding and modulation by loading the appropriate bit configuration file into the FPGA.
Author
Modulators; Bandwidth; Circuit Boards; Data Flow Analysis; Transmitters; Quadrature Phase Shift Keying; FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays; Digital to Analog Converters; Radio Transmission
Converting CSV Files to RKSML Files
Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey; Liebersbach, Robert; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 25; In English; See also
20090022325
A computer program converts, into a format suitable for processing on Earth, files of downlinked telemetric data
pertaining to the operation of the Instrument Deployment Device (IDD), which is a robot arm on either of the Mars Explorer
Rovers (MERs). The raw downlinked data files are in comma-separated- value (CSV) format. The present program converts
the files into Rover Kinematics State Markup Language (RKSML), which is an Extensible Markup Language (XML) format
that facilitates representation of operations of the IDD and enables analysis of the operations by means of the Rover
Sequencing Validation Program (RSVP), which is used to build sequences of commanded operations for the MERs. After
conversion by means of the present program, the downlinked data can be processed by RSVP, enabling the MER downlink
operations team to play back the actual IDD activity represented by the telemetric data against the planned IDD activity. Thus,
the present program enhances the diagnosis of anomalies that manifest themselves as differences between actual and planned
IDD activities.
Author
Document Markup Languages; Computer Programs; Sequencing; Roving Vehicles; Deployment; Mars Surface
T/R Multi-Chip MMIC Modules for 150 GHz
Samoska, Lorene A.; Pukala, David M.; Soria, Mary M.; Sadowy, Gregory A.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009,
pp. 17; In English; See also 20090022325; Original contains color illustrations
Modules containing multiple monolithic microwave integrated-circuit (MMIC) chips have been built as prototypes of
transmitting/receiving (T/R) modules for millimeter-wavelength radar systems, including phased-array radar systems to be
used for diverse purposes that could include guidance and avoidance of hazards for landing spacecraft, imaging systems for
detecting hidden weapons, and hazard-avoidance systems for automobiles. Whereas prior landing radar systems have operated
at frequencies around 35 GHz, the integrated circuits in this module operate in a frequency band centered at about 150 GHz.
262
The higher frequency (and, hence, shorter wavelength), is expected to make it possible to obtain finer spatial resolution while
also using smaller antennas and thereby reducing the sizes and masses of the affected systems.
Derived from text
Transmitter Receivers; Chips (Electronics); Integrated Circuits; Microwave Circuits; Fabrication; Micromodules
Alignment Jig for the Precise Measurement of THz Radiation
Javadi, Hamid H.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 7-8; In English; See also 20090022325; Original contains
color illustrations
A miniaturized instrumentation package comprising a (1) Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, (2) an inertial
measurement unit (IMU) consisting largely of surface-micromachined sensors of the microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS) type, and (3) a microprocessor, all residing on a single circuit board, is part of the navigation system of a compact
robotic spacecraft intended to be released from a larger spacecraft [e.g., the International Space Station (ISS)] for exterior
visual inspection of the larger spacecraft. Variants of the package may also be useful in terrestrial collision-detection and
-avoidance applications. The navigation solution obtained by integrating the IMU outputs is fed back to a correlator in the GPS
receiver to aid in tracking GPS signals. The raw GPS and IMU data are blended in a Kalman filter to obtain an optimal
navigation solution, which can be supplemented by range and velocity data obtained by use of (l) a stereoscopic pair of
electronic cameras aboard the robotic spacecraft and/or (2) a laser dynamic range imager aboard the ISS. The novelty of the
package lies mostly in those aspects of the design of the MEMS IMU that pertain to controlling mechanical resonances and
stabilizing scale factors and biases.
Author
Radiation Measurement; Jigs; Alignment; Collision Parameters; Detection; Global Positioning System; Microprocessors
Autoignition Chamber for Remote Testing of Pyrotechnic Devices
Harrington, Maureen L.; Steward, Gerald R.; Dartez, Toby W.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 8-9; In English;
See also 20090022325
The autoignition chamber (AIC) performs by remotely heating pyrotechnic devices that can fit the inner diameter of the
tube furnace. Two methods, a cold start or a hot start, can be used with this device in autoignition testing of pyrotechnics. A
cold start means extending a pyrotechnic device into the cold autoignition chamber and then heating the device until
autoignition occurs. A hot start means heating the autoignition chamber to a specified temperature, and then extending the
device into a hot autoignition chamber until autoignition occurs. Personnel are remote from the chamber during the extension
into the hot chamber. The autoignition chamber, a commercially produced tubular furnace, has a 230-V, single-phase, 60-Hz
electrical supply, with a total power output of 2,400 W. It has a 6-in. (15.2-cm) inner diameter, a 12-in. (30.4-cm) outer
diameter and a 12-in.- long (30.4-cm), single-zone, solid tubular furnace (element) capable of heating to temperatures up to
2,012 F (1,100 C) in air.
Derived from text
Pyrotechnics; Spontaneous Combustion; Space Transportation System; Electromechanical Devices
20090022347 ZIN Technologies, Inc., Brook Park, OH, USA
Device for Measuring Low Flow Speed in a Duct
Quinn, Frank; Magee, Kevin; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 5-6; In English; See also 20090022325; Original
Report No.(s): LEW-18021-1; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
A multiple-throat venturi system has been invented for measuring laminar flow of air or other gas at low speed (1 to 30
cm/s) in a duct while preserving the laminar nature of the flow and keeping the velocity profile across the duct as nearly flat
as possible. While means for measuring flows at higher speeds are well established, heretofore, there have been no reliable
means for making consistent, accurate measurements in this speed range. In the original application for which this system was
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invented, the duct leads into the test section of a low-speed wind tunnel wherein uniform, low-speed, laminar flow is required
for scientific experiments. The system could also be used to monitor a slow flow of gas in an industrial process like chemical
vapor deposition. In the original application, the multiple- throat venturi system is mounted at the inlet end of the duct having
a rectangular cross section of 19 by 14 cm, just upstream of an assembly of inlet screens and flow straighteners that help to
suppress undesired flow fluctuations (see Figure 1). The basic venturi measurement principle is well established: One measures
the difference in pressure between (1) a point just outside the inlet, where the pressure is highest and the kinetic energy lowest;
and (2) the narrowest part (the throat) of the venturi passage, where the kinetic energy is highest and the pressure is lowest.
Then by use of Bernoulli s equation for the relationship between pressure and kinetic energy, the volumetric flow speed in the
duct can be calculated from the pressure difference and the inlet and throat widths. The design of this system represents a
compromise among length, pressure recovery, uniformity of flow, and complexity of assembly. Traditionally, venturis are used
to measure faster flows in narrower cross sections, with longer upstream and downstream passages to maintain accuracy. The
dimensions of the passages of the present venturi system are sized to provide a readily measurable pressure drop. Multiple
throats are used to minimize the length needed to recover internal energy and enable the velocity profile to recover to near
flatness.
Author
Gas Flow; Ducts; Laminar Flow; Low Speed; Uniform Flow; Vapor Deposition; Air Flow
Measuring Thermal Conductivity of a Small Insulation Sample
Miller, Robert A.; Kuczmarski, Maria A.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 6-7; In English; See also
Report No.(s): LEW-18356-1; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
A multiple-throat venturi system has been invented for measuring laminar flow of air or other gas at low speed (1 to 30
cm/s) in a duct while preserving the laminar nature of the flow and keeping the velocity profile across the duct as nearly flat
as possible. While means for measuring flows at higher speeds are well established, heretofore, there have been no reliable
means for making consistent, accurate measurements in this speed range. In the original application for which this system was
invented, the duct leads into the test section of a low-speed wind tunnel wherein uniform, low-speed, laminar flow is required
for scientific experiments. The system could also be used to monitor a slow flow of gas in an industrial process like chemical
vapor deposition. In the original application, the multiple- throat venturi system is mounted at the inlet end of the duct having
a rectangular cross section of 19 by 14 cm, just upstream of an assembly of inlet screens and flow straighteners that help to
suppress undesired flow fluctuations (see Figure 1). The basic venturi measurement principle is well established: One measures
the difference in pressure between (1) a point just outside the inlet, where the pressure is highest and the kinetic energy lowest;
and (2) the narrowest part (the throat) of the venturi passage, where the kinetic energy is highest and the pressure is lowest.
Then by use of Bernoulli s equation for the relationship between pressure and kinetic energy, the volumetric flow speed in the
duct can be calculated from the pressure difference and the inlet and throat widths. The design of this system represents a
compromise among length, pressure recovery, uniformity of flow, and complexity of assembly. Traditionally, venturis are used
to measure faster flows in narrower cross sections, with longer upstream and downstream passages to maintain accuracy. The
dimensions of the passages of the present venturi system are sized to provide a readily measurable pressure drop. Multiple
throats are used to minimize the length needed to recover internal energy and enable the velocity profile to recover to near
flatness.
Author
Thermal Conductivity; Flow Velocity; Air Flow; Low Speed; Vapor Deposition; Uniform Flow; Test Chambers; Laminar Flow
Service Management Database for DSN Equipment
Zendejas, Silvino; Bui, Tung; Bui, Bach; Malhotra, Shantanu; Chen, Fannie; Wolgast, Paul; Allen, Christopher; Luong, Ivy;
Chang, George; Sadaqathulla, Syed; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 25; In English; See also 20090022325
This data- and event-driven persistent storage system leverages the use of commercial software provided by Oracle for
portability, ease of maintenance, scalability, and ease of integration with embedded, client-server, and multi-tiered
applications. In this role, the Service Management Database (SMDB) is a key component of the overall end-to-end process
involved in the scheduling, preparation, and configuration of the Deep Space Network (DSN) equipment needed to perform
264
the various telecommunication services the DSN provides to its customers worldwide. SMDB makes efficient use of triggers,
stored procedures, queuing functions, e-mail capabilities, data management, and Java integration features provided by the
Oracle relational database management system. SMDB uses a third normal form schema design that allows for simple data
maintenance procedures and thin layers of integration with client applications. The software provides an integrated event
logging system with ability to publish events to a JMS messaging system for synchronous and asynchronous delivery to
subscribed applications. It provides a structured classification of events and application-level messages stored in database
tables that are accessible by monitoring applications for real-time monitoring or for troubleshooting and analysis over
historical archives.
Author
Data Base Management Systems; Relational Data Bases; Systems Integration; Data Management; Deep Space Network; Real
Time Operation; Scheduling
20090022350 California Univ., Davis, CA, USA
Yb14MnSb11 as a High-Efficiency Thermoelectric Material
Snyder, G. Jeffrey; Gascoin, Franck; Brown, Shawna; Kauzlarich, Susan; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009,
pp. 23-24; In English; See also 20090022325; Original contains color illustrations
Yb14MnSb11 has been found to be wellsuited for use as a p-type thermoelectric material in applications that involve
hotside temperatures in the approximate range of 1,200 to 1,300 K. The figure of merit that characterizes the
thermal-to-electric power-conversion efficiency is greater for this material than for SiGe, which, until now, has been regarded
as the state-of-the art high-temperature ptype thermoelectric material. Moreover, relative to SiGe, Yb14MnSb11 is better
suited to incorporation into a segmented thermoelectric leg that includes the moderate-temperature p-type thermoelectric
material CeFe4Sb12 and possibly other, lower-temperature p-type thermoelectric materials. Interest in Yb14MnSb11 as a
candidate high-temperature thermoelectric material was prompted in part by its unique electronic properties and complex
crystalline structure, which place it in a class somewhere between (1) a class of semiconducting valence compounds known
in the art as Zintl compounds and (2) the class of intermetallic compounds. From the perspective of chemistry, this
classification of Yb14MnSb11 provides a first indication of a potentially rich library of compounds, the thermoelectric
properties of which can be easily optimized. The concepts of the thermoelectric figure of merit and the thermoelectric
compatibility factor are discussed in Compatibility of Segments of Thermo - electric Generators (NPO-30798), which appears
on page 55. The traditional thermoelectric figure of merit, Z, is defined by the equation Z = alpha sup 2/rho K, where alpha
is the Seebeck coefficient, rho is the electrical resistivity, and k is the thermal conductivity.
Derived from text
Intermetallics; Thermoelectric Materials; Manganese; Antimony; Ytterbium
Complementary Barrier Infrared Detector
Ting, David Z.; Bandara, Sumith V.; Hill, Cory J.; Gunapala, Sarath D.; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 28-29;
In English; See also 20090022325; Original contains color illustrations
The complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) is designed to eliminate the major dark current sources in the
superlattice infrared detector. The concept can also be applied to bulk semiconductor- based infrared detectors. CBIRD uses
two different types of specially designed barriers: an electron barrier that blocks electrons but not holes, and a hole barrier that
blocks holes but not electrons. The CBIRD structure consists of an n-contact, a hole barrier, an absorber, an electron barrier,
and a p-contact. The barriers are placed at the contact-absorber junctions where, in a conventional p-i-n detector structure,
there normally are depletion regions that produce generation-recombination (GR) dark currents due to Shockley-Read- Hall
(SRH) processes. The wider-bandgap complementary barriers suppress G-R dark current. The barriers also block diffusion
dark currents generated in the diffusion wings in the neutral regions. In addition, the wider gap barriers serve to reduce
tunneling dark currents. In the case of a superlattice-based absorber, the superlattice itself can be designed to suppress dark
currents due to Auger processes. At the same time, the barriers actually help to enhance the collection of photo-generated
carriers by deflecting the photo-carriers that are diffusing in the wrong direction (i.e., away from collectors) and redirecting
them toward the collecting contacts. The contact layers are made from materials with narrower bandgaps than the barriers. This
allows good ohmic contacts to be made, resulting in lower contact resistances. Previously, THALES Research and Technology
265
(France) demonstrated detectors with bulk InAsSb (specifically InAs0.91Sb0.09) absorber lattice-matched to GaSb substrates.
The absorber is surrounded by two wider bandgap layers designed to minimize impedance to photocurrent flow. The wide
bandgap materials also serve as contacts. The cutoff wavelength of the InAsSb absorber is fixed. CBIRD may be considered
as a modified version of the THALES double heterostructure (DH) p-i-n device, but with even wider bandgap barriers inserted
at the contact layer/absorber layer interfaces. It is designed to work with either bulk semiconductors or superlattices as the
absorber material. The superlattice bandgap can be adjusted to match the desired absorption cutoff wavelength. This infrared
detector has the potential of high-sensitivity operation at higher operating temperatures. This would reduce cooling
requirements, thereby reducing the power, mass, and volume of the equipment and allowing an increased mission science
return.
Author
Infrared Detectors; Superlattices; Dark Current; Semiconductor Devices; Contact Resistance; Energy Gaps (Solid State);
P-I-N Junctions
Synthetic Foveal Imaging Technology
Hoenk, Michael; Monacos, Steve; Nikzad, Shouleh; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 12-13; In English; See also
Synthetic Foveal imaging Technology (SyFT) is an emerging discipline of image capture and image-data processing that
offers the prospect of greatly increased capabilities for real-time processing of large, high-resolution images (including mosaic
images) for such purposes as automated recognition and tracking of moving objects of interest. SyFT offers a solution to the
image-data processing problem arising from the proposed development of gigapixel mosaic focal-plane image-detector
assemblies for very wide field-of-view imaging with high resolution for detecting and tracking sparse objects or events within
narrow subfields of view. In order to identify and track the objects or events without the means of dynamic adaptation to be
afforded by SyFT, it would be necessary to post-process data from an image-data space consisting of terabytes of data. Such
post-processing would be time-consuming and, as a consequence, could result in missing significant events that could not be
observed at all due to the time evolution of such events or could not be observed at required levels of fidelity without such
real-time adaptations as adjusting focal-plane operating conditions or aiming of the focal plane in different directions to track
such events. The basic concept of foveal imaging is straightforward: In imitation of a natural eye, a foveal-vision image sensor
is designed to offer higher resolution in a small region of interest (ROI) within its field of view. Foveal vision reduces the
amount of unwanted information that must be transferred from the image sensor to external image-data-processing circuitry.
The aforementioned basic concept is not new in itself: indeed, image sensors based on these concepts have been described in
several previous NASA Tech Briefs articles. Active-pixel integrated-circuit image sensors that can be programmed in real time
to effect foveal artificial vision on demand are one such example. What is new in SyFT is a synergistic combination of recent
advances in foveal imaging, computing, and related fields, along with a generalization of the basic foveal-vision concept to
admit a synthetic fovea that is not restricted to one contiguous region of an image.
Author
Image Processing; Imaging Techniques; Data Processing; Computer Vision; Automatic Control; Tracking (Position);
Integrated Circuits; High Resolution; Fovea; Field of View
Microwave Power Combiners for Signals of Arbitrary Amplitude
Conroy, Bruce; Hoppe, Daniel; NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009; June 2009, pp. 11-12; In English; See also 20090022325;
Schemes for combining power from coherent microwave sources of arbitrary (unequal or equal) amplitude have been
proposed. Most prior microwave-power-combining schemes are limited to sources of equal amplitude. The basic principle of
the schemes now proposed is to use quasi-optical components to manipulate the polarizations and phases of two
arbitrary-amplitude input signals in such a way as to combine them into one output signal having a specified, fixed
polarization. To combine power from more than two sources, one could use multiple powercombining stages based on this
principle, feeding the outputs of lower-power stages as inputs to higher-power stages. Quasi-optical components suitable for
implementing these schemes include grids of parallel wires, vane polarizers, and a variety of waveguide structures. For the
sake of brevity, the remainder of this article illustrates the basic principle by focusing on one scheme in which a wire grid and
266
two vane polarizers would be used. Wire grids are the key quasi-optical elements in many prior equal-power combiners. In
somewhat oversimplified terms, a wire grid reflects an incident beam having an electric field parallel to the wires and passes
an incident beam having an electric field perpendicular to the wires. In a typical prior equal-power combining scheme, one
provides for two properly phased, equal-amplitude signals having mutually perpendicular linear polarizations to impinge from
two mutually perpendicular directions on a wire grid in a plane oriented at an angle of 45 with respect to both beam axes. The
wires in the grid are oriented to pass one of the incident beams straight through onto the output path and to reflect the other
incident beam onto the output path along with the first-mentioned beam.
Author
Coherent Radiation; Radiation Sources; Waveguides; Wire; Optical Equipment; Electric Fields
88
SPACE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
Includes general research topics related to the natural space sciences. For specific topics in space sciences see categories
89 through 93.
20090021236 Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, USA

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites: Acquisition Has Increased Costs, Reduced Capabilities, and
Delayed Schedules
April 23, 2009; 15 pp.; In English; Original contains black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): GAO-09-596T; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
NOAA plans for the GOES-R program to improve on the technology of prior series, in terms of both system and
instrument improvements. The system improvements are expected to fulfill more demanding user requirements by updating
the satellite data more often and providing satellite products to users more quickly. The instrument improvements are expected
to significantly increase the clarity and precision of the observed environmental data. NOAA originally planned to acquire six
different types of instruments. In September 2006, however, NOAA decided to reduce the scope and technical complexity of
the GOES-R program because of expectations that total costs, which were originally estimated to be $6.2 billion, could reach
$11.4 billion. Specifically, NOAA reduced the minimum number of satellites from four to two, cancelled plans for developing
a critical instrument the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (which reduced the number of planned satellite products from 81
to 68), and divided the Solar Imaging Suite into two separate acquisitions. The agency estimated that the revised program
would cost $7 billion. In addition to the reductions in scope, NOAA also delayed the launch of the first satellite from
September 2012 to December 2014. NOAA is solely responsible for GOES-R program funding and overall mission success.
However, since it relies on the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations (NASA) acquisition experience and technical
expertise to help ensure the success of its programs, NOAA implemented an integrated program management structure with
NASA for the GOES-R program. Within the program office, there are two project offices that manage key components of the
GOES-R system the flight and ground segment project offices. The flight project office, managed by NASA, is responsible for
awarding and managing the spacecraft segment contract, delivering flight-ready instruments to the spacecraft segment
contractor for integration onto the satellites, and overseeing the systems engineering and integration. The ground segment
project office, managed by NOAA, oversees the ground contract, satellite data product development and distribution, and
on-orbit operations of the satellites.
Derived from text
Schedules; GOES Satellites; NASA Programs; Systems Engineering; Technology Utilization
20090021413 British National Space Centre, London, UK
Space:UK, March 2009, Issue 27
Hollingham, Richard, Editor; March 2009; 28 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.:
Other Sources
This issue contains articles on: High Seas and Gravity waves that discusses ESAs Gravity field and steady-state Ocean
Circulation Explorer (GOCE) which will measure gravity using highly accurate accelerometers; an interview with Richard
Garriott, a space tourist; an article entitled Broadening Broadband, that discusses the attempts to broaden the internet access
in the UK through the use of satellite communications; and an article entitled Lost without Space, that discusses the use of
satellite technology (i.e., GPS) to assist in navigation on Earth.
CASI
Global Positioning System; Satellite Communication; Gravitational Fields
267
Deep Dielectric Charging of Spacecraft Polymers by Energetic Protons
Green, Nelson W.; Dennison, J. R.; June 18, 2007; 14 pp.; In English; 10th Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference, 18
- 21 Jun. 2007, Biarritz, France; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
The majority of research in the field of spacecraft charging concentrates on electron charging effects with little discussion
of charging by protons. For spacecraft orbiting in the traditional LEO and GEO environments this emphasis on electrons is
appropriate since energetic electrons are the dominant species in those orbits. But for spacecraft in orbits within the inner
radiation belts or for interplanetary and lunar space probes, proton charging (center dot) effects may also be of concern. To
examine bulk spacecraft charging effects in these environments several typical highly insulating spacecraft polymers were
exposed to energetic protons (center dot) with energies from 1 Me V to lO Me V to simulate protons from the solar wind and
from solar energetic proton events. Results indicate that effects in proton charged dielectrics are distinctly different than those
observed due to electron charging. In most cases, the positive surface potential continued to increase for periods on the order
of minutes to a day, followed by long time scale decay at rates similar to those observed for electron charging. All samples
charged to positive potentials with substantially lower magnitudes than for equivalent electron doses. Possible explanations
for the different behavior of the measured surface potentials from proton irradiation are discussed; these are related to the
evolving internal charge distribution from energy dependent electron and proton transport, electron emission, charge migration
due to dark current and radiation induced conductivity, and electron capture by embedded protons.
Author
Spacecraft Charging; Charge Distribution; Dielectrics; Semiconductors (Materials); Proton Irradiation; Protons; Radiation
Belts; Spacecraft Orbits; Interplanetary Space
Constraining the Depth of a Martian Magma Ocean through Metal-Silicate Partitioning Experiments: The Role of
Different Datasets and the Range of Pressure and Temperature Conditions
Righter, K.; Chabot, N.L.; [2009]; 1 pp.; In English; 72nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, 13 - 18 Jul 2009,
Nancy, France; Original contains color illustrations
Mars accretion is known to be fast compared to Earth. Basaltic samples provide a probe into the interior and allow
reconstruction of siderophile element contents of the mantle. These estimates can be used to estimate conditions of core
formation, as for Earth. Although many assume that Mars went through a magma ocean stage, and possibly even complete
melting, the siderophile element content of Mars mantle is consistent with relatively low pressure and temperature (PT)
conditions, implying only shallow melting, near 7 GPa and 2073 K. This is a pressure range where some have proposed a
change in siderophile element partitioning behavior. We will examine the databases used for parameterization and split them
into a low and higher pressure regime to see if the methods used to reach this conclusion agree for the two sets of data.
Author
Magma; Mars Environment; Planetary Mantles; Planetary Structure; Planetary Temperature; Low Pressure
20090022175 Space Studies Board, Washington, DC, USA
Severe Space Weather Events--Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report - Extended
Summary
January 2009; 33 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNH06CE15B; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
ONLINE: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12643
The effects of space weather on modern technological systems are well documented in both the technical literature and
popular accounts. Most often cited perhaps is the collapse within 90 seconds of northeastern Canadas Hydro-Quebec power
grid during the great geomagnetic storm of March 1989, which left millions of people without electricity for up to 9 hours.
This event exemplifies the dramatic impact that severe space weather can have on a technology upon which modern society
critically depends. Nearly two decades have passed since the March 1989 event. During that time, awareness of the risks of
severe space weather has increased among the affected industries, mitigation strategies have been developed, new sources of
data have become available, new models of the space environment have been created, and a national space weather
infrastructure has evolved to provide data, alerts, and forecasts to an increasing number of users. Now, 20 years later and
approaching a new interval of increased solar activity, how well equipped are we to manage the effects of space weather? Have
recent technological developments made our critical technologies more or less vulnerable? How well do we understand the
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broader societal and economic impacts of severe space weather events? Are our institutions prepared to cope with the effects
of a space weather Katrina, a rare, but according to the historical record, not inconceivable eventuality? On May 22 and 23,
2008, a one-and-a-half-day workshop held in Washington, D.C., under the auspices of the National Research Councils
(NRCs) Space Studies Board brought together representatives of industry, the federal government, and the social science
community to explore these and related questions. The key themes, ideas, and insights that emerged during the presentations
and discussions are summarized in Severe Space Weather Events--Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A
Workshop Report (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2008), which was prepared by the Committee on the
Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events: A Workshop. The present document is an expanded summary
of that report.
Derived from text
Space Weather; Economic Impact; Technologies; Earth Atmosphere; Vulnerability

John F. Kennedy Space Centers Technology Development and Application 2006-2007 Report
March 03, 2008; 152 pp.; In English; See also 20090022203 - 20090022259; Original contains color and black and white
illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2008-214740; NASA-SP-2008-02-045-KSC; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: C01, CD-ROM; A08,
Hardcopy
Topics covered include: Reversible Chemochromic Hydrogen Detectors; Determining Trajectory of Triboelectrically
Charged Particles, Using Discrete Element Modeling; Using Indium Tin Oxide To Mitigate Dust on Viewing Ports;
High-Performance Polyimide Powder Coatings; Controlled-Release Microcapsules for Smart Coatings for Corrosion
Applications; Aerocoat 7 Replacement Coatings; Photocatalytic Coatings for Exploration and Spaceport Design; New
Materials for the Repair of Polyimide Electrical Wire Insulation; Commodity-Free Calibration; Novel Ice Mitigation Methods;
Crack Offset Measurement With the Projected Laser Target Device; New Materials for Structural Composites and Protective
Coatings; Fire Chemistry Testing of Spray-On Foam Insulation (SOFI); Using Aerogel-Based Insulation Material To Prevent
Foam Loss on the Liquid-Hydrogen Intertank; Particle Ejection and Levitation Technology (PELT); Electrostatic
Characterization of Lunar Dust; Numerical Analysis of Rocket Exhaust Cratering; RESOLVE Projects: Lunar Water Resource
Demonstration and Regolith Volatile Characterization; Tribocharging Lunar Soil for Electrostatic Beneficiation; Numerically
Modeling the Erosion of Lunar Soil by Rocket Exhaust Plumes; Trajectory Model of Lunar Dust Particles; Using Lunar
Module Shadows To Scale the Effects of Rocket Exhaust Plumes; Predicting the Acoustic Environment Induced by the Launch
of the Ares I Vehicle; Measuring Ultrasonic Acoustic Velocity in a Thin Sheet of Graphite Epoxy Composite; Hail Size
Distribution Mapping; Launch Pad 39 Hail Monitor Array System; Autonomous Flight Safety System - Phase III; The
Photogrammetry Cube; Bird Vision System; Automating Range Surveillance Through Radio Interferometry and Field Strength
Mapping Techniques; Next-Generation Telemetry Workstation; GPS Metric Tracking Unit; and Space-Based Range.
Author
Calibrating; Acoustic Velocity; Aerospace Engineering; Electrostatics; Field Strength; Flight Safety; Laser Targets; Liquid
Hydrogen
20090022203 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; CoCoRaHS, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Colorado State
Univ., Fort Collins, CO, USA
Launch Pad 39 Hail Monitor Array System
Weather conditions at Kennedy Space Center are extremely dynamic, and they greatly affect the safety of the Space
Shuttles sitting on the launch pads. For example, on May 13, 1999, the foam on the External Tank (ET) of STS-96 was
significantly damaged by hail at the launch pad, requiring rollback to the Vehicle Assembly Building. The loss of ET foam
on STS-114 in 2005 intensified interest in monitoring and measuring damage to ET foam, especially from hail. But hail can
be difficult to detect and monitor because it is often localized and obscured by heavy rain. Furthermore, the hot Florida climate
usually melts the hail even before the rainfall subsides. In response, the hail monitor array (HMA) system, a joint effort of
the Applied Physics Laboratory operated by NASA and ASRC Aerospace at KSC, was deployed for operational testing in the
fall of 2006. Volunteers from the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, and Snow (CoCoRaHS) network, in conjunction with
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Colorado State University, continue to test duplicate hail monitor systems deployed in the high plains of Colorado.
Derived from text
Hail; Launching Pads; Monitors; Space Shuttles; Electronics
Sixty-four-Channel Inline Cable Tester
Faults in wiring are a serious concern for the aerospace and aeronautics (commercial, military, and civil) industries. A
number of accidents have occurred because faulty wiring created shorts or opens that resulted in the loss of control of the
aircraft or because arcing led to fires and explosions. Some of these accidents have resulted in the massive loss of lives (such
as in the TWA Flight 800 accident). Circuits on the Space Shuttle have also failed because of faulty insulation on wiring.
STS-93 lost power when a primary power circuit in one engine failed and a second engine had a backup power circuit fault.
Cables are usually tested on the ground after the crew reports a fault encountered during flight. Often such failures result from
vibration and cannot be replicated while the aircraft is stationary. It is therefore important to monitor faults while the aircraft
is in operation, when cables are more likely to fail. Work is in progress to develop a cable fault tester capable of monitoring
up to 64 individual wires simultaneously. Faults can be monitored either inline or offline. In the inline mode of operation, the
monitoring is performed without disturbing the normal operation of the wires under test. That is, the operations are performed
unintrusively and are essentially undetectable for the test signal levels are below the noise floor. A cable can be monitored
several times per second in the offline mode and once a second in the inline mode. The 64-channel inline cable tester not only
detects the occurrence of a fault, but also determines the type of fault (short/open) and the location of the fault. This will enable
the detection of intermittent faults that can be repaired before they become serious problems.
Derived from text
Channels (Data Transmission); Transmission Lines; Electrical Faults; Logic Circuits; Chips (Electronics); Electric Wire
Ion Beam Propulsion Study
The Ion Beam Propulsion Study was a joint high-level study between the Applied Physics Laboratory operated by NASA
and ASRC Aerospace at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and Berkeley Scientific, Berkeley, California. The results were
promising and suggested that work should continue if future funding becomes available. The application of ion thrusters for
spacecraft propulsion is limited to quite modest ion sources with similarly modest ion beam parameters because of the mass
penalty associated with the ion source and its power supply system. Also, the ion source technology has not been able to
provide very high-power ion beams. Small ion beam propulsion systems were used with considerable success. Ion propulsion
systems brought into practice use an onboard ion source to form an energetic ion beam, typically Xe+ ions, as the propellant.
Such systems were used for steering and correction of telecommunication satellites and as the main thruster for the Deep Space
1 demonstration mission. In recent years, giant ion sources were developed for the controlled-fusion research effort
worldwide, with beam parameters many orders of magnitude greater than the tiny ones of conventional space thruster
application. The advent of such huge ion beam sources and the need for advanced propulsion systems for exploration of the
solar system suggest a fresh look at ion beam propulsion, now with the giant fusion sources in mind.
Derived from text
Ion Beams; Ion Propulsion; Ion Sources; Sails
Composite Materials for Low-Temperature Applications
Composite materials with improved thermal conductivity and good mechanical strength properties should allow for the
design and construction of more thermally efficient components (such as pipes and valves) for use in fluid-processing systems.
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These materials should have wide application in any number of systems, including ground support equipment (GSE), lunar
systems, and flight hardware that need reduced heat transfer. Researchers from the Polymer Science and Technology
Laboratory and the Cryogenics Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center were able to develop a new series of composite materials
that can meet NASAs needs for lightweight materials/composites for use in fluid systems and also expand the plastic-additive
markets. With respect to thermal conductivity and physical properties, these materials are excellent alternatives to prior
composite materials and can be used in the aerospace, automotive, military, electronics, food-packaging, and textile markets.
One specific application of the polymeric composition is for use in tanks, pipes, valves, structural supports, and components
for hot or cold fluid-processing systems where heat flow through materials is a problem to be avoided. These materials can
also substitute for metals in cryogenic and other low-temperature applications. These organic/inorganic polymeric composite
materials were invented with significant reduction in heat transfer properties. Decreases of 20 to 50 percent in thermal
conductivity versus that of the unmodified polymer matrix were measured. These novel composite materials also maintain
mechanical properties of the unmodified polymer matrix. These composite materials consist of an inorganic additive combined
with a thermoplastic polymer material. The intrinsic, low thermal conductivity of the additive is imparted into the
thermoplastic, resulting in a significant reduction in heat transfer over that of the base polymer itself, yet maintaining most
of the polymers original properties. Normal polymer processing techniques can turn these composite materials into unique,
custom parts for ground support, Shuttle, and Constellation needs. We fabricated test specimens of the composite and base
materials for thermal and mechanical characterization and found that the strength of the composite material at nominalpercentage loading remained relatively unchanged from the base material.
Derived from text
Composite Materials; Low Temperature; Mechanical Properties; Fabrication; Cryogenics
Mitigating Problems in Measuring Hypergolic Fuels
To monitor hydrazine concentrations accurately and safely, hydrazine is converted into a stable derivative that will be
monitored and correlated to the actual hydrazine concentration. The hydrazines reactivity is harnessed to produce a chemical
reaction that will form a stable gas-phase derivative which will not react or decompose before it reaches the detector.
Hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine belong to a class of compounds known as
hypergolic fuels. These fuels self-ignite upon mixing with hypergolic oxidizer (dinitrogen tetroxide), without need of a spark
or other ignition source. The resulting reaction produces thrust with exceptionally high energy, making these compounds
particularly useful as rocket propellants. Hydrazines are also highly toxic and corrosive. The combined properties of reactivity,
corrosivity, and toxicity present the potential for a leak, a disastrous situation in a hypergol-loaded system. Consequently, leak
detection is of the utmost importance in protecting equipment and personnel. Hydrazine vapor quantification presents many
challenges in addition to the safety concerns. The reactivity of these compounds causes thermal and catalytic decomposition,
which results in significant losses. Further complications arise from the sticky nature of hydrazine. Molecules adsorb
irreversibly to virtually any surface they make contact with before detection, which results in instrument drift. These properties
make it difficult to accurately quantify hydrazines. Current analytical methods seek to minimize these interactions. After an
extensive literature search to determine appropriate chemical reactions, a method was devised to quantify hydrazines, without
the limitations of monitoring hydrazines.
Derived from text
Hydrazines; Hypergolic Rocket Propellants; Drift (Instrumentation); Measurement
The Photogrammetry Cube
We can determine distances between objects and points of interest in 3-D space to a useful degree of accuracy from a set
of camera images by using multiple camera views and reference targets in the camera s field of view (FOV). The core of the
software processing is based on the previously developed foreign-object debris vision trajectory software (see KSC Research
and Technology 2004 Annual Report, pp. 2 5). The current version of this photogrammetry software includes the ability to
calculate distances between any specified point pairs, the ability to process any number of reference targets and any number
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of camera images, user-friendly editing features, including zoom in/out, translate, and load/unload, routines to help mark
reference points with a Find function, while comparing them with the reference point database file, and a comprehensive
output report in HTML format. In this system, scene reference targets are replaced by a photogrammetry cube whose exterior
surface contains multiple predetermined precision 2-D targets. Precise measurement of the cube s 2-D targets during the
fabrication phase eliminates the need for measuring 3-D coordinates of reference target positions in the cameras FOV, using
for example a survey theodolite or a Faroarm. Placing the 2-D targets on the cube s surface required the development of precise
machining methods. In response, 2-D targets were embedded into the surface of the cube and then painted black for high
contrast. A 12-inch collapsible cube was developed for room-size scenes. A 3-inch, solid, stainless-steel photogrammetry cube
was also fabricated for photogrammetry analysis of small objects.
Author
Cameras; Photogrammetry; Fabrication; Cubic Lattices
Numerically Modeling the Erosion of Lunar Soil by Rocket Exhaust Plumes
In preparation for the Apollo program, Leonard Roberts of the NASA Langley Research Center developed a remarkable
analytical theory that predicts the blowing of lunar soil and dust beneath a rocket exhaust plume. Roberts assumed that the
erosion rate was determined by the excess shear stress in the gas (the amount of shear stress greater than what causes grains
to roll). The acceleration of particles to their final velocity in the gas consumes a portion of the shear stress. The erosion rate
continues to increase until the excess shear stress is exactly consumed, thus determining the erosion rate. Roberts calculated
the largest and smallest particles that could be eroded based on forces at the particle scale, but the erosion rate equation
assumed that only one particle size existed in the soil. He assumed that particle ejection angles were determined entirely by
the shape of the terrain, which acts like a ballistic ramp, with the particle aerodynamics being negligible. The predicted erosion
rate and the upper limit of particle size appeared to be within an order of magnitude of small-scale terrestrial experiments but
could not be tested more quantitatively at the time. The lower limit of particle size and the predictions of ejection angle were
not tested. We observed in the Apollo landing videos that the ejection angles of particles streaming out from individual craters
were time-varying and correlated to the Lunar Module thrust, thus implying that particle aerodynamics dominate. We modified
Roberts theory in two ways. First, we used ad hoc the ejection angles measured in the Apollo landing videos, in lieu of
developing a more sophisticated method. Second, we integrated Roberts equations over the lunar-particle size distribution and
obtained a compact expression that could be implemented in a numerical code. We also added a material damage model that
predicts the number and size of divots which the impinging particles will cause in hardware surrounding the landing rocket.
Then, we performed a long-range ballistics analysis for the ejected particulates.
Derived from text
Erosion; Lunar Soil; Plumes; Rocket Exhaust; Mathematical Models
20090022225 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA,
USA; ASRC Aerospace Corp., USA
Nanosensors for Evaluating Hazardous Environments
Personnel working in a confined environment can be exposed to hazardous gases, and certain gases can be extremely
dangerous even in concentrations as low as a few parts per billion. Nanosensors can be placed in multiple locations over a
large area, thus allowing for more precise and timely detection of gas leaks. ASRC Aerospace and its research partners are
developing nanosensors to detect various gases, including hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen tetroxide, and hydrazine. Initial
laboratory testing demonstrated the capability to detect these gases in concentrations lower than parts per million, and current
testing is evaluating sensitivity at concentration levels three orders of magnitude lower. Testing and development continue to
improve the response and recovery times and to increase the sensitivity of the devices. The development team is evaluating
different coatings and electrodes to determine the optimum configuration for detecting and identifying a variety of gases. The
small footprint of the nanosensors allows several devices to be placed into a single substrate. Each sensor is responsive in a
different way to different gases. Embedding multiple devices into a single substrate results in better reliability and less frequent
calibrations. The use of different coatings for individual elements of a multichannel sensor allows different gases to be
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identified. The sensor system is implemented by the use of a custom multichannel signal conditioner amplifier built on a small
multichip module. This device processes the output of the sensors and transmits a signal that can be monitored and analyzed
remotely.
Derived from text
Nanotechnology; Detection; Calibrating; Hazards; Gas Detectors; Embedding
Commodity-Free Calibration
Commodity-free calibration is a reaction rate calibration technique that does not require the addition of any commodities.
This technique is a specific form of the reaction rate technique, where all of the necessary reactants, other than the sample
being analyzed, are either inherent in the analyzing system or specifically added or provided to the system for a reason other
than calibration. After introduction, the component of interest is exposed to other reactants or flow paths already present in
the system. The instrument detector records one of the following to determine the rate of reaction: the increase in the response
of the reaction product, a decrease in the signal of the analyte response, or a decrease in the signal from the inherent reactant.
With this data, the initial concentration of the analyte is calculated. This type of system can analyze and calibrate
simultaneously, reduce the risk of false positives and exposure to toxic vapors, and improve accuracy. Moreover, having an
excess of the reactant already present in the system eliminates the need to add commodities, which further reduces cost,
logistic problems, and potential contamination. Also, the calculations involved can be simplified by comparison to those of
the reaction rate technique. We conducted tests with hypergols as an initial investigation into the feasiblility of the technique.
Derived from text
Calibrating; Reaction Kinetics; Liquid Rocket Propellants; Vapors; Toxic Hazards
Spacecraft Electrostatic Radiation Shielding
This project analyzed the feasibility of placing an electrostatic field around a spacecraft to provide a shield against
radiation. The concept was originally proposed in the 1960s and tested on a spacecraft by the Soviet Union in the 1970s. Such
tests and analyses showed that this concept is not only feasible but operational. The problem though is that most of this work
was aimed at protection from 10- to 100-MeV radiation. We now appreciate that the real problem is 1- to 2-GeV radiation.
So, the question is one of scaling, in both energy and size. Can electrostatic shielding be made to work at these high energy
levels and can it protect an entire vehicle? After significant analysis and consideration, an electrostatic shield configuration was
proposed. The selected architecture was a torus, charged to a high negative voltage, surrounding the vehicle, and a set of
positively charged spheres. Van de Graaff generators were proposed as the mechanism to move charge from the vehicle to the
torus to generate the fields necessary to protect the spacecraft. This design minimized complexity, residual charge, and
structural forces and resolved several concerns raised during the internal critical review. But, it still is not clear if such a system
is costeffective or feasible, even though several studies have indicated usefulness for radiation protection at energies lower
than that of the galactic cosmic rays. Constructing such a system will require power supplies that can generate voltages 10
times that of the state of the art. Of more concern is the difficulty of maintaining the proper net charge on the entire structure
and ensuring that its interaction with solar wind will not cause rapid discharge. Yet, if these concerns can be resolved, such
a scheme may provide significant radiation shielding to future vehicles, without the excessive weight or complexity of other
active shielding techniques.
Derived from text
Electrostatic Shielding; Extraterrestrial Radiation; Spacecraft Shielding; Electrostatics; Radiation Shielding
Wireless Inclinometer Calibration System
A special system was fabricated to properly calibrate the wireless inclinometer, a new device that will measure the Orbiter
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s hang angle. The wireless inclinometer has a unique design and method of attachment to the Orbiter that will improve the
accuracy of the measurements, as well as the safety and ease of the operation. The system properly calibrates the four attached
inclinometers, in both the horizontal and vertical axes, without needing to remove any of the component parts. The Wireless
Inclinometer Calibration System combines (1) a calibration fixture that emulates the point of attachment to the Orbiter in both
the horizontal and vertical axes and the measurement surfaces, (2) an application-specific software program that accepts
calibration data such as dates, zero functions, or offsets and tables, and (3) a wireless interface module that enables the wireless
inclinometer to communicate with a calibration PC.
Derived from text
Calibrating; Measuring Instruments; Tiltmeters; Attitude (Inclination)
Generating Safety-Critical PLC Code From a High-Level Application Software Specification
The benefits of automatic-application code generation are widely accepted within the software engineering community.
These benefits include raised abstraction level of application programming, shorter product development time, lower
maintenance costs, and increased code quality and consistency. Surprisingly, code generation concepts have not yet found wide
acceptance and use in the field of programmable logic controller (PLC) software development. Software engineers at Kennedy
Space Center recognized the need for PLC code generation while developing the new ground checkout and launch processing
system, called the Launch Control System (LCS). Engineers developed a process and a prototype software tool that
automatically translates a high-level representation or specification of application software into ladder logic that executes on
a PLC. All the computer hardware in the LCS is planned to be commercial off the shelf (COTS), including industrial
controllers or PLCs that are connected to the sensors and end items out in the field. Most of the software in LCS is also planned
to be COTS, with only small adapter software modules that must be developed in order to interface between the various COTS
software products. A domain-specific language (DSL) is a programming language designed to perform tasks and to solve
problems in a particular domain, such as ground processing of launch vehicles. The LCS engineers created a DSL for
developing test sequences of ground checkout and launch operations of future launch vehicle and spacecraft elements, and
they are developing a tabular specification format that uses the DSL keywords and functions familiar to the ground and flight
system users. The tabular specification format, or tabular spec, allows most ground and flight system users to document how
the application software is intended to function and requires little or no software programming knowledge or experience. A
small sample from a prototype tabular spec application is shown.
Derived from text
Applications Programs (Computers); Programming Languages; Software Engineering; Logic Programming
20090022234 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA;
Arkansas Univ., AR, USA
Tribocharging Lunar Soil for Electrostatic Beneficiation
Future human lunar habitation requires using in situ materials for both structural components and oxygen production.
Lunar bases must be constructed from thermal-and radiation-shielding materials that will provide significant protection from
the harmful cosmic energy which normally bombards the lunar surface. In addition, shipping oxygen from Earth is
weight-prohibitive, and therefore investigating the production of breathable oxygen from oxidized mineral components is a
major ongoing NASA research initiative. Lunar regolith may meet the needs for both structural protection and oxygen
production. Already a number of oxygen production technologies are being tested, and full-scale bricks made of lunar simulant
have been sintered. The beneficiation, or separation, of lunar minerals into a refined industrial feedstock could make
production processes more efficient, requiring less energy to operate and maintain and producing higher-performance end
products. The method of electrostatic beneficiation used in this research charges mineral powders (lunar simulant) by contact
with materials of a different composition. The simulant acquires either a positive or negative charge depending upon its
composition relative to the charging material.
Derived from text
Beneficiation; Electrostatics; In Situ Resource Utilization; Lunar Soil; Oxygen Production; Lunar Resources
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20090022236 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Alion Science and Technology, USA; ASRC
Aerospace Corp., USA
Simulation and Analysis of Launch Teams (SALT)
A SALT effort was initiated in late 2005 with seed funding from the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance Human
Factors organization. Its objectives included demonstrating human behavior and performance modeling and simulation
technologies for launch team analysis, training, and evaluation. The goal of the research is to improve future NASA operations
and training. The project employed an iterative approach, with the first iteration focusing on the last 70 minutes of a
nominal-case Space Shuttle countdown, the second iteration focusing on aborts and launch commit criteria violations, the third
iteration focusing on Ares I-X communications, and the fourth iteration focusing on Ares I-X Firing Room configurations.
SALT applied new commercial off-the-shelf technologies from industry and the Department of Defense in the spaceport
domain.
Derived from text
Human Behavior; Human Factors Engineering; Performance Prediction; Simulation; Spacecraft Launching
GPS Metric Tracking Unit
As Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) applications become more prevalent for land- and air-based vehicles, GPS
applications for space vehicles will also increase. The Applied Technology Directorate of Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has
developed a lightweight, low-cost GPS Metric Tracking Unit (GMTU), the first of two steps in developing a lightweight,
low-cost Space-Based Tracking and Command Subsystem (STACS) designed to meet Range Safetys link margin and latency
requirements for vehicle command and telemetry data. The goals of STACS are to improve Range Safety operations and
expand tracking capabilities for space vehicles. STACS will track the vehicle, receive commands, and send telemetry data
through the space-based asset, which will dramatically reduce dependence on ground-based assets. The other step was the
Low-Cost Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) Transceiver (LCT2), developed by the Wallops Flight Facility
(WFF), which allows the vehicle to communicate with a geosynchronous relay satellite. Although the GMTU and LCT2 were
independently implemented and tested, the design collaboration of KSC and WFF engineers allowed GMTU and LCT2 to be
integrated into one enclosure, leading to the final STACS. In operation, GMTU needs only a radio frequency (RF) input from
a GPS antenna and outputs position and velocity data to the vehicle through a serial or pulse code modulation (PCM) interface.
GMTU includes one commercial GPS receiver board and a custom board, the Command and Telemetry Processor (CTP)
developed by KSC. The CTP design is based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) with embedded processors to support
GPS functions.
Derived from text
Global Positioning System; TDR Satellites; Telemetry; Aerospace Vehicles; Relay Satellites
Space-Based Range
Space-Based Range (SBR), previously known as Space-Based Telemetry and Range Safety (STARS), is a multicenter
NASA proof-of-concept project to determine if space-based communications using NASAs Tracking and Data Relay Satellite
System (TDRSS) can support the Range Safety functions of acquiring tracking data and generating flight termination signals,
while also providing broadband Range User data such as voice, video, and vehicle/payload data. There was a successful test
of the Range Safety system at Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) on December 20, 2005, on a two-stage Terrier-Orion
spin-stabilized sounding rocket. SBR transmitted GPS tracking data and maintained links with two TDRSS satellites
simultaneously during the 10-min flight. The payload section deployed a parachute, landed in the Atlantic Ocean about 90
miles downrange from the launch site, and was successfully recovered. During the Terrier-Orion tests flights, more than 99
percent of all forward commands and more than 95 percent of all return frames were successfully received and processed. The
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time latency necessary for a command to travel from WFF over landlines to White Sands Complex and then to the vehicle
via TDRSS, be processed onboard, and then be sent back to WFF was between 1.0 s and 1.1 s. The forward-link margins for
TDRS-10 (TDRS East [TDE]) were 11 dB to 12 dB plus or minus 2 dB, and for TDRS-4 (TDRS Spare [TDS]) were 9 dB
to 10 dB plus or minus 1.5 dB. The return-link margins for both TDE and TDS were 6 dB to 8 dB plus or minus 3 dB. There
were 11 flights on an F-15B at Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) between November 2006 and February 2007. The
Range User system tested a 184-element TDRSS Ku-band (15 GHz) phased-array antenna with data rates of 5 Mbps and 10
Mbps. This data was a combination of black-and-white cockpit video, Range Safety tracking and transceiver data, and aircraft
and antenna controller data streams. IP data formatting was used.
Derived from text
Range Safety; TDR Satellites; Telemetry; Terrier Missile; Flight Tests
20090022247 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; United Space Alliance, USA
Calibrating the Helium Pressurization System for the Space Shuttle Liquid-Hydrogen Tank
Analysis of the results from the STS-114 tanking tests and subsequent launch called into question existing thermal and
mass models of helium pressurization of the liquid hydrogen tank. This hydrogen tank, which makes up the bottom two-thirds
of the External Tank, is pressurized prior to launch to avoid cavitation in the Shuttle Main Engine pumps. At about 2 minutes
prior to launch, the main vent valve is closed, and pressurized helium flows into the tank ullage space to achieve set point
pressure. As the helium gas cools, its pressure drops, calling for additional helium. Subsequent helium flows are provided in
short, timed pulses. The number of pulses is taken as a rough leak indicator. An analysis of thermal models by Marshall Space
Flight Center showed considerable uncertainty in the pressure-versus-time behavior of the helium ullage space and the ability
to predict the number of pulses normally expected. Kennedy Space Center proposed to calibrate the dime-sized orifice, which
together with valves, controls the helium flow quantity (Figure 1). Pressure and temperature sensors were installed to provide
upstream and downstream measurements necessary to compute flow rate based on the orifice discharge coefficient. An
assessment of flow testing with helium indicated an extremely costly use of this critical resource. In order to reduce costs, we
proposed removing the orifices from each Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP) and asking Colorado Engineering Experiment
Station Inc. (CEESI) to calibrate the flow. CEESI has a high-pressure air flow system with traceable flow meters capable of
handling the large flow rates. However, literature research indicated that square-edged orifices of small diameters often exhibit
significant hysteresis and nonrepeatability in the vicinity of choked or sonic flow. Fortunately, the MLP orifices behaved
relatively well in testing (Figure 2). Using curve fitting of the air-flow data, in conjunction with ASME orifice modeling
equations, a method of relating the helium mass flow to measured air flow data was obtained. This analysis showed that the
highest uncertainty in flow occurred in the vicinity of the choking pressure ratio, as would be expected. In addition, analysis
of typical flow pulses showed that most of the helium flow occurred either well below or well above this uncertain area. The
final result is the ability to provide postlaunch estimates of helium mass flows that are within 1.5 percent of the actual value.
Author
External Tanks; Helium; Liquid Hydrogen; Space Shuttle Main Engine; Space Transportation System; Fuel Tank
Pressurization; Calibrating
20090022248 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Blue Frog Technologies, Inc., USA
Launch and Landing Effects Ground Operations (LLEGO) Model
John F. Kennedy Space Centers Technology Development and Application 2006-2007 Report; March 03, 2008, pp. 106; In
LLEGO is a model for understanding recurring launch and landing operations costs at Kennedy Space Center for human
space flight. Launch and landing operations are often referred to as ground processing, or ground operations. Currently, this
function is specific to the ground operations for the Space Shuttle Space Transportation System within the Space Shuttle
Program. The Constellation system to follow the Space Shuttle consists of the crewed Orion spacecraft atop an Ares I launch
vehicle and the uncrewed Ares V cargo launch vehicle. The Constellation flight and ground systems build upon many elements
of the existing Shuttle flight and ground hardware, as well as upon existing organizations and processes. In turn, the LLEGO
model builds upon past ground operations research, modeling, data, and experience in estimating for future programs. Rather
than to simply provide estimates, the LLEGO model s main purpose is to improve expenses by relating complex relationships
among functions (ground operations contractor, subcontractors, civil service technical, center management, operations, etc.)
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to tangible drivers. Drivers include flight system complexity and reliability, as well as operations and supply chain
management processes and technology. Together these factors define the operability and potential improvements for any future
system, from the most direct to the least direct expenses.
Author
Ground Operational Support System; Ares 1 Launch Vehicle; Ares 5 Cargo Launch Vehicle; Mathematical Models
20090022250 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Bionetics Corp., USA
Solid-State Lighting Module (SSLM)
The projects goal was to build a light-emitting-diode (LED)-based light fixture that is identical in fit, form, and function
to the existing International Space Station (ISS) General Luminaire Assembly (GLA) light fixture and fly it on the ISS in early
FY 2008 as a Station Detailed Test Objective (SDTO). Our design offers the following strengths: proven component hardware:
Our design uses components flown in other KSC-developed hardware; heat path thermal pad: LED array heat is transferred
from the circuit board by silicon pad, negating the need for a cooling fan; variable colorimetry: The output light color can be
changed by inserting different LED combinations.
Derived from text
International Space Station; Solid State; Light Emitting Diodes; Luminaires
Using Lunar Module Shadows To Scale the Effects of Rocket Exhaust Plumes
Excavating granular materials beneath a vertical jet of gas involves several physical mechanisms. These occur, for
example, beneath the exhaust plume of a rocket landing on the soil of the Moon or Mars. We performed a series of experiments
and simulations (Figure 1) to provide a detailed view of the complex gas-soil interactions. Measurements taken from the
Apollo lunar landing videos (Figure 2) and from photographs of the resulting terrain helped demonstrate how the interactions
extrapolate into the lunar environment. It is important to understand these processes at a fundamental level to support the
ongoing design of higher fidelity numerical simulations and larger-scale experiments. These are needed to enable future lunar
exploration wherein multiple hardware assets will be placed on the Moon within short distances of one another. The
high-velocity spray of soil from the landing spacecraft must be accurately predicted and controlled or it could erode the
surfaces of nearby hardware. This analysis indicated that the lunar dust is ejected at an angle of less than 3 degrees above the
surface, the results of which can be mitigated by a modest berm of lunar soil. These results assume that future lunar landers
will use a single engine. The analysis would need to be adjusted for a multiengine lander. Figure 3 is a detailed schematic of
the Lunar Module camera calibration math model. In this chart, formulas relating the known quantities, such as sun angle and
Lunar Module dimensions, to the unknown quantities are depicted. The camera angle PSI is determined by measurement of
the imaged aspect ratio of a crater, where the crater is assumed to be circular. The final solution is the determination of the
camera calibration factor, alpha. Figure 4 is a detailed schematic of the dust angle math model, which again relates known
to unknown parameters. The known parameters now include the camera calibration factor and Lunar Module dimensions. The
final computation is the ejected dust angle, as a function of Lunar Module altitude.
Derived from text
Lunar Module; Mathematical Models; Multiengine Vehicles; Plumes; Rocket Exhaust; Lunar Shadow
Crack Offset Measurement With the Projected Laser Target Device
The device and associated analysis methodology summarized in this report were developed for the purpose of estimating
the size of discontinuities in the surface of the foam that covers the Space Shuttle External Tank. These surface offsets are
thought to be due to subsurface cracks in the foam insulation. The mathematical analysis and procedure described here provide
277
a method to quantity the dimensions of the crack offset in a direction perpendicular to the surface, making use of the projected
laser target device (PLTD) tool and a laser line projector. The keys to the construction and use of the PLTD are the following
geometrical design requirements: Laser dots are on a square grid: length on a side. Laser beams are perpendicular to projected
surface. Beams are parallel out to the distance being projected. The PLTD can be used to (1) calibrate fixed cameras of
unknown magnification and orientation (far-field solution); (2) provide equivalent calibration to multiple cameras, previously
achieved only by the use of known target points, for example, in 3.D foreign-object debris tracking on a fixed launch platform;
(3) compute scaling for conventional 2.D images, and depth of field for 3.D images (near-field solution); and (4) in conjunction
with a laser line projector, achieve accurate measurements of surface discontinuity (cracks) in a direction perpendicular to the
surface.
Derived from text
Cracks; External Tanks; Laser Targets; Image Analysis; Space Shuttles
20090022255 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Georgia Inst. of Tech., USA; Nanocomp
Technologies, Inc., Concord, NH, USA; ASRC Aerospace Corp., USA
New Materials for Structural Composites and Protective Coatings
The objective of this Phase I project was to create novel conductive materials that are lightweight and strong enough for
multiple ground support equipment and Exploration applications. The long-term goal is to combine these materials within
specially designed devices to create composites or coatings with diagnostic capabilities, increased strength, and tunable
properties such as transparency, electroluminescence, and fire resistance. One such technology application is a smart windows
system. In such a system, the transmission of light through a window is controlled by electrical power. In the future, these
materials may also be able to absorb sunlight and convert it into electrical energy to produce light, thereby creating a
self-sufficient lighting system. This experiment, conducted in collaboration with the Georgia Institute of Technology,
demonstrated enhancements in fabricating fiber materials from carbon nanotubes (CNT). These nanotubes were grown as
forests in an ultra-high-purity chemical vapor deposition (CVD) furnace and then drawn, using novel processing techniques,
into fibers and yarns that would be turned into filaments. This work was submitted to the Journal of Advanced Functional
Materials. The CNT fibers were initially tested as filament materials at atmospheric pressure; however, even under high current
loads, the filaments produced only random sparking. The CNT fibers were also converted into transparent, hydrophobic, and
conductive sheets. Filament testing at low vacuum pressures is in progress, and the technology will be enhanced in 2008. As
initial proof of the smart-windows application concept, the use of CNT sheets as composites/ protective coatings was
demonstrated in collaboration with Nanocomp Technologies of Concord, New Hampshire.
Derived from text
Protective Coatings; Fabrication; Carbon Nanotubes; Composite Materials; Conductivity
20090022257 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; Dynamac Corp., USA
Countermeasure for Radiation Protection and Repair
Exposure to ionizing radiation during long-duration space missions is expected to cause short-term illness and increase
long-term risk of cancer for astronauts. Radiation-induced free radicals overload the antioxidant defense mechanisms and lead
to cellular damage at the membrane, enzyme, and chromosome levels. A large number of radioprotective agents were screened,
but most had significant side effects. But there is increasing evidence that significant radioprotective benefit is achieved by
increasing the dietary intake of foods with high antioxidant potential. Early plant-growing systems for space missions will be
limited in both size and volume to minimize power and mass requirements. These systems will be well suited to producing
plants containing high concentrations of bioprotective antioxidants. This project explored whether the production of
bioprotective compounds could be increased by altering the lighting system, without increasing the space or power
requirements for production, and evaluated the effects of environmental conditions (light quantity, light quality, and carbon
dioxide [CO2] concentration) on the production of bioprotective compounds in lettuce, which provide a biological
countermeasure for radiation exposure. The specific deliverables were to develop a database of bioprotectant compounds in
278
plants that are suitable for use on longduration space missions, develop protocols for maintaining and increasing bioprotectant
production under light emitting diodes (LEDs), recommend lighting requirements to produce dietary countermeasures of
radiation, and publish results in the Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.
Derived from text
Ionizing Radiation; Light Emitting Diodes; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Space Missions; Antiradiation Drugs
Photocatalytic Coatings for Exploration and Spaceport Design
This project developed self-cleaning photocatalytic coatings that remove contamination without human intervention. The
coatings chemically remove organic contaminants and leave no residue. The photocatalyst will not negatively affect other
coating properties, especially corrosion resistance. Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is an extremely popular photocatalyst because of
its chemical stability, nontoxicity, and low cost. TiO2 is commonly used in the photocatalytic oxidation of organic matter or
pollutants in the gas and liquid phases. However, TiO2 does have some drawbacks. It has limited light absorption because of
its large band-gap and suffers from a photonic efficiency of less than 10 percent for organic degradation. Dopants can lower
the band-gap and improve efficiency. Since the photocatalytically active form of TiO2 is a nanocrystalline powder, it can be
difficult to make a robust coating with enough catalyst loading to be effective. Photocatalysts become active when certain light
energy is absorbed. When photons with an energy greater than the band-gap, Eg, (wavelengths shorter than 400 nm) impinge
upon the surface of the TiO2, an electron-hole pair is formed. The electron-hole pair oxidizes adsorbed substances either
directly or via reactive intermediates that form on the surface, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH) or superoxide ions (O2-).
Several factors can influence the band-gap energy of TiO2, two of which are crystal structure and impurities. TiO2 exists as
three crystal structures brookite, anatase, and rutile that can be controlled via heat treatment. Anatase is the most
photocatalytically active crystal form of TiO2. Doping TiO2 with impurities can alter its band-gap energy, as well as its
effectiveness as a catalyst. Depending on their size, dopant atoms can occupy either the substitutional or interstitial lattice
positions. Atoms that are relatively large will assume the interstitial positions and create a much greater energy disturbance
in the crystal than will smaller atoms that take on the substitutional positions. This energy disturbance narrows the band-gap
and thus allows photons with longer wavelengths and smaller energies (such as those in the visible-light spectrum) to create
electron-hole pairs. Raman spectroscopy was performed for the purpose of determining the crystal structure and the degree
of crystallinity of the TiO2 particles. Reflectance measurements indicated the wavelengths of light absorbed by the different
catalysts.
Derived from text
Catalysts; Coating; Photons; Space Transportation; Titanium Oxides

Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference
Castro, Stephanie, Compiler; Morton, Thomas, Compiler; February 2007; 277 pp.; In English; 19th Space Photovoltaic
Research and Technology Conference (SPRAT XIX), 20-22 Sep. 2005, Brook Park, OH, USA; See also 20090022281 20090022309; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): WBS 014368.05.03
Report No.(s): NASA/CP-2007-214494; E-15786; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A13, Hardcopy
The 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference (SPRAT XIX) was held September 20 to 22, 2005,
at the Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI) in Brook Park, Ohio. The SPRAT Conference, hosted by the Photovoltaic and Space
Environments Branch of the NASA Glenn Research Center, brought together representatives of the space photovoltaic
community from around the world to share the latest advances in space solar cell technology. This years conference continued
to build on many of the trends shown in SPRAT XVIII-the continued advances of thin-film and multijunction solar cell
technologies and the new issues required to qualify those types of cells for space applications.
Author
Photovoltaic Effect; Solar Cells; Solar Arrays; Radiation Damage; Aerospace Environments; Aerospace Engineering;
Radiation Effects
279
20090022281 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO, USA

Ultra-Thin, Triple-Bandgap GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs Monolithic Tandem Solar Cells
Wanlass, M. W.; Ahrenkiel, S. P.; Albin, D. S.; Carapella, J. J.; Duda, A.; Emery, K.; Geisz, J. F.; Jones, K.; Kurtz, Sarah;
Moriarty, T.; Romero, M. J.; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; February
2007, pp. 160-164; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC36-99GO10337; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A01, Hardcopy
The performance of state-of-the-art, series-connected, lattice-matched (LM), triple-junction (TJ), III-V tandem solar cells
could be improved substantially (10-12%) by replacing the Ge bottom subcell with a subcell having a bandgap of approx.1
eV. For the last several years, research has been conducted by a number of organizations to develop approx.1-eV, LM
GaInAsN to provide such a subcell, but, so far, the approach has proven unsuccessful. Thus, the need for a high-performance,
monolithically integrable, 1-eV subcell for TJ tandems has remained. In this paper, we present a new TJ tandem cell design
that addresses the above-mentioned problem. Our approach involves inverted epitaxial growth to allow the monolithic
integration of a lattice-mismatched (LMM) approx.1- eV GaInAs/GaInP double-heterostructure (DH) bottom subcell with LM
GaAs (middle) and GaInP (top) upper subcells. A transparent GaInP compositionally graded layer facilitates the integration
of the LM and LMM components. Handle-mounted, ultra-thin device fabrication is a natural consequence of the
inverted-structure approach, which results in a number of advantages, including robustness, potential low cost, improved
thermal management, incorporation of back-surface reflectors, and possible reclamation/reuse of the parent crystalline
substrate for further cost reduction. Our initial work has concerned GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs tandem cells grown on GaAs
substrates. In this case, the 1- eV GaInAs experiences 2.2% compressive LMM with respect to the substrate. Specially
designed GaInP graded layers are used to produce 1-eV subcells with performance parameters nearly equaling those of LM
devices with the same bandgap (e.g., LM, 1-eV GaInAsP grown on InP). Previously, we reported preliminary ultra-thin tandem
devices (0.237 cm2) with NREL-confirmed efficiencies of 31.3% (global spectrum, one sun) (1), 29.7% (AM0 spectrum, one
sun) (2), and 37.9% (low-AOD direct spectrum, 10.1 suns) (3), all at 25 C. Here, we include recent results of testing similar
devices under the concentrated AMO spectrum, and also present the first demonstration of a high-efficiency, ultra-thin
GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs tandem cell processed on a flexible kapton handle.
Author
Gallium Arsenides; Indium Arsenides; Solar Cells; Energy Gaps (Solid State); Temperature Control

GaAs Photovoltaics on Polycrystalline Ge Substrates
Wilt, David M.; Pal, AnnaMaria T.; McNatt, Jeremiah S.; Wolford, David S.; Landis, Geoffrey A.; Smith, Mark A.; Scheiman,
David; Jenkins, Phillip P.; McElroy Bruce; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference;
February 2007, pp. 165-171; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.:
CASI: A02, Hardcopy
High efficiency III-V multijunction solar cells deposited on metal foil or even polymer substrates can provide tremendous
advantages in mass and stowage, particularly for planetary missions. As a first step towards that goal, poly-crystalline p/i/n
GaAs solar cells are under development on polycrystalline Ge substrates. Organo Metallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (OMVPE)
parameters for pre-growth bake, nucleation and deposition have been examined. Single junction p/i/n GaAs photovoltaic
devices, incorporating InGaP front and back window layers, have been grown and processed. Device performance has shown
a dependence upon the thickness of a GaAs buffer layer deposited between the Ge substrate and the active device structure.
A thick (2 m) GaAs buffer provides for both increased average device performance as well as reduced sensitivity to variations
in grain size and orientation. Illumination under IR light (lambda > 1 micron), the cells showed a Voc, demonstrating the
presence of an unintended photoactive junction at the GaAs/Ge interface. The presence of this junction limited the efficiency
to approx.13% (estimated with an anti-refection coating) due to the current mismatch and lack of tunnel junction interconnect.
Author
Photovoltaic Conversion; Tunnel Junctions; Solar Cells; Gallium Arsenides; Indium Phosphides; Vapor Phase Epitaxy;
Polycrystals; Organometallic Compounds; Metal Vapors
280

Toward a III-V Multijunction Space Cell Technology on Si
Ringel, S. A.; Lueck, M. R.; Andre, C. L.; Fitzgerald, E. A.; Wilt, D. M.; Scheiman, D.; Proceedings of the 19th Space
Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; February 2007, pp. 172-177; In English; See also 20090022280; Original
contains black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): XAT-4-33624-14; NCC3-974; ARO-5710001850; NSF DMR-0313468; Copyright; Avail.: CASI:
A02, Hardcopy
High efficiency compound semiconductor solar cells grown on Si substrates are of growing interest in the photovoltaics
community for both terrestrial and space applications. As a potential substrate for III-V compound photovoltaics, Si has many
advantages over traditional Ge and GaAs substrates that include higher thermal conductivity, lower weight, lower material
costs, and the potential to leverage the extensive manufacturing base of the Si industry. Such a technology that would retain
high solar conversion efficiency at reduced weight and cost would result in space solar cells that simultaneously possess high
specific power (W/kg) and high power density (W/m2). For terrestrial solar cells this would result in high efficiency III-V
concentrators with improved thermal conductivity, reduced cost, and via the use of SiGe graded interlayers as active
component layers the possibility of integrating low bandgap sub-cells that could provide for extremely high conversion
efficiency.1 In addition to photovoltaics, there has been an historical interest in III-V/Si integration to provide optical
interconnects in Si electronics, which has become of even greater relevance recently due to impending bottlenecks in CMOS
based circuitry. As a result, numerous strategies to integrate GaAs with Si have been explored with the primary issue being
the approx.4% lattice mismatch between GaAs and Si. Among these efforts, relaxed, compositionally-graded SiGe buffer
layers where the substrate lattice constant is effectively tuned from Si to that of Ge so that a close lattice match to subsequent
GaAs overlayers have shown great promise. With this approach, threading dislocation densities (TDDs) of approx.1 x 10(exp
6)/sq cm have been uniformly achieved in relaxed Ge layers on Si,5 leading to GaAs on Si with minority carrier lifetimes
greater than 10 ns,6 GaAs single junction solar cells on Si with efficiencies greater than 18%,7 InGaAs CW laser diodes on
Si,8 and room temperature GaInP red laser diodes on Si.9 Here we report on the first high performance dual junction
GaInP/GaAs solar cells grown on Si using this promising SiGe engineered substrate approach.
Author
Solar Cells; Semiconductors (Materials); Silicon; Thermal Conductivity; Indium Gallium Arsenides; Energy Conversion
Effciency; Aerospace Engineering
20090022284 Kent State Univ., OH, USA

Fluence Uniformity Measurements in an Electron Accelerator Used for Irradiation of Extended Area Solar Cells and
Electronic Circuits for Space Applications
Uribe, Roberto M.; Filppi, Ed; Zhang, Shubo; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology
Conference; February 2007, pp. 34-44; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright;
It is common to have liquid crystal displays and electronic circuit boards with area sizes of the order of 20x20 sq cm on
board of satellites and space vehicles. Usually irradiating them at different fluence values assesses the radiation damage in
these types of devices. As a result, there is a need for a radiation source with large spatial fluence uniformity for the study
of the damage by radiation from space in those devices. Kent State University s Program on Electron Beam Technology has
access to an electron accelerator used for both research and industrial applications. The electron accelerator produces electrons
with energies in the interval from 1 to 5 MeV and a maximum beam power of 150 kW. At such high power levels, the electron
beam is continuously scanned back and forth in one dimension in order to provide uniform irradiation and to prevent damage
to the sample. This allows for the uniform irradiation of samples with an area of up to 1.32 sq m. This accelerator has been
used in the past for the study of radiation damage in solar cells (1). However in order to irradiate extended area solar cells
there was a need to measure the uniformity of the irradiation zone in terms of fluence. In this paper the methodology to
measure the fluence uniformity on a sample handling system (linear motion system), used for the irradiation of research
samples, along the irradiation zone of the above-mentioned facility is described and the results presented. We also illustrate
the use of the electron accelerator for the irradiation of large area solar cells (of the order of 156 sq cm) and include in this
paper the electrical characterization of these types of solar cells irradiated with 5 MeV electrons to a total fluence of 2.6 x
10(exp 15) e/sq cm.
Author
Solar Cells; Liquid Crystals; Fluence; Circuit Boards; Display Devices; Electron Accelerators; Radiation Sources;
Irradiation
281

Workshop III: Future Directions for Thin Films Workshop at SPRAT XIX
Dickman, John E.; McNatt, Jeremiah S.; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference;
CASI: A01, Hardcopy
The SPRAT conference series at NASA Glenn Research Center has devoted a workshop to the topic of thin-film solar cell
technology and potential aerospace applications. With the advent of aerospace applications requiring very-high, mass, specific
power, there has been a renewed interest in thin film materials and solar cells. Aerospace applications such as station-keeping
for high-altitude airships, space solar power, lunar and planetary surface power, and solar electric propulsion would be
enhanced or enabled by the development of flexible, very-high, mass specific power thin film arrays. To initiate discussion,
a series of questions were asked of the attendees. These questions, three generated by the group, and the attendees comments
follow.
Author
Solar Electric Propulsion; Solar Cells; Thin Films; High Altitude; Planetary Surfaces
20090022286 Auburn Univ., AL, USA

POSS(Registered TradeMark) Coatings for Solar Cells: An Update
Brandhorst, Henry; Isaacs-Smith, Tamara; Wells, Brian; Lichtenhan, Joseph D.; Fu, Bruce X.; Proceedings of the 19th Space
Contract(s)/Grant(s): FA9453-05-M-0096; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
Presently, solar cells are covered with Ce-doped microsheet cover glasses that are attached with Dow Corning DC 93-500
silicone adhesive. Various antireflection coatings are often applied to the cover glass to increase cell performance. This general
approach has been used from the beginning of space exploration. However, it is expensive and time consuming. Furthermore,
as the voltage of solar arrays increases, significant arcing has occurred in solar arrays, leading to loss of satellite power. The
cause has been traced to differential voltages between strings and the close spacing between them with no insulation covering
the edges of the solar cells. In addition, this problem could be ameliorated if the cover glass extended over the edges of the
cell, but this would impact packing density. An alternative idea that might solve all these issues and be less expensive and more
protective is to develop a coating that could be applied over the entire array. Such a coating must be resistant to atomic oxygen
for low earth orbits below about 700 km, it must be resistant to ultraviolet radiation for all earth and near-sun orbits and, of
course, it must withstand the damaging effects of space radiation. Coating flexibility would be an additional advantage. Based
on past experience, one material that has many of the desired attributes of a universal protective coating is the Dow Corning
DC 93-500. Of all the potential optical plastics, it appears to be the most suitable for use in space. As noted above, DC 93-500
has been extensively used to attach cover glasses to crystalline solar cells and has worked exceptionally well over the years.
It is flexible and generally resistant to electrons, protons and ultraviolet (UV and VUV) radiation; although a VUV-rejection
coating or VUV-absorbing ceria-doped cover glass may be required for long mission durations. It can also be applied in a thin
coating (< 25 m) by conventional liquid coating processes. Unfortunately, when exposed to atomic oxygen (AO) DC 93-500
develops a frosty surface. Such frosting can lead to a loss of light transmitted into the cells and destroy the essential clarity
needed for a concentrator lens.
Author
Antireflection Coatings; Protective Coatings; Solar Cells; Solar Arrays; Electric Potential; Radiation Damage; Packing
Density; Insulation; Lenses
20090022287 Emcore Photovoltaics, Albuquerque, NM, USA

Space Solar Cell Research and Development Projects at Emcore Photovoltaics
Sharps, Paul; Aiken,Dan; Stan, Mark; Cornfeld, Art; Newman, Fred; Endicter, Scott; Girard, Gerald; Doman, John; Turner,
Michele; Sandoval, Annette; Fatemi, Navid; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology
Conference; February 2007, pp. 145-152; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations;
The GaInP2/InGaAs/Ge triple junction device lattice matched to germanium has achieved the highest power conversion
efficiency and the most commercial success for space applications [1]. What are the practical performance limits of this
technology? In this paper we will describe what we consider to be the practical performance limits of the lattice matched
282
GaInP2/InGaAs/Ge triple junction cell. In addition, we discuss the options for next generation space cell performance.
Author
Solar Cells; Indium Gallium Arsenides; Photovoltaic Conversion; Energy Conversion Effciency
20090022288 Toyota Technos, Nagoya, Japan

Recovery of Electron/Proton Radiation-Induced Defects in n+p AlInGaP Solar Cell by Minority-Carrier Injection
Annealing
Lee, H. S.; Yamaguchi, M.; Elkins-Daukes, N. J.; Khan, A.; Takamoto, T.; Imaizumi, M.; Ohshima, T.; Itoh, H.; Proceedings
of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; February 2007, pp. 18-24; In English; See also
A high efficient In0.48Ga0.52P/In0.01Ga0.99As/Ge triple junction solar cell has been developed for application in space
and terrestrial concentrator PV system [1-3]. Recently, a high conversion efficiency of 31.5% (AM1.5G) has been obtained
in InGaP/(In)GaAs/Ge triple junction solar cell, and as a new top cell material of triple junction cells, (Al)InGaP [1] has been
proposed to improve the open-circuit voltage (Voc) because it shows a higher Voc of 1.5V while maintaining the same
short-circuit current (ISC) as a conventional InGaP top cell under AM1.5G conditions as seen in figure 1 (a). Moreover, the
spectral response of 1.96eV AlInGaP cell with a thickness of 2.5..m shows a higher response in the long wavelength region,
compared with that of 1.87eV InGaP cell with 0.6..m thickness, as shown in figure 1 (b). Its development will realize next
generation multijunction (MJ) solar cells such as a lattice mismatched AlInGaP/InGaAs/Ge 3-junction and lattice matched
AlInGaP/GaAs/InGaAsN/Ge 4-junction solar cells. Figure 2 shows the super high-efficiency MJ solar cell structures and wide
band spectral response by MJ solar cells under AM1.5G conditions. For realizing high efficient MJ space solar cells, the higher
radiation-resistance under the electron or proton irradiation is required. The irradiation studies for a conventional top cell
InGaP have been widely done [4-6], but little irradiation work has been performed on AlInGaP solar cells. Recently, we made
the first reports of 1 MeV electron or 30 keV proton irradiation effects on AlInGaP solar cells, and evaluated the defects
generated by the irradiation [7,8]. The present study describes the recovery of 1 MeV electron / 30 keV proton
irradiation-induced defects in n+p- AlInGaP solar cells by minority-carrier injection enhanced annealing or isochronal
annealing. The origins of irradiation-induced defects observed by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements are
discussed.
Author
Gallium Arsenides; Spectroscopic Analysis; Electron Irradiation; Proton Irradiation; Solar Cells; Short Circuit Currents;
Radiation Effects
20090022289 Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC, USA

SPENVIS Implementation of End-of-Life Solar Cell Calculations Using the Displacement Damage Dose Methodology
Walters, Robert; Summers, Geoffrey P.; Warmer. Keffreu J/; Messenger, Scott; Lorentzen, Justin R.; Morton, Thomas; Taylor,
Stephen J.; Evans, Hugh; Heynderickx, Daniel; Lei, Fan; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and
Technology Conference; February 2007, pp. 25-33; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations;
This paper presents a method for using the SPENVIS on-line computational suite to implement the displacement damage
dose (D(sub d)) methodology for calculating end-of-life (EOL) solar cell performance for a specific space mission. This paper
builds on our previous work that has validated the D(sub d) methodology against both measured space data [1,2] and
calculations performed using the equivalent fluence methodology developed by NASA JPL [3]. For several years, the space
solar community has considered general implementation of the D(sub d) method, but no computer program exists to enable
this implementation. In a collaborative effort, NRL, NASA and OAI have produced the Solar Array Verification and Analysis
Tool (SAVANT) under NASA funding, but this program has not progressed beyond the beta-stage [4]. The SPENVIS suite
with the Multi Layered Shielding Simulation Software (MULASSIS) contains all of the necessary components to implement
the Dd methodology in a format complementary to that of SAVANT [5]. NRL is currently working with ESA and BIRA to
include the Dd method of solar cell EOL calculations as an integral part of SPENVIS. This paper describes how this can be
accomplished.
Author
Solar Arrays; Solar Cells; Computerized Simulation; Proving; Space Missions; Computer Programs; Damage; On-Line
Systems
283
20090022290 ITN Energy Systems, Inc., Littleton, CO, USA

Exploration of CIGAS Alloy System for Thin-Film Photovoltaics on Novel Lightweight and Flexible Substrates
Woods, Lawrence M.; Kalla, Ajay; Ribelin, Rosine; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology
Conference; February 2007, pp. 45-53; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNC05CA41C; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
Thin-film photovoltaics (TFPV) on lightweight and flexible substrates offer the potential for very high solar array specific
power (W/kg). ITN Energy Systems, Inc. (ITN) is developing flexible TFPV blanket technology that has potential for specific
power greater than 2000 W/kg (including space coatings) that could result in solar array specific power between 150 and 500
W/kg, depending on array size, when mated with mechanical support structures specifically designed to take advantage of the
lightweight and flexible substrates.(1) This level of specific power would far exceed the current state of the art for spacecraft
PV power generation, and meet the needs for future spacecraft missions.(2) Furthermore the high specific power would also
enable unmanned aircraft applications and balloon or high-altitude airship (HAA) applications, in addition to modular and
quick deploying tents for surface assets or lunar base power, as a result of the high power density (W/sq m) and ability to be
integrated into the balloon, HAA or tent fabric. ITN plans to achieve the high specific power by developing single-junction
and two-terminal monolithic tandem-junction PV cells using thin-films of high-efficiency and radiation resistant CuInSe2
(CIS) partnered with bandgap-tunable CIS-alloys with Ga (CIGS) or Al (CIAS) on novel lightweight and flexible substrates.
Of the various thin-film technologies, single-junction and radiation resistant CIS and associated alloys with gallium, aluminum
and sulfur have achieved the highest levels of TFPV device performance, with the best efficiency reaching 19.5% under AM1.5
illumination conditions and on thick glass substrates.(3) Thus, it is anticipated that single- and tandem-junction devices with
flexible substrates and based on CIS and related alloys will achieve the highest levels of thin-film space and HAA solar array
performance.
Author
Solar Cells; Thin Films; Photovoltaic Conversion; Substrates; Indium Compounds; Solar Arrays; Aluminum; Copper
Selenides
Preliminary Low Temperature Electron Irradiation of Triple Junction Solar Cells
Stella, Paul M.; Mueller, Robert L.; Scrivner, Roy L.; Helizon, Roger S.; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research
and Technology Conference; February 2007, pp. 1-7; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations;
For many years extending solar power missions far from the sun has been a challenge not only due to the rapid falloff
in solar intensity (intensity varies as inverse square of solar distance) but also because some of the solar cells in an array may
exhibit a LILT (low intensity low temperature) degradation that reduces array performance. Recent LILT tests performed on
commercial triple junction solar cells have shown that high performance can be obtained at solar distances as great as approx.
5 AU1. As a result, their use for missions going far from the sun has become very attractive. One additional question that
remains is whether the radiation damage experienced by solar cells under low temperature conditions will be more severe than
when measured during room temperature radiation tests where thermal annealing may take place. This is especially pertinent
to missions such as the New Frontiers mission Juno, which will experience cell irradiation from the trapped electron
environment at Jupiter. Recent testing2 has shown that low temperature proton irradiation (10 MeV) produces cell degradation
results similar to room temperature irradiations and that thermal annealing does not play a factor. Although it is suggestive
to propose the same would be observed for low temperature electron irradiations, this has not been verified. JPL has routinely
performed radiation testing on commercial solar cells and has also performed LILT testing to characterize cell performance
under far sun operating conditions. This research activity was intended to combine the features of both capabilities to
investigate the possibility of any room temperature annealing that might influence the measured radiation damage. Although
it was not possible to maintain the test cells at a constant low temperature between irradiation and electrical measurements,
it was possible to obtain measurements with the cell temperature kept well below room temperature. A fluence of 1E15 1MeV
electrons was selected as representative of a moderately high dose that might be expected for a solar powered mission.
Fluences much greater than this would require large increases in array area and mass, compromising the ability of PV to
compete with non-solar alternatives.
Author
Solar Cells; Electrical Measurement; Low Temperature; Electron Irradiation; Radiation Damage; Temperature Measurement;
Thermal Energy; Fluence
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20090022292 Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA

Multijunction Solar Cell Development and Production at Spectrolab
Fetzer, Chris; King, R. R.; Law, D. C.; Edmondson, K. M.; Isshiki, T.; Haddad, M.; Zhang, X.; Boisvert, J. C.; Joslin, D. E.;
Karam, N. H.; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; February 2007,
pp. 153-159; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02,
Hardcopy
Development of multijunction space solar cells is much like that for any high technology product. New products face two
major pressures from the market: improving performance while maintaining heritage. This duality of purpose is not new and
has been represented since ancient times by the Roman god Janus.[1] This deity was typically represented as two faces on a
single head: one facing forward and the other to the rear. The image of Janus has been used as symbolism for many combined
forces of dual purpose, such as the balance in life between beginnings and endings, or between art and science. For our
purposes, Janus represents our design philosophy balance between looking to the future for improvement while simultaneously
blending past heritage. In the space photovoltaics industry there are good reasons for both purposes. Looking to the past, a
product must have a space flight heritage to gain widespread use. The main reason being that this is an unforgiving business.
Spacecraft are expensive to build, launch and operate. Typically once a satellite is launched, in-field service for a power
systems problem is near impossible.[2Balanced with this is looking forward. New missions typically require more power than
previous programs or attempt new objectives such as a new orbit. And there is always the cost pressure for both the satellite
itself as well as the launch costs. Both of which push solar technology to improve power density at a lower cost. The
consequence of this balance in a high-risk environment is that space PV develops as a series of infrequent large technology
steps or generational changes interspersed with more frequent small technology steps or evolutionary changes. Figure 1 gives
a bit of clarification on this point. It depicts the historical progress in space solar cells tracked by efficiency against first launch
date for most major products introduced by Spectrolab. The first generation is the Si-based technology reaching a peak values
near 15% AM0 (herein denoted for max. power, AM0, 1.353 W/cm2, 28 C). The GaAs single junction device generation
supplanted this technology with first flight of GaAs on GaAs substrate in 1982.[3] More recently this generation has been
supplanted by the multijunction solar cell GaInP/GaAs/Ge generation. The first launch of a commercial satellite powered by
multijunction technology was in 1997 (Hughes HS 601HP) using solar arrays based on Spectrolab s dual junction (DJ) cells.
The cells at that time were an impressive 21.5% efficient at beginning-of-life (BOL).[4] Eight years later, the multijunction
device has evolved through several versions. The incorporation of an active Ge subcell formed the Triple Junction (TJ) product
line at 25.1% efficient, on orbit since November 2001. The evolution of the TJ into the Improved Triple Junction (ITJ) at 26.8%
efficient has been on orbit since June of 2002.[5]
Author
Photovoltaic Conversion; Solar Cells; Launch Costs; Cost Reduction; Solar Arrays; Substrates; Product Development
Simulation of the Mars Surface Solar Spectra for Optimized Performance of Triple-Junction Solar Cells
Edmondson, Kenneth M.; Joslin, David E.; Fetzer, Chris M.; King, RIchard R.; Karam, Nasser H.; Mardesich, Nick; Stella,
Paul M.; Rapp, Donald; Mueller, Robert; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference;
CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The unparalleled success of the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) powered by GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells
has demonstrated a lifetime for the rovers that exceeded the baseline mission duration by more than a factor of five. This
provides confidence in future longer-term solar powered missions on the surface of Mars. However, the solar cells used on
the rovers are not optimized for the Mars surface solar spectrum, which is attenuated at shorter wavelengths due to scattering
by the dusty atmosphere. The difference between the Mars surface spectrum and the AM0 spectrum increases with solar zenith
angle and optical depth. The recent results of a program between JPL and Spectrolab to optimize GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cells
for Mars are presented. Initial characterization focuses on the solar spectrum at 60-degrees zenith angle at an optical depth
of 0.5. The 60-degree spectrum is reduced to ~1/6 of the AM0 intensity and is further reduced in the blue portion of the
spectrum. JPL has modeled the Mars surface solar spectra, modified an X-25 solar simulator, and completed testing of
Mars-optimized solar cells previously developed by Spectrolab with the modified X-25 solar simulator. Spectrolab has focused
on the optimization of the higher efficiency Ultra Triple-Junction (UTJ) solar cell for Mars. The attenuated blue portion of the
spectrum requires the modification of the top sub-cell in the GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cell for improved current balancing in the
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triple-junction cell. Initial characterization confirms the predicted increase in power and current matched operation for the
Mars surface 60-degree zenith angle solar spectrum.
Author
Mars Surface; Solar Spectra; Solar Cells; Gallium Arsenides; Optical Thickness; Gallium Phosphides
20090022294 Thales Space Technology, Bodelwyddan, UK
Development of a High Efficiency UVR/IRR Coverglass for Triple Junction Solar Cells
Russell, John; Jones, Glenn; Hall, James; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference;
CASI: A02, Hardcopy
Cover glasses have been a necessary and integral part of space solar arrays since their inception. The main function of
the cover glass is to protect the underlying solar cell from the harsh radiation environment of space. They are formed either
from fused silica or specially formulated ceria doped glass types that are resistant to radiation damage, for example
Pilkingtons CMX, CMG, CMO. Solar cells have steadily increased in performance over the past years, from Silicon cells
through textured Silicon cells to GaAs cells and the multijunction cells of today. The optimum coverglass solution for each
of these cells has been different. The glass itself has also evolved. In some cases it has had its expansion coefficient matched
to the cell substrate material, and in addition, added value has been derived from the application of thin film optical coatings
to the coverglass. In the majority of cases this has taken the form of a single layer of MgF2 which acts as an antireflection
coating. There are also conductive coatings to address electrostatic discharge issues (ESD) and Ultra Violet Reflective (UVR)
and Infrared Reflective (IRR) coatings designed for thermal enhancement. Each type of coating can be applied singly or in
combination. This paper describes a new type of UVR/IRR (or blue red reflector BRR) specifically designed for triple junction
solar cells. For space applications, where radiation is the principal mechanism for removing heat from the satellite, it is the
emittance and solar absorptance that primarily determine the temperature of the array. It is therefore essential that any coatings
designed to have an effect on the temperature by reducing the solar absorption have a minimal effect on the overall emittance.
Author
Thin Films; Solar Cells; Antireflection Coatings; Infrared Radiation; Emittance; Magnesium Fluorides; Radiation Damage;
Reflectors; Solar Energy Absorbers; Silica Glass
Workshop II: Nanotechnology and Advanced Cell Concepts
Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; February 2007, pp. 253-261; In English;
See also 20090022280; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
Workshop focused on few emerging concepts(beyond tandem cells): 1. Engineering incident sun spectrum and
transparency losses a) Nano emitters (dot concentrator); b) Surface plasmonics; c) Up converters; d) Down converter. 2.
Intermediate band solar cells a) Efficiency projections (detail energy balance projections); b) Inserting 0,1 and 2D
semiconductor structures in solar cells 3. Polymer and hybrid cells a) Nanotubes/dot polymers; b) Exciton dissociation.
Derived from text
Semiconductor Devices; Nanotechnology; Down-Converters; Solar Cells; Conferences
20090022296 Delaware Univ., Newark, DE, USA
Critical Issues for Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells on Flexible Polymer Web
Eser, Erten; Fields, Shannon; Shafarman, William; Birkmire, Robert; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research
and Technology Conference; February 2007, pp. 189-194; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color and
Elemental in-line evaporation on glass substrates has been a viable process for the large-area manufacture of
CuInSe2-based photovoltaics, with module efficiencies as high as 12.7% [1]. However, lightweight, flexible CuInSe2-based
modules are attractive in a number of applications, such as space power sources. In addition, flexible substrates have an
inherent advantage in manufacturability in that they can be deposited in a roll-to-roll configuration allowing continuous, high
yield, and ultimately lower cost production. As a result, high-temperature polymers have been used as substrates in depositing
CuInSe2 films [2]. Recently, efficiency of 14.1% has been reported for a Cu(InGa)Se2-based solar cell on a polyimide
substrate [3]. Both metal foil and polymer webs have been used as substrates for Cu(InGa)Se2-based photovoltaics in a
roll-to-roll configuration with reasonable success [4,5]. Both of these substrates do not allow, readily, the incorporation of Na
into the Cu(InGa)Se2 film which is necessary for high efficiency devices [3]. In addition, polymer substrates, can not be used
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at temperatures that are optimum for Cu(InGa)Se2 deposition. However, unlike metal foils, they are electrically insulating,
simplifying monolithically-integrated module fabrication and are not a source of impurities diffusing into the growing film.
The Institute of Energy Conversion (IEC) has modified its in-line evaporation system [6] from deposition onto glass substrates
to roll-to-roll deposition onto polyimide (PI) film in order to investigate key issues in the deposition of large-area Cu(InGa)Se2
films on flexible polymer substrates. This transition presented unexpected challenges that had to be resolved. In this paper, two
major problems, spitting from the Cu source and the cracking of Mo back contact film, will be discussed and the solution to
each will be presented.
Author
Photovoltaic Conversion; Solar Cells; Cost Reduction; Energy Conversion; High Temperature; Indium Compounds; Metal
Foils
Development of a Quantum Dot, 0.6 eV InGaAs Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) Converter
Forbes, David; Sinharoy, Samar; Raffalle, Ryne; Weizer, Victor; Homann, Natalie; Valko, Thomas; Bartos,Nichole; Scheiman,
David; Bailey, Sheila; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; February 2007,
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNC05CA66C; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power conversion has to date demonstrated conversion efficiencies exceeding 20% when
coupled to a heat source. Current III-V semiconductor TPV technology makes use of planar devices with bandgaps tailored
to the heat source. The efficiency can be improved further by increasing the collection efficiency through the incorporation of
InAs quantum dots. The use of these dots can provide sub-gap absorption and thus improve the cell short circuit current
without the normal increase in dark current associated with lowering the bandgap. We have developed self-assembled InAs
quantum dots using the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode on 0.74 eV In0.53GaAs lattice-matched to InP and also on
lattice-mismatched 0.6 eV In0.69GaAs grown on InP through the use of a compositionally graded InPAsx buffer structure, by
metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements showed that the most
reproducible dot pattern was obtained with 5 monolayers of InAs grown at 450 C. The lattice mismatch between InAs and
In0.69GaAs is only 2.1%, compared to 3.2% between InAs and In0.53GaAs. The smaller mismatch results in lower strain,
making dot formation somewhat more complicated, resulting in quantum dashes, rather than well defined quantum dots in the
lattice-mismatched case. We have fabricated 0.6 eV InGaAs planer TPV cells with and without the quantum dashes
Author
Thermophotovoltaic Conversion; Quantum Dots; Atomic Force Microscopy; Energy Gaps (Solid State); Short Circuit
Currents; Semiconductors (Materials)
Big Science, Small-Budget Space Experiment Package Aka MISSE-5: A Hardware And Software Perspective
Krasowski, Michael; Greer, Lawrence; Flatico, Joseph; Jenkins, Phillip; Spina, Dan; Proceedings of the 19th Space
contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Conducting space experiments with small budgets is a fact of life for many design groups with low-visibility science
programs. One major consequence is that specialized space grade electronic components are often too costly to incorporate
into the design. Radiation mitigation now becomes more complex as a result of being restricted to the use of commercial
off-the-shelf (COTS) parts. Unique hardware and software design techniques are required to succeed in producing a viable
instrument suited for use in space. This paper highlights some of the design challenges and associated solutions encountered
in the production of a highly capable, low cost space experiment package.
Author
Commercial Off-the-Shelf Products; Spaceborne Experiments; Computer Programs; Software Engineering
Workshop I: Systems/Standards/Arrays
Piszczor, Mike; Reed, Brad; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; February
2007, pp. 251-252; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI:
A01, Hardcopy
Workshop Format: 1) 1:00 - 3:00 to cover various topics as appropriate; 2) At last SPRAT, conducted Workshop topic on
287
solar cell and array qualification standards. Brad Reed will present update on status of that effort; 3) Second workshop topic:
The Future of PV Research within NASA. 4) Any time remaining, specific topics from participants. 5) Reminder for IAPG
Members! RECWG today 3:00-5:00 in Federal Room, 2nd Floor OAI. a chart is presented showing: Evaluation of Solar Array
Technology Readiness Levels.
Derived from text
Solar Cells; Solar Arrays; Energy Conversion Effciency; Conferences
20090022300 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC, USA
Forward Technology Solar Cell Experiment First On-Orbit Data
Walters, R. J.; Garner, J. C.; Lam, S. N.; Vazquez, J. A.; Braun, W. R.; Ruth, R. E.; Warner, J. H.; Lorentzen, J. R.; Messenger,
S. R.; Bruninga, R.; Jenkins, P. P.; Flatico, J. M.; Wilt, D. M.; Piszczor, M. F.; Greer, L. C.; Krasowski, M. J.; Proceedings
This paper presents first on orbit measured data from the Forward Technology Solar Cell Experiment (FTSCE). FTSCE
is a space experiment housed within the 5th Materials on the International Space Station Experiment (MISSE-5). MISSE-5
was launched aboard the Shuttle return to flight mission (STS-114) on July 26, 2005 and deployed on the exterior of the
International Space Station (ISS). The experiment will remain in orbit for nominally one year, after which it will be returned
to Earth for post-flight testing and analysis. While on orbit, the experiment is designed to measure a 36 point current vs.
voltage (IV) curve on each of the experimental solar cells, and the data is continuously telemetered to Earth. The experiment
also measures the solar cell temperature and the orientation of the solar cells to the sun. A range of solar cell technologies are
included in the experiment including state-of-the-art triple junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge solar cells from several vendors, thin film
amorphous Si and CuIn(Ga)Se2 cells, and next-generation technologies like single-junction GaAs cells grown on Si wafers
and metamorphic InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triple-junction cells. In addition to FTSCE, MISSE-5 also contains a Thin-Film Materials
experiment. This is a passive experiment that will provide data on the effect of the space environment on more than 200
different materials. FTSCE was initially conceived in response to various on-orbit and ground test anomalies associated with
space power systems. The Department of Defense (DoD) required a method of rapidly obtaining on orbit validation data for
new space solar cell technologies, and NRL was tasked to devise an experiment to meet this requirement. Rapid access to
space was provided by the MISSE Program which is a NASA Langley Research Center program. MISSE-5 is a completely
self-contained experiment system with its own power generation and storage system and communications system. The
communications system, referred to as PCSat, transmits and receives in the Amateur Radio band providing a node on the
Amateur Radio Satellite Service. This paper presents an overview of the various aspects of MISSE-5 and a sample of the first
measured on orbit data.
Author
Aerospace Engineering; Gallium Arsenides; Spacecraft Power Supplies; Indium Gallium Arsenides; Solar Cells; Temperature
Measurement; Aerospace Environments; Amorphous Silicon; Thin Films
Space Plasma Testing of High-Voltage Thin-Film Solar Arrays with Protective Coatings
Tlomak, Pawel; Hausgen, Paul E.; Merrill, John; Senft, Donna; Piszczor, Michael F., Jr.; Proceedings of the 19th Space
This paper gives an overview of the space plasma test program for thin-film photovoltaics (TFPV) technologies developed
at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). The main objective of this program is to simulate the effects of space plasma
characteristic of LEO and MEO environments on TFPV. Two types of TFPV, amorphous silicon (a-Si) and copper-indiumgallium-diselenide (CIGS), coated with two types of thin-film, multifunctional coatings were used for these studies. This paper
reports the results of the first phase of this program, namely the results of preliminary electrostatic charging, arcing, dielectric
breakdown, and collection current measurements carried out with a series of TFPV exposed to simulated space plasma at the
NASA Glenn Plasma Interaction Facility. The experimental data demonstrate that multifunctional coatings developed for this
program provide effective protection against the plasma environment while minimizing impact on power generation
performance. This effort is part of an ongoing program led by the Space Vehicles Directorate at the AFRL devoted to the
development and space qualification of TFPV and their protective coatings.
Author
Photovoltaic Conversion; Space Plasmas; Thin Films; High Voltages; Protective Coatings; Solar Arrays; Amorphous Silicon;
Copper
288

Thermal Cycle Testing of the Powersphere Engineering Development Unit
Curtis, Henry; Piszczor, Mike; Kerslake, Thomas W.; Peterson, Todd T.; Scheiman, David A.; Simburger, Edward J.; Giants,
Thomas W.; Matsumoto, James H.; Garcia, Alexander; Liu, Simon H.; Lin, John K.; Scarborough, Stephen E.; Gleeson, Daniel
J.; Rawal, Suraj P.; Perry, Alan R.; Marshall, Craig H.; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology
Conference; February 2007, pp. 135-144; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAS3-01115; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
During the past three years the team of The Aerospace Corporation, Lockheed Martin Space Systems, NASA Glenn
Research Center, and ILC Dover LP have been developing a multifunctional inflatable structure for the PowerSphere concept
under contract with NASA (NAS3-01115). The PowerSphere attitude insensitive solar power-generating microsatellite, which
could be used for many different space and Earth science purposes, is ready for further refinement and flight demonstration.
The development of micro- and nanosatellites requires the energy collection system, namely the solar array, to be of
lightweight and small size. The limited surface area of these satellites precludes the possibility of body mounting the solar
array system for required power generation. The use of large traditional solar arrays requires the support of large satellite
volumes and weight and also requires a pointing apparatus. The current PowerSphere concept (geodetic sphere), which was
envisioned in the late 1990 s by Mr. Simburger of The Aerospace Corporation, has been systematically developed in the past
several years.1-7 The PowerSphere system is a low mass and low volume system suited for micro and nanosatellites. It is a
lightweight solar array that is spherical in shape and does not require a pointing apparatus. The recently completed project
culminated during the third year with the manufacturing of the PowerSphere Engineering Development Unit (EDU). One
hemisphere of the EDU system was tested for packing and deployment and was subsequently rigidized. The other hemisphere
was packed and stored for future testing in an uncured state. Both cured and uncured hemisphere components were delivered
to NASA Glenn Research Center for thermal cycle testing and long-term storage respectively. This paper will discuss the
design, thermal cycle testing of the PowerSphere EDU.
Author
Heat Storage; Thermal Cycling Tests; Inflatable Structures; Aerospace Systems; Flight Tests; Microsatellites; Nanosatellites;
Spheres; Solar Arrays
20090022303 Sachs/Freeman Associates, Inc., Crofton, MD, USA
Quantifying Low Energy Proton Damage in Multijunction Solar Cells
Messenger, Scott R.; Burke, Edward A.; Walters, Robert J.; Warner, Jeffrey H.; Summers, Geoffrey P.; Lorentzen, Justin R.;
Morton, Thomas L.; Taylor, Steven J.; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference;
CASI: A02, Hardcopy
An analysis of the effects of low energy proton irradiation on the electrical performance of triple junction (3J)
InGaP2/GaAs/Ge solar cells is presented. The Monte Carlo ion transport code (SRIM) is used to simulate the damage profile
induced in a 3J solar cell under the conditions of typical ground testing and that of the space environment. The results are used
to present a quantitative analysis of the defect, and hence damage, distribution induced in the cell active region by the different
radiation conditions. The modelling results show that, in the space environment, the solar cell will experience a uniform
damage distribution through the active region of the cell. Through an application of the displacement damage dose analysis
methodology, the implications of this result on mission performance predictions are investigated.
Author
Solar Cells; Quantitative Analysis; Damage Assessment; Proton Damage; Performance Prediction; Performance Tests;
Aerospace Environments; Proton Irradiation; Monte Carlo Method
20090022304 Rochester Inst. of Tech., NY, USA
Carbon Nanotubes for Space Photovoltaic Applications
Efstathiadis, Harry; Haldar, Pradeep; Landi, Brian J.; Denno, Patrick L.; DiLeo, Roberta A.; VanDerveer, William; Raffaelle,
Ryne P.; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; February 2007, pp. 216-222; In
English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): ECS-0233776; NAG3-2828; NCC3-956; NNC05GA14G; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be envisioned as an individual graphene sheet rolled into a seamless cylinder
(single-walled, SWNT), or concentric sheets as in the case of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) (1). The role-up vector
will determine the hexagonal arrangement and chirality of the graphene sheet, which will establish the nanotube to be
metallic or semiconducting. The optoelectronic properties will depend directly on this chiral angle and the diameter of the
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SWNT, with semiconductor types exhibiting a band gap energy (2). Characteristic of MWNTs are the concentric graphene
layers spaced 0.34 nm apart, with diameters from 10-200 nm and lengths up to hundreds of microns (2). In the case of SWNTs,
the diameters range from 0.4 - 2 nm and lengths have been reported up to 1.5 cm (3). SWNTs have the distinguishable property
of bundling together due to van der Waals attractions to form ropes. A comparison of these different structural types is
shown in Figure 1. The use of SWNTS in space photovoltaic (PV) applications is attractive for a variety of reasons. Carbon
nanotubes as a class of materials exhibit unprecedented optical, electrical, mechanical properties, with the added benefit of
being nanoscale in size which fosters ideal interaction in nanomaterial-based devices like polymeric solar cells. The optical
bandgap of semiconducting SWNTs can be varied from approx. 0.4 - 1.5 eV, with this property being inversely proportional
to the nanotube diameter. Recent work at GE Global Research has shown where a single nanotube device can behave as an
ideal pn diode (5). The SWNT was bridged over a SiO2 channel between Mo contacts and exhibited an ideality factor of
1, based on a fit of the current-voltage data using the diode equation. The measured PV efficiency under a 0.8 eV
monochromatic illumination showed a power conversion efficiency of 0.2 %. However, the projected efficiency of these
junctions is estimated to be > 5 %, especially when one considers the enhanced absorption (from nanotubes whose bandgap
is tailored to illumination) and electromagnetic coupling in a network of nanotubes.
Author
Carbon Nanotubes; Chirality; Solar Cells; Semiconductors (Materials); Optical Properties; Power Effciency; Energy Gaps
(Solid State); Electromagnetic Coupling
Stretched Lens Array Squarerigger (SLASR) Technology Maturation
ONeill, Mark; McDanal, A.J.; Howell, Joe; Lollar, Louis; Carrington, Connie; Hoppe, David; Piszczor, Michael; Suszuki,
Nantel; Eskenazi, Michael; Aiken, Dan; Fulton, Michael; Brandhorst, Henry; Schuller, Michael; Proceedings of the 19th Space
Since April 2005, our team has been underway on a competitively awarded program sponsored by NASA s Exploration
Systems Mission Directorate to develop, refine, and mature the unique solar array technology known as Stretched Lens Array
SquareRigger (SLASR). SLASR offers an unprecedented portfolio of performance metrics, SLASR offers an unprecedented
portfolio of performance metrics, including the following: Areal Power Density = 300 W/m2 (2005) - 400 W/m2 (2008 Target)
Specific Power = 300 W/kg (2005) - 500 W/kg (2008 Target) for a Full 100 kW Solar Array Stowed Power = 80 kW/cu m
(2005) - 120 kW/m3 (2008 Target) for a Full 100 kW Solar Array Scalable Array Capacity = 100 s of W s to 100 s of kW
s Super-Insulated Small Cell Circuit = High-Voltage (300-600 V) Operation at Low Mass Penalty Super-Shielded Small Cell
Circuit = Excellent Radiation Hardness at Low Mass Penalty 85% Cell Area Savings = 75% Lower Array Cost per Watt than
One-Sun Array Modular, Scalable, & Mass-Producible at MW s per Year Using Existing Processes and Capacities
Author
Solar Arrays; Lenses; Refining; Growth; High Voltages; Stretching
20090022306 United Solar Ovonic, LLC, Troy, MI, USA
Lightweight, Flexible Solar Cells on Stainless Steel Foil and Polymer for Space and Stratospheric Applications
Beernink, Kevin; Guha, Subhendu; Yang, Jeff; Banerjee, Arindam; Lord, Ken; DeMaggio, Greg; Liu, Frank; Pietka, Ginger;
Johnson, Todd; Reinhout, Melanie; Younan, Kais; Wolf, David; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and
Technology Conference; February 2007, pp. 54-66; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): F29601-03-C0122.; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
The availability of low-cost, lightweight and reliable photovoltaic (PV) modules is an important component in reducing
the cost of satellites and spacecraft. In addition, future high-power spacecraft will require lightweight PV arrays with reduced
stowage volume. In terms of the requirements for low mass, reduced stowage volume, and the harsh space environment, thin
film amorphous silicon (a-Si) alloy cells have several advantages over other material technologies (1). The deposition process
is relatively simple, inexpensive, and applicable to large area, lightweight, flexible substrates. The temperature coefficient has
been found to be between -0.2 and -0.3 %/degC for high-efficiency triple-junction a-Si alloy cells, which is superior for high
temperature operation compared to crystalline Si and triple-junction GaAs/InGaP/Ge devices at 0.53 %/degC and 0.45
%/degC, respectively (2). As a result, the reduction in efficiency at high temperature typical in space conditions is less for a-Si
alloy cells than for their crystalline counterparts. Additionally, the a-Si alloy cells are relatively insensitive to electron and
proton bombardment. We have shown that defects that are created by electrons with energies between 0.2 to 2 MeV with
fluence up to 1x10(exp 15) e/sq cm and by protons with energy in the range 0.3 MeV to 5 MeV with fluence up to 1x10(exp
13) p/sq cm can be annealed out at 70 C in less than 50 hours (1). Further, modules incorporating United Solar s a-Si alloy
290
cells have been tested on the MIR space station for 19 months with only minimal degradation (3). For stratospheric
applications, such as the high altitude airship, the required PV arrays are typically of considerably higher power than current
space arrays. Airships typically have a large area available for the PV, but weight is of critical importance. As a result, low
cost and high specific power (W/kg) are key factors for airship PV arrays. Again, thin-film a-Si alloy solar cell technology
is well suited to such applications.
Author
Photovoltaic Cells; Solar Cells; Stainless Steels; Metal Foils; Modules; Cost Reduction; Amorphous Silicon; Substrates; Thin
Films; Silicon Alloys
The Extrapolation of High Altitude Solar Cell I(V) Characteristics to AM0
Snyder, David B.; Scheiman, David A.; Jenkins, Phillip P.; Reinke, William; Blankenship, Kurt; Demers, James; Proceedings
The high altitude aircraft method has been used at NASA GRC since the early 1960s to calibrate solar cell short circuit
current, ISC, to Air Mass Zero (AMO). This method extrapolates ISC to AM0 via the Langley plot method, a logarithmic
extrapolation to 0 air mass, and includes corrections for the varying Earth-Sun distance to 1.0 AU and compensating for the
non-uniform ozone distribution in the atmosphere. However, other characteristics of the solar cell I(V) curve do not extrapolate
in the same way. Another approach is needed to extrapolate VOC and the maximum power point (PMAX) to AM0
illumination. As part of the high altitude aircraft method, VOC and PMAX can be obtained as ISC changes during the flight.
These values can then the extrapolated, sometimes interpolated, to the ISC(AM0) value. This approach should be valid as long
as the shape of the solar spectra in the stratosphere does not change too much from AMO. As a feasibility check, the results
are compared to AMO I(V) curves obtained using the NASA GRC X25 based multi-source simulator. This paper investigates
the approach on both multi-junction solar cells and sub-cells.
Author
Solar Cells; High Altitude; Extrapolation; Air Masses; Altitude Simulation; Calibrating
20090022308 Houston Univ., Houston, TX, USA
Triple and Quadruple Junctions Thermophotovoltaic Devices Lattice Matched to InP
Bhusal, L.; Freundlich, A.; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; February 2007,
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNC04GB53N; 003652-0316-2001; 003652-0126-2001; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) conversion of IR radiation emanating from a radioisotope heat source is under consideration
for deep space exploration. Ideally, for radiator temperatures of interest, the TPV cell must convert efficiently photons in the
0.4-0.7 eV spectral range. Best experimental data for single junction cells are obtained for lattice-mismatched 0.55 eV InGaAs
based devices. It was suggested, that a tandem InGaAs based TPV cell made by monolithically combining two or more lattice
mismatched InGaAs subcells on InP would result in a sizeable efficiency improvement. However, from a practical standpoint
the implementation of more than two subcells with lattice mismatch systems will require extremely thick graded layers (defect
filtering systems) to accommodate the lattice mismatch between the sub-cells and could detrimentally affect the recycling of
the unused IR energy to the emitter. A buffer structure, consisting of various InPAs layers, is incorporated to accommodate
the lattice mismatch between the high and low bandgap subcells. There are evidences that the presence of the buffer structure
may generate defects, which could extend down to the underlying InGaAs layer. The unusual large band gap lowering
observed in GaAs(1-x)N(x) with low nitrogen fraction [1] has sparked a new interest in the development of dilute nitrogen
containing III-V semiconductors for long-wavelength optoelectronic devices (e.g. IR lasers, detector, solar cells) [2-7]. Lattice
matched Ga1-yInyNxAs1-x on InP has recently been investigated for the potential use in the mid-infrared device applications
[8], and it could be a strong candidate for the applications in TPV devices. This novel quaternary alloy allows the tuning of
the band gap from 1.42 eV to below 1 eV on GaAs and band gap as low as 0.6eV when strained to InP, but it has its own
limitations. To achieve such a low band gap using the quaternary Ga1-yInyNxAs1-x, either it needs to be strained on InP,
which creates further complications due to the creation of defects and short life of the device or to introduce high content of
indium, which again is found problematic due to the difficulties in diluting nitrogen in the presence of high indium [9]. An
availability of material of proper band gap and lattice matching on InP are important issues for the development of TPV
devices to perform better. To address those issues, recently we have shown that by adjusting the thickness of individual
sublayers and the nitrogen composition, strain balanced GaAs(1-x)N(x)/InAs(1-y)N(y) superlattice can be designed to be both
lattice matched to InP and have an effective bandgap in the desirable 0.4- 0.7eV range [10,11]. Theoretically the already
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reduced band gap of GaAs(1-x)N(x), due to the nitrogen effects, can be further reduced by subjecting it to a biaxial tensile
strain, for example, by fabricating pseudomorphically strained layers on commonly available InP substrates. While such an
approach in principle could allow access to smaller band gap (longer wavelength), only a few atomic monolayers of the
material can be grown due to the large lattice mismatch between GaAs(1-x)N(x) and InP (approx.3.8-4.8 % for x<0.05, 300K).
This limitation can be avoided using the principle of strain balancing [12], by introducing the alternating layers of
InAs(1-y)N(y) with opposite strain (approx.2.4-3.1% for x<0.05, 300K) in combination with GaAs(1-x)N(x). Therefore, even
an infinite pseudomorphically strained superlattice thickness can be realized from a sequence of GaAs(1-x)N(x) and
InAs(1-y)N(y) layers if the thickness of each layer is kept below the threshold for its lattice relaxation
Author
Thermophotovoltaic Conversion; Semiconductors (Materials); Solar Cells; Radioisotope Heat Sources; Optoelectronic
Devices; Indium Gallium Arsenides; Energy Gaps (Solid State); Substrates; Superlattices
20090022309 Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville, AR, USA
Synthesis of Poly-Silicon Thin Films on Glass Substrate Using Laser Initiated Metal Induced Crystallization of
Amorphous Silicon for Space Power Application
Abu-Safe, Husam H.; Naseem, Hameed A.; Brown, William D.; Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and
Technology Conference; February 2007, pp. 195-208; In English; See also 20090022280; Original contains color and black
and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Poly-silicon thin films on glass substrates are synthesized using laser initiated metal induced crystallization of
hydrogenated amorphous silicon films. These films can be used to fabricate solar cells on low cost glass and flexible substrates.
The process starts by depositing 200 nm amorphous silicon films on the glass substrates. Following this, 200 nm of sputtered
aluminum films were deposited on top of the silicon layers. The samples are irradiated with an argon ion cw laser beam for
annealing. Laser power densities ranging from 4 to 9 W/cm2 were used in the annealing process. Each area on the sample is
irradiated for a different exposure time. Optical microscopy was used to examine any cracks in the films and loss of adhesion
to the substrates. X-Ray diffraction patterns from the initial results indicated the crystallization in the films. Scanning electron
microscopy shows dendritic growth. The composition analysis of the crystallized films was conducted using Energy
Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy. The results of poly-silicon films synthesis on space qualified flexible substrates such as Kapton
are also presented.
Author
Silicon Films; Solar Cells; Thin Films; Scanning Electron Microscopy; Glass; Substrates; Hydrogenation; Crystallization;
Diffraction Patterns; Laser Outputs; Amorphous Silicon
89
ASTRONOMY
Includes observations of celestial bodies; astronomical instruments and techniques; radio, gamma-ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, and infrared
astronomy; and astrometry.
20090021222 Gemini Observatory, Hilo, HI, USA

Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory
December 2008; 84 pp.; In English; See also 20090021223 - 20090021235; Original contains black and white illustrations;
Topics covered include: A New Era for Massive Young Stars with Gemini Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics; Probing the
Formation of Nuclear Star Clusters with Gemini Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics; Probing a Quasar Host Galaxy with
Gemini Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics; Finds Supernovae lurking in Luminous Infrared Galaxies with Gemini Laser Guide
Star Adaptive Optics; Does it Rain Methane on Titan?; The Unusual Companion of Pulsar J1903+0327; Resolving the Hearts
of Luminous Infrared Galaxies; Gemini Images Possible Exoplanet; Recent Science Highlights; Scientific Productivity and
Impact of Large Telescopes; Science Operations -- Web Page Progress; The System Support Associate Model at Gemini
Observatory; and Geminis Multi-Instrument Queue Operations.
Author
Laser Guide Stars; Adaptive Optics; Extrasolar Planets; Star Clusters; Supernovae; Observatories; Pulsars; Quasars;
Massive Stars
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20090021223 Gemini Observatory, La Serena, Chile

Scientific Productivity and Impact of Large Telescopes
Crabtree, Dennis; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 39-44; In English; See also
20090021222; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
The most important output of a modern observatory is the collection of papers based on its data that are published in
refereed journals. These papers represent the facilitys contribution to knowledge and the return on the capital investment for
the construction of their telescopes and instruments. Increasingly, bibliometric measures-the number of publications and the
number of citations-are used to measure the quantity and quality of the output of modern observatories. Citation counts must
be used very carefully as they are only one indicator of impact, and an imperfect one. However, they are the best quantitative
measure currently available for studying the impact of papers published in refereed journals. In this article I investigate and
compare the productivity and impact of several large ground-based optical infrared telescopes as well as Hubble Space
Telescope (HST), using complete publication lists that cover a significant time period. The ground-based telescopes included
in this study include Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), Gemini, Keck, Magellan, Subaru, UK Infrared Telescope
(UKIRT) and the Very Large Telescope (VLT). As I will show, Geminis productivity and impact is very comparable to other
8- to 10-meter-class telescopes.
Author
Hubble Space Telescope; Infrared Telescopes; Observatories; Productivity
20090021224 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
Resolving the Hearts of Luminous Infrared Galaxies
Diaz-Santos, Tanio; Alonso-Herrero, Almudena; Packahm, Christopher; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini
Observatory; December 2008, pp. 27-30; In English; See also 20090021222; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright;
Avail.: Other Sources
Since the launch of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) satellites, and
more recently with the Spitzer Space Telescope, one of the main lines of investigation in the field of infrared galaxy research
has been the calculation of the star-formation rate of star-forming galaxies using monochromatic mid-infrared luminosities.
But why do this using midinfrared measurements and not classical star-formation rate indicators like H-alpha or the ultraviolet
continuum? It is now known that the star-forming rate density at high redshift (z greater than 1) is dominated by galaxies
classified as luminous or ultra-luminous infrared galaxies ((U)LIRGs). Because of their high dust content, these galaxies emit
the bulk of their energy between 5 and 1,000 microns. This occurs since the ultraviolet/optical light generated by the intense
processes of star formation taking place in these galaxies is almost totally absorbed by the dust and then re-emitted in the
infrared. Thus, a measurement of the luminosity at these wavelengths (the mid-infrared) is a measure of the obscured star
formation, which cannot be traced using classical ultraviolet/optical star-formation rate estimators. However, high-z examples
of infrared-bright galaxies are too distant and therefore too faint to be observed with ground-based telescopes in the
mid-infrared. To circumvent this issue a detailed study of their local analogues is crucial for understanding the obscured star
formation processes at high-z.
Derived from text
Luminosity; Galaxies; Telescopes; Star Formation Rate; Infrared Telescopes
20090021225 Toronto Univ., Ontario, Canada
Gemini Images Possible Exoplanet
Lefreniere, David; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 31-32; In English; See also
For more than ten years, astronomers have been trying to capture the first image of an exoplanet, without success. This
dry spell might have finally reached an end with what may be the first-ever picture of a planet orbiting another sun-like star.
The composite near-infrared image, shown on the front cover of this issue of GeminiFocus was obtained at the Gemini North
telescope using the Altair adaptive optics system and shows the star 1RXS J160929.1- 210524 at the center with a candidate
companion in the upper left comer. The star lies roughly 500 light years from Earth in the Upper Scorpius association, a group
of a few hundred stars thought to have formed in a burst only 5 million years ago. Apart from its much younger age, this star
is very similar to the Sun. The near-infrared colors and spectrum of the candidate companion indicate a temperature of 1800
K and clearly show that the object is still contracting under its own gravity, and thus that it is very young. This is consistent
with the age of the primary star. The fact that the proposed planet has not yet had time to cool off explains its much higher
temperature compared to Jupiter (160 K). The mass of the candidate companion is about eight Jupiter masses. This is low
enough to qualify it as a planet according to the definition of the Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International
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Astronomical Union. Additionally, the luminosity of the object, when compared to theoretical models, indicates that it lies at
roughly the same distance from Earth as the primary star.
Author
Adaptive Optics; Extrasolar Planets; Images; Astronomical Observatories; Telescopes
20090021226 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA

Probing the Formation of Nuclear Star Clusters with Gemini Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics
Seth, Anil; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 9-12; In English; See also
In the center of our Milky Way Galaxy there are two very massive objects: a black hole with a mass a few million times
that of the Sun, and surrounding the black hole, an even more massive collection of stars called a nuclear star cluster. Other
galaxies also have nuclear star clusters like the one in the Milky Ways heart, and they are among the densest stellar systems
in the universe. Typically, they contain many millions of stars within the central few parsecs of a galaxy. Despite being very
bright, nuclear star clusters are so compact that, due to the blurring effects of Earths atmosphere, ground-based observations
of such regions in nearby galaxies often fail to distinguish the clusters from the surrounding galaxy light. Higher-resolution
observations are therefore needed to find and study these clusters. Over the last decade, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
has surveyed hundreds of nearby spiral and elliptical galaxies and found that a majority of galaxies have nuclear star clusters
with masses ranging from 100,000 to 100 million solar masses. (This is true specifically for spiral and elliptical galaxies with
masses less than or equal to the Milky Ways. The most massive galaxies do not appear to have such clusters at their hearts.)
Nuclear star clusters are resolved by HST and are distinct from the underlying light profile of the galaxy. The large number
of such clusters revealed by HST has led to a further discovery: the mass of nuclear star clusters is proportional to the total
stellar mass of their host galaxies. In other words, it appears that a fixed fraction (approximately 0.2%) of all the stars in a
galaxy reside in the nuclear star cluster. This relationship is similar to the well-documented relationship between the masses
of central black holes and their host galaxies. The implication of these relationships is that the central few parsecs of a galaxy
are tightly linked to the formation and evolution of the entire galaxy. One way to better understand this link is to examine the
formation history of the central objects. Nuclear star clusters provide a unique opportunity for studying this history because,
unlike black holes, they are built from stars whose light can tell us when and how they formed.
Derived from text
Adaptive Optics; Laser Guide Stars; Star Clusters; Star Formation; Galactic Bulge; Black Holes (Astronomy)

Geminis Multi-Instrument Queue Operations
Jorgensen, Inger; Rodgers, Bernadette; Crabtree, Dennis; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December
2008, pp. 51-56; In English; See also 20090021222; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Gemini has operated primarily in multi-instrument queue mode at both sites since mid-2005. In this mode, all mounted
facility instruments are available during the night for execution of observations from the queue. A typical night involves
observations for five to eight different programs in the queue, often using all the instruments mounted on the telescope. Two
or more instruments are used 75-80% of all nights. Driven by user demand, more than 90% of the telescope time on Gemini
is scheduled as queue time. We encourage visits from students as well as users with programs in the queue. Such visits have
proven very useful both for the visitors and for Gemini in terms of feedback from our users. Weather and queue schedule
permitting, we will attempt to execute the visitors queue program during the visit. In the time since the start of
multi-instrument queue observing at Gemini North in early 2005, our operations have matured on several levels. In this article
we review the changes since 2005, as well as the metrics for the efficiency on the sky, which include delivered science nights,
completion rates for queue programs, acquisition times, and open shutter efficiency. The last part of the article focuses on some
unique possibilities in the queue and the current laser guide star operations at Gemini North. Table 1 lists selected milestones
for Gemini science operations from 2006-2008. The science staff is now fully cross-trained to operate all instruments on the
sky. Software has been improved such that all facility instruments are operated with consistent interfaces and acquisition
procedures across all instruments and modes. The queue management and planning of the individual nights have also matured
significantly, from the use of prototype software literally together by the science staff to a fully integrated Queue Planning Tool
interfaced with the Gemini Observing Database.
Derived from text
Queueing Theory; Schedules; Measuring Instruments; Spaceborne Telescopes
294
20090021228 Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping, Australia

The Unusual Companion of Pulsar J1903+0327
Champion, David; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 23-26; In English; See also
Pulsars are usually solitary objects. The supernova explosions in which they are born disrupt the vast majority of systems,
leaving behind a rapidly rotating neutron star. In situations where a binary system survives, the remaining companion star can
later recycle the pulsar which extends its observable lifetime by a factor of a thousand or more. These recycled systems are
of particular interest because they allow for tests of general relativity and they place limits on the gravitational wave
background. They may also provide a method to detect gravitational waves and could be used to produce a terrestrial time
standard more accurate than atomic clocks over long timescales. The population of recycled pulsars in the disk of our galaxy
is thought to have two main formation mechanisms, each resulting in different final systems. Most pulsars with spin periods
of tens of milliseconds (ms) have neutron-star companions in eccentric orbits. In contrast, pulsars with spin periods less than
about 10 ms (millisecond pulsars) have white-dwarf companions in highly circular orbits (eccentricities, e less than 0.001).
Pulsar J1903+0327 as the first millisecond pulsar to be discovered through the PALFA survey at Arecibo. Its short period and
large estimated distance make it the most distant example found in the disk of the Milky Way. It also confirmed the sensitivity
of the PALFA survey to millisecond pulsars deep within our galaxy. With a spin period of 2.15 milliseconds, PSR J1903+0327
is the fifth-fastest pulsar in the galactic disk, so we fully expected that it would have a white dwarf companion in a highly
circular orbit. However, follow-up observations at Arecibo and Green Bank showed that the rotational period is slowly
changing due to orbital motion. To our surprise, we discovered that the orbit of the object is clearly eccentric (e = 0.44). This
poses a problem for the widely accepted recycling theory.
Author
Companion Stars; Eccentric Orbits; Milky Way Galaxy; Neutron Stars; Pulsars; Supernovae
Probing a Quasar Host Galaxy with Gemini Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics
Watson, Linda; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 13-15; In English; See also
Soon after the discovery of quasars in the early 1960s, astronomers noticed that faint fuzz often surrounded these
mysteriously luminous objects. However, it was not until the early 1980s, with the help of CCD spectroscopy, that the fuzz
was convincingly proven to be a galaxy. Verifying the connection between quasars and their host galaxies required a couple
of decades and significant technological advances because, at quasar distances, the point-like quasar outshines the
comparatively faint and extended host galaxy. Of course it is not enough to know that galaxies and quasars coexist. We are
now striving to understand how the accreting black hole that powers each quasar affects its host galaxy. One of the main results
from this pursuit has been the discovery that black hole properties are correlated with galaxy properties. Arguably, the tightest
of these correlations is the M(sub BH)-sigma relation, which relates the mass of the central black hole (M (sub BH)) to the
stellar velocity dispersion of the host-galaxy spheroid (sigma). This relation was initially discovered for quiescent galaxies but
was soon extended to include active galaxies known as Seyferts, which are the lower-luminosity analogs of quasars (quasars
have an active nucleus with luminosity greater than about 10(exp 44) ergs/sec). The M(sub BH)-sigma relation is surprising
because the stars in the spheroid are outside the gravitational sphere of influence of the black hole and therefore should know
nothing about its mass. And yet, the tight relation implies that black holes and their host galaxies not only know about one
another, but their growth is actually synchronized. Theories have been suggested to explain this correlation but none have yet
shown sufficient predictive power to be well accepted.
Derived from text
Adaptive Optics; Laser Guide Stars; Quasars; Seyfert Galaxies; Black Holes (Astronomy)
Science Operations -- Web Page Progress
Mason, Rachel; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 45-46; In English; See also
With the majority of Gemini observations taken in queue mode, our observatory Website plays many roles traditionally
filled by face-to-face interactions between the user community and observatory staff. Perhaps to a larger extent than with many
other observatories, our Web pages really are the face of Gemini. A good set of pages is essential if our users are to write
technically sound proposals, optimize their Phase II setups, reduce their data with a minimum of difficulty, and generally make
the most of Geminis capabilities. With this in mind, a group from both Gemini sites and the UK and Canadian National
295
Gemini Offices (NGOs) has been overhauling the Science Operations Web pages (that is, all pages formerly underneath
http://www.gemini.edu/sciops; instruments, schedules, helpdesk, data, etc.). In the course of this project we aim to update,
correct or remove out-of-date, inconsistent, inaccurate or duplicated information, as well as to improve the organization of the
site to ensure that users can quickly find the information they are looking for. The new pages use a menu system to keep
important links from being buried in paragraphs of text. To ensure proper version control, the pages are organized using the
Drupal open-source content management system. Because of its size and complexity, the Instruments section of the site was
the first to receive the groups attention. In reorganizing the instrument pages, we sought to bear in mind the path taken by
a Principal Investigator from initial idea to final publication, the kind of instrument information that would be needed at each
stage, and where a typical user might look for that information. The Near-Infrared Imager and Spectrometer (NIRI) pages
illustrate this design. After a brief introduction, a Status and Avadability page links to news items and announcements
relevant to the instrument. This is followed by sections for each of the instruments modes, (imaging, spectroscopy, etc.),
containing information about relevant instrument components and strategies for getting the best performance from the
instrument in that particular observing mode. Sensitivity and overheads are detailed under the next heading. A Guiding
Options area presents instrument-specific guidance about peripheral wave front sensors and adaptive optics options, while
links to calibration information and resources are given under the Calibration heading. Instructions for setting up
observations in the Observing Tool are presented next, followed by links to data reduction tools and information, general
reference documents, and, where relevant, a link to resources common to near- or mid-infrared instruments in general.
Derived from text
Spaceborne Telescopes; Observatories; Astrophysics; Adaptive Optics; Websites
20090021231 Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping, Australia
Finds Supernovae Lurking in Luminous Infrared Galaxies with Gemini Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics
Ryder, Stuart; Mattila, Seppo; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 16-18; In English;
See also 20090021222; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
The rate at which massive stars exhaust their nuclear fuel, undergo core collapse, and then end their lives in colossal
supernova explosions, has a huge influence on the evolution of their host galaxies. Supernovae drive the enrichment of gas
by releasing the products of nuclear burning in their core out to the interstellar medium, which then triggers the next round
of star formation. In dwarf galaxies undergoing a burst of star formation, supernovae may even expel some of this gas out of
the galaxy entirely as a superwind. Stellar evolution theory, combined with recent identifications of actual supernova
progenitor stars, indicates that only stars more massive than approximately 8 M(sub SUN), will end their lives as core-collapse
supernovae. Assuming that the ratio of such massive stars to less-massive stars (the so-called Initial Mass Function) is the
same everywhere in the universe, then the observed supernova rate provides a measure of the star formation rate. This can
potentially be employed across a vast range in redshift. Despite the efforts of dedicated amateur supernova hunters such as
Australian Bob Evans, and robotic searches such as the Lick Observatorys Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope, the only
thing we know for certain is that the current rate of supernova discoveries is less than the actual rate of supernova events. But
just how many supernovae are we missing? To give an idea, lets examine the types of galaxies where supernovae ought to
be occurring at the highest rates, namely those undergoing a starburst episode in which massive-star supernova progenitors
are being born at the highest rates.
Derived from text
Adaptive Optics; Dwarf Galaxies; Laser Guide Stars; Supernovae; Massive Stars
20090021232 Gemini Observatory, La Serena, Chile
The System Support Associate Model at Gemini Observatory
Hainaut, Marie-Claire; Coulson, Dolores; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 47-50;
In English; See also 20090021222; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
At Gemini Observatory, the traditional position of telescope operator has been discarded in favor of a more diverse and
flexible position: the System Support Associate (SSA). From the very beginning, the Gemini operational model was designed
to involve SSAs in observatory projects well beyond the strict operation of the telescope systems. Here, we will comment on
the motivation behind the model and describe how the schedule allows SSAs to assume different roles within Gemini, and how
flexible time allows them to participate in a wide range of projects. This increases their motivation, deepens their knowledge,
and strengthens communication between groups, and allows management to allocate resources to projects that would
otherwise lack personnel. We give examples of such projects and comment on the difficulties inherent in the model.
Author
Observatories; Systems Engineering; Telescopes; Management Planning
296

Recent Science Highlights
Roy, Jean-Rene; Fisher, R. Scott; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 33-38; In
English; See also 20090021222; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Astronomers have been puzzling over the engine that powered the historical 1843 outburst of the luminous blue variable
star Eta Carinae since it happened. Now recent observations made using the Gemini South and Blanco telescopes in Chile have
added a startling clue. New data reveal faint but extremely fast-moving material indicative of a powerful shock wave produced
by the 1843 event. This suggests that the driving mechanism was an explosion rather than a steady stellar wind. The research,
led by Nathan Smith of the University of California, Berkeley, shows that the famous nebulosity around Eta Carinae contains
extremely fast-moving filaments of material that had not been seen before, and are not explained by current theories. Gemini
spectroscopy, obtained using the Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrometer (GNIRS) instrument, helped confirm the high speed and
geometry of this material and shows that the 1843 outburst released even more energy than previously estimated. In particular,
the measured high velocities of the ejecta require that the event generated a shock wave analogous to a supernova-type event,
but with less energy. The new observations revealed far-flung material moving at a rate more than three times faster than the
fastest material seen previously (up to 3,500-6,000 km/sec). This work has implications for similar events observed around
stars in other galaxies where the resulting outbursts have not quite matched the energy of a supernova, and currently lack any
theoretical explanation.
Derived from text
Variable Stars; Telescopes; Blue Stars; Near Infrared Radiation; Infrared Spectrometers
20090021234 Paraiba Univ., Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
A New Era for Massive Young Stars with Gemini Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics
Barbosa, cassio L.; Blum, Robert D.; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 6-8; In
English; See also 20090021222; Original contains color and black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Massive stars, though rare, have a strong impact on the universe we see. Such stars are responsible for many interesting
and important processes. They alter their surroundings through the action of high-energy radiation and intense stellar winds,
and they can trigger star formation in regions far from their own sites. When massive stars die in supernovae events, they
pollute the nearby interstellar medium with heavy elements. Winds from massive stars, particularly in rich clusters, can blow
large bubbles in the interstellar medium and, in the most extreme cases, blow material into the intergalactic medium. Much
of what we see in the high-z universe is dominated by star-forming knots powered by massive stars. The mechanisms that
govern the formation of stars more massive than 10 M(sub SUN) are still shrouded in nebulae, and dusty controversy. Because
of the intense nebular and hot dust emission around the young massive objects, it is difficult to probe the stellar photospheres
and their immediate surroundings. Understanding the details of the mechanism of massive star formation, or even obtaining
a direct estimate of the spectral types of massive young stars, is a difficult task. Massive star formation has been a matter of
heated debate over the last three decades. The chief problem is accounting for the radiation pressure from the nascent star
which should otherwise stop the accretion flow once the protostar reaches a limit of 10 M(sub SUN). Several models that
overcome the problem of radiation pressure have been proposed to explain the formation of stars more massive than 10 solar
masses. The first is the classic accretion disk model for low-mass stars, scaled up for more massive young stellar objects. It
allows for the accretion of matter to continue along the flattened disk surrounding the star while the intense radiation can
escape along the poles. A second model has massive stars forming through the collisions of lower-mass stars. For now, the
debate continues.
Derived from text
Adaptive Optics; Laser Guide Stars; Massive Stars; Star Clusters; Stellar Models
Does it Rain Methane on Titan?
Geballe, Tom; Hartung, Markus; Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini Observatory; December 2008, pp. 19-22; In
English; See also 20090021222; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
Saturns moon Titan is the second-largest moon in the solar system and has long fascinated astronomers because it is the
only moon with a thick atmosphere. Adding to the fascination, Titans very cold atmosphere (94 K or -179 C near the surface)
has a number of interesting similarities to Earths. For example, its complex temperature profile (temperature vs. altitude) has
the same overall structure as Earths, and the atmospheric pressures at the surfaces of both worlds are nearly the same. Also,
like the Earths atmosphere, nitrogen gas (N2) is the dominant chemical species, except that on Titan, it is much more
dominant, making up about 97% of the gas particles (compared to Earths approximately 78%). After nitrogen, methane (CH4)
297
is by far the most abundant molecule in Titans atmosphere. Because methane is rapidly destroyed by solar ultraviolet radiation
at the top of Titans atmosphere, there must be a source on the surface or within Titan that releases it into the atmosphere;
otherwise it would have disappeared long ago. Toby Owen, a professor at the University of Hawaii, has commented that Earth
may have begun with an atmosphere similar to Titans, but because of the planets proximity to the Sun, it has oceans of water.
In addition, the more active chemistry of Earths warm environment ultimately led to the origin of life. In Titans atmosphere,
we find only a frozen echo of Earth: nitrogen, methane, and a small group of organic molecules. Location is the underlying
reason, according to Owen, that we are investigating Titan instead of Titanians investigating us.
Derived from text
Methane; Saturn (Planet); Titan Atmosphere; Solar System
20090021682 Air Force Geophysics Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA USA

A Review of Ionospheric Effects on Earth-Space Propagation
Klobuchar, John A; Nov 1984; 5 pp.; In English
Radio waves undergo several effects when they pass through the earths ionosphere. One of the most important of these
effects is a retardation, or group delay, on the modulation or information carried on the radio wave that is due to its encounter
with the free, thermal electrons in the earths ionosphere. Other effects the ionosphere has on radio waves include: (1) RF
carrier phase advance; (2) Doppler shift of the RF carrier of the radio wave; (3) Faraday rotation of the plane of polariation
of linearly polarized waves; (4) angular refraction or bending of the radio wave path as it travels through the ionosphere; and
(6) amplitude and phase scintillations. With the exception of scintillation, all the other effects listed here are proportional, at
least to first order, to the total number of electrons encountered by the wave on its passage through the ionosphere or to their
time rate of change. In fact, phase scintillation also is merely the short term rate of change of total electron content (TEC) after
the longer term variations have been removed. In this review, a short description will be given of each ionospheric TEC effect
upon radio waves, along with a representative value of the magnitude of each of these effects under normal ionospheric
conditions. This will be followed by a discussion of the important characteristics of average ionospheric TEC behavior and
the temporal and spatial variability of TEC.
DTIC
Earth Atmosphere; Ionospheres; Ionospheric Propagation

Joint Milli-Arcsecond Pathfinder Survey (J-MAPS) Mission: The Application of High Metric Accuracy Astrometry to
Space Situational Awareness
Gaume, Ralph; Dorland, Bryan; Monet, David; Johnston, Kenneth; Apr 2006; 13 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Artificial Satellites; Astrometry; Measurement; Metric Space; Orbit Determination; Situational Awareness; Surveys
Cassini Orbit Determination Performance during Saturn Satellite Tour: August 2005 - January 2006
Antreasian, Peter G.; Bordi, J. J.; Criddle, K. E.; Ionasescu, R.; Jacobson, R. A.; Jones, J. B.; MacKenzie, R. A.; Parcher, D.
W.; Pelletier, F. J.; Roth, D. C.; Stauch, J. R.; August 19, 2007; 21 pp.; In English; AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialists
Conference, 19-23 Aug. 2007, Mackinac Island, MI, USA; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AAS-07-000; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
During the period spanning the second Enceladus flyby in July 2005 through the eleventh Titan encounter in January
2006, the Cassini spacecraft was successfully navigated through eight close-targeted satellite encounters. Three of these
encounters included the 500 km flybys of the icy satellites Hyperion, Dione and Rhea and five targeted flybys of Saturns
largest moon, Titan. This paper will show how our refinements to Saturns satellite ephemerides have improved orbit
determination predictions. These refinements include the mass estimates of Saturn and its satellites by better than 0.5%. Also,
it will be shown how this better orbit determination performance has helped to eliminate several statistical maneuvers that
298
were scheduled to clean-up orbit determination and/or maneuver-execution errors.

Author
Orbit Determination; Flyby Missions; Cassini Mission; Saturn Satellites; Icy Satellites; Rhea (Astronomy); Space Probes
90
ASTROPHYSICS
Includes cosmology; celestial mechanics; space plasmas; and interstellar and interplanetary gases and dust.

QPOs from Random X-ray Bursts around Rotating Black Holes
Kukumura, Keigo; Kazanas, Demosthenes; Stephenson, Gordon; [2009]; 26 pp.; In English; Original contains black and
white illustrations; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
We continue our earlier studies of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in the power spectra of accreting, rapidly-rotating
black holes that originate from the geometric light echoes of X-ray flares occurring within the black hole ergosphere. Our
present work extends our previous treatment to three-dimensional photon emission and orbits to allow for arbitrary latitudes
in the positions of the distant observers and the X-ray sources in place of the mainly equatorial positions and photon orbits
of the earlier consideration. Following the trajectories of a large number of photons we calculate the response functions of a
given geometry and use them to produce model light curves which we subsequently analyze to compute their power spectra
and autocorrelation functions. In the case of an optically-thin environment, relevant to advection-dominated accretion flows,
we consistently find QPOs at frequencies of order of approximately kHz for stellar-mass black hole candidates while order
of approximately mHz for typical active galactic nuclei (approximately equal to 10(exp 7) solar mass) for a wide range of
viewing angles (30 degrees to 80 degrees) from X-ray sources predominantly concentrated toward the equator within the
ergosphere. As in out previous treatment, here too, the QPO signal is produced by the frame-dragging of the photons by the
rapidly-rotating black hole, which results in photon bunches separated by constant time-lags, the result of multiple photon
orbits around the hole. Our model predicts for various source/observer configurations the robust presence of a new class of
QPOs, which is inevitably generic to curved spacetime structure in rotating black hole systems.
Author
Oscillations; Black Holes (Astronomy); Accretion Disks; X Rays; Bursts; Astrophysics; Photons
20090021437 Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI USA
WIYN Open Cluster Study. XXXVI. Spectroscopic Binary Orbits in NGC 188
Geller, Aaron M; Mathieu, Robert D; Haris, Huch C; McClure, Robert D; Apr 2009; 19 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): AST-0406615
We present 98 spectroscopic binary orbits resulting from our ongoing radial velocity survey of the old (7 Gyr) open cluster
NGC 188. All but 13 are high-probability cluster members based on both radial velocity and proper motion membership
analyses. Fifteen of these member binaries are double lined. Our stellar sample spans a magnitude range of 10.8 less or equal
V less or equal 16.5 (1.14-0.92 solar mass) and extends spatially to 17 pc (approximately 13 core radii). All of our binary orbits
have periods ranging from a few days to on the order of 10(exponent 3) days, and thus are hard binaries that dynamically
power the cluster. For each binary, we present the orbital solutions and place constraints on the component masses.
Additionally, we discuss a few binaries of note from our sample, identifying a likely blue straggler - blue straggler binary
system (7782), a double-lined binary with a secondary star which is underluminous for its mass (5080), two potential eclipsing
binaries (4705 and 5762), and two binaries which are likely members of a quadruple system (5015a and 5015b).
DTIC
Binary Stars; Open Clusters; Orbits; Spectroscopy
Imaging Near-Earth Electron Densities Using Thomson Scattering
Englert, Christoph R; Picone, J M; Chua, Damien H; Socker, Dennis G; Vincent, William S; Huba, Joseph D; Slinker, Steven
P; Krall, Jonathan F; Meier, R R; Carter, M T; Jan 15, 2009; 33 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A497466; NRL/FR/7640--09-10174; No Copyright; Avail.: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
An innovative observational concept to image the electron density in the near-Earth environment or geospace, which
299
includes the plasmasphere, the magnetosphere, and their boundary regions, was studied. The concept is based on the
broadband detection of Thomson-scattered sunlight by the geospace electrons. This study shows that the proposed
measurement is feasible with currently available technology. The major challenge of this novel type of measurement is to
achieve a suitable temporal and spatial resolution while maintaining a high enough signal-to-noise ratio to separate the
relatively weak Thomson scattering signal from the bright background, which is dominated by zodiacal light.
DTIC
Electron Density (Concentration); Imaging Techniques; Ionospheres; Scattering; Thomson Scattering; Zodiacal Light
20090021482 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Influence of Different Solar Drivers on the Winds in the Middle Atmosphere and on Geomagnetic Disturbances
Georgieva, Katya Y; May 18, 2007; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
This report results from a contract tasking Bulgarian Academy of Sciences as follows: The grantee will investigate the
effects of various solar drivers on the dynamics of the stratosphere and on the geomagnetic disturbances to the earth. To
accomplish this, the grantee will create a database of all registered coronal mass ejections, magnetic clouds, solar flares, and
high speed solar streams; neutral wind measurements at different atmospheric levels in the period of the above events;
ionospheric disturbances measured at different stations worldwide;and different geomagnetic indices. In addition, the reaction
of the neutral winds, ionospheric parameters and geomagnetic disturbances will be studied for the different solar drivers.
Finally, a conclusion will be made about specific effects of solar drivers on the middle atmosphere.
DTIC
Geomagnetism; Magnetic Disturbances; Middle Atmosphere; Stratosphere
20090021728 Washington Univ., Seattle, WA USA
Astrometry With Digital Sky Surveys: From SDSS to LSST
Ivezic, Z; Monet, D G; Bond, N; Juric, M; Sesar, B; Munn, J A; Lupton, R H; Gunn, J E; Knapp, G R; Tyson, A J; Pinto, P;
Cook, K; Oct 2007; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Major advances in our understanding of the Universe have historically come from dramatic improvements in our ability
to accurately measure astronomical quantities. The astrometric observations obtained by modern digital sky surveys are
enabling unprecedentedly massive and robust studies of the kinematics of the Milky Way. For example, the astrometric data
from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), together with half a century old astrometry from the Palomar Observatory Sky
Survey (POSS), have enabled the construction of a catalog that includes absolute proper motions as accurate as 3 mas/year
for about 20 million stars brighter than V=20, and for 80,000 spectroscopically confirmed quasars which provide exquisite
error assessment. We discuss here several ongoing studies of Milky Way kinematics based on this catalog. The upcoming
next-generation surveys will maintain this revolutionary progress. For example, we show using realistic simulations that the
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will measure proper motions accurate to 1 mas/year to a limit 4 magnitude fainter
than possible with SDSS and POSS catalogs, or with the Gaia survey. LSST will also obtain geometric parallaxes with
accuracy similar to Gaias at its faint end (0.3 mas at V=20), and extend them to V=24 with an accuracy of 3 mas. We discuss
the impact that these LSST measurements will have on studies of the Milky Way kinematics, and potential synergies with the
Gaia survey.
DTIC
Astrometry; Astrophysics; Surveys
Eliminating Space Debris: Applied Technology and Policy Prescriptions, Fall 2007 - Project 07-02
Brower, Jared; Cook, Stehanie; Dae, Edward; Koch, Josh; Miller, Miller; Silva, Stephanie; Johnson, Kevin; Hudson, II, John
G; Jan 2008; 139 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Communications, global commerce and national defense are highly dependent on satellite constellations. This report
300
details how space debris threatens valuable space-based technology essential to these critical areas. Objects in lower earth orbit
(LEO) pose the greatest immediate threat to space-based assets. This paper focuses on all sizes of debris found in LEO. What
follows is a comprehensive analysis of the problem of space debris, specifically targeting policies that facilitate debris
elimination. Within LEOs 2,000 kilometer altitude from earths surface, tens of millions of pieces of space debris exist. While
many larger pieces can be tracked and avoided, smaller pieces cannot. This unseen threat exemplifies the need for
improvements in both space situational awareness and debris cataloguing. The space debris problem has been acknowledged
by world bodies (United Nations) and global players alike (commercial interests and individual nation-states). Consequently,
it can be argued that 50 years of space environmental utilization has brought clarity to space-faring entities.
DTIC
Aerospace Engineering; Aerospace Environments; Debris; Earth Orbits; Policies; Space Debris; Technologies
Validation of TIMED/SABER (The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) v1.07 Ozone
at 9.6 Micrometers in Altitude Range 15-70 km
Rong, P. P.; Russell, J. M., III; Mlynczak, M. G.; Remsberg, E. E.; Marshall, B. T.; Gordley, L. L.; Lopez-Puertas, M.; [2008];
75 pp.; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-11409; WBS 370544.04.12
No abstract available.
Author
Ozone; Middle Atmosphere; Mesosphere; Systematic Errors; Stratosphere; Radiometers; Anomalies
Far-Ultraviolet Temperature Diagnostics for Hot Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae
Sonneborn, G.; Ipin, R. C.; Herald, J.; January 07, 2007; 1 pp.; In English; American Astronoical Society Meeting, 7-10 Jan.
2007, Seattle, WA, USA; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources; Abstract Only
The effective temperature of hot central stars of planetary nebulae is usually determined from the ratios of optical He II
lines. However, far-ultraviolet spectra from the FUSE satellite of several hot (T(sub eff) > 70,000 K) hydrogen-rich central
stars have stellar features that imply a significantly hotter effective temperature than that determined from He II. There are
many stellar features in the long wavelength portion of the FUSE spectrum. These include O VI 1146-47, F VI 1039.5, FeVII
1118.6, 1141.4, FeVI 1120.9, 1131.5, and NiVI 1124.2, 1148.2. The strong FVI 1139.5 line is of interest because of the large
overabundance (over 100X solar) of F in some PG1159 stars reported recently by Werner et al. (2005). Modeling these spectral
features may provide an method for measuring the effective temperature of these stars independent of the He II lines. An
example of HD 200516, the central star of NGC 7009 (T(sub eff)= 82000 K from He II vs 95000 K from Far-W metal lines)
is presented.
Author
Planetary Nebulae; Hot Stars; Temperature Measurement; Diagnosis; Hydrogen
91
LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION
Includes planetology; selenology; meteorites; comets; and manned and unmanned planetary and lunar flights. For spacecraft design or
space stations see 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance.

An Impact Sensor System for the Characterization of the Micrometeoroid and Lunar Secondary Ejecta Environment
Liou, J.-C.; Burchell, M.; Corsaro, R.; Giovane, F.; Stansbery, E.; Blum, Jurgen; Cooke, William; Pisacane, V.; [2009]; 1 pp.;
In English; NASA 2009 Lunar Science Forum, 21-23 Jul. 2009, Moffett Field, CA, USA
The Impact Sensor for Micrometeoroid and Lunar Secondary Ejecta (IMMUSE) project aims to apply and integrate
previously demonstrated impact sensing subsystems to characterize the micrometeoroid and lunar secondary (MMSE)
environment on the surface of the Moon. Once deployed, data returned from IMMUSE will benefit: (1) Fundamental Lunar
Science: providing data to improve the understanding of lunar cratering processes and dynamics of the lunar regolith. (2)
Lunar Exploration Applied Science: providing an accurate MMSE environment definition for reliable impact risk assessments,
301
cost-effective shielding designs, and mitigation measures for long-term lunar exploration activities. (3) Planetary Science:
providing micrometeoroid data to aid the understanding of asteroidal collisions and the evolution of comets. A well-established
link between micrometeoroid impacts and lunar regolith is also key to understanding other regolith-covered bodies from
remote-sensing data. The IMMUSE system includes two components: (1) a large area (greater than or equal to 1 m2)
micrometeoroid detector based on acoustic impact and fiber optic displacement sensors and (2) a 100 cm2 lunar secondary
ejecta detector consisting of dual-layer laser curtain and acoustic impact sensors. The combinations of different detection
mechanisms will allow for a better characterization of the MMSE environment, including flux, particle size/mass, and impact
velocity. IMMUSE is funded by the NASA LASER Program through 2012. The project fs goal is to reach a Technical
Readiness Level of 4 in preparation for a more advanced development beyond 2012. Several prototype subsystems have been
constructed and subjected to low impact and hypervelocity impact tests. The presentation will include a status review and
preliminary test results.
Author
Ejecta; Hypervelocity Impact; Micrometeoroids; Moon; Remote Sensing; Signal Detectors
Lunar Dust Chemical, Electrical, and Mechanical Reactivity: Simulation and Characterization
Vander Wal, Randy L.; October 2008; 16 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC3-975; IRD06-05
Report No.(s): NASA/CR-2008-215431; E-16589; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A03, Hardcopy
Lunar dust is recognized to be a highly reactive material in its native state. Many, if not all Constellation systems will
be affected by its adhesion, abrasion, and reactivity. A critical requirement to develop successful strategies for dealing with
lunar dust and designing tolerant systems will be to produce similar material for ground-based testing.
Author
Lunar Dust; Lunar Exploration; Constellations; Reactivity; Abrasion
Lunar Dust Abrasion Simulation Capability Completed
Gaier, James R.; 2007 Research and Technology; June 2008, pp. 58-59; In English; See also 20090021990; Original contains
NASAs Vision for Space Exploration calls for a return of humans to the Moon by no later than 2020. Reducing risk to
astronaut safety and mission success will require technology development in a wide variety of areas, including the protection
of astronauts and their equipment from the lunar environment. The Apollo record shows that dust caused a wide variety of
problems for those missions, including vision obscuration, false instrument readings, equipment clogging, radiator
degradation, seal degradation, abrasion, and respiratory and eye irritation. Additionally, abrasion of the fabric of the
extravehicular activity (EVA) suits was much more extensive than anticipated. In fiscal year 2007, a fixture was designed and
fabricated at the NASA Glenn Research Center for studying abrasion in a lunar-like environment - the Lunar Dust Adhesion
Belljar. The LDAB was designed to mimic the vacuum, thermal, illumination, and radiation environment of the lunar surface.
The fixture was adapted from a standard abrasion test, but testing is being carried out under simulated lunar conditions.
Preliminary tests were done with lunar simulants, such as JSC-1A, but later testing will be done with actual lunar regolith.
Electron microscopy is being used to match the abrasive damage of samples with that experienced by the Apollo fabrics. This
will enable ground test conditions to be developed that will result in realistic testing of fabric abrasion on the lunar surface.
Derived from text
Lunar Dust; Lunar Environment; Lunar Exploration; Risk Assessment; Risk Management; Space Environment Simulation
Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, and Mn-Cr Ages of Yamato 74013
Nyquist, L. E.; Shih, C.- Y.; Reese, Y.D.; June 03, 2009; 2 pp.; In English; 32nd Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites, 3 - 4
Jun. 2009, Tokyo, Japan; Original contains color illustrations
Yamato 74013 is one of 29 paired diogenites having granoblastic textures. The Ar-39 - Ar-40 age of Y-74097 is
approximately 1100 Ma. Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd analyses of Y-74013, -74037, -74097, and -74136 suggested that multiple young
metamorphic events disturbed their isotopic systems. Masuda et al. reported that REE abundances were heterogeneous even
within the same sample (Y-74010) for sample sizes less than approximately 2 g. Both they and Nyquist et al. reported data
302
for some samples showing significant LREE enrichment. In addition to its granoblastic texture, Y-74013 is characterized by
large, isolated clots of chromite up to 5 mm in diameter. Takeda et al. suggested that these diogenites originally represented
a single or very small number of coarse orthopyroxene crystals that were recrystallized by shock processes. They further
suggested that initial crystallization may have occurred very early within the deep crust of the HED parent body. Here we
report the chronology of Y-74013 as recorded in chronometers based on long-lived Rb-87 and Sm-147, intermediate- lived
Sm-146, and short-lived Mn-53.
Derived from text
Achondrites; Chromites; Chronometers; Meteoritic Composition; Rubidium Isotopes; Samarium Isotopes; Geochronology;
Manganese Isotopes
The Evolution and Development of the Lunar Regolith and Implications for Lunar Surface Operations and
Construction
McKay, David; June 11, 2009; 1 pp.; In English; International Distinguished Scholars Symposia on Seven Future
Technologies: Extreme Engineering, 11 Jun. 2009, Seoul, Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of
Report No.(s): JSC-CN-18408; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources; Abstract Only
The lunar regolith consists of about 90% submillimeter particles traditionally termed lunar soil. The remainder consists
of larger particles ranging up to boulder size rocks. At the lower size end, soil particles in the 10s of nanometer sizes are
present in all soil samples. Lunar regolith overlies bedrock which consists of either lava flows in mare regions or
impact-produced megaregolith in highland regions. Lunar regolith has been produced over billions of years by a combination
of breaking and communition of bedrock by meteorite bombardment coupled with a variety of complex space weathering
processes including solar wind implantation, solar flare and cosmic ray bombardment with attendant radiation damage,
melting, vaporization, and vapor condensation driven by impact, and gardening and turnover of the resultant soil. Lunar
regolith is poorly sorted compared to most terrestrial soils, and has interesting engineering properties including strong grain
adhesion, over-compacted soil density, an abundance of agglutinates with sharp corners, and a variety of properties related to
soil maturity. The NASA program has supported a variety of engineering test research projects, the production of bricks by
solar or microwave sintering, the production of concrete, the in situ sintering and glazing of regolith by microwave, and the
extraction of useful resources such as oxygen, hydrogen, iron, aluminum, silicon and other products. Future requirements for
a lunar surface base or outpost will include construction of protective berms, construction of paved roadways, construction
of shelters, movement and emplacement of regolith for radiation shielding and thermal control, and extraction of useful
products. One early need is for light weight but powerful digging, trenching, and regolith-moving equipment.
Author
Lunar Rocks; Lunar Surface; Regolith; Lunar Evolution; Petrology; Evolution (Development)
Amorphous Silicates in Primitive Meteoritic Materials: Acfer 094 and IDPs
Keller, L. P.; Nakamura-Messenger, K.; Messenger, S.; Walker, Robert M.; [2009]; 1 pp.; In English; 72nd Annual Meeting
of the Meteoritical Society, 13-18 Jul. 2009, Nancy, France
The abundance of presolar grains is one measure of the primitive nature of meteoritic materials. Presolar silicates are
abundant in meteorites whose matrices are dominated by amorphous silicates such as the unique carbonaceous chondrite Acfer
094. Presolar silicates are even more abundant in chondritic-porous interplanetary dust particles (CP-IDPs). Amorphous
silicates in the form of GEMS (glass with embedded metal and sulfides) grains are a major component of CP IDPs. We are
studying amorphous silicates in Acfer 094 matrix in order to determine whether they are related to the GEMS grains in CPIDPs
Derived from text
Amorphous Materials; Interplanetary Dust; Silicates; Carbonaceous Chondrites; Meteoritic Composition
A Wheel-On-Limb Rover for Lunar Operations
Heverly, Matthew; February 26, 2007; 11 pp.; In English; 9th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics
and Automation for Space, 26-29 Feb. 2007, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright;
Avail.: Other Sources
The All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer (ATHLETE) is a new mobility platform developed for potential
303
lunar operations. This six limbed rover is designed to traverse quickly over benign terrain by rolling, traverse rough and steep
terrain by walking, as well as perform general manipulation of tools and payloads. This flexible robotic platform will provide
a mobile base for pressurized lunar habitats allowing for long range surface exploration and crew transport. It will also enable
in-situ construction of lunar assets providing astronauts with the ability to assemble, maintain, and service a wide range of
cargo. This paper presents the design details and capabilities of this wheel-on-limb platform.
Author
Robotics; Terrain; Roving Vehicles; Astronauts; Wheels
Trajectory Model of Lunar Dust Particles
The goal of this work was to predict the trajectories of blowing lunar regolith (soil) particles when a spacecraft lands on
or launches from the Moon. The blown regolith is known to travel at very high velocity and to damage any hardware located
nearby on the Moon. It is important to understand the trajectories so we can develop technologies to mitigate the blast effects
for the launch and landing zones at a lunar outpost. A mathematical model was implemented in software to predict the
trajectory of a single spherical mass acted on by the gas jet from the nozzle of a lunar lander.
Derived from text
Lunar Dust; Mathematical Models; Regolith; Trajectories
20090022233 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; ASRC Aerospace Corp., USA; University of Central
Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
Particle Ejection and Levitation Technology (PELT)
Each of the six Apollo landers touched down at unique sites on the lunar surface. Aside from the Apollo 12 landing site
located 180 meters from the Surveyor III lander, plume impingement effects on ground hardware during the landings were not
a problem. The planned return to the Moon requires numerous landings at the same site. Since the top few centimeters of lunar
soil are loosely packed regolith, plume impingement from the lander will eject the granular material at high velocities. A
picture shows what the astronauts viewed from the window of the Apollo 14 lander. There was tremendous dust excavation
beneath the vehicle. With high-vacuum conditions on the Moon (10 (exp -14) to 10 (exp -12) torr), motion of all particles is
completely ballistic. Estimates derived from damage to Surveyor III caused by the Apollo 12 lander show that the speed of
the ejected regolith particles varies from 100 m/s to 2,000 m/s. It is imperative to understand the physics of plume
impingement to safely design landing sites for future Moon missions. Aerospace scientists and engineers have examined and
analyzed images from Apollo video extensively in an effort to determine the theoretical effects of rocket exhaust impingement.
KSC has joined the University of Central Florida (UCF) to develop an instrument that will measure the 3-D vector of dust
flow caused by plume impingement during descent of landers. The data collected from the instrument will augment the
theoretical studies and analysis of the Apollo videos.
Derived from text
Estimates; Impingement; Plumes; Rocket Exhaust; Lunar Dust; Dust
20090022256 NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA; ASRC Aerospace Corp., USA; Appalachian State
Univ., Boone, NC, USA
Electrostatic Characterization of Lunar Dust
To ensure the safety and success of future lunar exploration missions, it is important to measure the toxicity of the lunar
dust and its electrostatic properties. The electrostatic properties of lunar dust govern its behavior, from how the dust is
deposited in an astronaut s lungs to how it contaminates equipment surfaces. NASA has identified the threat caused by lunar
dust as one of the top two problems that need to be solved before returning to the Moon. To understand the electrostatic nature
304
of lunar dust, NASA must answer the following questions: (1) how much charge can accumulate on the dust? (2) how long
will the charge remain? and (3) can the dust be removed? These questions can be answered by measuring the electrostatic
properties of the dust: its volume resistivity, charge decay, charge-to-mass ratio or chargeability, and dielectric properties.
Derived from text
Electrostatics; Lunar Dust; Electrostatic Charge; Characterization; In Situ Measurement
Rb-Sr Isotopic Studies Of Antarctic Lherzolitic Shergottite Yamato 984028
Shih, C.-Y.; Nyquist, L. E.; Reese, Y.; Misawa, K.; June 03, 2009; 2 pp.; In English; 32nd Symposium on Antarctic
Meteorites, 3 - 4 Jun. 2009, Tokyo, Japan; Original contains color illustrations
Yamato 984028 is a Martian meteorite found in the Yamato Mountains of Antarctica. It is classified as a lherzolitic
shergottite and petrographically resembles several other lherzolitic shergottites, i.e. ALHA 77005, LEW 88516, Y-793605 and
Y-000027/47/97 [e.g. 2-5]. These meteorites have similarly young crystallization ages (152-185 Ma) as enriched basaltic
shergottites (157-203 Ma), but have very different ejection ages (approximately 4 Ma vs. approximately 2.5 Ma), thus they
came from different martian target crater areas. Lherzolitic shergottites have mg-values approximately 0.70 and represent the
most mafic olivine-pyroxene cumulates. Their parental magmas were melts derived probably from the primitive Martian
mantle. Here we present Rb-Sr isotopic data for Y-984028 and compare these data with those obtained from other lherzolitic
and olivine-phyric basaltic shergottites to better understand the isotopic characteristics of their primitive mantle source
regions. Corresponding Sm-Nd analyses for Y-984028 are in progress.
Derived from text
Isotopes; Meteorites; Mineralogy; Shergottites; SNC Meteorites; Meteoritic Composition
92
SOLAR PHYSICS
Includes solar activity, solar flares, solar radiation and sunspots. For related information see 93 Space Radiation.
20090022172 Northwest Research Associates, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA

Resolving the Azimuthal Ambiguity in Vector Magnetogram Data with the Divergence-Free Condition: Theoretical
Examination
Crouch, A.; Barnes, G.; Solar Physics; January 2008; Volume 247, pp. 25-37; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NNH05CC75C; Copyright; Avail.: Other Sources
ONLINE: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-007-9096-1
We demonstrate that the azimuthal ambiguity that is present in solar vector magnetogram data can be resolved with
line-of-sight and horizontal heliographic derivative information by using the divergence-free property of magnetic fields
without additional assumptions. We discuss the specific derivative information that is sufficient to resolve the ambiguity away
from disk center, with particular emphasis on the line-of-sight derivative of the various components of the magnetic field.
Conversely, we also show cases where ambiguity resolution fails because sufficient line-of-sight derivative information is not
available. For example, knowledge of only the line-of-sight derivative of the line-of-sight component of the field is not
sufficient to resolve the ambiguity away from disk center.
Author
Magnetic Signatures; Azimuth; Solar Magnetic Field; Ambiguity; Algorithms; Data Processing
93
SPACE RADIATION
Includes cosmic radiation; and inner and outer Earth radiation belts. For biological effects of radiation on plants and animals see 51 Life
Sciences; on human beings see 52 Aerospace Medicine. For theory see 73 Nuclear Physics.
20090022140 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA; Virginia Univ., Charlottesville, VA, USA
Effect of Space Radiation Processing on Lunar Soil Surface Chemistry: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies
Dukes, C.; Loeffler, M.J.; Baragiola, R.; Christoffersen, R.; Keller, J.; [2009]; 1 pp.; In English; 72nd Meteoritical Society
Meeting, 13 - 18 Jul. 2009, Nancy, France
Current understanding of the chemistry and microstructure of the surfaces of lunar soil grains is dominated by a reference
305
frame derived mainly from electron microscopy observations [e.g. 1,2]. These studies have shown that the outermost 10-100
nm of grain surfaces in mature lunar soil finest fractions have been modified by the combined effects of solar wind exposure,
surface deposition of vapors and accretion of impact melt products [1,2]. These processes produce surface-correlated
nanophase Feo, host grain amorphization, formation of surface patinas and other complex changes [1,2]. What is less well
understood is how these changes are reflected directly at the surface, defined as the outermost 1-5 atomic monolayers, a region
not easily chemically characterized by TEM. We are currently employing X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to study
the surface chemistry of lunar soil samples that have been previously studied by TEM. This work includes modification of the
grain surfaces by in situ irradiation with ions at solar wind energies to better understand how irradiated surfaces in lunar grains
change their chemistry once exposed to ambient conditions on earth.
Author
Lunar Soil; Soil Sampling; Radiation Effects; Extraterrestrial Radiation; Chemical Reactions; Solar Wind; Photoelectron
Spectroscopy; Amorphous Materials; X Ray Spectroscopy; Surface Reactions
99
GENERAL
Includes aeronautical, astronautical, and space science related histories, biographies, and pertinent reports too broad for categorization;
histories or broad overviews of NASA programs such as Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury spacecraft, Earth Resources Technology Satellite
(ERTS), and Skylab; NASA appropriations hearings.

Hydrogen Education and Outreach
Schleith, S.; Hall, P.; Henzmann, A.; Block, D.; Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities; February 2009, pp. 21, 149-157;
In English; See also 20090021319; Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A02, Hardcopy
Education and outreach were extremely important components of the NASA hydrogen research program. These activities
have supported four main areas: education of graduate and undergraduate engineering and science students, education for K-12
students and teacher professional development, participation in and offering of seminars and workshops, and a variety of
public outreach activities. Each of the university participants have made educational activities a major part of their research
program. The educational component has used the topics from the large variety of research projects for graduate student
masters and PhD theses. In addition, the projects results are communicated to local, national and international audiences
through publications and presentations by university faculty members and their students. The totals are 222 publications, 196
presentations and the support of 96 students. The goal of incorporating hydrogen education into K-12 student and teacher
programs at Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) has been successfully accomplished through curriculum development,
professional development for teachers and special events for K-12 students. These activities are ongoing and are being
continually expanded. Over the course of the grant period, an average 310 teachers per year have participated in hydrogen
education training opportunities facilitated by FSEC staff. The teacher opportunities include multi-day institutes, one-day
workshops, and halfday experiences. Interest in hydrogen continues to grow amongst teachers, as evidenced by the popularity
of the many hydrogen training events held for teachers by FSEC throughout the year. Field trips to the Florida Solar Energy
Center are also popular with schools with nearly 800 students with their teachers and 60 parents per year visiting the facility
for informal instruction on hydrogen, solar and energy efficiency. The outreach program has been accomplished through the
development of a fuel cell short course, publications, presentations, press releases and web site development, as well as
personal interaction with the public.
Author
Hydrogen; NASA Programs; Education; Public Relations
20090022149 NASA, Washington, DC, USA
Research in NASA History: A Guide to the NASA History Program
Dick Steven J., Compiler; Garber, Stephen J., Compiler; Odom, Jane H., Compiler; April 2009; 89 pp.; In English; See also
19980019295; See also 1998042175; Original contains black and white illustrations
Report No.(s): NASA-SP-2009-4543; No Copyright; Avail.: CASI: A05, Hardcopy
As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2008, historians as well
as scientists and engineers could look back on a record of accomplishment. Much has been written about the evolution of
NASAs multifaceted programs and the people who carried them out. Yet much remains to be done, and we hope this
306
publication will facilitate research in this important field. As an active internal function, NASA history also marks its 50th year
in 2009. As is evident from this publication, the various NASA Centers carry out historical and archival functions. Research
in NASA History describes the efforts of NASA to capture and record the events of its past and to make that past accessible
to NASA personnel, the historical community, and researchers. It describes the research opportunities and accomplishments
of NASAs Agencywide history program. It also offers a concise guide to the historical documentary resources available at
NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC; at NASA facilities located around the country; and through the federal records
systems. This third edition of Research in NASA History replaces the first two editions published in 1992 and 1997,
respectively. Those editions were preceded by History at NASA (1986), prepared by Sylvia Fries, and the Guide to Research
in NASA History, first issued in 1976 and written by Alex Roland (second through seventh editions). As an introduction to
the field of space history, researchers may wish to consult Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight (NASA SP-2006-4702),
edited by Steven J. Dick and Roger D. Launius and published in 2006. Readers will find there some measure of the riches that
await researchers in NASA history.
Derived from text
Histories; NASA Programs
307
Subject Term Index

ABDOMEN
Abdonimal Injury
Crashes 201
Tactile Actuator Technology 197

in
Motor-Vehicle
ABORT APPARATUS
Advanced Command Destruct System
(ACDS) Enhanced Flight Termination
System (EFTS) 44
Autonomous Flight Safety System Phase III 62
ABRASION
Device Acquires and Retains Rock or Ice
Samples 260
Lunar Dust Chemical, Electrical, and Mechanical Reactivity: Simulation and Characterization 302
ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
Single Longitudinal Mode, High Repetition Rate, Q-switched Ho:YLF Laser for
Remote Sensing 144
ACCEPTABILITY
Evaluation of Acceptance Strength Tests
for Concrete Pavements 148
ACCEPTOR MATERIALS
Improved Starting Materials for BackIlluminated Imagers 259
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
FARS Analytic Reference Guide 1975 to
2006 255
2007 255
National Transportation Safety Board
Aviation Investigation Manual. Major
Team Investigations 32
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
Influence Map Methodology for Evaluating Systemic Safety Issues 147
ACCIDENTS
EXADAT. A New Explosives Accident Database 250
ACCRETION DISKS
QPOs from Random X-ray Bursts around
Rotating Black Holes 299
ACCURACY
Accurate Delay Calibration for Two-Way
Time Transfer Earth Stations 108
Airborne LiDAR Reflective Linear Feature Extraction for Strip Adjustment and
Horizontal
Accuracy
Determination 243
On the Accuracy of Cs Beam Primary
Frequency Standards 111
ACHONDRITES
Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, and Mn-Cr Ages of Yamato 74013 303
ACOUSTIC EMISSION
Measuring Ultrasonic Acoustic Velocity in
a Thin Sheet of Graphite Epoxy Composite 140
ACOUSTIC FATIGUE
Generic Design Procedures for the Repair of Acoustically Damaged Panels 38
ACOUSTIC IMAGING
3-D Acoustic Imaging of Broadband SAS
Data 239
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
Exploitation of Environmental Complexity
in Shallow Water Acoustic Data Communications 237
ACOUSTIC RESONANCE
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared
Astronomy (SOFIA) Acoustical Resonance Technical Assessment Report 43
ACOUSTIC VELOCITY
John F. Kennedy Space Centers Technology Development and Application
2006-2007 Report 269
Observations of the R Reflector and
Sediment Interface Reflection at the
Shallow Water 06 Central Site 238
Undersea Node Localization Using

Node-to-Node Acoustic Ranges in Distributed Seaweb Network 217
ACOUSTO-OPTICS
Experimental Investigation of AcoustoOptic Communications 116
ACTIVE CONTROL
Simulation Developed That Captures the
Thermoacoustic Instability Behavior of
Advanced, Low-Emissions Combustor
Prototype 146
ACTUATORS
Development of Cryogenic Shape
Memory Actuator Materials for Switches,
Seals and Valves 84
Light-Driven Actuators Based on Polymer Films Developed and Demonstrated 143
Performance and Analysis of Perfluorinated Grease used on Space Shuttle
Actuators 72
Probabilistic Analysis Conducted of
Space Shuttle Body Flap Actuator Ball
Bearings 7
Tactile Displays in Military Environments:
Current Status and Future Directions 198
ACOUSTICS
Acoustic Lens Camera and Underwater
Display Combine to Provide Efficient and
Effective Hull and Berth Inspections 137
ADAPTIVE CONTROL
Capability Description for NASAs F/A-18
TN 853 as a Testbed for the Integrated
Resilient Aircraft Control Project 51
Characterization and Modeling of Underwater Acoustic Communications Channels for Frequency-Shift-Keying Signals 238
Design and Initial In-Water Testing of

Advanced Non-Linear Control Algorithms
onto an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle
(UUV) 223
ADAPTIVE OPTICS
A New Era for Massive Young Stars with
Gemini Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics 297

High Frequency Images of Proud and
Buried 3D-Targets 237
Modeling and Interpretation of Beamforming Gain and Diversity Gain for Underwater
Acoustic
Communications 115
Finds Supernovae Lurking in Luminous

Infrared Galaxies with Gemini Laser
Guide Star Adaptive Optics 296
Gemini Focus: Newsletter of the Gemini
Observatory 292
Gemini
Images
oplanet 293
Possible
Ex-
Operator Access to Acoustically Networked Undersea Systems through the

Seaweb Server 116
Probing a Quasar Host Galaxy with

Predicting the Acoustic Environment Induced by the Launch of the Ares I Vehicle 240
Probing the Formation of Nuclear Star

Clusters with Gemini Laser Guide Star
Adaptive Optics 294
Remote, Aerial, Trans-Layer, Linear and

Non-Linear Downlink Underwater Acoustic Communication 117
Science Operations
Progress 295
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors

for Hydrogen and Other Gas Detection 135
--
Web
Page
ADDITIVES
Synthesis and Testing of New Flame
Retardant Monomers and Polymer Additives 34
A-1
ADENOVIRUSES
Medical Surveillance Monthly Report
(MSMR). Volume 2, Number 10, December 1996 184
AERODYNAMIC NOISE
FJ44 Turbofan Engine Test at NASA
Glenn Research Centers Aero-Acoustic
Propulsion Laboratory 44
ADHESION TESTS
Development of the Crack Sealant Adhesion Test 69
AERODYNAMIC STABILITY
Aerodynamic Effects of Oversized Tires
and Modified Landing Gear on a Small
Utility Airplane 37
ADHESION
Biologically Inspired Polymer Microfibrillar Arrays for Mask Sealing 96
Influence of Snail on Integrin Beta l
Expression/Activity in Breast Carcinoma 191
MMM-A-121 Federal Specification Adhesive, Bonding Vulcanized Synthetic Rubber to Steel HAP-Free Replacement 96
ADHESIVE BONDING
ADJOINTS
Adjoint-Based Design of Rotors using the
Navier-Stokes Equations in a Noninertial
Reference Frame 23
ADULTS
Impact of Phlebotomine Sand Flies on
U.S. Military Operations at Tallil Air Base,
Iraq: 3. Evaluation of Surveillance Devices for the Collection of Adult Sand
Flies 191
The Effect of Interactive Simulations on
Exercise Adherence with Overweight and
Obese Adults 178
ADVANCED MICROWAVE SOUNDING
UNIT
Data Assimilation and Regional Forecasts Using Atmospheric InfraRed
Sounder (AIRS) Profiles 171
AEROACOUSTICS
Aeroacoustics Theory of Slowly Diverging Supersonic Jets Developed and
Compared with Experimental Data 49
HART-II Acoustic Predictions using a
Coupled CFD/CSD Method 240
AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Full-Scale Iced Airfoil Aerodynamic Performance Evaluated 4
AERODYNAMIC HEATING
Experimental Investigation of Project
Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Aeroheating: LaRC 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel
Test 6931 25
AERODYNAMIC LOADS
Methodology for the Prediction of the
Empennage In-Flight Loads of a General
Aviation Aircraft Using Backpropagation
Neural Networks 42
A-2
AERODYNAMICS
Utility Airplane 37
Multiparameter Fire-Detection System

Miniaturized and Tested for Possible Use
on Crew Exploration Vehicle 8
New Method for Updating Mean Time
Between Failure for ISS Orbital Replaceable Units Consultation Report 67
Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference 279
Terrestrial Environment (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for use in Aerospace Vehicle Development 65
Helicopter Rotor Safety Issues. Stage 1

Report. Revision B 35
Toward a III-V Multijunction Space Cell

Technology on Si 281
Nonlinear Structures Optimization for

Flexible Flapping Wing MAVs 26
Ultra-Lightweight Self-Deployable Nanocomposite Structure for Habitat Applications 79
AEROELASTICITY
Full-Rotor Aeroelastic Analysis Capability
Developed and Tested 133
AEROGELS
Flexible Cross-Linked Aerogels Developed 19
Manufacturing Process for Polymer
Cross-Linked Aerogel Composites Developed 19
Polyimide-Foam/Aerogel Composites for
Thermal Insulation 257
Using Aerogel-Based Insulation Material
To Prevent Foam Loss on the LiquidHydrogen Intertank 62
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
F-15 Intelligent Flight Control System
and Aeronautics Research at NASA Dryden 51
Intelligent Flight Control System and
Aeronautics Research at NASA Dryden 51
NEXT Long-Duration Test Plume and
Wear Characteristics after 16,550 h of
Operation and 337 kg of Xenon Processed 68
AERONAUTICS
2007 Research and Technology 2
AEROSOLS
Impact of Aerosols on Scene Collection
and Scene Correction 138
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Eliminating Space Debris: Applied Technology and Policy Prescriptions, Fall
2007 - Project 07-02 300
Forward Technology Solar Cell Experiment First On-Orbit Data 288
High Temperature VARTM of Phenylethynyl Terminated Imides 75
High-Temperature Piezoelectric Material
Developed 21
2006-2007 Report 269
AEROSPACE ENVIRONMENTS
2007 - Project 07-02 301
Proton and Gamma Radiation Effects in
Undoped, Single-doped and co-doped
YLiF4 and LuLiF4 144
Quantifying Low Energy Proton Damage
in Multijunction Solar Cells 289
WSMC Approach for Using GPS to Synchronize Remote Site Timing 57
AEROSPACE MEDICINE
CHeCS: International Space Station
Medical Hardware Catalog 196
FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Aerospace Accident-Injury and Autopsy
Database System, AA-IADS 27
Introduction to Tactile Displays in Military
Environments 200
NASA Human Research Program (HRP).
International Space Station Medical
Project (ISSMP) 196
The Integrated Medical Model: A Decision Support Tool for In-flight Crew
Health Care 196
US and Russian Cooperation in Space
Biology and Medicine 197
AEROSPACE SAFETY
Bird Vision System 63
External Tank Liquid Hydrogen (LH2)
Prepress Regression Analysis Independent Review Technical Consultation Report 59
Gas Permeable Chemochromic Compositions for Hydrogen Sensing 73
Missions 158
Device for Measuring Low Flow Speed in

a Duct 263
Measuring Thermal Conductivity of a
Small Insulation Sample 264
Endangerment and Cause or Contribute

Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under
Section 202(a) of the Clean Air
Act 162

Particle Image Velocimetry Capability Installed and Checked Out in NASA

Glenns 10- by 10-Foot Supersonic Wind
Tunnel 18
Letter Report Yucca Mountain Environmental Monitoring Systems Initiative - Air

Quality Scoping Study for Crater Flat,
Nye County, Nevada 164
AIR MASSES
The Extrapolation of High Altitude Solar
Cell I(V) Characteristics to AM0 291

Quality Scoping Study for Pahranagat
National Wildlife 165
AIR POLLUTION
Annual Data Summary, Acadia National
Park, Cadillac Mountain, 2002 National
Park Service Gaseous Air Pollutant
Monitoring Network 160

Quality Scoping Study for Tonopah Airport, Nye County, Nevada 165
Orbital Debris
USA 61
Research
in
the
AEROSPACE SCIENCES
Aeronautics and Space Report of the
President, Fiscal Year 2006 Activities 54
AEROSPACE SYSTEMS
Autonomous Defensive Space Control
via On-Board Artificial Neural Networks 58
NASA Space Telecommunications Radio
System Architecture Updated 63
Process Model for Defining Space Sensing and Situational Awareness Requirements 58
Thermal Cycle Testing of the Powersphere
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
AEROSPACE VEHICLES
GPS Metric Tracking Unit 275
AEROSTATICS
Approach Developed for Optimizing
Stirling Gas Bearing Performance 9
AEROTHERMODYNAMICS
Test 6931 25
AFGHANISTAN
Contingency Contracting. DOD, State,
and USAID Are Taking Actions to Track
Contracts and Contractor Personnel in
Iraq and Afghanistan 251
Journal of Special Operations Medicine,
Volume 7, Edition 1 190
AGRICULTURE
Journal of Special Operations Medicine.
Volume 7, Edition 4, Fall 2007 190
AIR CURRENTS
Mitigating Insider Sabotage and Espionage: A Review of the USA Air Forces
Current Posture 219
AIR FLOW
Development Status of the Carbon Dioxide and Moisture Removal Amine SwingBed System (CAMRAS) 204

Park, Mc Farland Hill, 2002 National Park
Service Gaseous Air Pollutant Monitoring
Network 159
DOE/NV/26383-LTR2008-01 Letter Report Yucca Mountain Environmental
Monitoring Systems Initiative - Air Quality
Scoping Study for Caliente, Lincoln
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164
How CBO Estimates the Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions. Background Paper 161
National Atmospheric Deposition Program Mercury Deposition Network. Mercury Analytical Laboratory Annual Quality
Assurance Report, 2004 167
AIR QUALITY
Assessment of the Impacts of Global
Change on Regional U.S. Air Quality: A
Synthesis of Climate Change Impact on
Ground-Level Ozone. An Interim Report
of the U.S. EPA Global Change Research Program 162
Carbon Monoxide National Ambient Air
Quality Standards: Scope and Methods
Plan for Health Risk and Exposure Assessment 162
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164
RT-MATRIX: Measuring Total Organic

Carbon by Photocatalytic Oxidation of
Volatile Organic Compounds 203
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (PERSONNEL)
Four Studies of the Monitor Alert Function of the TSD 29
Information Requirements for Traffic
Flow Management 29
Traffic Flow Management: ATC Coordinators Information Requirements for the
NAS 28
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
Benefits of an Information Organization
Tool in Strategic Air Traffic Control 31
Flow Management 29
TMA Integrated Metrics Assessment
Model 27
TMU Structure, Positions, and Uses of
the TSD 29
NAS 28
AIR TRANSPORTATION
AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT
Horizontal
Accuracy
Determination 243
AIRCRAFT ANTENNAS
Airborne Antenna System for MinimumCycle-Slip GPS Reception 258
AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATIONS
AIRCRAFT CONTROL
A-3

AIRCRAFT ENGINES
Integrated Online and Offline Diagnostic
Approach Demonstrated for Aircraft Engine Application 48
AIRCRAFT FUELS
Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory
Construction Completed 52
AIRCRAFT ICING
Instrument Developed for Indicating the
Severity of Aircraft Icing and for Providing
Cloud-Physics Measurements for Research 3
Web-Based Icing Remote Sensing Product Developed 15
AIRCRAFT LANDING
Developing Soil Models for Dynamic Impact Simulations 152
AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
Evaluation of the Integrated AMT/AMT-T
Curriculum 36
Language Error in Aviation Maintenance 36
Research for the Electrical Wiring Interconnection System Program 46
Use of Advanced Technology To Support
Inspection Training in the General Aviation Industry 37
Vision Standards and Testing Requirements for Nondestructive Inspection
(NDI) and Testing (NDT) Personnel and
Visual Inspectors 31
AIRCRAFT NOISE
Noise-Reducing Offset Fan Stream
Nozzles Simulated by Computational
Fluid Dynamics 23
AIRCRAFT POWER SUPPLIES
Modeling and Optimization of Fuel Cell
Systems for Aircraft Applications 47
AIRCRAFT SAFETY
Aviation Safety: NASAs National Aviation Operations Monitoring Service
Project Was Designed Appropriately, but
Sampling and Other Issues Complicate
Data Analysis 34
Comparative Analysis of Flightdecks
With Varying Levels of Automation 34
Redesigning Weather-Related Training

and Testing of General Aviation Pilots:
Applying Traditional Curriculum Evaluation and Advanced Simulation-Based
Methods 25
Summary of FAA Research Accomplishments 1993-2002 24
AIRCRAFT STABILITY
Utility Airplane 37
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES
A Mode-Shape-Based Fault Detection
Methodology
for
Cantilever
Beams 226
AIRCRAFT TIRES
Utility Airplane 37
AIRCRAFT
Continuously Available Battlefield Surveillance 42
The Benefits of a Network Tasking Order
in Combat Search and Rescue Missions 38
AIRFOILS
AIRFRAMES
Methodology
for
Cantilever
Beams 226
High-Temperature Seals Evaluated for
Hypersonic Airframe Applications 14
Reliability-Based Design Optimization of
a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151
AIRLINE OPERATIONS
Data Analysis 34
Training and Assessment of Aircrew
Skills: Methods to Achieve Reliable and
Valid Performance Data. Final Project
Report 30
AIRPORTS
Development and Deployment of a Wireless Network Testbed, and Evaluation of
Wirelss systems for Airport Applications 46
Iraq: 1. Background, Military Situation,
and Development of a Leishmaniasis
Control Program 187
Development of ASHRAM: A New

Human-Reliability-Analysis Method for
Aviation Safety 24

Flies 191

Integrating Airport
tems 30
A-4
Information
Sys-
Integration and Testing of a Wide-Band

Airport Pseudolite 103
Model 27
AIRSPACE
Sector Congestion Analytical Modeling
Program (SCAMP) and the Standard Index of Sector Congestion (SISCO) 28
ALGEBRA
Path Openings and Closings 208
ALGORITHMS
(UUV) 224
Design of a Satellite Data Manipulation
Tool in a Time and Frequency Transfer
System Using Satellites 224
Extreme Scalability: Designing Interfaces
and Algorithms for Soldier-Robotic
Swarm Interaction 223
Fast Linearized Bregman Iteration for
Compressive Sensing and Sparse Denoising 250
Hail Size Distribution Mapping 175
Mixture Formulae for Shot Noise
Weighted Point Processes 123
North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena
glacialis) Detection & Localization in the
Bay of Fundy using Widely Spaced, Bottom Mounted Sensors 226
Quantifying and Qualifying
ShakeMap Uncertainty 206
USGS
Resolving the Azimuthal Ambiguity in

Vector Magnetogram Data with the
Divergence-Free Condition: Theoretical
Examination 305
Research 43
ALIGNMENT
Alignment Jig for the Precise Measurement of THz Radiation 263
Liquid Rocket Engine Testing 68
ALLOCATIONS
Planning Resource Allocations to Research and Development Projects (Taks
C/D of Coop Agreement No. 98-G018) 28
ALLOYING
Joining of Carbon-Carbon Composites to
Metals Demonstrated for Thermal Management Applications 77
ALTAIR LUNAR LANDER

NASA Constellation Program (CxP) Key
Driving Requirements and Element Descriptions for International Architecture
Working Group (IAWG) Functional
Teams Human Transportation Cargo
Transportation 60
ALTIMETERS
GFO and JASON Altimeter Engineering
Assessment Report. Update: GFOAcceptance to End of Mission on October 22, 2008, JASON-Acceptance to
September 29, 2008 152
AMMUNITION
Shrapnel Impact Probability Analysis
Computer Code Development And Diagnostic Port Failure Analysis For LLNLs
Explosives Testing Contained Firing Facility (CFF) 213
AMORPHOUS MATERIALS
Amorphous Silicates in Primitive Meteoritic Materials: Acfer 094 and IDPs 303
Effect of Space Radiation Processing on
Lunar Soil Surface Chemistry: X-Ray
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 305
ANTHROPOMETRY
Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) II Pilot
Study: Methods and Summary Statistics 112
ANTIMONY
Yb14MnSb11 as a High-Efficiency Thermoelectric Material 265
ANTIRADIATION DRUGS
Countermeasure for Radiation Protection
and Repair 279
ANTIREFLECTION COATINGS
Development of a High Efficiency
UVR/IRR Coverglass for Triple Junction
Solar Cells 286
ALTITUDE SIMULATION
Iron-Based Amorphous-Metals: HighPerformance Corrosion-Resistant Materials (HPCRM) Development Final Report 88
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
Micromodeling of Aerospace Structural
Alloys 92
Smart Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Hydrogen Recovery

and Storage 80
ANTISHIP MISSILES
Store Separation Simulation of the Penguin Missile from Helicopters 39
ALUMINUM OXIDES
Calculation of Oxygen Fugacity in High
Pressure Metal-Silicate Experiments and
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
AMORPHOUS SILICON
APERTURES
Utilizing Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Micro-Shutter Designs for
Adaptive Coded Aperture Imaging
(ACAI) Technologies 244
Nanocomposite Environmental Barrier

Coatings
Evaluated
for
HighTemperature Combustion Environment
Stability 16
ALUMINUM
Exploration of CIGAS Alloy System for
Thin-Film Photovoltaics on Novel Lightweight and Flexible Substrates 284
Review of Ultrasound Performance From
5 to 20 MHz on an Aluminum Standard 104
AMBIENCE
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Revisiting the Recommended Geometry
for the Diametrally Compressed Ceramic
C-Ring Specimen 97
AMBIGUITY
Examination 305
Single-Epoch Integer Ambiguity Resolution
with
GPS-GLONASS
L1-L2
Data 102
AMMONIA
Ammonia-Borane Complete for Hydrogen Storage 85
AN-Type Fittings in the International
Space System (ISS) Node 2 Ammonia
System Technical Assessment Report 61
Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal Tested in Reduced Gravity on
NASA C-9 Aircraft 202
Lightweight, Flexible Solar Cells on

Stainless Steel Foil and Polymer for
Space and Stratospheric Applications 290
POSS(Registered TradeMark) Coatings

for Solar Cells: An Update 282
Space Plasma Testing of High-Voltage

Thin-Film Solar Arrays with Protective
Coatings 288
APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE

Parametric Crowd Generation Software
for MS&T Simulations and Training 214
Synthesis of Poly-Silicon Thin Films on

Glass Substrate Using Laser Initiated
Metal Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon for Space Power Application 292
APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS (COMPUTERS)

Generating Safety-Critical PLC Code
From a High-Level Application Software
Specification 274
AMPLIFIER DESIGN
Terahertz Amplifier Design Improved with
Metamaterial 72
Systems Maintenance Automated Repair

Tasks (SMART) 221
ANEMIAS
(MSMR). Volume 2, Number 3, March
1996 186
ANGLE OF ATTACK
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Sub-Daily Earth Rotation during the Epoch 92 Campaign 170
ANOMALIES
Validation of TIMED/SABER (The
Sounding of the Atmosphere using
Broadband Emission Radiometry) v1.07
Ozone at 9.6 Micrometers in Altitude
Range 15-70 km 301
ANTENNA ARRAYS
Distributed Antenna-Coupled TES for
FIR Detectors Arrays 122
ANTENNA DESIGN
NASA Tech Briefs, June 2009 257
ANTENNAS
Tethered Antennas for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles 121
AQUA SPACECRAFT
DoD-Tailored Environmental Products
from Near Real-Time Terra/Aqua MODIS
in Support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 244
ARCHITECTURE (COMPUTERS)
KM in Disguise: Lessons from a Decade
of Supporting Emergent Knowledge Processes 215
Prescription Based Maintenance Management System 223
ARCTIC OCEAN
Global Warming Threatens National Interests in the Arctic 154
ARCTIC REGIONS
ARES 1 FIRST STAGE
Ares I-X Overview - The First Chapter in
the Next Great Adventure 65
ARES 1 LAUNCH VEHICLE
Building on 50 Years of Systems Engineering Experience for a New Era of
Space Exploration 61
Launch and Landing Effects Ground Operations (LLEGO) Model 276
A-5
ARES 1 UPPER STAGE
Concept of Operations Visualization in
Support of Ares I Production 66
Effects of Cracks and Residual Stresses
at the Toe of the Ares I-X Upper Stage
Simulator Shell-to-Flange Weld Quantified Using Probabilistic Approaches and
the NASGRO Crack-Growth Code 3
Initial Prototype of Ares I Upper Stage
Thrust Vector Control and Associated
One-Axis Test Rig Developed 2
Structural Benchmark Testing Completed
for Ares I-X Upper Stage Simulator Segment Joints 2
ARES 5 CARGO LAUNCH VEHICLE
ARMED FORCES (UNITED STATES)
Army Communicator. Volume 29, Number 3, Fall 2004 120
Effect of Zinc Supplements on Preventing Upper Respiratory Infections in Air
Force Academy Cadets in Basic Training 177
How the Air Force Should Stay Engaged
in Computer Vision Technology Development 213
Current Posture 218
National Guard Maneuver Enhancement
Brigades Role in Domestic Missions 116
Trends in Air Force Simulation: An Address to the Conference on Air Force
Training for the 80s 111
USAFA Cadet Homepage: Institute for
Information Technology Applications
(IITA) 253
ARMOR
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Thermo Catalytic Hydrogen Production
via Oxygen-Free Methane Aromatization 83
ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES
Cesium Standard for Satellite Application 57
Joint Milli-Arcsecond Pathfinder Survey
(J-MAPS) Mission: The Application of
High Metric Accuracy Astrometry to
Space Situational Awareness 298
A-6
Satellite Two-Way Time Transfer: Fundamentals and Recent Progress 111

ARTILLERY
The Coast Artillery Journal. Volume 73,
Number 6, December 1930 33
ASCENT
ASPECT RATIO
Samples 260
Quality Assurance Report National Atmospheric

Deposition
Program,
2001 166
Deposition
Program,
2002 166
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
ASTRIONICS
Microelectromechanical Systems Packaging Technique and Chip Fabrication
Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 129
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
Modeling of Atmospheric Effects on Terahertz Imaging Systems 169
ASTROMETRY
Astrometry With Digital Sky Surveys:
From SDSS to LSST 300
ATMOSPHERIC HEATING
Cassini/Huygens Probe Entry, Descent,
and Landing (EDL) at Titan Independent
Technical Assessment 62

ASTRONAUTS
A Wheel-On-Limb Rover for Lunar Operations 304
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES
Gemini
Images
Possible
Exoplanet 294
ASTROPHYSICS
Science Operations
Progress 295
--
Web
Page
ASYMMETRY
Laser Induced Asymmetry and Inhomogeneous Broadening of the Microwave
Lineshape of a Gas Cell Atomic Frequency Standard 107
ATLANTIC OCEAN
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
Quality Assurance Report National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 1996 and
1997 163
Deposition
Program,
1998 164
Deposition
Program,
1999 165
Deposition
Program,
2000 166
ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS
Atmospheric 14CO2 Constraints on and
Modeling of Net Carbon Fluxes 06-ERD031. An LLNL Exploratory Research in
the Directorates Final Report 172
Current Status and Future Directions in
the Use of High-Resolution Atmospheric
Models for Support of T& 168
Evaluation of a High Resolution Wind
Model Over a Complex Terrain Surface 174
Winter QPF Sensitivities to Snow Parameterizations and Comparisons to NASA
CloudSat Observations 176
ATOMIC BEAMS
Magnetic State Selection in Atomic Frequency and Time Standards 105
ATOMIC CLOCKS
Millisecond Pulsar Rivals Best Atomic
Clock Stability 110
NAVEX - A Space Shuttle Experiment
with Atomic Clocks 56
On-Orbit Frequency Stability Analysis of
the GPS NAVSTAR-1 Quartz Clock and
the NAVSTARs-6 and -8 Rubidium
Clocks 93
Precise Time Dissemination via Portable
Atomic Clocks 112
Specification of Atomic Frequency Standards for Military and Space Applications 108
Injury Prevention and Performance Enhancement in 101st Airborne Soldiers 180
AVIONICS
The Role of Precise Time in IFF 106
Loran-C Augmentation for GPS and

GPS/WAAS 102

Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 128
Use of Primary Frequency Standards for

Estimating the Duration of the Scale Unit
of TAI 106
Variations in Propagation Delay Times
for Line Ten (TV) Based Time Transfers 104
Various Uses of the GPS Operational
Control
System
(OCS)
Tracking
Data 109
Vertical Cavity Lasers for Atomic Time
Standards 141
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY
Development of a Quantum Dot, 0.6 eV
InGaAs Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) Converter 287
ATOMIC PHYSICS
Measurement of Apparent Temperature
in Post-Detonation Fireballs Using
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 241

Wide Area Augmentation System Research and Development. Final Report 103
AUTOMATIC CONTROL
Automatic Identification System: AIS-A
Reception of AIS-B, 2008 Study 139
Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
AUTOMOBILES
Army
Ground
Current/Future
dards 90
Imaging
Vehicles
Emission
Technol-
and
Stan-
ATOMIC SPECTRA
The Use of Copulas and MPP-Based

Dimension Reduction Method (DRM) to
Assess and Mitigate Engineering Risk in
the Army Ground Vehicle Fleet 228
ATOMS
Field Demonstration of the Suitability of
JOAP Spectrometric Standards Produced from VHG Concentrates 97
AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION
(UUV) 224
Matter Under Extreme Conditions 241

of TAI 106
Standards 141
ATTACK AIRCRAFT
U.S. Army Helicopters and U.S. Air Force
Expeditionary Forces: Implications for
Halting Military Operations (Occasional
Paper Number 22) 41
Development of High-Resolution Acoustic Camera Based Real-Time Object

Recognition System by Using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles 137
AUTONOMY
ATTITUDE CONTROL
Parameter Estimation of Lateral Spacecraft Fuel Slosh 65

ATTITUDE (INCLINATION)
Implementation of Efficient Pan-TiltZoom Camera Calibration 138

Wireless Inclinometer Calibration System 273

AUDIO EQUIPMENT
AUDITORY PERCEPTION
Anatomical, Neurophysiological and Perceptual Issues of Tactile Perception 200
AUGMENTATION
Augmentation of GPS/LAAS with GLONASS: Performance Assessment 102
AUTOPSIES
AUXILIARY POWER SOURCES
AVERAGE
Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
RANS/LES Simulations of Complex and
Compressible Flows 132
Operational Evaluation Sierra Flight Systems Multi Function Display 45

Radiofrequency Tank Modes Tested at
NASA Glenn to Gauge Liquid Oxygen
and Liquid Methane 4
AXIAL FLOW TURBINES
Preliminary Axial Flow Turbine Design
and Off-Design Performance Analysis
Methods for Rotary Wing Aircraft Engines 50
AXIAL LOADS
Lubricated Bearing Lifetimes of a Multiply
Alkylated Cyclopentane and a Linear
Perfluoropolyether Fluid in Oscillatory
Motion at Elevated Temperatures in Ultrahigh Vacuum 72
AZIMUTH
Examination 305
BACKPROPAGATION (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
Neural Networks 42
BACTERIA
(MSMR). Volume 2, Number 9, November 1996 184
BAHAMAS
Automated Classification of Beaked
Whales and Other Small Odontocetes in
the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas 248
BALANCING
Inter-Cell Scheduling in Wireless Data
Networks 232
BALL BEARINGS
A Low-wear Planar-contact Silicon Raceway for Microball Bearing Applications 145
Bearings 7
BALLISTICS
Pressure Measured in Ballistic Impact
Testing of Simulated Birds 6
BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth Sharing with Heterogeneous
Service Requirements 217
Comparative Study of Network Latencies
and Effective Bandwidths on Linux PC
Clusters 207
A-7

Multi-Modulator for Bandwidth-Efficient
Communication 262
QoS-Aware Bandwidth Provisioning for
IP Network Links (Revised) 114
Versatile Model for TCP Bandwidth Sharing in Networks with Heterogeneous Users 228
BASALT
Redox Interactions between Iron and
Carbon in Planetary Mantles: Implications for Degassing and Melting Processes 169
BAUSCHINGER EFFECT
Bauschinger Effect on Mechanical Response of Composite Overwrapped
Pressure Vessels Investigated 94
BAYES THEOREM
BEAMFORMING
Acoustic
Communications 115
BEARINGS
BEHAVIOR
Dynamic Coalitions Workbench: Final
Report 209
BENEFICIATION
Tribocharging Lunar Soil for Electrostatic
Beneficiation 274
BETA PARTICLES
BINARY STARS
WIYN Open Cluster Study. XXXVI. Spectroscopic Binary Orbits in NGC
188 299
BINDING
Tool for Crimping
Leads 131
Flexible
Circuit
BIOASTRONAUTICS
Focused Metabolite Profiling for Dissecting Cellular and Molecular Processes of
Living Organisms in Space Environments 195
BIOCHEMISTRY
A-8
BIOENGINEERING
5th Annual World Congress of IBMISPS
on Brain Mapping & Image Guided
Therapy held at The University of California, Los Angeles on 26-29 August
2008 179
BIOINSTRUMENTATION
Fiber Optic Biosensors 136
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Department of Defense Chemical and
Biological Defense Programs. Annual
Report to Congress 2007 202
BIOMARKERS
Terahertz Spectroscopy of Intrinsic Biomarkers for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer 189
BIOMASS ENERGY PRODUCTION
Improved Hydrogen Yield from Florida
Specific Biomass Gasification Using a
Pilot Scale Gasification Unit 155
BIOMASS
Genetic Engineering to Enhance Biological Hydrogen Production 177
BIOMIMETICS
Micro-Scale Flapping Wings for the Advancement of Flying MEMS 41
BIPOLARITY
Scale-Up of Carbon/Carbon
Plates, (Final) 158
Bipolar
BIRD-AIRCRAFT COLLISIONS
BIRDS
BIT ERROR RATE
Exploiting Unique Features of Nanodiamonds as an Advanced Energy
Source 153
BLACK HOLES (ASTRONOMY)
Adaptive Optics 294
BLUE STARS
Recent Science Highlights 297
BODY WEIGHT
Disordered Eating and Weight Changes
after Deployment: Longitudinal Assessment of a Large US Military Cohort 188
BONDING
Computer Detection of Bent Fingers in
Lead Bonding Frames 211
BORANES
BORESIGHTS
Spitzer Instrument Pointing Frame (IPF)
Kalman Filter Algorithm 245
BOUNDARIES
Eddy-Mean Flow Interactions in Western
Boundary Current Jets 173
BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION
Efficient Simulation and Novel Modeling
by Using Generic Three-Dimensional Exact Solutions to Analyze Transport Dynamics in Turbulent Vortices 132
Developed 21
BOUNDARY LAYERS
Test 6931 25
BRAIDED COMPOSITES
Design and Testing of Braided Composite Fan Case Materials and Components 79
BRAIN
2008 179
BRAYTON CYCLE
Progress Made in Power-Conversion
Technologies for Fission Surface
Power 159

BRAZING
Improved Assembly for Gas Shielding
During Welding or Brazing 73
BLADE TIPS
Microwave Turbine-Tip-Clearance Sensor Tested in Relevant Combustion Environment 2

BLAST LOADS
Static Experiments of Partially Buried
Cased Charges Against Earth and Timber Bunkers 168
BLOOD
Flies 191
Technology for Integrating Ultra-HighTemperature Ceramic Composites with

Metallic Systems Developed 77
BREAST
Proteomic Analyses of Nipple Fluid for
Early Detection of Breast Cancer 188
BRIDGES (STRUCTURES)
NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 on the
Modified T8 Bridge Rail 32
BROADBAND
Data 239
Broad-band Time Domain Modeling of
Sonar Clutter in Range Dependent
Waveguides 238
High-frequency Broadband Matched
Field Processing in the 8-16 kHz
Band 237
BROADCASTING
Broadcasting Board of Governors Budget Request, Fiscal Year 2010 114
OMEGA Navigation System Synchronization 130
BROWNIAN MOVEMENTS
Packet Models Revisited: Tandem and
Priority Systems 114
BUDGETING
The International Space Station and the
Space Shuttle 57
BUILDINGS
Validating a Physical Model With Real
Data. Part 1. Verifying Wind Tunnel Flow
Features in Equivalent Real-Sized
Data 169
BUOYS
The Use and Testing of Compasses and
Magnetometers at the National Data
Buoy Center 109
BURSTS
BYPASS RATIO
Fluid Dynamics 23
Ultrahigh-Bypass-Ratio Propulsion Systems Studied 10
C++ (PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE)
Exact Metropolis-Hastings Sampling for
Marked Point Processes Using a C++
Library 231
CADMIUM TELLURIDES
Manufacturing Process Optimization to
Improve Stability, Yield and Efficiency of
CdS/CdTe PV Devices: Final Report, December 2004 - January 2009 157
Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting for
Hydrogen Production Using Multiple
Bandgap Combination of Thin-FilmPhotovoltaic and Photocatalyst 87
CALCULUS
Checking pi-Calculus Structural Congruence is Graph Isomorphism Complete 210
CALIBRATING
APMIR: An Airborne Polarimeter Designed for High Accuracy 107
Calibrating a 90-kHz Multibeam Sonar 105

Calibrating the Helium Pressurization
System for the Space Shuttle LiquidHydrogen Tank 276
Calibrating Two Scientific Echo Sounders 236
Commodity-Free Calibration 273
2006-2007 Report 269
Nanosensors for Evaluating Hazardous
Environments 272
Radiation Dry Bias of the Vaisala RS92
Humidity Sensor 175
Spitzer Space Telescope: Focal Plane
Survey Final Report 245
CAPILLARY FLOW
Capillary Flow Experiments Performed
on the International Space Station 8
CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
Remote Sensing 144
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL
CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS
Investigation of Integrity and Effectiveness of RC Bridge Deck Rehabilitation
with CFRP Composites 74
RC Beams and Slabs Externally Reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Plastic
(FRP) Panels 149
CARBON MONOXIDE
CARBON NANOTUBES
Carbon Nanotubes for Space Photovoltaic Applications 290
CAMERAS
Development of Carbon/Carbon Composites with Through-Thickness Carbon

Nanotubes for Thermal and Structural
Applications 91

The Photogrammetry Cube 271
Metal Decorated Multi-Walled Carbon

Nanotube/Polyimide Composites with
High Dielectric Constants and Low Loss
Factors 76
Micro and Nano Systems for Space Exploration 131
New Materials for Structural Composites
and Protective Coatings 278
CANCER
Patterning and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes Grown in a Microwave

Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor
Deposition Chamber 124
Interfering with DNA Damage Signals:

Radiosensitizing Prostate Cancer Using
Small Peptides 189
CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES
Prostate Cancer Progression and Serum

Sibling (Small Integrin Binding N-Linked
Glycoprotein) Levels 188
CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES
Applications 91

CANTILEVER BEAMS
Methodology
for
Cantilever
Beams 226
CAPACITORS
Component-Level Electronics Repair in
Space: Soldering Tested in Reduced
Gravity-An Update 21

NDE for Characterizing Oxidation Damage in Reinforced Carbon-Carbon 78
Plates, (Final) 157
Bipolar
CARBON
A-9
Carbon Characterization Laboratory Report 95

Plates, (Final) 157
Bipolar
CARBOXYLATES
and Storage 81
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Microvascular Pathologies in Human
Retinal Disease Analyzed by VESGEN
Software 17
CARGO
Getting to Space on a Thread...Space
Elevator as Alternative Access to
Space 53
Transportation 60
CASES (CONTAINERS)
CASSINI MISSION
Cassini Orbit Determination Performance during Saturn Satellite Tour: August 2005 - January 2006 299
CATALOGS (PUBLICATIONS)
CATALYSTS
Photocatalytic Coatings for Exploration
and Spaceport Design 279
CATHODES
Three Dimensional PIC Simulations of
Novel Cathodes in the Michigan and
AFRL Relativistic Magnetrons 123
CAVITIES
Frequency Stability of Maser Oscillators
Operated
with
Enhanced
Cavity
Q 125
CELLS (BIOLOGY)
Software 17
CEMENTS
A-10
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITS

Using Client Puzzles to Mitigate Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in the Tor
Anonymous
Routing
Environment 212
CENTRIFUGES
Computer and Centrifuge Modeling of
Decoupled Explosions in Civilian Tunnels 233
CERAMIC COATINGS
Development of Analytical Criteria for
Crack Deflection and Penetration in
Coated Ceramics Initiated 98
CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
Electrical Resistance Tested as a Nondestructive Evaluation Technique for Silicon
Carbide/Silicon
Carbide
Composites 8
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
CERAMICS
Ceramic Membranes of Mixed IonicElectronic Conductors for Hydrogen
Separation 85
Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA2007-0167-3078, Brooklyn College,
Brooklyn, New York, Feruary 2009.
Evaluation of Exposures in Sculpture
Studios at a College Art Department 160
Hydrogen Production by Water Dissociation Using Ceramic Membranes - Annual
Report for FY 2008 95
Hydrogen Separation Membranes Annual Report for FY 2008 95
C-Ring Specimen 97
CESIUM
Narrow 87Rb and 133Cs Hyperfine Transitions in Evacuated Wall-Coated
Cells 93
Rubidium and Cesium Frequency Standards Status and Performance on the
GPS Program 91
CESSNA 172 AIRCRAFT
Neural Networks 42
CHANNELS (DATA TRANSMISSION)

Sixty-four-Channel
Tester 270
Inline
Cable
CHARACTERIZATION
Characterization, Optimum Estimation,
and Time Prediction of Precision
Clocks 109
Electrostatic Characterization of Lunar
Dust 304
Probabilistic Simulation for Nanocomposite Characterization Developed and
Included in the Computer Code
ICAN/JAVA 77
CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
Deep Dielectric Charging of Spacecraft
Polymers by Energetic Protons 268
CHARGED PARTICLES
Determining Trajectory of Triboelectrically Charged Particles, Using Discrete
Element Modeling 215
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL BONDS
and Storage 81
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
U.S. Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Structure Qualification Testing of
Explosive Containment Rooms 242
CHEMICAL DEFENSE
Department of Defense Joint Chemical
and Biological Defense Program 2009
Annual Report to Congress 201
CHEMICAL DETECTION
Fluorescent Dye Developed for the Detection
of
Nitroaromatic
Compounds 71
CHEMICAL EFFECTS
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 306
Local Hydrogen Production via Catalytic
Reformation of Fossil and Renewable
Feedstocks 85
Oxygen Consumption Rate in New and
In-Service BFGoodrich P195/65R15
Tires 88
System Analysis of Hydrogen Production
and Utilization at KSC 84
CHEMICAL TESTS
Actuators 72
CHEMICAL WARFARE
Real-Time Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents Using Multi-Wavelength
Photoacoustics 142
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
Flies 191
CHILDREN
Medicaid and SCHIP Quality Improvement.: Quality Measures Compendium,
Vol. 2.0 247
Protecting Children in Cyberspace: The
ICAC Task Force Program. Juvenile Justice Bulletin 246
CHIPS (ELECTRONICS)
Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 129
Sixty-four-Channel
Tester 270
Inline
Cable
T/R Multi-Chip MMIC Modules for 150

GHz 262
CHIRALITY
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Actuators 72
CHROMITES
CHRONOMETERS
Ar-Ar and I-Xe Ages and Thermal Histories of Three Unusual Metal-Rich Meteorites 170
CLIMATE CHANGE
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
Performance Sustainment of Two Man
Crews during 87 Hours of Extended
Wakefulness with Stimulants and Napping 191
Best Practice Approaches for Characterizing, Communicating and Incorporating

Scientific Uncertainty in Climate Decision
Making. Synthesis and Assessment
Product 5.2 172
CIRCUIT BOARDS
Effects of Climate Change on Energy

Production and Use in the USA. Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.5 171
Fluence Uniformity Measurements in an

Electron Accelerator Used for Irradiation
of Extended Area Solar Cells and Electronic Circuits for Space Applications 281
GPS/MEMS IMU/Microprocessor Board
for Navigation 259
Communication 262
Silicon Carbide Integrated Circuit Fabricated and Electrically Operated for 2000
hr at 500 deg. C 18
CIRCUITS
Temperature Sensor Developed for a
Wide Range of Applications from Hot Jet
Engine Environments to Cryogenic
Space Missions 129
CITIES
A Model for Nighttime Urban Illumination 139
CIVIL AVIATION
Training Approaches and Considerations
For Automated Aircraft: A Summary of
Training
Development
Experiences 28
Uses and Limitations of Observations,

Data, Forecasts, and Other Projections
in Decision Support for Selected Sectors
and Regions. Synthesis and Assessment
Product 5.1 172
CLIMATOLOGY
Product 5.2 172
CLINICAL MEDICINE
A Clinician-Centered Evaluation of the
Usability of AHLTA and Automated Clinical Practice Guidelines at TAMC 195
Health Care 196
CLOCKS
A Rubidium Clock for Seek-Talk 50
Clocks 109
CIVIL DEFENSE
Comparison of VLBI, TV, and Traveling

Clock Techniques for Time Transfer 104
CLADDING
High Accuracy
ing 55
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLEANING
Two-Step Plasma Process for Cleaning
Indium Bonding Bumps 131
Omega
Timekeep-

Clocks 93
Time Comparison via OTS-2 106
Time Transfer by IRIG-B Time Code via
Dedicated Telephone Link 105
CLOSED ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
A-11

COHERENT RADIATION
Microwave Power Combiners for Signals
of Arbitrary Amplitude 267
CLOUD HEIGHT INDICATORS

COLD WEATHER
CLOUD PHYSICS
CLOUDS (METEOROLOGY)
CLUTTER
A Common Basis for Analytical Clutter
Representations 229
Waveguides 238
COASTAL WATER
EPAs Ocean Survey Vessel Bold, 2008
Annual Report. Monitoring and Assessing the Health of Our Oceans and
Coastal Waters 171
COASTS
Maritime Security: Vessel Tracking Systems Provide Key Information, but the
Need for Duplicate Data Should Be Reviewed 136
COATINGS
Cells 93
COATING
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
CODING
Wireless Network Cocast: LocationAware Cooperative Communications
with Linear Network Coding 118
COGNITION
Human Factors Issues of Tactile Displays
for Military Environments 199
A-12

(MSMR). Volume 2, Number 8, October
1996 184
COLLECTION
Flies 191
COLLISION PARAMETERS
COLOR
Identification of Text and Symbols on a
Liquid Crystal Display Part III: The Effect
of Ambient Light, Colour and Size 125
Reversible Chemochromic
Detectors 140
Hydrogen
COMBAT
M&S In a Networked Battlespace Requirements for FCS: Maturing Models
and Simulations 112
Soldier/Hardware-in-the-loop Simulationbased Combat Vehicle Duty Cycle Measurement: Duty Cycle Experiment
2 213
COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
Operability of a Gas Turbine with
Pressure-Gain
Combustion
Investigated 49
Prototype 146
COMBUSTION CONTROL
Developed 21
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
Glenn-Developed
Copper-ChromiumAluminum Coatings Evaluated for Reusable Launch Vehicles 6
COMBUSTION STABILITY
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE
COMBUSTION
Pressure-Gain
Combustion
Investigated 49
COMMAND AND CONTROL
An Appraisal of the Command and Control System at the National Level 117
Command and Control of Network Operations 214
Communication Systems for Emergency
Operations 118
Effectiveness of Command and Control
Relationships in Logistics Transformation 117
EFTS Command Controller 144
Interfacing Network Simulations and Empirical Data 219
COMMERCE
Fighting Fraud with the Red Flags Rule:
A How-To Guide for Business 206
COMMERCIAL OFF-THE-SHELF PRODUCTS
Big Science, Small-Budget Space Experiment Package Aka MISSE-5: A Hardware And Software Perspective 287
COMMUNICATING
Product 5.2 172
Developing an Operational Level Strategic Communication Model for Counterinsurgency 119
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
Spin Torque Nano Oscillators as Potential Terahertz (THz) Communications Devices 128
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
A New Relaxation Labeling Architecture
for Secure Localization in Sensor Networks 226
Accelerating the Kill Chain via Future
Unmanned Aircraft 40
Operations 118
Detection of Frequency-Hopped Waveforms Embedded in Interference Waveforms with Noise 235
Effects of Multiple Scattering on the

Implementation of an Underwater Wireless
Optical
Communications
Link 115
COMPATIBILITY
Compatibility of Segments of Thermoelectric Generators 261
First Applications of the Joint Forces

Command
Information
Operations
Range - An ACETEF Perspective 224
Low-

Seaweb Server 116
Pricing Strategies Under Heterogeneous
Anonymous
Routing
Environment 212
Very High Frequency Antenna Developed for Sensor and Short-Range Communication Applications 121
COMMUNICATION SATELLITES
COMMUNICATION
Acoustic
Communications 115
Seaweb Server 116
Public Diplomacy - Are We on the Right
Path 119
COMPANION STARS
The Unusual Companion of Pulsar
J1903+0327 295
COMPASSES
Buoy Center 109
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Composite
Materials
for
Temperature Applications 271
Evaluation of Material Models within LSDYNA(Registered TradeMark) for a

Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
Formal Methodology Developed for
Probabilistically Evaluating the Design of
Composite Structures 150
Heat-Rejection Systems Utilizing Composites and Heat Pipes Evaluated 133
Modeling of Fragment Loads and Effects
on Reinforced Concrete Slabs 149
(FRP) Panels 149
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
Carbon-Carbon Heat Pipe With Integral
Fins and Potassium Working Fluid Designed, Fabricated, and Tested 4
Damage Quantification in Electrically
Conductive Composite Laminate Structures 75
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
Innovative Composite Structure Design
for Blast Protection 74
Probabilistic Methods for Structural Reliability and Risk 78
COMPRESSIBILITY
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
COMPRESSION TESTS
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
Reference Frame 23
Liquid-Oxygen/Methane Ignition Tested
for Application in the Main Engines of the
Lunar Surface Access Module 21
Modeling of Slosh Dynamics in Cryogenic Propellant Tanks in Microgravity
Environments 134
Fluid Dynamics 22
Numerical Simulation Model for ThermoFluid Analysis of Cryogenic Storage Systems With Zero Boiloff 100
Wind-US Code Improved for Hypersonic
Flow Simulations 12
COMPUTATION
Research and Development Plan and
Schedule for the Research Project on
Application of Distributed Object Computation Testbed Technologies to Archival
Preservation and Access Requirements 254

a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

Washington DC Area Computer Aided

Surgery
Society
Monthly
Meetings 181
COMPOSITE WRAPPING
COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION

Stress Rupture Life Models and Reliability Measures Established for Composite
Overwrapped Pressure Vessels 16
COMPUTER INFORMATION SECURITY

COMPOUND HELICOPTERS
Navier-Stokes Simulation of a Heavy Lift
Slowed-Rotor Compound Helicopter
Configuration 26
Low-Cost Attack
CAPTCHA 208
on
Microsoft
COMPRESSED GAS
Cryogenic Propellant Boiloff Reduction
System Investigated 6
Current Posture 218
Mathematical and Statistical Opportunities in Cyber Security 208
A-13
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Computer Security Division Annual Report, FY 2008 205
View-SPECPR: Software for Plotting

Spectra (Installation Manual and Users
Guide, Version 1.2) 205
Modelling and Analysis in VDM: Proceedings of the Fouth VDM/Overture

Workshop 204


Flow Simulations 12
New Automated Data-Post-Processing

Program Created for Statistical Analysis
of Multiscalar, Single-Shot RamanScattering Measurements in Turbulent
Flames 210
COMPUTER NETWORKS
Clusters 207
Creating a Knowledge Management
Strategy 248
COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES

Some Improvements in Utilization of
Flash Memory Devices 259
Timing-Accurate Storage Emulation:
Evaluating Hypothetical Storage Components in Real Computer Systems 210
Distributed Observer Network 221

Command
Information
Operations
Stochastic Estimation and Control of
Queues Within a Computer Network 218
The Characterization and Measurement
of Cyber Warfare, Spring 2008 - Project
08-01 219
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
N-Set: A NASA Research Project 215
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
COMPUTER TECHNIQUES
Comparison of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) with Paper-andPencil (PAPI) Interviews in the National
Longitudinal Study of Youth. NLS Discussion Papers 122
Surgery
Society
Monthly
Meetings 181
COMPUTER VISION
Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
Imaging
Technol-
RKSML
COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION
Air Force Standard Analysis Toolkit and
Analysis Approach 222

Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151

Converting CSV
Files 262
Files
to



HotSpot Software Test Plan 235

Software 17
Radiological Safety Analysis Computer
(RSAC) Program Version 7.0 Users
Manual 163

Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
Extending a Missions and Means Framework
(MMF)
Demonstration
to
Vulnerability/Lethality Data Production 224
Command
Information
Operations


SPENVIS Implementation of End-of-Life

Solar Cell Calculations Using the Displacement Damage Dose Methodology 283
Joint
Non-kinetic
(JNEM) 220
Research 43
A-14
Effects
Model
Liquid Hydrogen Storage at Kennedy

Space Center 86
Missions and Means Framework (MMF)
Demonstration:
The
Storyboard
Model 222

Predicting Military Ground Vehicle Reliability using High Performance Computing 213
Small-Scale Testing on Ground Shock
Propagation in Mixed Geological Media 168
Tactical Tomahawk Weapon System
Developmental/Operational
Testing:
Testing a System of Systems 112
Research 43
COMPUTERS
Impact
on
Computing
in
2030 128
CONCRETES
(FRP) Panels 149
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
Collaborative PLM - The Next Generation AKA Cars on Mars 246
CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
Seals and Valves 84
Zero-Boil-Off Liquid Hydrogen Storage
Tanks 81
CONDUCTIVITY
CONFERENCES
Workshop 204
Workshop
Systems/Standards/Arrays 287
I:
Workshop II: Nanotechnology and Advanced Cell Concepts 286

CONFINEMENT
Simulated Lunar Operations Facility Designed and Built for Lunar Vehicle Research 10
CONGESTION
CONGRESSIONAL REPORTS
CONGRUENCES
CONNECTORS
Connecting the Edge: Mobile Ad-Hoc
Networks (MANETs) for Network Centric
Warfare 214
Universal Reconfigurable Translator
Module (URTM) Final Report 126
CONSERVATION
Fund) 164
CONSOLIDATION
Power Distribution System for a Small
Unmanned Rotorcraft 40
CONSTELLATION PROGRAM
Transportation 60
CONSTELLATIONS
CONSTRUCTION
Environmental Assessment 819th Red
Horse Five Year Plan, Malmstrom Air
Force Base, Montana 163
Unprecedented Syntonization and Synchronization Accuracy via Simultaneous
Viewing with GPS Receivers; Construction Characteristics of an NBS/GPS Receiver 211
CONTACT RESISTANCE
Complementary Barrier Infrared Detector 266
CONTAINMENT
Oversight of High-Containment Biological Laboratories: Issues for Congress 108
CONTAMINATION
CONTINGENCY
Contingency Contracting and the IT Manager: Todays Challenges and Future Implications 248
CONTINUOUS RADIATION
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
CONTRACTORS
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Design Verification Testing (DVT) for the
New Control Cabinet Unit 122
CONTROL SYSTEMS DESIGN
System (EFTS) 44
Loop-Shaping Design Approach with
Practical Considerations Developed for
Feedback Control Systems 48
CONTROL THEORY
Rotorcraft Brownout: Advanced Understanding, Control and Mitigation 43
CONTROLLERS
Masterless Charge-Control Scheme Developed and Validated for a Modular
Lithium-Ion Battery 9
COOLING SYSTEMS
Prototype and Simulation Model for a
Magneto-Caloric Refrigerator 82
COOLING
Impact of Drought on U.S. Steam Electric
Power Plant Cooling Water Intakes and
Related Water Resource Management
Issues 170
Integrated Fuel Cell Test Bed Facility 86
Passive Cooling Plates Studied for Fuel
Cells 159
COPOLYMERS
Perfluorocyclobutyl Aryl Ether Copolymers (Postprint) 71
COPPER ALLOYS
Glenn-Developed
COPPER SELENIDES
COPPER
Cost and Reliability Improvement for
CIGS-Based PV on Flexible Substrate,
Phase II: 26 September 2007 - 25 September 2008 156
Pneumatic Haptic Interfaces 261
Coatings 288
Surface Roughness Influence on Eddy
Current Electrical Conductivity Measurements 92
CORROSION PREVENTION
Aerocoat 7 Replacement Coatings 73
Controlled-Release Microcapsules for
Smart Coatings for Corrosion Applications 72
Performance Evaluation of Corrosion
Control Products 36
CORROSION RESISTANCE
High-Performance
Coatings 100
Polyimide
Powder

CORROSION
Control Products 36
COST ANALYSIS
Dynamic Pricing and Investment from
Static Proxy Models. OSP Working Paper Series 40 233
Threat Hazard Assessment - The Key to
Insensitive Munitions 229
A-15
COST EFFECTIVENESS
COST ESTIMATES
CRYOGENIC EQUIPMENT
CRASH LANDING
CRYOGENIC FLUID STORAGE


COST REDUCTION
Critical Issues for Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar
Cells on Flexible Polymer Web 287
Multijunction Solar Cell Development
and Production at Spectrolab 285
COSTS
Competitively Neutral Approach Office To
Network Interconnection 217
Titanium: Industrial Base, Price Trends,
and Technology Initiatives 37
COUNTER ROTATION
Novel Antivortex Turbine Film-Cooling
Hole Concept Conceived and Developed 16
COVARIANCE
CRACK ARREST
CRACK INITIATION
Use of Sensors on a Bladed Rotating
Disk Evaluated for Health Monitoring and
Crack Detection 147
CRACK PROPAGATION
Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior Evaluated for Grainex Mar-M 247 Used in
NASAs High-Temperature, High-Speed
Turbine Seal Test Rig 12
CRACKS
Methodology
for
Cantilever
Beams 226
Crack Offset Measurement With the Projected Laser Target Device 277
A-16
CRASHES
Abdonimal Injury
Crashes 201

Motor-Vehicle
Low-Gravity
Pressure-VolumeTemperature Gauging Concept Demonstrated with Liquid Oxygen 66
CRATERING
Numerical Analysis of Rocket Exhaust
Cratering 227
Water as a Blast Shock Suppressant 90
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
Densified LH2 and LO2: Transport Properties and Density 86
in
CRATERS
CREW EXPLORATION VEHICLE
Test 6931 25
CREWS
CRIME
Experimental and Numerical Investigations

of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 82
CRYOGENIC ROCKET PROPELLANTS
A Reliable, Efficient and Compact Reverse Turbo Brayton Cycle (RTBC) Cryocooler for Storage and Transport of Hydrogen in Spaceport and Space Vehicle
Applications 88
Tanks 81
CRYOGENIC TANKS
Environments 134
CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE
Chemochromic Hydrogen Leak Detectors 260
CROSS POLARIZATION

Space Missions 129
CROSSLINKING
CRYOGENICS

CROWDING
CRUDE OIL
CRYOGENIC COOLING
Applications 88
Composite
Materials
for
Low-
Cryogenic Feedthrough Test Rig 261

Cryogenic Masers 142
Cryogenic Moisture Analysis of Spray-On
Foam Insulation (SOFI) 99
Hydrogen Research at Florida Universities 79
Humidity Sensor 175
Thermal Performance of Aged and

Weathered Spray-On Foam Insulation
(SOFI) Materials Under Cryogenic
Vacuum Conditions (Cryostat-4) 99
Ultra-High-Power, Lightweight Cryogenic
Motor Developed and Operated in Liquid
Nitrogen 145
CYLINDRICAL CHAMBERS
CYTOLOGY


DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
CRYSTAL OPTICS
Compact and Robust Refilling and Connectorization of Hollow Core Photonic
Crystal
Fiber
Gas
Reference
Cells 244
DAMAGE
CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS
Airborne Comparisons of an Ultra-Stable
Quartz Oscillator with a H-Maser as Another Possible Validation of General
Relativity 124
New Features of Different Frequency
Generating Systems Due to the Use of
Electrodeless Rigidly Mounted BVA
Quartz Crystal Resonator 126
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
AK-cut Crystal Resonators 125
CRYSTALLIZATION
CRYSTALS
Crystal Fiber Gas Reference Cells 76
CUBIC LATTICES
CURRENT DENSITY
A Molecular Beam Deposition of DNA
Nanometer Films 187
CUTTING
Samples 259
CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
CYCLONES
Tropical Cyclones within the Sedimentary Record: Analyzing Overwash Deposition from Event to Millennial Timescales 174
CYLINDRICAL BODIES
Samples 260

Small Peptides 189
Weaponeering the Future: Direct Energy
Weapons Effectiveness Now and Tomorrow 232
DARK CURRENT
DATA ACQUISITION
Data Analysis 34
Development of a Statewide Transportation Data Warehousing and Mining System Under the Louisiana Transportation
Information System (LATIS) Program,
Technical Summary Report 428 206
Portable Energetic Material Data Acquisition and Analysis System (PEMDAAS) 256
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Service Management Database for DSN
Equipment 265
DATA BASES
Corpus of Presidential, Federal and Personal Records for Use in Information
Extraction, Description and FOIA/PRA
Review Experiments 252
DATA COMPRESSION
Adaptive Wavelets for Image Compression Using Update Lifting: Quantisation
and Error Analysis 208
DATA FLOW ANALYSIS
Communication 262
DATA LINKS
Optical
Communications
Link 116
DATA MANAGEMENT
Army Communicator. Volume 32, Number 1, Winter 2007 251
Scientific Formats for Geospatial Data
Preservation. A Study of Suitability and
Performance 254
Equipment 264
DATA MINING
DATA PROCESSING
Data Analysis 34
Examination 305
Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
Imaging
Technol-
DATA PRODUCTS
Deposition
Program,
2000 166
Deposition
Program,
2001 166
Deposition
Program,
2002 166
DATA STORAGE
Access Restriction Checker 256
PERPOS II: Annual Technical Status Report July 1, 2004-June 30, 2005 255
A-17

Performance 254
DEEP SPACE NETWORK

Equipment 265

DEFENSE PROGRAM
Wild Ride: Launching Troops through

Space for Rapid Precision Global Intervention 58
DATA SYSTEMS
Ascension Island Hydroacoustic Data
System 104
Sensor Data Qualification System
(SDQS) Implementation Study 66
DATA TRANSMISSION
Novel
Nanoionics-Based
Radiofrequency Switch Developed and Demonstrated 129
DEBRIS
2007 - Project 07-02 301

DEFLECTION
DEGASSING
DEGRADATION
DEPOSITION
Nanometer Films 187
1997 163
Deposition
Program,
1998 164

Demonstration:
The
Storyboard
Model 222

Deposition
Program,
1999 165
Procedures for the Collection, Analysis,

and Interpretation of Explosion-Produced
Debris 225

Tires 88
DECISION MAKING
Product 5.2 172
Singular-Value
Decomposition-Based
Approach Developed for Thrust Estimation Over the Flight Envelope 47
DEICING
Novel Ice Mitigation Methods 62
DEPRECIATION
Human Factors Issues in the Support of

Collaborative Decision Making in the National Airspace System--Final Report 31
DELAY LINES
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Nanometer Films 187
Impact Planning Aids for Major Storms

(IPAMS): A Homeland Defense Weather
Disaster Decision Aid 174

Small Peptides 189

Tasks (SMART) 221
DEPLOYMENT
Affects of Multiple Deployments on Families 196



Tanks 81
Health Care 196
Product 5.1 172
DECOUPLING
DEEP SPACE 1 MISSION
Advanced Propellant Management System of NASAs Evolutionary Xenon
Thruster Qualified for Electric Propulsion 5
A-18
Converting CSV
Files 262
Files
to
RKSML
Development and Deployment of an Ultrasonic Groundwater Seepage Meter: A

Reliable Way to Measure Groundwater
Seepage 107
Technologies for the Detection and Monitoring of Clandestine Underground Tunnels, Fall 2007 - Project 07-03 139
DESIGN ANALYSIS
Reference Frame 23
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
Reference Frame 23
a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151
DETECTION
Methodology
for
Cantilever
Beams 226
DETONATION
DISASTERS
A Technical Approach to Marking Explosives, Propellants, and Precursor Chemicals 123
DIAGNOSIS
Far-Ultraviolet Temperature Diagnostics
for Hot Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae 301
DISCOLORATION
Actuators 72

Research 43
DIAMONDS
Source 153
Evolutionary Game Framework for Behavior Dynamics in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing 234
DIELECTRICS


Developed 21

Environments 272
DIETS
Dietary Supplement Use by Military Personnel 178


DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR

Remote Sensing 144
DIFFRACTION PATTERNS

Photoacoustics 142
Detectors 140
Hydrogen
hr at 500 deg. C 18
Crack Detection 147
DETECTORS
Responsive Space Situation Awareness
in 2020 53
DETONATION WAVES
Blast Wave Mitigation by Water 89
DIFFUSION
DISEASES
(MSMR). Volume 3, Number 4, June
1997 182
(MSMR). Volume 3, Number 5,
July/August 1997 182
1997 181
Software 17
DISPLAY DEVICES
A Survey of Large High-Resolution Display Technologies, Techniques, and Applications 127
Applied
Research
Learned 199
Review/Lessons

DIGITAL DATA
Performance 254

Liquid Crystal Display Part I: Characterisation of the Luminance, Temporal and
Spectral Characteristics 127
DIGITAL SYSTEMS

Application of Prognostic Health Management in Digital Electronic Systems 126

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS
Communication 262
DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION
DISABILITIES
Helping Severely Injured Soldiers Participate Fully in Society 194
Integration Issues of Tactile Displays in

Military Environments 200
Environments 200
Next-Generation
tion 220
Telemetry
Worksta-

Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and
Land Environments 197
A-19
DISSIPATION
Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Systems From Dissipative Particle Dynamics
Simulations 96
DISSOCIATION
DOPED CRYSTALS
DOPPLER RADAR
Spatial and Temporal Independent Component Analysis Of Micro-Doppler Features 222
DISTORTION
DOUBLE BASE PROPELLANTS

Analysis of Safety and Performance Status of Double-Base Propellants by Heat
Flow Calorimetry 246
DISTRIBUTED INTERACTIVE SIMULATION

DOWN-CONVERTERS
DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
DOWNLINKING
Networks 232

XML and Scientific File Formats 207
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS
a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151
DIURNAL VARIATIONS
Geo-STAR: A Geostationary Microwave
Sounder for the Future 154
DIVING (UNDERWATER)
Environments 200
DOCUMENT MARKUP LANGUAGES
Converting CSV Files to RKSML
Files 262
Project of Digital Form Processing with
XML. Final Report 30
DOCUMENTS
Performance of the Open Archives Protocol for Metadata Harvesting Applied to
Federal Register Metadata 252
PERPOS Information Assurance 207
Performance 254
DOMAINS
Synchronization of Unique Identifiers
Across Security Domains 248
A-20

DRAFTING (DRAWING)
Drafting a New Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication 250
Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA2005-0248-3077, Sara Lee Bakery, Sacramento, California, January 2009. Exposure to Flour Dust and Sensitization
Among Bakery Employees 161
Particle Ejection and Levitation Technology (PELT) 304
Using Indium Tin Oxide To Mitigate Dust
on Viewing Ports 94
DWARF GALAXIES
DYES
of
Nitroaromatic
Compounds 71
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Report 209
DYNAMIC CONTROL
Exploration
DYNAMIC MODELS
Environments 134
DRIFT (INSTRUMENTATION)
Mitigating Problems in Measuring Hypergolic Fuels 271
DYNAMIC RANGE
for Navigation 259
DRONE VEHICLES
DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

DYNAMIC TESTS
DRAINAGE
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Nano Air Vehicles: A Technology Forecast 41

DROUGHT
Issues 170
EARTH ANALOGS
Smart Power System Developed for
Scarab Lunar Rover 13
EARTH ATMOSPHERE
A Review of Ionospheric Effects on
Earth-Space Propagation 298
DRUGS
Analytical and Characterization Studies
of Organic Chemicals, Drugs, and Drug
Formulation 178
Severe
Space
Weather
Events-Understanding Societal and Economic
Impacts: A Workshop Report - Extended
Summary 268
DUCTS
a Duct 264
EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM (EOS)


DUPLEXERS
Exploring the Plausibility of a National
Multi-Agency Communications System
for the Homeland Security Community: A
Southeast Ohio Half-Duplex Voice Over
IP Case Study 218
DUST
Enabling Battlespace Persistent Surveillance: The Form, Function, and Future of
Smart Dust 220
EARTH ORBITS
2007 - Project 07-02 301
EARTH ORIENTATION
EARTH ROTATION
EARTH SCIENCES
NASA Global Hawk: A New Tool for Earth
Science Research 23

ELECTRIC CURRENT
Thermal Remote Sensing in Earth Science Research 154

(MSMR). Volume 2, Number 2, February
1996 186
ELECTRIC FIELDS

Product 5.1 172
EARTHQUAKES
USGS
EATING
ECCENTRIC ORBITS
J1903+0327 295
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Severe
Space
Weather
Summary 269
ECONOMICS
EDDY CURRENTS
EDUCATION
Analysis of Training of Cognitive Skills in
a Line-Oriented Flight Training Environment 25
Beyond Joint Medical Training 187
Design and Implementation of an Introductory Training Course for International
Space Station Flight Controllers 51
Curriculum 36

Program Evaluation of Outcomes Based
Orthotic
and
Prosthetic
Education 178
Propulsion and Power Rapid Response
Research and Development (R&D) Support. Delivery Order 0010: Propulsion
and Power Student and Faculty Research and Technical Report 47
The Military Emergency Management
Specialist (MEMS) Qualification and the
Medical Units of the State Defense
Force: It Just Makes Sense 192

Training
Development
Experiences 28


Performance Characteristics of the

NEXT Long-Duration Test After 16,550 h
and 337 kg of Xenon Processed 67
EIGENVALUES
Beta-Induced Alfven-Acoustic Eigenmodes in NSTX and DIII-D Driven by
Beam Ions 245

EJECTA
An Impact Sensor System for the Characterization of the Micrometeoroid and
Lunar Secondary Ejecta Environment 302
ELASTOMERS
Stickiness of Silicone Elastomer Seal
Material Reduced by Using Atomic Oxygen Treatment 97
The Effect of Switch-Loading Fuels on
Fuel-Wetted Elastomers 98
Journal of Special Operations Medicine

International Space Station and Constellation Lithium-Ion Battery Commonality

Trade Study Performed 15

Volume 7, Edition 4. Training Supplement: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures 190
Math Science Partnership of Southwest
Pennsylvania: Measuring Progress Toward Goals 225


Report 30
Out-
and
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
N-Channel
Junction-Field-EffectTransistor-Based Digital Logic Gate
Structure Using Resistive Level Shifters
and Configurable from High-Temperature
Silicon Carbide Electronics Developed 11
ELECTRIC BATTERIES
Battery Systems for Extravehicular Activities Studied 20
Hydrogen
Education
reach 306
ELECTRIC GENERATORS
Issues 170
Lithium-Based Battery Performance

Evaluated for NASAs Exploration Missions 19
Performance Testing of Lithium Li-ion
Cells and Batteries in Support of JPLs
2003 Mars Exploration Rover Mission 130
ELECTRIC PROPULSION
Electric Propulsion Breakthrough Demonstrated 14
First Phase of Advanced Feed System
Development for Electric Propulsion
Completed 11
ELECTRIC WIRE
Sixty-four-Channel
Tester 270
ELECTRICAL FAULTS
Sixty-four-Channel
Tester 270
Inline
Cable
Inline
Cable
ELECTRICAL INSULATION
New Materials for the Repair of Polyimide Electrical Wire Insulation 100
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT
Preliminary Low Temperature Electron
Irradiation of Triple Junction Solar
Cells 284
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Factors 76
A-21
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
Carbide/Silicon
Carbide
Composites 8
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS
Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids for
Electrochemical Capacitors 130
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Band 237
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Factors 76
ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSES
Mitigation of Electromagnetic Pulse
(EMP) Effects from Short-Pulse Lasers
and Fusion Neutrons 70
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRA
Metamaterial 72
ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES
Autoignition Chamber for Remote Testing of Pyrotechnic Devices 263
ELECTRON ACCELERATORS
Recovery of Electron/Proton RadiationInduced Defects in n+p AlInGaP Solar

Cell by Minority-Carrier Injection Annealing 283

ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES
Commercial Eyes in Space: Implications
for
U.S.
Military
Operations
in
2030 119

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
Research and Infrastructure Development Center for Nanomaterials Research 127
ELECTRONIC MAIL
Postcards Encourage Participant Updates 180
ELECTRONICS
Launch Pad 39 Hail Monitor Array System 270
ELECTRONS
ELECTRO-OPTICS
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE
Dust 305
ELECTROSTATIC SHIELDING
Spacecraft
Electrostatic
Shielding 273
Radiation
ELECTROSTATICS
Dust 304
2006-2007 Report 269
EMISSION SPECTRA
EMITTANCE
Solar Cells 286
ENCAPSULATING
ENERGY ABSORPTION
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Energy Security: Reducing Vulnerabilities to Global Energy Networks 157
Tough Guys Go Green: Expanding DoDs
Role in Energy Security 157
ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY
Advanced Stirling Convertors began Extended Operation 146
Radiation

Beneficiation 274

Spacecraft
Electrostatic
Shielding 273
EMBEDDING
Embedded Reasoning Supporting Aerospace IVHM 39
Environments 272
Wavelet Techniques for Reversible Data
Embedding into Images 206
ELECTRON DENSITY (CONCENTRATION)

Imaging Near-Earth Electron Densities
Using Thomson Scattering 300
EMERGENCIES
Operations 118
ELECTRON IRRADIATION
Cells 284

IP Case Study 218
A-22

Space Solar Cell Research and Development Projects at Emcore Photovoltaics 282
Workshop
I:
ENERGY CONVERSION
Power 159
ENERGY DISSIPATION
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
ENERGY GAPS (SOLID STATE)
Triple and Quadruple Junctions Thermophotovoltaic Devices Lattice Matched to
InP 291
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs Monolithic Tandem
Solar Cells 280
ENERGY POLICY
The Value and Impacts of Alternative
Fuel Distribution Concepts. Assessing
the Armys Future Needs for Temporary
Fuel Pipelines 101
ENERGY SOURCES
Power 159
ENERGY STORAGE
Missions 158
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Targeting at the Speed of Light 143
ENERGY TRANSFER
Source 153
ENGINE DESIGN
ENGINE TESTS
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
Defense Acquisitions. Measuring the
Value of DODs Weapon Programs Requires Starting with Realistic Baselines 111
ENTOMOLOGY
1996 184
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Environmental Assessment for Replace
Family Housing Phase IV at Malmstrom
Air Force Base, Montana 150
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
Coastal Waters 171
Fund) 164
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164
Great Lakes Environmental Aerial Monitoring Team Developed and Tested
Second-Generation Hyperspectral Instrument Suite on NASA Glenns Learjet
25 22
Ion
Uptake
Determination
of
Dendrochronologically-Dated Trees Using Neutron Activation Analysis, (Final) 173
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS
Feedstocks 85
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS
Reliability of Silicon Carbide Pressure
Transducers Evaluated at 600 C 9
EPIDEMIOLOGY
(MSMR). Volume 2, Number 7, September 1996 185
EPOXY RESINS
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 152
EQUIVALENCE
Reduced-Load Equivalence for Queues
with Gaussian Input 228
ERGODIC PROCESS
Strong Laws for Generalized Absolute
Lorenz Curves When Data Are Stationary and Ergodic Sequences 233
EROSION
Materials International Space Station Experiment 2 (MISSE 2) Polymer Erosion
and Contamination Experiment (PEACE)
Polymers Analyzed 98
Numerically Modeling the Erosion of Lunar
Soil
by
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 272
ERROR CORRECTING CODES
ERRORS
Development of an Industry Standardized Auditing and Surveillance Tool: Minimizing Maintenance Errors. Final Technical Report 35
ESCAPE (ABANDONMENT)
NOAAs Abandoned Vessel Program and
Resources and Under Sea Threats
Project: Partnerships and Progress for
Abandoned Vessel Management 254
ESTIMATES
for
Industrial Applications 230
Factors of Safety for Richardson Extrapolation 230
Fatality Analysis Reporting System General Estimates System; 2006 Data Summary 247
J-Function for
terns 231
Marked
Point
Pat-

of TAI 106
A-23
ESTIMATING
of TAI 106
ETHERNET
COTraSE: Connection Oriented Traceback in Switched Ethernet 209
ETHERS
ETHYL COMPOUNDS
Ethyl Pyruvate Provides Therapeutic
Benefits to Resuscitation Fluids 181
ETIOLOGY
EVACUATING (TRANSPORTATION)
EVALUATION
Control Products 36
Testing:
EXPLODING WIRES
Electrical Exploding Nickel and Tungsten
Wires in Air and Water 235
EXPLOITATION
EXPLOSIONS
Analytical and Test Results for Water
Mitigation of Explosion Effects 89

Lunar Dust Toxicology Studied In Vitro at

the Cellular Level 197
Computational Study of Water Mitigation

Effects On An Explosion Inside A Vented
Tunnel System 89
NIOSH ALERT: Preventing Occupational

Exposures to Lead and Noise at Indoor
Firing Ranges 161

EXTERNAL TANKS

Numerical Modeling of Small Scale Water Mitigation Feasibility Tests 90
Debris 225
EXPLOSIVES
EVAPORATIVE COOLING
Compact Flash Evaporator System Developed 7

Tunnel System 89
EVAPORATORS
Enhanced Energetic Material Functional

Test System 91
EVOLUTION (DEVELOPMENT)
The Evolution and Development of the
Lunar Regolith and Implications for Lunar
Surface Operations and Construction 303
EXHAUST EMISSION
Army
Ground
Vehicles
Current/Future
Emission
dards 90
and
Stan-
EXHAUST GASES
Army
Ground
Current/Future
dards 90
Vehicles
Emission
and
Stan-
EXPERIMENTATION
A-24

Polyurethane Foam and Sand Barriers
Extend Munitions Igloo Capacity 148
(FRP) Panels 149
EXPOSURE
Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA2005-0076; 2005-0201-3080, Ballys,
Paris, and Caesars Palace Casinos, Las
Among Casino Dealers 160
Fire Chemistry Testing of Spray-On
Micromechanics Model Developed for
External Tank Spray-On Foam Insulation 64
EXTRACTION
Horizontal
Accuracy
Determination 243
Factual Knowledge Needed for Information Extraction and FOIA Review 252
EXTRAPOLATION
for
EXTRASOLAR PLANETS
Observatory 292
Gemini
Images
oplanet 293
Possible
Ex-
EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 305
Spacecraft
Electrostatic
Shielding 273
Radiation
EXTRATERRESTRIAL WATER
RESOLVE Projects: Lunar Water Resource Demonstration and Regolith Volatile Characterization 203
EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY
EYE (ANATOMY)
Software 17
F-15 AIRCRAFT
F-18 AIRCRAFT
FABRICATION
Composite
Materials
for
Low-
Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 128
GHz 262
FAILURE ANALYSIS
FAILURE

FIBER COMPOSITES
ICAN/JAVA 77
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMATIONS

FIBER OPTICS
FATIGUE (MATERIALS)
FIELD EMISSION
FAULT DETECTION
Methodology
for
Cantilever
Beams 226
FIELD OF VIEW
Development of a Large Field-of-View
PIV System for Rotorcraft Testing in the
14- x 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel 26


Configuration 26

Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
Imaging
Technol-
FAULT TOLERANCE
FIELD STRENGTH
2006-2007 Report 269
FEASIBILITY
FIELD TESTS
FECES
(MSMR). Volume 2, Number 6, July
1996 185
Lithium-Ion Battery Demonstrated for

NASA Desert Research and Technology
Studies 158
FEDERAL BUDGETS
Budgetary Implications of NASAs Current Plans for Space Exploration 53
FEED SYSTEMS
Completed 11
FEEDBACK CONTROL
Flow Management 29

Data 169
FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS
Communication 262
FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
A 21st-Century Concept of Air and Military Operations. Defense Horizons,
Number 66 33


Paper Number 22) 40
FEMALES
FILM COOLING
FERROELASTIC MATERIALS
FFOWCS WILLIAMS-HAWKINGS EQUATION
FINGERS
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
A-25

Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
FLANGES

Data Analysis 33
FLAPPING

a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151



Aviation Safety 24


C-Ring Specimen 97
FINLAND
Workshop 204
FINS

Bearings 7

2006-2007 Report 269
FLEXIBLE WINGS
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
FLIGHT CONTROL
FIRES

FISHES
A Field Study to Understand the Currents
and Loads of a Near Shore Finfish
Farm 235
FISSION PRODUCTS
Manual 163
FITTINGS
FIXTURES
Environmental Assessment for Fiscal
Year 2005 Replace Family Housing (Jupiter) Phase V at Malmstrom Air Force
Base, Montana 149
Environmental Assessment for Phase 6
and Phase 7, Replace Family Housing at
Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana 150

FLEXIBILITY
FIRE PREVENTION


FLIGHT CREWS
Report 30
FLIGHT HAZARDS
Methods 25
FLIGHT SIMULATION
Adaptation and adoption of technologies:
Examination of the User Request Evaluation Tool (URET) 45
Methods 25
FLIGHT SIMULATORS
Simulator Sickness in the Flight School
XXI TH-67 Flight Motion Simulators 39
FLIGHT TESTS
25 22
Space-Based Range 275
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

System (EFTS) 44
FLIGHT TRAINING

FLAME RETARDANTS
FLIGHT PATHS
FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
FLAMEOUT
FLIGHT SAFETY

of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 82
A-26

Data 169

Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
FLOW DISTRIBUTION
Fluid Dynamics 23

FLOW MEASUREMENT
of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 83
Configuration 26
FLOW VELOCITY
Passive Water Separator Developed for
Fuel Cells 10
FLOWMETERS
Seepage 107
FLUENCE
Cells 284
FLUID DYNAMICS
FLUID FLOW
FLUID MANAGEMENT
FLUORESCENCE
of
Nitroaromatic
Compounds 71
FLYBY MISSIONS
FOAMS

FOIL BEARINGS
Design, Fabrication, and Performance of
Open-Source Foil Bearings Demonstrated 43
FOLDING
Tool for Crimping
Leads 131
Flexible
Circuit
FORECASTING
Smart Dust 220
Impact
on
Computing
in
2030 128
Product 5.1 172
FOREIGN POLICY
Discerning U.S. Strategic Options For a
Nuclear Iran 243
FOREST MANAGEMENT
J-Function for Marked
terns 231
Point
FORESTS
J-Function for
terns 231
Point
Marked
Pat-
Pat-
FORMAT
Performance 254

FOURIER ANALYSIS
FOVEA
Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
Imaging
Technol-
FRAGMENTS
FREE ELECTRONS
Clock Stability 110
FREQUENCIES
Metamaterial 71
FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT
Collusion-Resistant Multi-Winner Spectrum Auction for Cognitive Radio Networks 222
FREQUENCY HOPPING
FREQUENCY RANGES
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
FREQUENCY SHIFT
FREQUENCY STABILITY
Operated
with
Enhanced
Cavity
Q 125
Clocks 93
FREQUENCY STANDARDS
A-27

Composite-Type 87-Rb Optical-Pumping
Light Source for the Rubidium Frequency
Standard 106
Simple Mars Propellant Manufacture Investigated That Will Reduce Mass Required for Mars Sample Return 101
FUEL TANK PRESSURIZATION
FUEL TANKS
Environments 134


GPS Program 91
FUEL TESTS
of TAI 106
FRICTION REDUCTION
Applications 88
FROGS
Eliciting Action Potentials from Epidermal
Stimulation of Skin Receptors Using Ultrashort Laser Pulses 192
FRUITS
FUEL CELLS
Compact, Lightweight, and Optimized
Fuel Cells for Space and Aircraft
Power 156
Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:
Compact, Lightweight, and Efficient Fuel
Cells for Space Power 80
Cells 159
Fuel Cells 10
Plates, (Final) 157
Bipolar
FUEL GAGES
Low-Gravity
FUEL PRODUCTION
Outer Planet Mining Atmospheric Cruiser
Systems Analyzed 20
A-28
FUELS
Fuel Pipelines 101
GAS ANALYSIS
Wireless Passive Sensors and Systems
for Physical Sensors and Hydrogen
Sensing Applications 135
GAS BEARINGS
GAS DETECTORS
Highly Selective Nano-Mems Low Temperature Hydrogen Sensor 135
Environments 272
GAS EVOLUTION
Hydrogen Production via Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting 82
GALACTIC BULGE
Adaptive Optics 294
GAS FLOW
a Duct 264
GALAXIES
Resolving the Hearts of Luminous Infrared Galaxies 293
GAS GIANT PLANETS

Systems Analyzed 20
GALLIUM ARSENIDES
GAS PRESSURE
GaAs Photovoltaics on Polycrystalline

Ge Substrates 280
Simulation of the Mars Surface Solar
Spectra for Optimized Performance of
Triple-Junction Solar Cells 285
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
GALLIUM PHOSPHIDES
GALLIUM
GAS TURBINE ENGINES

A Comprehensive Prognostics Approach
for Predicting Gas Turbine Engine Bearing Life 145
Flames 210
Pressure-Gain
Combustion
Investigated 49
GAS TURBINES
GASES
GAME THEORY
GASIFICATION
GAMMA RAYS
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
1996 185
GATES (CIRCUITS)
N-Channel
GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT
Neural Networks 42
Methods 25
GENETIC ENGINEERING
GEOCHRONOLOGY
GEODESY
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
GOES Satellite Time Code Dissemination 56
GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
USGS
GEOLOGY
Samples 259
GIBBS EQUATIONS
GIMBALS
GLACIERS
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Exploration
GLACIOLOGY
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Exploration
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE

GLASS
on Viewing Ports 94
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Civil Access to the Precise Positioning
Service of the NASCOM Global Positioning System 121
Development and Applications
Satellite-Based Services 46
of

Atomic Clocks 112
GPS Program 91
with
GPS-GLONASS
L1-L2
Data 102
Space:UK, March 2009, Issue 27 267
Time
Transfer
GPS 55
Using
NASCOM

Control
System
(OCS)
Tracking
Data 109
GLOBAL WARMING
GLONASS
with
GPS-GLONASS
L1-L2
Data 102
GOES SATELLITES
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites: Acquisition Has Increased
Costs, Reduced Capabilities, and Delayed Schedules 267
NOAAs GOES R - Next Generation Satellite 59

for Navigation 259
GOGGLES
Physics Based Simulation of Night Vision
Goggles 138
GEOMAGNETISM
Influence of Different Solar Drivers on the
Winds in the Middle Atmosphere and on
Geomagnetic Disturbances 300

25 22
GOVERNMENTS
Path 120
GEOPHYSICS

GEOSAT SATELLITES

Clock Stability 110
GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBITS

GPS/WAAS 102

NASCOM GPS Program Status and
Phase III GPS User Equipment 119
Clocks 93
GRAPH THEORY
GRAPHITE-EPOXY COMPOSITES
GRAPHITE
Physical Properties of Exfoliated Graphite Nanocomposites Tailored by Variation
of Graphite Surface Functionality 13
A-29

GYROSCOPIC STABILITY
GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS
H-60 HELICOPTER
Investigation of Rotor Loads and Vibration at Transition Speed 45
GREASES
Actuators 72
GREAT LAKES (NORTH AMERICA)
25 22
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Act 162
GROUND OPERATIONAL SUPPORT
SYSTEM
GROUND STATIONS
GROUND TESTS
HABITABILITY
HABITATS
Base, Montana 149
HAIL
HALL ACCELERATORS
HALL THRUSTERS
HARBORS

HARDWARE
GROUND WATER
Seepage 107
HARMONICS
Farm 235

Wind and Tiadal Effects on Chemical
Spill in St Andrew Bay System 231
GROWTH
and Simulations 112
Stretched Lens Array Squarerigger
(SLASR) Technology Maturation 290
GUY WIRES
A-30
HAZARDS
Act 162
Environments 272
HEALTH PHYSICS
HEALTH
Army Health Care. Progress Made in
Staffing and Monitoring Units that Provide Outpatient Case Management, but
Additional Steps Needed 189
Coastal Waters 171
Manganese Research Health Project
(MHRP) 181
Vol. 2.0 247
(MSMR). Volume 3, Number 3, April
1997 182
Firing Ranges 161

HEART RATE
Obese Adults 179
HEAT EXCHANGERS
HEAT FLUX
Space Center 87
HEAT MEASUREMENT
HEAT PIPES
HEAT RADIATORS
Testing and Model Correlation of Sublimator Driven Coldplate Coupons and
EDU 133
HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS

EDU 133

Band 237
HEAT TRANSMISSION
HIGH PRESSURE
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
HEATING
HELICOPTER PROPELLER DRIVE
Low-Noise Formate Spiral-Bevel Gears
Evaluated 44
HELICOPTERS
MMIR (Maintenance Malfunction Information Report) Users Manual 36
Paper Number 22) 40

Modeling Water Hammer of Pulsed
Thrusters of a Test Bed for the Orion
Crew
Module
Propulsion
Subsystem 68
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
HIGH RESOLUTION
HELIUM


HEMOGLOBIN
1996 185

HEMORRHAGES
HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBER

Towards High-Reynolds Number Quiet
Flow in Hypersonic Tunnels 132
HETEROGENEITY
HIGH SPEED
Nickel-Titanium-Platinum
HighTemperature Shape-Memory-Alloy Viability Established Through Wind Tunnel
Testing of a High-Speed Adaptive Inlet 14
Notch Fatigue Strength of a Powder Metallurgy Disk Superalloy Evaluated 93
HEAT SINKS
HEAT STORAGE
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
Space Center 87

HIGH ALTITUDE
Science Research 23
Workshop III: Future Directions for Thin
Films Workshop at SPRAT XIX 282
HEAT TRANSFER
HIGH FLUX ISOTOPE REACTORS

Design Study for a Low-Enriched Uranium Core for the High Flux Isotope
Reactor, Annual Report for FY
2008 70
HIGH FREQUENCIES
Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
Imaging
Technol-
HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS
Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 129
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
hr at 500 deg. C 18
A-31

Space Missions 129
HIGH TEMPERATURE TESTS
HIGH TEMPERATURE
Developed 21
N-Channel
HIGH VOLTAGES
Coatings 288
HISTORIES
Amount and Percentage of Current Societal Assets in Areas on Kauai, Hawaii,
with in the 1992 Hurricane Iniki StormSurge Inundation Zone 175
Historic Structure Report. The Wright
Cycle Company Building 1
Research in NASA History: A Guide to
the NASA History Program 306
HOLE GEOMETRY (MECHANICS)
HOLES (MECHANICS)
HOLLOW
Crystal
Fiber
Gas
Reference
Cells 244
HOMOTOPY THEORY
Introduction to Cellular Classes in the
Derived Category of a Ring 210
A-32
HONEYCOMB STRUCTURES
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 152
HORIZONTAL FLIGHT
HORIZON
Number 66 33
HORSES
HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING
Glenn-Developed
HOT STARS
HOVERING
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
Scientific Productivity and Impact of
Large Telescopes 293
HULLS (STRUCTURES)
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Simulation and Analysis of Launch
Teams (SALT) 275
HUMAN BEINGS
National Institute of Justice Research in
Brief: Project on Human Development in
Chicago Neighborhoods: A Research
Update 227
HUMAN BODY
HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING
Aviation Safety 24

Flow Management 29
In-Vehicle Video
ness 200
and
Motion
Sick-

Teams (SALT) 275
NAS 28
HUMAN PERFORMANCE
Strucutral Analysis of the FAA 1999 Shift
Work Survey 32
HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE
HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT
Humidity Sensor 175
HUMIDITY
Power 156
HURRICANES
HUYGENS PROBE
HYDRAULICS
HYDRAZINES
HYDROCARBONS
Third-Party Evaluation of Petro Tex Hydrocarbons, LLC, ReGen Lubricating Oil
Re-refining Process 70
HYDROGEN BONDS
HYDROGEN FUELS
HYDROGEN MASERS

Progress in the Development of IEM

KVARZ
Passive
Hydrogen
Masers 141
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Separation 85
Hydrogen Production from Used Lubricating Oils 156
Feedstocks 85
Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Separation,
Recovery and Purification 83
Radiolytic Hydrogen Generation in Savannah River Site (SRS) High Level
Waste Tanks Comparison of SRS and
Hanford Modeling Predictions 155
HYDROGENATION
HYDROGEN-BASED ENERGY
HYDROGEN
Separation 85

Hydrogen
Education
reach 306
and
Out-

Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:
Detectors 140
Hydrogen

and Storage 80
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROPHONES
Band 237
HYGROMETERS
Humidity Sensor 175
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
Cells 93
HYPERGOLIC ROCKET PROPELLANTS
HYPERSONIC FLOW
Flow Simulations 12
HYPERSONIC SPEED
Test 6931 25
HYPERSONIC VEHICLES
Small-Scale Inlet Mode Transition Model
Tested in Glenns 1- by 1-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel 12
HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS
HYPERTENSION
HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT
ICE FORMATION
ICE PREVENTION
ICE
Samples 260
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Exploration

ICY SATELLITES
IDENTIFYING
Telecommunications in Reconstruction
and
Stabilization:
The
Critical
Link 120
IDENTITIES
IFF SYSTEMS (IDENTIFICATION)
IGNITION
ILLUMINATING
ILLUSIONS
IMAGE ANALYSIS
IMAGE PROCESSING
A-33

Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
Imaging
Technol-

IMAGERY
A Kernel Machine Framework for Feature
Optimization in Multi-frequency Sonar
Imagery 238
IMAGES
Extended Range Underwater Optical Imaging Architecture 243
Gemini
Images
oplanet 293
Possible
Ex-
IMAGING TECHNIQUES
Image Segmentation
Markov Fields 205
by
Polygonal

Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
Imaging
Technol-

IMIDES
IMPACT RESISTANCE
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 152
IMPACT TESTS
IMPEDANCE
IMPINGEMENT
Cratering 227
A-34

IN SITU MEASUREMENT
Dust 305
IN SITU RESOURCE UTILIZATION
In Situ Resource Utilization Reactor Developed to Characterize Lunar Soil 18
Beneficiation 274
IN VITRO METHODS AND TESTS
INDIUM ARSENIDES
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280

INEQUALITIES
Some Conditional Correlation Inequalities for Percolation and Related Processes 204
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
1997 183
1997 182
INDIUM COMPOUNDS

1997 182


1997 181

on Viewing Ports 94
INFLATABLE STRUCTURES
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
INDIUM GALLIUM ARSENIDES

INFORMATION FLOW
Flow Management 29
InP 291
INDIUM PHOSPHIDES
Ge Substrates 280
INDIUM
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
INDUSTRIES
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Strategy 249
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Strategy 248
Integrating Airport
tems 30
Information
Sys-
Joint University of Southern Mississippi U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office ECDIS

Laboratory 249
Impact
on
Computing
in
2030 128

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

hr at 500 deg. C 18

the TSD 29

1996 186
Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
U.S. Reliance on Foreign IT: Mitigating

Risks Associated with Foreign Sources
of Hardware Components, Summer 2008
- Project 08-03 252

1996 184

(IITA) 253
INLET NOZZLES
Requirements Management for the

Oceanographic Information System at
the Naval Oceanographic Office 249
INFORMATION TRANSFER
Performances of a Date Dissemination
Code on Telephone Lines Using Commercial Modems 212
INFORMATION
NAS 29
INFRARED DETECTORS
INFRARED INSTRUMENTS
INSECTS
Control Program 187
Flies 191
INSPECTION
Imaging
Technol-

GHz 262
INTERFEROMETERS
INTERFEROMETRY
Automating Range Surveillance Through
Radio Interferometry and Field Strength
Mapping Techniques 59
INTERMETALLICS
INTERNAL PRESSURE
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Nuclear Iran 243
INFRARED RADIATION
Solar Cells 286


INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEMS


INFRARED SPECTROMETERS
INFRARED TELESCOPES
INJURIES
Abdonimal Injury
Crashes 201
INSULATION
High-Performance
Coatings 100
Polyimide
Powder


Motor-Vehicle


Project (ISSMP) 196

INSURANCE (CONTRACTS)
Vol. 2.0 247

in

INTEGERS
with
GPS-GLONASS
L1-L2
Data 103
Solid-State
(SSLM) 277
Lighting
Module
A-35
Health Care 196
Space Shuttle 56
INTERNETS
Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet
Backbones 216
IP Case Study 218
FCC and the Unregulation of the Internet 216
Internet Over Cable: Defining the Future
in Terms of the Past 115
Low-Cost Attack
CAPTCHA 208
on
Microsoft

ION PROPULSION
Ion Beam Propulsion Study 270
NASAs Evolutionary Xenon Thruster
Broke World Record and Successfully
Completed Environmental Qualification
Testing 13
Thermal Development Test of the NEXT
PM1 ION Engine 69
ION SOURCES
IRON
(MHRP) 181
IRRADIATION
IONIC REACTIONS
ISLANDS
System 104
IONIZING RADIATION
and Repair 279
ISOMORPHISM
IONOSPHERES
INTEROPERABILITY
IP Case Study 218

ISOTOPES
Isotope-Specific Detection of Low Density Materials with Mono-Energetic
(Gamma)-Rays 236
IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
Rb-Sr Isotopic Studies Of Antarctic Lherzolitic

Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
INTERPLANETARY DUST
IONS
Beam Ions 245
ITERATION
INTERPLANETARY SPACE
INVENTORIES
ION BEAMS
ION ENGINES
PM1 ION Engine 69
ION OPTICS
A-36

IRAN
Nuclear Iran 243
Irans Nuclear Program: Tehrans Compliance With International Obligations 242
IRAQ
Control Program 187
IRON OXIDES
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST):
The First Light Machine 140
JAMMING
for
U.S.
Military
Operations
in
2030 119
JET AIRCRAFT NOISE
JET ENGINE FUELS
JET ENGINES
hr at 500 deg. C 18
JET EXHAUST
Cratering 227
JFET
N-Channel
JIGS
JOINTS (JUNCTIONS)
Source 153
KALMAN FILTERS
KERNEL FUNCTIONS
Imagery 238
KEVLAR (TRADEMARK)
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 152
KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS
Strategy 249
KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
LANGUAGES
LAUNCH COSTS
LARGE EDDY SIMULATION

Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
LAUNCH VEHICLES
LASER BEAMS
LASER CAVITIES
Standards 142
LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETERS
LASER GUIDE STARS
Observatory 292
LAUNCHING PADS
LAUNCHING
LAWS
LEAKAGE


Adaptive Optics 294

LABORATORIES
LASER OUTPUTS
Remote Sensing 144
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
Environments 200

LABYRINTH SEALS
LASER TARGETS
LAMINAR FLOW
a Duct 264

2006-2007 Report 269


LASER WEAPONS

LEAR JET AIRCRAFT
25 22
LENSES
LAMINATES
LASERS
Initial Buried Minehunting Demonstration

of the Laser Scalar Gradiometer Operating Onboard REMUS 600 136
LANDING GEAR
Utility Airplane 37
LESIONS
1996 186

LESSONS LEARNED
Applied
Research
Learned 199
LANDING SITES

Photoacoustics 142

Review/Lessons
A-37
LETHALITY
(MMF)
Demonstration
to
LIBRARIES
Library 231
Personal Libraries: Collection Management as a Tool for Lightweight Personal
and
Group
Document
Management 251
LIFE (DURABILITY)
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS

LIQUID FUELS
Fuel Cells 10
LIQUID HYDROGEN
Applications 88

of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 82


Space Center 86
Module
LIGHT SOURCES
Standard 107
LININGS
Glenn-Developed
LIQUEFACTION
LIQUEFIED GASES
LIQUID CRYSTALS
A-38
LIQUID SLOSHING
Automated Method for Estimating Nutation Time Constant Model Parameters for
Spacecraft Spinning on Axis 64

2006-2007 Report 269
Lighting
LIQUID ROCKET PROPELLANTS

Solid-State
(SSLM) 277
LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINES


Environments 134

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

and Repair 279




Low-Gravity

Feedstocks 85
Tanks 81
LIQUID METAL COOLED REACTORS
LIQUID NITROGEN
of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 83
LIQUID OXYGEN
LIQUIDS
LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM
of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 83
LIQUID-VAPOR INTERFACES
of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 83
LITHIUM BATTERIES
Studies 158
Missions 158
LOAD TESTS
LOADS (FORCES)
Farm 235
Networks 231

Neural Networks 42
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
LOGIC CIRCUITS
Sixty-four-Channel
Tester 270
Inline
Cable
LOGIC PROGRAMMING
Specification 274
LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Transportation 60
Tasks (SMART) 221
LOW PRESSURE
Constraining the Depth of a Martian
Magma Ocean through Metal-Silicate
Partitioning Experiments: The Role of
Different Datasets and the Range of
Pressure and Temperature Conditions 268
LOW SPEED
a Duct 264
LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS
LOW TEMPERATURE
Composite
Materials
for
Low-

Developed 21
Cells 284
LUBRICATING OILS
Microsoft
LOW DENSITY MATERIALS

(Gamma)-Rays 236
LOW EARTH ORBITS
LOW NOISE
Evaluated 44

LUNAR MODULE
Using Lunar Module Shadows To Scale
the
Effects
of
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 277
LUNAR ORBITS
Transportation 60
LUNAR RESOURCES
LORAN C
GPS/WAAS 102
on
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
LUMINANCE
LOW COST
Low-Cost Attack
CAPTCHA 209
Lunar Dust Abrasion Simulation Capability Completed 302
LUNAR RANGEFINDING
LUMINAIRES
Solid-State
(SSLM) 277
LOSSES
Factors 76
LUNAR EXPLORATION

LOGISTICS
Relationships Between U.S. Naval Observatory, Loran-C and the Defense Satellite Communication System 54
LUNAR EVOLUTION
Lighting
Module
LUMINOSITY
LUNAR DUST
Dust 305
Trajectory Model of Lunar Dust Particles 304
LUNAR ENVIRONMENT

Beneficiation 274
LUNAR ROCKS
LUNAR ROVING VEHICLES
LUNAR SHADOW
the
Effects
of
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 277
LUNAR SOIL
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 306
Soil
by
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 272
A-39

Beneficiation 274
LUNAR SURFACE
MACH NUMBER
MAGMA
MAGNESIUM FLUORIDES
Solar Cells 286
MAGNESIUM OXIDES
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
MAGNETIC DISTURBANCES
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
and Storage 81
MAGNETIC SIGNATURES
Magnetic Signature: Small Arms Testing
of Multiple Examples of Same Model
Weapons 140
Examination 305
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC WAVES
Beam Ions 245
MAGNETOMETERS
Buoy Center 109
MAGNETRONS
A-40
MAGNETS
Magnetic Stirrer Tested for a System to
Produce Intravenous Fluid During Exploration Missions 202
MAINTENANCE
Curriculum 36
The System Support Associate Model at

Gemini Observatory 296
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
MANGANESE ISOTOPES
MANGANESE
(MHRP) 181
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT


MALES
MALFUNCTIONS
MAMMARY GLANDS
MAN MACHINE SYSTEMS
Future Cyborgs: Human-Machine Interface for Virtual Reality Applications 202
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT METHODS
Report 209
MANAGEMENT PLANNING
Strategy 249
Some Methods for Scenario Analysis in
Defence Strategic Planning 234

Project (ISSMP) 196
MANNED SPACECRAFT
MANUALS
2006 255
2007 255
MANUFACTURING
Feedstocks 85
MAPPING
MARINE MAMMALS
MARKING
MARKOV PROCESSES
A Markov Model for the EpiChord Peerto-Peer Overlay in an XCAST Enabled
Network 232
Library 231
Image Segmentation
Markov Fields 205
by
Polygonal
MARS ENVIRONMENT

Observatory 292
MATERIALS HANDLING
MATERIALS RECOVERY
and Storage 81
MATERIALS SELECTION
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 152
MATERIALS TESTS
MATHEMATICAL MODELS
Representations 229
MARS EXPLORATION
Samples 260

Network 232


MARS SAMPLE RETURN MISSIONS

MARS SURFACE
Converting CSV
Files 262
Files
to
RKSML

MASERS
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Geminis Multi-Instrument Queue Operations 294
Three-Dimensional Monte Carlo Model
Developed for Optical Mass Gauging 17
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Waveguides 238
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES


Workshop 204
Composite
Materials
for

Soil
by
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 272

KVARZ
Passive
Hydrogen
Masers 141

MASKS

MASS FLOW RATE


MASS FLOW
Fluid Dynamics 23

the
Effects
of
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 277


Operated
with
Enhanced
Cavity
Q 124
MASSIVE STARS


MEASUREMENT
Low-

MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
MEDICAL SCIENCE
Volume 4, Edition 2, Spring 2004 193
MEDICAL SERVICES
Army Health Care. Progress Made in
Staffing and Monitoring Units that Provide Outpatient Case Management, but
Additional Steps Needed 189
A-41

Volume 4, Edition 1, Winter 2004 193
Vol. 2.0 247
1996 185
1996 184
1997 183
MEMBRANES
Separation 85
Power 156
1996 186
MERCURY (METAL)
MESOSPHERE
Range 15-70 km 301
METABOLITES
METADATA
METAL BONDING
METAL COATINGS
Glenn-Developed
METAL COMBUSTION
Glenn-Developed
METAL FATIGUE
METAL FOILS
METAL HYDRIDES
METAL IONS
METAL OXIDES
METAL PARTICLES
Factors 76
METAL VAPORS
Ge Substrates 280
METAL-GAS SYSTEMS
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
METEORITES
Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
METEORITIC COMPOSITION
Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
METEOROLOGICAL RADAR
METEOROLOGY
METHANE
Does it Rain Methane on Titan? 298
METRIC SPACE

MICROELECTROMECHANICAL
SYSTEMS
Smart Dust 220
Merlin, the Hippo Pathway, and Tumor

Suppression in Meningiomas 179


for Navigation 259
MEMORY (COMPUTERS)


1997 182
A-42


Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 128
MICROGRAVITY

for Navigation 259
MICROSATELLITES
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
MICROSTRUCTURE
Glenn-Developed
Alloys 92
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS
Lunar
Reconnaissance
Orbiter
Traveling-Wave Tube Completed 63
MICROWAVE CIRCUITS
GHz 262

Environments 134
MICROWAVE EQUIPMENT

MICROWAVE PROBES
MICROINSTRUMENTATION
MICROMACHINING
for Navigation 259
MICROMECHANICS
ICAN/JAVA 77
MICROMETEOROIDS
MICROMODULES
GHz 263
MICROORGANISMS
MICROPROCESSORS
MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS
MICROWAVE SENSORS
MICROWAVES
MILITARY AIR FACILITIES

MILITARY AIRCRAFT
MILITARY AVIATION
Rotary Wing Operations in a CBRN Environment 42
MILITARY HELICOPTERS
Paper Number 22) 41
MILITARY OPERATIONS
Number 66 33
Army Communicator. Volume 28, Number 1, Spring 2003 256
for
U.S.
Military
Operations
in
2030 119
Design of Protective Structures (A New
Concept of Structural Behavior) 147
Nuclear Iran 243
Control Program 187
Flies 191
Environments 200
Laboratory 249


MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE


Range 15-70 km 301

MIE SCATTERING
Remote Sensing 144

Paper Number 22) 40

A-43
MILITARY PERSONNEL
MINIATURIZATION
for Navigation 259


MINING
Systems Analyzed 20

1996 186
MIRRORS
MISSILE CONFIGURATIONS
Testing:
Current Posture 218
MISSILES

Testing:
MODULATORS
Communication 262
MODULES
MOISTURE CONTENT
MOISTURE
MOLECULAR BEAMS
Nanometer Films 187
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
Source 153
MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
Flames 210

MISSION PLANNING
Science Research 23


MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
and Storage 81
MISSISSIPPI
Laboratory 249
MONITORS
MODELS
MONOMERS
Model


and Simulations 112
MONTE CARLO METHOD


Testing:
MILITARY TECHNOLOGY
Applied
Research
Learned 199
Review/Lessons

Joint
Non-kinetic
(JNEM) 220
Effects
MILKY WAY GALAXY

J1903+0327 295
MINERALOGY
Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
MINES (ORDNANCE)
A-44

Health Care 196
MOON

Model 27
MORPHOLOGY
MODEMS
A Tri-Modal Directional Modem Transducer 126
MOTION SICKNESS
In-Vehicle Video
ness 201
and
Motion
Sick-

MOTION SIMULATORS
Motor-Vehicle
MULTIPHASE FLOW
of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 83

2006 255

Cratering 226
MOTOR VEHICLES
Abdonimal Injury
Crashes 201
in

2007 255
In-Vehicle Video
ness 200
and
Motion
Sick-
MOTORS
Nitrogen 145
MOUNTAINS
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164
MTBF
MUCUS
1996 186
MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
MULTIENGINE VEHICLES
the
Effects
of
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 277
MULTIPATH TRANSMISSION
End-to-End Concurrent Multipath Transfer Using Transport Layer Multihoming 217
MULTIPLEXING
MULTISENSOR APPLICATIONS
NANOCOMPOSITES
Factors 76
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
ICAN/JAVA 77
NANOFABRICATION
NANOSATELLITES
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
NANOSTRUCTURES (DEVICES)
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Smart Dust 220
Environments 272
Novel
Nanoionics-Based
Impact
on
Computing
in
2030 128
NASA PROGRAMS
Hydrogen
Education
reach 306
and
Out-

Testing 13
Orbital Debris
USA 61
Research
in
the

Crack Detection 147
NASA SPACE PROGRAMS
Applications 88
Project (ISSMP) 196
NASCOM SATELLITES
A-45

Clocks 93
Time
Transfer
GPS 55
Using
NASCOM
NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

Flow Management 29
NAS 28
NATIONAL PARKS
Network 159
Historic Structure Report. The Wright
Cycle Company Building 1
NATURAL GAS
NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION
Reference Frame 23
NEODYMIUM LASERS
Tunnel 18
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

Ion
Uptake
Determination
of
NEOPLASMS
NEUTRON STARS
J1903+0327 295
NEPTUNE ATMOSPHERE
Systems Analyzed 20
NEUTRONS
NERVES
NETWORK ANALYSIS
Glenns Network Emulation Laboratory
Established as a Networking Research
and
Emulation
Environment
for
NASA 220
NETWORK CONTROL
Backbones 216
NETWORKS
Army Communicator. Volume 29, Number 3, Fall 2004 120
Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid

and
Emulation
Environment
for
NASA 220



Configuration 26

NAVIGATION AIDS
NEURAL NETS
NAVIGATION SATELLITES

Neural Networks 42
An NNSS
ceiver 55
Satellite
Timing
Re-

NAVIGATION
GPS/WAAS 102
NAVY
An NNSS
ceiver 56
Satellite
Timing
NEAR INFRARED RADIATION

A-46
Re-
NEUROLOGY
2008 179
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
NEVADA
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164
NICKEL ALLOYS
Seals and Valves 84
NICKEL HYDROGEN BATTERIES
NICKEL
NIGHT VISION
Goggles 138
NIGHT
NOBLE METALS
NOISE PREDICTION
NOISE REDUCTION
NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
System 104

Coastal Waters 171

Evaluated 44


Fluid Dynamics 22

NOISE (SOUND)
NUCLEAR FISSION
Power 159
OHIO
IP Case Study 218
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTS
Carbide/Silicon
Carbide
Composites 8
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
OILS
Developments in Oil Shale 153
NUCLEAR REACTORS

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Cratering 227


Debris 225
OMEGA NAVIGATION SYSTEM

High Accuracy Omega Timekeeping 55

NUTATION

Crack Detection 147
OBSERVATORIES
Observatory 292
NONLINEAR SYSTEMS
NONLINEARITY
(UUV) 224
Science Operations
Progress 295


--
Web
Page


OCEAN CURRENTS
Farm 235
NOTCH STRENGTH

NOZZLE DESIGN
OCEANOGRAPHY
Coastal Waters 171
NOZZLE GEOMETRY
NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
Power 159

Laboratory 249
OCEANS
ON-LINE SYSTEMS
OPEN CLUSTERS
188 299
OPENINGS
OPERATING TEMPERATURE
Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 129
Space Missions 129
OPERATIONS RESEARCH
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
Optical
Communications
Link 115
A-47
OPTICAL EQUIPMENT
OPTICAL FIBERS
Crystal
Fiber
Gas
Reference
Cells 244
OPTICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Surveillance of Space - Optimal Use of
Complementary Sensors for Maximum
Efficiency 58
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
OPTICAL PUMPING
Standard 107
Study of Multiple Optical Transitions in
87-Rb Using Laser Diodes 142
OPTICAL RADAR
Horizontal
Accuracy
Determination 243
Remote Sensing 143
OPTICAL THICKNESS
OPTICAL TRANSITION
OPTIMIZATION
Efficiency 58
OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES
InP 292
ORBIT DETERMINATION
A-48
ORBITS
Clocks 93
188 299
ORDER-DISORDER
TRANSFORMATIONS
ORDNANCE
Firing Ranges 161
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Formulation 178
ORGANIZATIONS
Strategy 249
1996 184
ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
Ge Substrates 280
ORNSTEIN-UHLENBECK PROCESS
Note on the Benefits of Buffering 227
OSCILLATIONS
OXIDATION
Actuators 72
OXYGEN ATOMS
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
Tires 88
OXYGEN PRODUCTION
Beneficiation 274
OXYGEN
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
Space Center 86
OZONE
Range 15-70 km 301
PACKING DENSITY
OSCILLATORS
Relativity 124
PAINTS
Base, Montana 149

Operated
with
Enhanced
Cavity
Q 124

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
PANELS
(FRP) Panels 149
PARACHUTES
PARAMETERIZATION
PARASITIC DISEASES
1996 184
PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY
Configuration 26
Tunnel 18
PARTICLES
PARTICULATES
PAVEMENTS
PEPTIDES
Small Peptides 189
PERCOLATION
PERFORMANCE PREDICTION

Work Survey 32

Evaluated 44
Control Products 36
PASSIVITY
Fuel Cells 10
Horizontal
Accuracy
Determination 243

PERFORMANCE TESTS

PATTERN RECOGNITION
Imagery 238
PERSONNEL

Teams (SALT) 275
PASSENGERS
Space 53
PATHOLOGY
Software 17
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

PATCH ANTENNAS
PERSONALITY
Update 227

PERFORMANCE
Studies 158

the TSD 29
(IITA) 253
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
PETROLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
Health Care 196
PHENYLS
PHOSPHORIC ACID
Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:
PERMEABILITY
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES
PERMITTIVITY
Factors 76
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 306
A-49
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
PHOTOMECHANICAL EFFECT
PHOTONICS
Crystal
Fiber
Gas
Reference
Cells 244
PHOTONS
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION
Ge Substrates 280
Hybrid Power Management Program:
Prototype Grid-Tie Photovoltaic Power
System Has Been in Successful Operation for Over 1 Year at NASA Glenn and
Is Serving as the Basis for Future Expansion 159
Coatings 288
A-50
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT

PHYSICAL EXERCISE
Report 209

Fuel Pipelines 101

Obese Adults 178
PHYSICAL FITNESS
1996 186
PLANETARY MANTLES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL SCIENCES
PLANETARY NEBULAE
PIEZOELECTRICITY
Developed 21
PILOT PERFORMANCE
Aviation Safety 24
PILOT TRAINING
Methods 25
PILOTLESS AIRCRAFT
System (EFTS) 44
Science Research 23
PILOTS
P-I-N JUNCTIONS
PIPELINES
Base, Montana 149
PLANETARY STRUCTURE
PLANETARY SURFACES
PLANETARY TEMPERATURE
PLASMA WAVES
Beam Ions 245
PLASMAS (PHYSICS)
PLATES (STRUCTURAL MEMBERS)
Scale-Up of Carbon/Carbon Bipolar
Plates, (Final) 158
PLATES
Cells 159
PLATINUM
PLOTTERS
PLOTTING
PLUMES
Soil
by
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 272
the
Effects
of
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 277
PNEUMATICS
PNEUMONIA
1997 183
POLYURETHANE FOAM
POLYURETHANE RESINS
POLLUTION MONITORING
Network 159
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164

1997 181

POINTING CONTROL SYSTEMS

POLYCRYSTALS
Ge Substrates 280

POLARIMETERS
POLICIES
2007 - Project 07-02 300
Current Posture 218
POLITICS
and
Stabilization:
The
Critical
Link 120
POLLUTION CONTROL
Army
Ground
Vehicles
Current/Future
Emission
dards 90
and
Stan-
POLYIMIDES
High-Performance
Coatings 100
Polyimide
Powder
POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES
Reversible Chemochromic Hydrogen
Detectors 141
POLYMERS
POPULATIONS
Joint
Non-kinetic
(JNEM) 220
Effects
Model
PORTABLE EQUIPMENT
PORTABLE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
POSITION (LOCATION)
Coastal Waters 171
POSITION SENSING
POSITIONING
POSTURE
Current Posture 219
POWDER METALLURGY
POWDER (PARTICLES)
High-Performance
Coatings 100
Polyimide
Powder

Simulations 96
POWER AMPLIFIERS
Metamaterial 72
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
Actuators 72
POWER CONDITIONING
Simulation Study Conducted for a WideBand, Low-Loss, Short-Slot CouplerBased Power Combiner 129
A-51
POWER CONVERTERS
Power 159
POWER EFFICIENCY
Missions 158
PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY)
PRECISION
Clocks 109
PREDICTION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
PREDICTIONS
PRELAUNCH TESTS
PRESERVING
Performance 254
PRESIDENTIAL REPORTS

PRESSURE SENSORS
Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 129
PRESSURE VESSELS
PRESSURE
Pressure-Gain
Combustion
Investigated 49
PREVENTION
PRIORITIES
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS
Representations 229
PROBABILITY THEORY
Asymptotically Efficient Simulation Of
Large Deviation Probabilities 228
Fast Simulation of Overflow Probabilities
in a Queue with Gaussian Input 231
Integrating Disparate Information 230
Bearings 7


ICAN/JAVA 77
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

C-Ring Specimen 97
A-52

Fuel Pipelines 101
PROBES
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Exploration
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Flow Simulations 12
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
PROGRAM VERIFICATION (COMPUTERS)
Methodology
for
Cantilever
Beams 226
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Specification 274
PROGRESS
KVARZ
Passive
Hydrogen
Masers 141
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Update 227
PROJECT PLANNING
Exploration Supply
tion 54
Chain
Simula-
PROPELLANT STORAGE
Low-Gravity
PROPELLANT TANKS
Low-Gravity

Environments 134
PROPELLANTS
PROPULSION SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
PM1 ION Engine 69
Flow Simulations 12
PROPULSION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
Pressure-Gain
Combustion
Investigated 49
Prototype 146
Singular-Value
Decomposition-Based
PM1 ION Engine 69
Research 43
PROPULSION
Anonymous
Routing
Environment 212

Crew
Module
Propulsion
Subsystem 68
PROTON BEAMS

PROTON DAMAGE
PROSTATE GLAND
Small Peptides 189
PROSTHETIC DEVICES
Orthotic
and
Prosthetic
Education 178
PROTECTION
PROTECTIVE COATINGS
High-Performance
Coatings 100
Polyimide
Powder

PROTON IRRADIATION
PROTONS
PROTOTYPES
Obese Adults 178
PROVING
PROVISIONING
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Work Survey 32

Coatings 288
PSYCHOMETRICS
PROTEOME
PSYCHOPHYSICS
PROTOCOL (COMPUTERS)


IP Case Study 218
PUBLIC RELATIONS
Hydrogen
Education
reach 306
and
Out-
PULSARS
Observatory 292
Clock Stability 110
A-53

J1903+0327 295
PULSED LASERS
PURIFICATION
PYROTECHNICS
PYRUVATES
Q SWITCHED LASERS
Remote Sensing 144
QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING
Communication 262
QUALIFICATIONS
QUALITY CONTROL
Vol. 2.0 247
1997 163
QUANTUM DOTS
RADIATION DAMAGE
Solar Cells 286
QUANTUM EFFICIENCY

QUARTZ CRYSTALS
QUARTZ
Relativity 124
Clocks 93

RADIATION EFFECTS
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 306

RADIATION MEASUREMENT
QUEUEING THEORY

Deposition
Program,
1999 165
RADAR TRACKING
Orbital Debris
USA 61
Research
in
the
RADAR
Efficiency 58

Deposition
Program,
2002 166
RADIATION ABSORPTION
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
RADIATION BELTS
A-54
RADIATION DOSAGE
and Repair 279

RADAR DATA

Deposition
Program,
2001 166
QUASARS
Observatory 292

Deposition
Program,
1998 164

Deposition
Program,
2000 166

Cells 284

RADIATION PROTECTION
and Repair 279
Manual 163
RADIATION SHIELDING
Spacecraft
Electrostatic
Shielding 273
Radiation
RADIATION SOURCES
RADIATION THERAPY
Small Peptides 189
RADIO EQUIPMENT
Operations 118
RADIO FREQUENCIES
RANGEFINDING

Comparing Two Scientific Echo Sounders 236
Novel
Nanoionics-Based
Unlicensed and Unshackled: A Joint
OSP-OET White Paper on Unlicensed
Devices and Their Regulatory Issues.
OSP Working Paper No. 39 113
RADIO TRANSMISSION
Communication 262
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
RADIOISOTOPE HEAT SOURCES
InP 292
RADIOLOGY
Manual 163
RADIOMETERS
Range 15-70 km 301
RADIOSONDES
Humidity Sensor 175
RAILS
RAMAN SPECTRA
Flames 210
RANGE SAFETY
RANGES (FACILITIES)
Firing Ranges 161
RATIOS
REACTING FLOW
Flow Simulations 12
REACTION KINETICS
Spectroscopic Characterization of Reactive Intermediates Relevant to Supersonic Combustion 241
REACTIVITY
REACTOR CORES
2008 70
REACTOR TECHNOLOGY
REACTORS
REAL TIME OPERATION

Equipment 264
RECEIVERS
An NNSS
ceiver 56
Satellite
Timing
Re-

RECHARGING
Missions 158
RECORDS MANAGEMENT
REFILLING
REFINING
REFLECTORS
Solar Cells 286



REFRACTORY MATERIALS

Persistent Space Situational Awareness:
Distributed Real-Time Awareness Global
Network in Space (Dragnets) 57
Photoacoustics 142

REFRIGERATING
REFRIGERATORS
REGIONS
A-55
REGOLITH
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
REGULATIONS
REGULATORS
REINFORCED PLASTICS
(FRP) Panels 149
REINFORCING FIBERS
(FRP) Panels 149
RELATIONAL DATA BASES
Equipment 265
RELATIVITY
Relativity 124
RELAY SATELLITES
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
Aviation Safety 24
Actuators 72
RELIABILITY
A-56

REMOTE SENSING
RESEARCH

RESIDUAL STRESS
Remote Sensing 143

RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING


REMOTE SENSORS
for
U.S.
Military
Operations
in
2030 119
REPLACING
REQUIREMENTS
RESCUE OPERATIONS
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
and
Emulation
Environment
for
NASA 220
RESEARCH FACILITIES
and
Emulation
Environment
for
NASA 220
RESISTORS
RESONANT FREQUENCIES
RESONATORS
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Issues 170
Fund) 164
and
Group
Document
Management 251
Report 30
RESOURCES
(IITA) 254
RESPIRATORY DISEASES

Orbital Debris
USA 61


RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPONSES
RESUSCITATION
RETINA
Software 17
REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLES
Glenn-Developed
REVERBERATION
Waveguides 238
Research
in
the
RISK MANAGEMENT
ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT

RISK


a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151

in

- Project 08-03 252

Configuration 26

REYNOLDS EQUATION
Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
ROBOTS
RHEA (ASTRONOMY)
ROCKET ENGINES
RIGID STRUCTURES

ROOMS

Research
ROBOTICS

ROCKS
Samples 260
the
Orbital Debris
USA 61
REYNOLDS AVERAGING
Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
RISK ASSESSMENT
ROCKET LAUNCHING
ROCKET EXHAUST
Cratering 227
Soil
by
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 272
the
Effects
of
Rocket
Exhaust
Plumes 277

ROTARY WINGS
Configuration 26
ROTATING DISKS
Crack Detection 147
ROTATION
Samples 260
ROTOR AERODYNAMICS
ROTOR DYNAMICS
Evaluated 44
ROTORS
Reference Frame 23
A-57

Nitrogen 145
Crack Detection 147
ROVING VEHICLES
Converting CSV
Files 262
Files
to
RKSML

RUBIDIUM ISOTOPES
RUBIDIUM
Standard 106
Cells 93
Clocks 93

SAFETY MANAGEMENT
SAFETY
for

GPS Program 91

Firing Ranges 161


Manual 163
RUNWAY LIGHTS
RUNWAYS
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
SABOTAGE
Current Posture 219
SAFETY FACTORS
Act 162
A-58

SAILS
SAMARIUM ISOTOPES
SAMPLES
Samples 260
SAMPLING
Coastal Waters 171
Library 231
SANDS
Control Program 187
Flies 191
SANDWICH STRUCTURES
SAS
Data 239
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
SATELLITE IMAGERY
SATELLITE NETWORKS
High Accuracy Omega
ing 55
Timekeep-

SATELLITE TRACKING
High Accuracy Omega
ing 55
Timekeep-

Control
System
(OCS)
Tracking
Data 109
SATURN (PLANET)
SATURN SATELLITES
SCALARS
SCALE MODELS
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

SCATTERING
Optical
Communications
Link 116
SCHEDULES
SCHEDULING
Networks 232
Equipment 264
SCHOOLS
SCIATIC REGION
SCIENTIFIC SATELLITES
SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION
SEALERS
SEALING
SEALS (STOPPERS)
SEAS
SECURITY
IP Case Study 218
Current Posture 218
08-01 219
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTS
SEEPAGE
Seepage 107
SELENIDES
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS
SEMICONDUCTORS (MATERIALS)
hr at 500 deg. C 18
InP 291
SENSORS
Crack Detection 147
SEPARATED FLOW
Fluid Dynamics 22
SEPARATORS
Fuel Cells 10
SEQUENCING
Converting CSV
Files 262
Files
to
RKSML

SERUMS
SERVICES
of
A-59
SEX
SEYFERT GALAXIES
SHAKING
USGS
SHALES
SHALLOW WATER
Band 237
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
Seals and Valves 84
SHELLS (STRUCTURAL FORMS)
SHERGOTTITES
Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
SHIELDING
SHIPS
SHOCK WAVES
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS
SHORT WAVE RADIO TRANSMISSION
SHOT NOISE
SHOT PEENING
A-60
SHRAPNEL
SICKNESSES
1997 182
SIGNAL ANALYZERS
hr at 500 deg. C 18
SILICON DIOXIDE
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
SILICON FILMS
SIGNAL DETECTORS
SILICON NITRIDES


SIGNAL PROCESSING
SILICONES

SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
Photoacoustics 143
SILICON
SILICA GLASS
Solar Cells 286
SIMULATION
SILICATES

SILICON ALLOYS
SILICON CARBIDES
Carbide/Silicon
Carbide
Composites 8
Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 128
N-Channel
Exploration
tion 54
Supply
Chain
Simula-

Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
Joint
Non-kinetic
(JNEM) 220
Effects
Model

Weapons 139
and Simulations 112
Goggles 138

ICAN/JAVA 77
Teams (SALT) 275
Prototype 146

in 2020 53
SOI (SEMICONDUCTORS)
SOIL SAMPLING
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 306
SKIN (ANATOMY)
SOILS
Simulation Validation Using a NonParametric Statistical Method 229
SKIN FRICTION
Simulation-Based Analysis and Evaluation of Tactical Multi-Hop Radio Networks 115
SLABS
SOLAR ARRAYS
2 213

(FRP) Panels 149

Obese Adults 178
Simulations 96
SIMULATORS
SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTORS
SIRIO SATELLITE
Time Code Dissemination Experiment
via the Sirio-1 VHF Transponder 55
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
SLOT ANTENNAS
SMART MATERIALS
SMOKE
SNAILS
SNC METEORITES
Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
SOFIA (AIRBORNE OBSERVATORY)
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Specification 274

Coatings 288
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Workshop
I:
SOLAR CELLS
Solar Cells 286
Ge Substrates 280
A-61

SOLAR ENERGY ABSORBERS

Solar Cells 286

SOLAR ENERGY

Cells 284
InP 291

SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD
Examination 305
SOLAR RADIATION
Humidity Sensor 175
SOLAR SPECTRA
SOLAR SYSTEM
SOLAR WIND
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 306
SOLDERING
SONAR
Data 239
Imagery 238
Waveguides 238
Motion Compensation of AUV-Based
Synthetic Aperture Sonar 239
Results of a Multi-static Synthetic Aperture Sonar Experiment 239
SOUND RANGING
SOUND TRANSMISSION
Acoustic
Communications 115
Seaweb Server 116
SOL-GEL PROCESSES

I:
SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS

Separation 85
SOUND WAVES
Photoacoustics 143


SOLID STATE DEVICES


Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Workshop
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION

PM1 ION Engine 69
A-62
SOLID STATE
Solid-State
(SSLM) 277
SOUNDING
Module
SOLIDIFIED GASES
SPACE COMMERCIALIZATION
for
U.S.
Military
Operations
in
2030 119
Lighting
SPACE COMMUNICATION
SPACE DEBRIS
2007 - Project 07-02 301
Orbital Debris
USA 61
Research
in
the
SPACE ELEVATORS
Space 53
SPACE ENVIRONMENT SIMULATION
SPACE EXPLORATION
SPACE FLIGHT
SPACE PLASMAS
Coatings 288
SPACE PROBES
SPACE SHUTTLE MAIN ENGINE
SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS
Bearings 7
SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITERS
SPACE SHUTTLES

SPACE HABITATS
SPACE INFRARED TELESCOPE FACILITY
SPACE LOGISTICS
Exploration Supply
tion 54


Actuators 72
Space Shuttle 56
Chain
Simula-
SPACE MISSIONS
and Repair 279
SPACE STATIONS
Space Shuttle 57
SPACE
SURVEILLANCE
(GROUND
BASED)
in 2020 53
SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

SPACE TRANSPORTATION
Space 52
SPACE WEATHER
Severe
Space
Weather
Summary 269
SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS
SPACEBORNE TELESCOPES
Science Operations
Progress 295
--
Web
Page
SPACECRAFT CHARGING
SPACECRAFT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
SPACECRAFT DESIGN
SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENTS
SPACECRAFT LANDING
SPACECRAFT LAUNCHING
Teams (SALT) 275
SPACECRAFT MAINTENANCE
Tasks (SMART) 221
A-63
SPACECRAFT MODULES
Crew
Module
Propulsion
Subsystem 68
SPACECRAFT ORBITS
SPACECRAFT POWER SUPPLIES
SPACECRAFT SHIELDING
Spacecraft
Electrostatic
Shielding 273
Radiation
SPACECRAFT STABILITY
SPACECREWS
Crew
Module
Propulsion
Subsystem 69
Health Care 196
SPACING
SPECIFIC IMPULSE
SPECIFICATIONS
Tasks (SMART) 221
SPECTRA
SPECTROMETERS
SPECTRORADIOMETERS
A-64

SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
SPECTROSCOPY
188 299
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
SPEED REGULATORS
SPHERES
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
SPIDERS
1997 182
SPILLING
SPIN STABILIZATION
SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS
Evaluated 44

Clock Stability 110
Strategic Framing of Stability Operations 234
and
Stabilization:
The
Critical
Link 120
STAGE SEPARATION
STAINLESS STEELS
STANDARDIZATION
Strategy 249
STANDARDS
Army
Ground
Current/Future
dards 90
Vehicles
Emission
and
Stan-
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
STAR CLUSTERS
Observatory 292
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION

Adaptive Optics 294
SPRAY NOZZLES
STAR FORMATION RATE

SPRAYERS
STAR FORMATION
Adaptive Optics 294
STABILITY TESTS
Clocks 93
STATIC LOADS
STABILITY
Networks 232
STATIC MODELS
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STATORS
Nitrogen 145
STEADY FLOW
Reference Frame 23
STEAM
Issues 170
STEELS
STELLAR MODELS
STERILIZATION
STIMULANTS
STIMULATION
STIRLING CYCLE
Advanced Stirling Convertor Engineering
Units Completed and Delivered 146
STOCKPILING
STORABLE PROPELLANTS
Low-Gravity
STORAGE TANKS
Space Center 86
Tanks 81
STORM SURGES
STORMS (METEOROLOGY)
STORMS
STRATEGY
Nuclear Iran 243
STRATIGRAPHY
STRATOSPHERE


Range 15-70 km 301

Power 159
STREAMS
STIRLING ENGINES
STREPTOCOCCUS
1997 183
STIRRING
STRESS ANALYSIS
STOCHASTIC PROCESSES
a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151
STRESS (PSYCHOLOGY)
Work Survey 32

STRETCHING
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Applications 91
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING
Crack Detection 147
STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY
SUBMILLIMETER WAVES
SUBSONIC WIND TUNNELS
Configuration 26
SUBSTITUTES
SUBSTRATES
A-65

SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS


Flies 191

InP 291
SUPPLYING
Exploration
tion 54

SUGAR CANE
SULFONIC ACID
Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:
SULFUR
SUMMER
- Project 08-03 253
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
SUPERHIGH FREQUENCIES
SUPERLATTICES
Supply
Chain
Simula-

SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Exploration Supply
tion 54
Chain
Simula-
SUPPRESSORS
SURFACE CRACKS


SURFACE ROUGHNESS
SURFACE WAVES
SURGERY
Surgery
Society
Monthly
Meetings 181
SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION
SURVEILLANCE
SUPERSONIC FLIGHT
SUPERSONIC JET FLOW

Cratering 227

Smart Dust 219
A-66

1996 185
SURFACE REACTIONS
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 306
SUPERNOVAE
SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION RAMJET

ENGINES

1996 186

1996 184
SURFACE TREATMENT

J1903+0327 295

1996 186
SURFACE EMITTING LASERS

Standards 142

InP 291

Observatory 292

1996 186

1997 183
1997 182
1997 182
1997 181
Efficiency 58
SURVEYS
Coastal Waters 171

SWITCHES
Novel
Nanoionics-Based
SWITCHING
SYMBOLS
SYNCHRONISM
SYNCHRONOUS PLATFORMS
SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES
SYNTHETIC APERTURES
Data 239
SYNTHETIC RUBBERS
SYNTONY
SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS
Test System 92
Testing:
Research 43
SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
Integrating Airport
tems 30
Information
Sys-

Equipment 264

Flow Simulations 12

SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION
TACTICS
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
Range 15-70 km 301
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
System (EFTS) 44
Completed 11
TACTILE DISCRIMINATION
TAIL ASSEMBLIES
Neural Networks 42
TANKS (CONTAINERS)
TARGET ACQUISITION

TARGETS


Testing:
SYSTEMS HEALTH MONITORING
TAXONOMY
Applied
Research
Learned 199
Review/Lessons

TDR SATELLITES
A-67
TECHNOLOGIES
2007 - Project 07-02 301
Severe
Space
Weather
Summary 268
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Missions 158
Cells 159
Power 159
TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION
Completed 11
Testing 13
(IITA) 253
TELECOMMUNICATION
Operations 118
A-68

Backbones 216
High-Power Traveling-Wave Tube Space
Qualified at Record Power Levels 120
Novel
Nanoionics-Based

EDU 133
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE
Humidity Sensor 175
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
and
Stabilization:
The
Critical
Link 120
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:


Space Center 86
TELEMETRY
Next-Generation
tion 220
Telemetry

Worksta-

TELEPHONES
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

TELESCOPES
Gemini
Images
oplanet 294
Possible
Ex-

TELEVISION SYSTEMS
TEMPERATURE CONTROL

Cells 284
TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
TEMPERATURE PROFILES
TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Space Missions 129
TEMPERATURE
Low-Gravity
TERRA SPACECRAFT
TERRAIN FOLLOWING
TERRAIN
TERRIER MISSILE
TEST CHAMBERS
TEST FACILITIES
THEOREMS
THERAPY
2008 179
1996 186
THERMAL ANALYSIS
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Applications 91
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
TEST FIRING
Firing Ranges 161
THERMAL CYCLING TESTS

Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
TEST STANDS


Engineering
Development
Unit 289

Crew
Module
Propulsion
Subsystem 68
TETHERING
Space 53
TEXTS
THERMAL ENERGY
Cells 284
THERMAL EXPANSION
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
THERMAL INSULATION

THERMAL PROTECTION
THERMAL RADIATION
THERMAL STABILITY
THERMOCHEMISTRY
THERMOCOUPLES
Test 6931 25
THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Tanks 81
THERMODYNAMICS
Feedstocks 85
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS
THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS

THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION


A-69
THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION
TIDES
Farm 235

InP 291
TILES
THERMOPLASTIC FILMS
THICKNESS
Applications 91
THIN FILMS
Nanometer Films 187
Solar Cells 286
Coatings 288
THOMSON SCATTERING
THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELS
THROTTLING
THRUST VECTOR CONTROL
THRUSTORS
Testing 14
A-70
TILT ROTOR AIRCRAFT

TILTMETERS
TIME LAG
Relativity 124
TIME MEASUREMENT
An NNSS Satellite
ceiver 56
Timing
Re-

Clocks 109
Atomic Clocks 112
Standards 141
TIME RESPONSE
TIME SIGNALS
Time
Transfer
GPS 55
Using
NASCOM
TIME SYNCHRONIZATION
TIMING DEVICES
An NNSS Satellite
ceiver 56
Timing
Re-
TIN OXIDES
on Viewing Ports 95
TIRES
Tires 88
TITAN ATMOSPHERE
TITANIUM ALLOYS
Alloys 92
TITANIUM OXIDES
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
TITANIUM
TITAN
TOBACCO
TONGUE
TOOLS
Tool for Crimping
Leads 131
Flexible
Circuit
TOPOLOGY
TORQUE
TORSO
TORUSES
Beam Ions 245
TOTAL IMPULSE
TOUCH
TOXIC HAZARDS
TOXICITY
TOXICOLOGY
TRACKING (POSITION)
Synthetic Foveal Imaging
ogy 266
Technol-
TRAFFIC
the TSD 29
TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS
hr at 500 deg. C 18
TRANSISTOR LOGIC
N-Channel
TRANSLATING
TRANSMISSION LINES
Sixty-four-Channel
Tester 270
Inline
Cable
TRIODES
TROPOPAUSE
Humidity Sensor 175
TRANSMITTER RECEIVERS
GHz 263
TRANSMITTERS
Communication 262
TRANSPONDERS
TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151


TRANSPORTATION
TRANSFUSION

TRANSMISSIONS (MACHINE ELEMENTS)

TRAJECTORIES
TRANSDUCERS
TRENDS
TROPICAL STORMS
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
Lunar
Reconnaissance
Orbiter
TRANSMISSION RATE (COMMUNICATIONS)

Novel
Nanoionics-Based
TRAINING AIRCRAFT
Training
Development
Experiences 28

Transportation 60
TRAVELING WAVE TUBES

TRAPS
Flies 191
TUMORS
TUNGSTEN
TUNNEL JUNCTIONS
Ge Substrates 280
TURBINE BLADES
TURBINE ENGINES
TURBOFAN ENGINES
Singular-Value
Decomposition-Based
TRAVELING WAVE AMPLIFIERS

Research 43
Lunar
Reconnaissance
Orbiter
A-71
TURBOFANS
TURBULENCE
Test 6931 25
Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
TURBULENT FLAMES
Flames 210
TURBULENT FLOW
Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
ULTRASONICS
UNDERGROUND EXPLOSIONS
UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS
System 104
Acoustic
Communications 115
UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION
Optical
Communications
Link 116
Acoustic
Communications 115
A-72

UNDERWATER VEHICLES
(UUV) 224
UNIFORM FLOW
a Duct 264
UNITED STATES
Current Posture 218
UNIVERSITIES
UNIX (OPERATING SYSTEM)
Clusters 207
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
System (EFTS) 44
Science Research 23
UNMANNED SPACECRAFT
UNSTEADY AERODYNAMICS
UPPER ATMOSPHERE
URANIUM
2008 70
URANUS ATMOSPHERE
Systems Analyzed 20
USER MANUALS (COMPUTER PROGRAMS)
Manual 163
USER REQUIREMENTS
Flow Management 29
NAS 28
VACUUM SYSTEMS
VACUUM TESTS
VALVES
VAPOR DEPOSITION
a Duct 264
VAPOR PHASE EPITAXY
Ge Substrates 280
VAPOR PHASES
VAPORIZING
VAPORS
VARIABLE STARS
VIRTUAL REALITY
2 213
VULCANIZING
VULNERABILITY
VIRUSES

(MMF)
Demonstration
to


1996 185
VENTILATION

1997 181
Severe
Space
Weather
Summary 268
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
Configuration 26
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
VERY HIGH FREQUENCIES
VERY LONG BASE INTERFEROMETRY
VIBRATIONAL STRESS
VIBRATION
Methodology
for
Cantilever
Beams 226
Environments 200
VIEWING
VISCOELASTICITY
Simulations 96
VISION
VISUAL ACUITY
VISUAL PERCEPTION
VOICE COMMUNICATION
IP Case Study 218
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
VOLUME
Low-Gravity
VORTICES

on Viewing Ports 94

VIRAL DISEASES
1997 182
VORTICITY
WAKEFULNESS
WAKES
WALLS
Cells 93
WAR GAMES
(MMF)
Demonstration
to
Demonstration:
The
Storyboard
Model 222
WARFARE
Warfare 214
08-01 219
WARNING SYSTEMS
WASTE HEAT
A-73
WATER HAMMER
Crew
Module
Propulsion
Subsystem 69
WATER POLLUTION
WATER QUALITY
25 22
WATER RESOURCES
Issues 170
WATER SPLITTING
WATER TREATMENT
WATER VAPOR
WATER
Tunnel System 89
(UUV) 223
Fuel Cells 10
A-74
WAVEFORMS
WAVEGUIDES
Waveguides 238
Metamaterial 71
WAVELET ANALYSIS
WEAPON SYSTEMS

WELDING
WHALES
WHEELS
WILDLIFE

WIND EFFECTS
WEAPONS
Weapons 140
WIND (METEOROLOGY)
WEAR TESTS
WIND TUNNEL TESTS

Utility Airplane 37

Testing:
WEAR
WEATHER FORECASTING
WEATHER
Methods 25
WEBSITES
Science Operations
Progress 296
--
Web
Page
WEIGHT REDUCTION

Upgrade and Modernization of the Walter
H. Beech Memorial Wind Tunnel. Final
Report 52
Data 169
WIND TUNNELS
Tunnel 18
Report 52

Data 169
WINDING
Nitrogen 145
WING TIPS
a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151
WINGS
WINTER
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Optical
Communications
Link 115
WIRE
WIRING
Base, Montana 149
XENON
Completed 11


Testing 13
WORK CAPACITY
Work Survey 32

WORKING FLUIDS

WORKLOADS (PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY)
YAG LASERS
Tunnel 18

Work Survey 32
WORK-REST CYCLE
Work Survey 32
YOUTH
WORKSTATIONS
Next-Generation
tion 220
Worksta-
YTTERBIUM
X RAY SPECTROSCOPY
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 306
ZINC
X RAYS
ZODIACAL LIGHT
Telemetry
A-75
Personal Author Index

Abdul-Aziz, Ali
Albert, F.
(Gamma)-Rays 236
Anders, David P

Crack Detection 147
Albin, D. S.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Anderson, John R.
PM1 ION Engine 69
Abendroth, D.
Abu-Safe, Husam H.
Alexander, Lee
Laboratory 249
Allan, Brian G.
Configuration 26
Achutan, C.
Allan, Brian
Adamovsky, Grigory

Clock Stability 110
Allan, David W
Clocks 109
Adams, C.

Addy, Harold E., Jr.

Allen, Christopher
Equipment 264
Adebiyi, O.
Allen, Lance
Ahrenkiel, S. P.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Aiken, Dan
Aiken,Dan
Ajmani, Kumud
Aksak, Burak
Al-Arashi, Munir
Alonso-Herrero, Almudena
Alvarez, Ruben A
Amirikian, A.
Amoroso, Paul J
An, L.
Applications 88
Anderson, S. G.
(Gamma)-Rays 236
Anderson, Warner J
Andharia, H I
An NNSS
ceiver 55
Satellite
Timing
Re-
Andre, C. L.
Andreaou, M.
Andrew, Cheryl
Andrews, Anthony
Andzelm, Jan
Simulations 96
Angel, Jason
Angerhofer, P E
Antonelli, Lynn
Antreasian, Peter G.
Arce, Dennis
Arepalli, Sivaram
B-1
Arnold, William A.
Arrieta, R
Imagery 238
Arrieta, Rich
(UUV) 223
Asada, Akira
Aschner, Michael
(MHRP) 181
Asthana, Rajiv
Astling, Elford
Atkinson, J. M.
Audoin, Claude
Operated
with
Enhanced
Cavity
Q 124
Austin, T
Baia, Gilson S
Ball, Randall W
Baik, J.
Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:
Ball, Robert

Tanks 81
Balu, Radhakrishnan
Source 153
Bailey, D.
Bandara, Sumith V.
Bailey, Sheila
Banerjee, Arindam
Baker, J
Baker, Kevin
Baker, R. P.
Baker, Robert L
Bakhle, Milind A.
Balachandran, U.
Banks, Bruce A.
Baragiola, R.
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 305
Barbosa, cassio L.
Barker, Robert A
Barlow, Karen L.
Balaras, Elias
Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
Barnes, G.
Examination 305
Bachelder, Robin E
Baldwin, Kenneth C
Barnkeov, C. C.
Backes, Paul G.
Samples 259
Baldwin, Richard S.
Studies 158
Barone, Jeffery R
Baaklini, George Y.
Crack Detection 147
Bae, Sam Y.
Bai, Yingxin
Remote Sensing 143
B-2
Missions 158
Baldwin, Rusty O
Anonymous
Routing
Environment 212
Bartos,Nichole
Bartram, Scott M.

Configuration 26
Beland, J
Basarkar, M.
Space Center 86
Belcher, Edward O
Bass, Julie M
Bass, Julie
Bathalon, Gaston P
Batson, R.
Bauman, Steven W.
Bayard, David S.
Baybutt, Mark
Beach, Duane E.
Bedard, G
Beehler, R E
Beernink, Kevin
Bell, William S
for
U.S.
Military
Operations
in
2030 119
Bencic, Timothy J.
Benham, Robert A
Bennett, William R.
Studies 158
Missions 158
Berger, Lauren, A.
Berlinsky, A J
Berton, Jeffrey J.
Betancourt, Terri
Bethala, B.
Bhansali, S.
Exploration
Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.
Behrens, Carl E
Space Shuttle 56
Bhatt, V.
Beil, Robert J.
Bhattacharya, Sukalyan
Behar, Alberto
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Bhethanabotla, V.
Bhusal, L.
InP 291
Biagini, R. E.
Bibler, N. E.
Bilello, D. E.
Billings, C.
Birkmire, Robert
Birnbaum, Naury K
Birrell, Matt
Blackmon, Fletcher
Blanchat, Thomas K
Blankenship, Kurt
Bleckley, M. K.
Work Survey 32
Bligh, R. P.
Bloch, M
Block, D.
Hydrogen
Education
reach 306
and
Out-
B-3

Space Center 86
Block, David L.
Blodgett, Mark P
Blount, Keith
Control Program 187
Blum, Jurgen
Blum, Robert D.
Bobak, Justin P
Boering, K.
Bogard, Donald D.
Boisvert, J. C.
Bokerman, Gary
Bokerman, G.
Space Center 86
Bonald, T.
Networks 231
Bond, N
Bonnevier, Kirk J
Command
Information
Operations
Bono, J T
B-4
Bonville, L.
Power 156
Bordi, J. J.
Borowski, Kyle
Borst, S. C.
Networks 231
Bosanac, Slobodan D
Bose, Deepak
Boudreau, Y.
Boulanger, J -S
Boussalis, Dhemetrios
Bowers, James
Bowers, L A
Bowman, Ridge
Boyd, D. Douglas, Jr.
Boyko, Edward J
Bradburn, N. M.
Bradtmiller, Bruce
Braley, Michael S.
Brandhorst, Henry
Brashinger, David P.
Brath, K.
Braun, W. R.
Braunagel, V.
Integrating Airport
tems 30
Information
Sys-
Braza, Joseph
Breisacher, Kevin J.
Brennan, John K
Simulations 96
Brennan, Raymond E
Bridge, William M
Brill, J. Christopher
Brinker, David J.
Briones, Janette C.
Britton, Sean M.
Brugarolas, Paul B.
Brooks, R. L.
Brundage, John F
Brower, Jared
2007 - Project 07-02 300
Brown, Alan
Network 232
Brown, C. G.
Brown, Christopher
Brown, Gerald V.
Nitrogen 145
Brown, Larry L
Test System 91
Brown, Nelson A.
Brown, S. T.
Brown, Shawna
Brown, William D.
Brownsea, D A
Brudnak, Mark
2 213

1996 186
1996 186
1996 186
1996 185
1996 184
1997 183
1997 182
1997 182
Brundage, JOhn F
1997 181
Brunette, R.
Bruninga, R.
Bryans, J. W.
Report 209
Bryzik, Walter
Brzezinska, D.
Horizontal
Accuracy
Determination 243
Buckles, B. P.
Buckley, M.
Budy, Stephen M
Buford, John
Network 232
Bugga, Ratnakumar V.
Studies 158
Missions 158
Bui, Bach
Equipment 264
Bui, Tung
Equipment 264
Buisson, James A
Clocks 93
Bull, S. R.
Burchell, M.
Burke, B.
with
GPS-GLONASS
L1-L2
Data 102
Burke, Edward A.
Burke, Kenneth A.
Cells 159
Fuel Cells 10
B-5
Burkett, Douglas A
Control Program 187
Flies 191
Busca, G
Bush, Anneke
Bussiere, P
Butler, A L
Butler, Doug
Health Care 196
Butler, Frank K
Butler, J L
Button, Robert M.
Caci, Jennifer B
Control Program 187
Caimi, F M
Calderone, James J
Caldwell, Stephen L
Callinan, R J
B-6
Cameron-Smith, P.
Camparo, J C
Campbell, D.
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164
Campbell, S.
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164
Canjar, R E
Canning, J. M.
Cano, Roberto J.
Captain, Janine
Captain, J.
Carapella, J. J.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Carbaugh, Ashley
of
Nitroaromatic
Compounds 71
Cardin, Joseph
Completed 11
Carin, L
Imagery 238
Carlander, Otto W.
Carrington, Connie
Carter, K. R.
Carter, M T
Cartwright, K L
Castro, Stephanie
Centea, M.
Tires 88
Cetiner, N. O.
Ion
Uptake
Determination
of
Chabin, Philippe
Chabot, N.L.
Chadwick, D B
Seepage 107
Chamberlain, Robert G.
Joint
Non-kinetic
Effects
(JNEM) 220
Model
Chamis, Christos C.
ICAN/JAVA 77
Champion, David
J1903+0327 295
Chandler, D.
2008 70
Chang, Chih-Chieh G
Chang, Daniel H.
Chang, David D.
Crew
Module
Propulsion
Subsystem 68
Chang, George
Equipment 264
Chang, Sam S
Charron, Laura G
Cheater, Julian C
Cheetham, Craig
Communication 262
Chen, Fannie
Equipment 264
Chen, J. L.
Chen, L.
Chen, Q.
Applications 88
Chen, Shu-cheng, S.
Chen, Songsheng
Remote Sensing 143
Chen, Victor C
Chen, Y. K.
Cheung, Cara
Cheung, Eugene
Cheung, Robert
Choi, Kyung K
Choi, P.
Power 156
Choi, V.
Performance 254
Cholewiak, Roger W.
Chong, Karen O
Chong, O Y
Tunnel System 89
Chong, W K
Tunnel System 89
Chevalier, Christine T.
Metamaterial 71
Chou, Shih-Hung
Chilton, James H.
Chow, James
for Navigation 259
Chiment, J. J.
Ion
Uptake
Determination
of

Chin, Anton
Chiu, M C
Cho, H.
Choi, J.
Choi, Jee Woong
Chow, L.
Applications 88
Christoff, James T
Christoff, Jim
Data 239
Christoffersen, R.
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 305
Chu, Dezhang
B-7

Chu, Peter C
Chua, Damien H
Ciezak, Jennifer A
Source 153
Cionco, Ronald
Data 169
Clancy, T C
Clark, Jeff
Goggles 138
Cleary, Kevin R
Surgery
Society
Monthly
Meetings 181
Clem, T R
Clements, Alvin
Cochenour, Brandon
Optical
Communications
Link 115
Cocks, F. H.
Control Products 36
Coleman, Nicholas R
Coleman, Russell E
Control Program 187
Flies 191
B-8
Collins, Ben
Colozza, Tony
Cells 159
Compere, A. I.
Compere, Marc
2 213
Condley, C J
Efficiency 58
Conger, A. M.
Connell, John W.
Factors 76
Cooper, Tristan
Cordara, F
Corker, K.
Cornfeld, Art
Coroneos, Rula M.
ICAN/JAVA 77
a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151
Corsaro, R.
Cosgriff, Laura A.
Coulson, Dolores
Conroy, Bruce
Crabtree, Dennis
Cook, Dan
Data 239

Cook, Daniel A
Cook, K
Cook, Stehanie
2007 - Project 07-02 300
Cooke, William
Cooper, Lynne P.
Cooper, Rory A
Cragg, Clinton H.
Craig, Stephen C
1996 185
1996 184
1997 183
Crawford, C. L.
Crawford, John E
Creber, R K
Seaweb Server 116
Criddle, K. E.
Crouch, A.
Examination 305
Cruz, Juan R.
Cruz, Juan R
Cuero, Odilon
Curran, Tom
Optical
Communications
Link 115
Curry, Ian
Curtis, Henry
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Dabney, Thomas
Dae, Edward
2007 - Project 07-02 300
Dagel, Mark
Dahl, Peter H
Dalgleish, F R
Dalton, Penni J.
Dalton, W
Danny, F
Dartez, Toby W.
David, Philip
Davie, Neil T
Davis, Dick D
DeCastro, Jonathan A.
Research 43
DeCew, Judson C
Farm 234
deGroh, Kim D.
DeLaat, John C.
Prototype 146
Delgado, Irebert R.
DellaCorte, Christopher
DeLong, J.
Integrating Airport
tems 30
Information
Sys-
Davis, Mike
Clock Stability 110
DeMaggio, Greg
Davis, P S
DeMange, Jeffrey J.
Davis, William A
Day, D.
Day, Peter K.
de Jong, Gerrit
DeAngelo, B.
Act 162
DeBlois, Jeanette
Base, Montana 149
Demers, James
Demidov, N A
KVARZ
Passive
Hydrogen
Masers 141
Denissen, Nicholas A.
Flow Simulations 12
Dennett, James A
Flies 191
Dennison, J. R.
Denno, Patrick L.
Denz, A R
Time
Transfer
GPS 55
Using
NASCOM
B-9
Derriso, Mark
Desphande, A.
Detoma, E
Dever, Timothy P.
Nitrogen 145
Dharwada, P.
Dhere, N.
Applications 88
Dhere, N
Diaz, J. A.
Humidity Sensor 175
Diaz-Santos, Tanio
Dibbern, Andreas W.
Dick Steven J.
Dickey, J. O.
Dickie, Matthew R.
Dickinson, Jason C
Dickinson, M.
Dickman, John E.
B-10
Dickson, Scott A
Smart Dust 219
Donnelly, R P
Efficiency 58
Dieker, A. B.
Dorer, James D.

Diftler, Myron A.
Tool for Crimping
Leads 131
Flexible
Circuit
DiLeo, Roberta A.
Dillenius, Marnix F
Dillon, Jeff
DiMarzio, Nancy
DiMarzio, N
Dorland, Bryan
Dorris, S. E.
Dougherty, M. R. P.
Douglas, R J
Dowell, C. Darren
Dowell, C. H.
Dinardo, S. J.
Dowgiallo, David J
Dippold, Vance F., III

Fluid Dynamics 22
Dowlatadabi, H.
Product 5.2 172
Djapic, Vladimir
(UUV) 223
Drury, C. G.
Dobbins, Trevor
DSouza, V
An NNSS
ceiver 55
Dobitz, Kyle
08-01 219
Duckworth, Darrell
Affects of Multiple Deployments on Families 196
Doman, John
Dong, Bin
Satellite
Timing
Re-
Duda, A.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Dudley, Kenneth L.
Factors 76
Dueringer, Lisa
DuGuay, Michelle D
Duistermaat, Maaike
Dukes, C.
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 305
Dumbacher, Daniel L.
Dunlap, Patrick H.
Dunn, Madeleine
Duvall, Aleta
Dykas, Brian D.
Dyson, Rodger W.
Earls, F. J.
Update 227
Eckert, J.
and Storage 80
Eder, D. C.
Edmondson, K. M.
Edmondson, Kenneth M.
Edwards, Bernell
Efstathiadis, Harry
Ehasz, Elizabeth J
Ehrgott, Jay
Eichenberg, Dennis J.
Ekmann, J.
El Ahmad, A. S.
Low-Cost Attack
CAPTCHA 208
on
Microsoft
Elbaccouch, M.
Separation 85
Eldridge, Jim
Elkins, Michael
Eddaoudi, M.
and Storage 80
Elkins-Daukes, N. J.
Edelstein, A S
Weapons 139
Ellett, Michael J
Elliott, Holly A.
Factors 76
Elliott, Linda
Ellis, D. R.
Utility Airplane 37
Ellison, Daniel S
Emerson, J. E.
Emery, Edward F.
Emery, K.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Endicter, Scott
Engblom, William
Flow Simulations 12
Engelbrecht, J.
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164
Englert, Christoph R
English, D. W.
B-11
Enzenroth, A.
Ercoline, Bill
Applied
Research
Learned 199
Review/Lessons
Eriksson, Lars M.
Ernest, Steve
Esbin, B.
Eser, Erten
Eskenazi, Michael
Estrada, Arthur
Euler, Ferdinand K
Evans, Hugh
Ewell, R. C.
Fager, Chadwick F
Fairbairn, Bruce
Fairlie, Gregor E
Farmer, J. C.
Farrell, J A
(UUV) 223
B-12
Farrell, Michael
Fasanella, Edwin L.
Fatemi, Navid
Fine, J E
Weapons 139
Fireman, Heather
Fischer, David G.
Fazakerley, Richard G

Fazi, Chris
Fischer, G A
Weapons 139
Fedarko, Neal S
Fisher, Dave
Communication 262
Felton, Melvin
Photoacoustics 142
Fenton, J.
Power 156
Fernandez, Jose E
Fesmire, James
Fetzer, Chris M.
Fetzer, Chris
Feuer, Hank
Fisher, Jody
Fisher, R. Scott
Fitsanakis, Vanesssa A
(MHRP) 181
Fitzgerald, E. A.
Fitzgerald, J. S.
Report 209
Workshop 204
Flanagan, Dave
Flatico, J. M.
Fields, MaryAnne
Flatico, Joseph M.
Fields, Shannon
Flatico, Joseph
Filppi, Ed
Fincannon, H. James
Fleming, T P
Fletcher, C L
Seaweb Server 116
Fletcher, Kingsley
Frair, L.

Francis, Nigel J
Flournoy, T. H.
Control Products 36
Frankel, M. R.
Folk, M.
Performance 254
Follo, Jeffrey C.
Fong, Wai
Communication 262
Fonseca, Vincent P
1996 186
1996 186
1996 186
Foote, Kenneth G
Forbes, David
Frankenfield, Bruce
Fraser, Nicholas A
Anonymous
Routing
Environment 212
Frate, Dave T.
Fredrickson, Herbert
Fredriksson, David W
Farm 234
Freed, Mark R
Command
Information
Operations
Freedman, A. P.
Freeman III, Frank
Path 119
Force, Dale A.
Lunar
Reconnaissance
Orbiter
Freeman, Jon C.
Forgione, Christoher M
Freundlich, A.
InP 291
Forster, Scott
and
Stabilization:
The
Critical
Link 120
Friedrich, Craig
Fowler, R.
Frost, Patricia A
Nuclear Iran 243
Fox, Dennis S.
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
Frueholz, R P
Fryar, Craig
Fu, Bruce X.
Fu, G. Y.
Beam Ions 245
Fulton, Christopher
Fulton, Michael
Fung, Nicholas
Funk, K.
Futrelle, J.
Gabb, Timothy P.
Gaier, James R.
Gaier, T. C.
Galea, S C
Galie, Thomas
Gallagher, Dennis G
Gallimore, J. J.
Ganyc, D.
Garber, Judy
Garber, Stephen J.
B-13
Garcia, Alexander
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Garner, J. C.
Garrison, Daniel H.
Garvey, Dennis M
Gascoin, Franck
Gatesman, Andrew J
Gaume, Ralph
Ghose, Sayata
Factors 76
Ghosn, Louis J.
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
Ghuman, Parminder
Communication 262
Giants, Thomas W.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Gleeson, Daniel J.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Glynn, J M
Gobbo, G
Gocmen, Murat
Goddard, Douglas N
Gibson, Charles C
Goel, V K
An NNSS
ceiver 55
Gibson, D. J.
(Gamma)-Rays 236
Goff, J A
Satellite
Timing
Re-
Gayda, John
Giersch, Louis R.
Samples 259
Geballe, Tom
Gilbert, Michael G.
Goldsmith, T. E.
Giles, Robert H

Report 30
Ginart, Antonio
Goldstein, Marvin E.
Geisz, J. F.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Geller, Aaron M
188 299
Gender, Thomas K.
for Navigation 259
Georgiadis, Nicholas J.
Flow Simulations 12
Ginsberg, Jerry H.
Georgieva, Katya Y
Giovane, F.
Ghiocel, Dan
Girard, Gerald
Ghiorso, M.
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
Gitzendanner, R.
Ghirlanda, S.
Gjestvang, Jens A
B-14
Goldsmith, Benjamin W
Goliher, Eric L.
Gonzalez, A C
Gonzalez, Marcelo C.
Good, G. W.
Goodell, Jarrett
2 213
Gordley, L. L.
Range 15-70 km 301
Gordon, Claire
Gorelenkov, N. N.
Beam Ions 245
Gorsich, David
Gottron, Frank
Gould, George L.
Gould, Michael J
Debris 225
Grano, D.
Act 162
Graven, H. D.
Gray, Andrew
Communication 262
Gray, John E
Representations 229
Gronlund, S. D.
Greathead, D.
Report 209
Gross, Lorraine
Grech, Michelle
Green, Nelson W.
Green, Robert D.
Greenstein, J.
Greenstone, James L
Gradl, Paul
Greer, Harold F.
Graf, E
Greer, L. C.
Graham, Kenneth J
Gramopadhye, A. K.
Gramopadhye, A.
Grimes-Ledesma, Lorie
Grishaev, Andrei A
Relativity 124
Goyette, Thomas M
Gragg, Ken
Griffith, W. L.
Greer, Lawrence C.
Greer, Lawrence
Grote, James G
Nanometer Films 187
Groves, J G
Seepage 107
Gu, L.
Space Center 86
Guha, Subhendu
Guilderson, T. P.
Gunapala, Sarath D.
Gunn, J E
Gupta, Kajal K.
Gregori, P.
Gurton, Kristan
Photoacoustics 142
Grham, K. S.
Guynn, Mark D.
Griffin, John L
Gyekenyesi, Andrew L.
Crack Detection 147
B-15
Haack, D. P.
Plates, (Final) 157
Bipolar
Haas, Brad
08-01 219
Haas, Ellen
Haas, Gary
Hackworth, C. A.
Work Survey 32
Haddad, M.
Hadfield, Steven M
(IITA) 253
Haeger, Steven D
Hagen, Joshua A
Nanometer Films 187
Haggard, D. C.
Haggstrom, O.
Hagmann, C. A.
(Gamma)-Rays 236
Hainaut, Marie-Claire
Haldar, Pradeep
Hall, Charles S.
Hall, D.
Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:
Hall, James
Solar Cells 286
Hall, Nancy Rabel
B-16
Hall, P.
Hydrogen
Education
reach 306
and
Out-
Hall, Phill
Science Research 23
Hallissy, Jim B.
Configuration 26
Halvorsen, L.
Hammar, Terence R
Hammer, David L
Hammesfahr, J
Hammoud, Ahmad
Space Missions 129
Hampton, M.
Hancock, D. W., III
Handler, Louis M.
Hanson, Curt
Hanson, D W
Hanson, Donald B
Hanson, S.I.
Hardee, Ed
Hardy, W N
Haris, Huch C
188 299
Harley, Thomas C.
Harrington, Maureen L.
Harris, B.
Harris, Jerome
Configuration 26
Hartung, Markus
Haslem, J.
Hausgen, Paul E.
Coatings 288
Hawkins, Jeff
Hayashi, Teruhiko
Standard 106
Hayne, G. S.
Haynes, John M.
Hayslett-Keck, M.
Healy, T.
Integrating Airport
tems 30
Herman, Daniel A.
Sys-

Heidbrink, W. W.
Beam Ions 245
Hernandez, C.
Information
Heidmann, James D.
Heijmans, H. J. A. M.
Heikkinen, Bonnie
Flow Simulations 12
Helizon, Roger S.
Cells 284
Helmers, R.
Helton, D.
Henderson, Erin
Henrion, M.
Product 5.2 172
Herring, Helen M.
Herring, T. A.
Heverly, Matthew
Hewitson, Bill C
1996 185
1996 184
1997 183
Heynderickx, Daniel
Hicks, Brian C
Henry, Floyd P
Higgins, C.D.
Henzmann, A.
Hydrogen
Education
reach 306
Out-
Hile, Theodore C
Herald, J.
Hill, Cory J.
Herlacher, Michael D.
Hill, Susan
and
Him, C.
Applications 88
Ho, S.
Hochberg, Lisa P
Control Program 187
Hodgkiss, William S
Hoenk, Michael E.
Hoenk, Michael
Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
Imaging
Technol-
Hoffman, Philip
Base, Montana 149
Hoge, Peter A.
Hohlhase, Kimmie
Holland, C W
Waveguides 238
Hollingham, Richard
Hollis, Brian R.
Test 6931 25
Holtje, Michael
08-01 219
Holtz, Dale
2 213
B-17
Homann, Natalie
Homann, S. G.
Honaker, Ronald E
Hopkins, Grady
Control Program 187
Hoppe, Daniel
Hoppe, David
Horgan, Thomas M
Hornbeak, Scott
Orthotic
and
Prosthetic
Education 178
Horsham, Gary A.
Studies 158
Missions 158
Huba, Joseph D
Hudson, II, John G
2007 - Project 07-02 300
08-01 219
Huebschman, Ben
Imaizumi, M.
Huff, Russell
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Exploration
Huffman, C.
Hufnagle, Jr , Lawrence C
Hufnagle, Jr, Lawrence C
Hughey, Richard L
Howard, M.
Hunter, Gary W.
Hoy, Scott
Communication 262
Hu, X.
Flexible
Circuit
Hursky, Paul
Band 237
Hussaini, Y.
of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 82
NASCOM
Hutton, John P
Huang, C.
Huynh, Giap
Hua, Q D
Time
Transfer
GPS 55
B-18
Using
Ibrahim, Ahmed S
Ilas, G.
2008 70
Hulse, Aaron
Tool for Crimping
Leads 131
Howell, Joe
Ibanez-Meier, R.

- Project 08-03 252
House, N.G.
Howe, D A
Iacono, Scott T
Imbier, Edward A
High Accuracy
ing 55
Omega
Timekeep-
Imholte, Michelle
Imwalle, Joseph H
Impact
on
Computing
in
2030 128
Ionasescu, R.
Ipin, R. C.
Irish, James D
Farm 234
Isaacs-Smith, Tamara
Ishac, Joseph A.
and
Emulation
Environment
for
NASA 220
Ishak, S.
Isshiki, T.
Itoh, H.
Ivezic, Z
Iyengar, Janardhan R
Iyengar, N.
Jackson, Karen E.
Jackson, Karen
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
Jacobson, Isabel G
Jacobson, nathan S.
Jacobson, R. A.
Jacques, C
Jadaan, O. M.
C-Ring Specimen 97
Jain, C L
An NNSS
ceiver 55
Satellite
Timing
Re-
Jansen, Ralph H.
Nitrogen 145
Jennings, Bonnie M
Jarvis, S
Jensen, Brian J.
Jarvis, Susan
Javadi, Hamid H.
Jaworske, Donald A.
Jech, J M
Jedlovec, Gary J.
Jedlovec, Gary
Jendly, A
Jenkins, Luther N.
Configuration 26
Jenkins, P. P.
Jerome, D M
(FRP) Panels 149
Jesperson, J L
Jett, Timothy R.
Bearings 7
Jiang, Dongying
Jindra, Nicole
Johansson, J.
Johnson, Anthony
Johnson, C E
Cells 93
Johnson, C. M.
Methods 25
Johnson, D. L.
Johnson, David M
James, H.
2008 70
Jenkins, Phillip P.
Ge Substrates 280
Johnson, Irene
Jaminet, Maria
Jenkins, Phillip
Johnson, Kevin
2007 - Project 07-02 300
Jansen, Mark J.
Jennings, Barton T
Control Program 187
08-01 219
B-19

- Project 08-03 252
Johnson, M. S.
(Gamma)-Rays 236
Johnson, Mark A
Johnson, P. J.
Johnson, Todd
Johnson, Victor B
Johnston, K J
Johnston, Kenneth
Jokerst, Amanda
08-01 219
- Project 08-03 252
Jone, C. B.
Report 209
Jones, Bruce H
1996 186
1996 186
1996 186
1996 185
B-20

1996 184
1997 183
Jones, Deborah
Jones, Glenn
Solar Cells 286
Jones, Henry E.
Configuration 26
Jones, J. B.
Jones, K.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Jones, P. L.
Control Products 36
Jones, Rob
Jones, Todd J.
Jones, William R.
Joseph, Cecil S
Joslin, D. E.
Joslin, David E.
Juhasz, Albert J.
June, Keith L
and
Stabilization:
The
Critical
Link 120
Juric, M
Justak
of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 82
Justus, Jere
Kaarls, R
Kababji, A.
Kacpura, Thomas J.
Kahn, J.
Kalgren, Patrick W
Jones, William T.
Reference Frame 23
Kalla, Ajay
Jong, G de
Kamstra, L.
Jordan, Jacqueline
Jorgensen, Inger
Jorgensen, Paul S
Control
System
(OCS)
Tracking
Data 109
Kaneshiro, Daniel
Kang, Bryan H.
Kangaslahti, P. P.

Kapat, J.
Applications 88
Kavouras, J.
Kaplan, G H

Kapoor, K.
Kazanas, Demosthenes
Karam, N. H.
Karam, Nasser H.
Karbhari, V. M.
Kardous, C. A.
Firing Ranges 161
Karlsson, Henrik
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Exploration
Karthikeyan, Jegan
Glenn-Developed
Kateb, Babak
2008 179
Katz, A.
Kaul, Roger
Kauzlarich, Susan
Kavouras, I.
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164
Keel, Pamela K
Keeling, R.
Kegerise, Michael A.
Kehoe, Michael W.
Keith, D.
Product 5.2 172
Kellas, Sotiris
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
Keller, J.
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 305
Keller, L. P.
Keller, Vernon W.
Kelley, Amanda M
Kelly, Douglas J
Anonymous
Routing
Environment 212
Kenan, U.
Ion
Uptake
Determination
of
Kende, M.
Backbones 216
Kent, Jason R
Space 52
Kent, John
Kerr, Paul K
Kerslake, Thomas W.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Khan, A.
Firing Ranges 161
Khan, Alfred
Khomenko, V.
Kiessling, J.
Kim, D. J.
Model 27
Kim, D.
Neural Networks 42
Kim, Jin-Dae
Kim, K.
B-21
Kim, Mingook
Kim, Ran Y
Kim, S.
Kim, Tae-Won
Kimbrough, J.
Kimmell, T. A.
Issues 170
King, B. F.
Firing Ranges 161
King, D
King, R. R.
King, RIchard R.
King, Robin
Communication 262
Kirchner, D
Kivi, R.
Humidity Sensor 175
Kleinhenz, Julie E.
Klenke, Christopher J
Klepezynski, W J
Klobuchar, John A
B-22
Kluszczynski, R.
Image Segmentation
Markov Fields 205
Polygonal

1997 182
Knapp, G R

1997 182
by
Knecht, B.
Knight, Doyle D
Knight, Ronald
Flies 191
Kobayashi, Takahisa
Kober, Peter
Koch, Josh
2007 - Project 07-02 300
Kohl, P.A.
Kohl, S.
County,
Nevada.
(DE2009950711) 164

1997 181
Kohout, Lisa L.
Kojima, Jun
Flames 210
Kokaly, R. F.
Kolar, Ramesh
Kolberg, Florence
Network 232
Kolberg, Mario
Network 232
Kopasakis, George

Korth, Sheila

Kory, Carol L.
Metamaterial 71

Kohlhase, Kimmie
1996 184
1997 183
Kossler, Mauricio
Kostyla, Stanley
Kowalske, Kyle
Kragh, Frank
Krall, Jonathan F
Krasowski, M. J.
Krasowski, Michael J.
N-Channel
Krasowski, Michael
Krause, David L.
Krayterman, Dmitriy
Krebs, W. K.
Krik, J. G.
GPS/WAAS 102
Kropp, Derek L
Command
Information
Operations
Kruger, D.
Act 162
Kuczmarski, Maria A.
Kukumura, Keigo
Kumar, K
An NNSS
ceiver 55
Satellite
Timing
Re-
Kummer, Peter O
Kung, M.
Kuniholm, P. I.
Ion
Uptake
Determination
of
Kunz, R.
Power 156
Kuramochi, Naimu
Standard 106
Kurtz, Sarah
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280

Lamberton, Haldane B
Lambrigtsen, Bjorn H.
Landi, Brian J.
Landis, Geoffrey A.
Ge Substrates 280
Kyro, E.
Humidity Sensor 175
La Scala, John J
Lang, Thomas
Laffen, J.
Report 52
Lahjouji, A.
Lai, Hung-Quoc
Laib, S.
Laird, Robbin F
Number 66 33
Lake, James P
Lal, Anita
Lam, K Y
Tunnel System 89
Lam, S. N.
Lamb, David A
Lankford, Dennis
Flow Simulations 12
Lapenta, William M.
LaPointe, Michael R.
Completed 11
Largay, Marie M
Clocks 93
Larsen, P. G.
Workshop 204
Lasome, Caterina
Lauer, Joel T.
Laux, Alan
Optical
Communications
Link 115
Law, D. C.
Lay, Norman
Communication 262
B-23
Leach, Erika C
Current Posture 218
Leahy, Bart
LeardMann, Cynthia A
Lebel, D
Ledet, Mary M
Leduc, Henry G.
LeDuc, Patricia
Lee, Dennis
Communication 262
Lee, H. S.
Lee, Richard A.
Lepak, Jeffrey J
Strategy 248
Lee, Richard Q.
Novel
Nanoionics-Based
Lerch, Bradley A.
Lee, T. H.
Glenn-Developed

Lee, Tom
Lee-Rausch, Elizabeth M.
Reference Frame 23
Leeson, Andrea
Lefreniere, David
Gemini
Images
oplanet 293
Possible
Ex-
Lei, Fan
Lee, Hyung
Leib, Stewart J.
Lee, Ikjin
Leimkuehler, Thomas O.
EDU 133
Lee, John S
Control Program 187
Lee, Jong-Sik
Leishman, J G
Lekki, John D.
25 22
Lee, L. S.
Lempert, R.
Product 5.2 172
Lee, Man-Jong
Leonard, Matthew S
Lee, Nyung
Remote Sensing 143
LePage, K D
Waveguides 238
B-24

Lesage, Paul
Operated
with
Enhanced
Cavity
Q 124
Leschiutta, S
Lesieutre, Daniel J
Leventhal, Edward
Lever, John A
Lewicki, David G.
Evaluated 44
Lewis, W K
Li, Wei-Xin
Nanometer Films 187
Li, Y S
Liang, Zhiyong (Richard)
Applications 91
Liao, X
Imagery 238
Liberatore, Stephen P
Liberson, Alexander S
Libertore, Stephen P
Lichten, S. M.
Lichtenhan, Joseph D.
Liebersbach, Robert
Converting CSV
Files 262
Files
to
RKSML
Lilley, R. W.
GPS/WAAS 102
Lilly, Douglas D
Lim, Peter
Formulation 177
Lin, John K.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Lin, K. W.
USGS
Linberry, Quentin J.
Linkous, C.
Separation 85
Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:
Linn, John
Liou, J.-C.
Litt, Jonathan S.
Singular-Value
Decomposition-Based
Research 43
Liu, Frank
Liu, K J
Liu, Simon H.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Lorentzen, Justin R.
Lospinoso, Joshua
Liu, Yuanyuan
Lowe, Paul
and Simulations 112
Livingston, Mark A
Lu, Y.
Lockwood, Mary Kae

Loeffler, M.J.
Photoelectron
Spectroscopy
Studies 305
Loew, Raymond A.
Lollar, Louis
Lombardi, M A
Loney, Timothy J
Loper, G.
Report 52
Loper, S.
Integrating Airport
tems 30
Information
Sys-
Lopez-Puertas, M.
Range 15-70 km 301
Liu, G R
Tunnel System 89
Lord, Ken
Liu, J.
Lorentzen, J. R.
Ludwig, Sharon L
1996 186
1996 186
1996 186
1996 185
1996 184
1997 183
Lueck, M. R.
Luna, Michael
Luong, Ivy
Equipment 264
Luongo, C.
Lupton, R H
B-25
Luvall, Jeffrey C.
Magee, Kevin
a Duct 263
Luxhoj, J. T.
Malacha, D.
Lyall, B.
Training
Development
Experiences 28
Lyle, Karen H.
Lyles, Garry M.
Lynch, Robert
Test System 91
Ma, J.
Ma, Zheng-Dong
Mabry, Joseph M
Mace, W. Derry
Configuration 26
Machan, Roman
MacIsaac, J. D.
Tires 88
Malhotra, Shantanu
Equipment 264
Malovrh, Brendon D.
Configuration 26
Malvar, L J
Mandjes, M. R. H.
Mandy, D. M.
Manohara, Harish
Manor, Michael T
Manzella, David H.
Mardesich, Nick
Marin, C. V.
Marshall, B. T.
Range 15-70 km 301
Marshall, Craig H.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Martin, A.
Martin, Christopher R
Martin, Christopher
Martin, Elizabeth
Goggles 138
Martin, James
- Project 08-03 252
Martin, Robert W
Martinez, Roland M.
Transportation 60
Mao, Yu
Martinich, J.
Act 162
Madden, Michael
Marciniak, M.
Neural Networks 42
Mason, Brad
Paper Number 22) 40
Mafera, P.
NAS 28
Mardahl, P J
Mason, Lee S.
Power 159
MacKenzie, R. A.
B-26
Mason, Rachel
Science Operations
Progress 295
--
Web
Page
Mateu, J.
Mathieu, Robert D
188 299
Matolak, D. W.
Matsakis, D N
Matsumoto, James H.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Matthews, Anthony D
Mattila, Seppo
Mattson, William D
Source 153
Maul, William
May, Richard
May, William K
McCarthy, Catherine E.
McCarthy, Jr, Thomas R
McCaskill, Thomas B
Clocks 93
McLean, J R
Time
Transfer
GPS 55
Using
NASCOM
McLeod, Andrew
McNatt, Jeremiah S.
Ge Substrates 280
McClure, Robert D
188 299
McNeil, N.
McConnaughey, Paul K.
McQuillen, John B.
McConnell, John B
McCulloh, Ian
McCurdy, Darlene A
McDanal, A.J.
McDonald, Vincent K
Band 237
Mead, K.
Meador, Mary Ann
McElroy Bruce
Ge Substrates 280
Meador, Michael A.
of
Nitroaromatic
Compounds 71
McGlothlin, Norman R
Meggitt, Dallas
System 103
McGovern, James
Meier, R R
Mayer, Jeffrey S
Testing:
McGrath, Braden
McGrath, R. E.
Meirs, M
Mayer, Larry A
McKay, Brian J
Melcher, Kevin
Mayersak, Ryanne J
McKay, David
Menard, J.
Beam Ions 245
Mazel, C H
McAllister, Joseph
McKinley, Andy
Applied
Research
Learned 199
Review/Lessons

Menges, W. L.
Meras, Patrick
B-27
Merrill, John
Coatings 288

Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
Messenger, S. R.
Miller, Sandi G.
Messenger, S.
Messenger, Scott R.
Messenger, Scott
Metivier, Timothy
Joint
Non-kinetic
(JNEM) 220
Effects
Model
Meyer, R.
Meza, J.
Michelena, Eduardo D
Buoy Center 109
Milam, Lana
Miller, Sharon K.
Miller, Steven
Miloshevich, L.
Humidity Sensor 175
Minnella, Chris
Miranda, Felix A.
Misawa, K.
Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
Misra, P.
Mohajeri, N.
Separation 85
and Storage 80
Mohammad, Syed
2 213
Moloney, Padraig G.
Molthan, Andrew
Monacos, Steve
Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
Imaging
Technol-
Monet, D G
Monet, David
Miller, D. P.
Aviation Safety 24

with
GPS-GLONASS
L1-L2
Data 102
Mooij, M.
Missout, G
Moon, Michael
Miller, Eric J
Mitnick, Walter L
Moore, K.
Miller, L. S.
Utility Airplane 37
Mittrick, Mark R
Moore, R. W.

Report 52
Miller, Miller
2007 - Project 07-02 300
Miller, Paul
(UUV) 223
Miller, Robert A.
B-28
Miyahira, Sarah D
Obese Adults 178
Mlynczak, M. G.
Range 15-70 km 301
Moertl, P. M.
Mohajeri, Nahid
Moore, Regina L
Buoy Center 109
Morales, Wilfredo
Actuators 72
Moretti, D J
Morgan, M. G.
Product 5.2 172
Moriarty, T.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Morretti, David
Morrison, Michael R
Command
Information
Operations
Morrissey, R P
Morrissey, Ronald
Morscher, Gregory N.
Carbide/Silicon
Carbide
Composites 8
Morton, Thomas L.
Morton, Thomas
Mortsfield, Todd
2 213
Moss, Gary S
Mrozinski, Joseph
Mueller, C. A.
Mueller, Carl H.
Mueller, C.
Mueller, Robert L.
Cells 284
Mueller, Robert
Mullen, Linda
Optical
Communications
Link 115
Nagpal, Vinod K.
Nagy, Peter B
Naiman, Hadassah
Nakagawara, V. B.
Nakamura-Messenger, K.
Mullins, Barry E
Anonymous
Routing
Environment 212
Nalette Tim
Mungall, A G
Naritsuka, Shigeya
Standard 106
Munn, J A
Muradov, N.
Feedstocks 85
Muradov, Nazim
Murphy, L.
the TSD 29
Murthy, Pappu L. N.
Muszynski, L C
(FRP) Panels 149
Muzzell, Patsy A
Nagomy, Aleksandr S.
Nitrogen 145
Naseem, Hameed A.
Nau, H
Nawash, Nuha S.
Nazikian, R.
Beam Ions 245
Needham, Richard C
Neill, Susan
Nelson, Chris
Flow Simulations 12
Nessel, James A.
Novel
Nanoionics-Based
B-29
Neudeck, Philip G.
hr at 500 deg. C 18
Nixon, William E
Neumann, Michael
Noebe, Ronald D.
Neumann, P
Waveguides 238
Newman, Fred
Newton, C L
Nguyen, Baochau N.
Nguyen, Minh-Tuan
Nguyen, Quang-Viet
25 22
Flames 210
Nguyen, S.
Ni, Tao
Nichols, Sharon
Nielsen, Eric J.
Reference Frame 23
Niemczyk, M.
Training
Development
Experiences 28
Nieuwejaar, W
Nikolaev, P.
Noh, Yoojeong
Noonan, Kevin W.
Configuration 26
Nugent, Karen
Nunez Queija, R.
Nyquist, L. E.
Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
Oaks, David M
Fuel Pipelines 101
Obermeyer, Sheila
OBrien, Sean G
Obringer, Lee Ann
Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 128
Ochsner, Geoff
08-01 219
OConnor, Lauraleen
Technol-
ODay, Stephen C
Command
Information
Operations

Odom, Jane H.
Nikzad, Shouleh
Synthetic Foveal
ogy 266
B-30
Imaging
OGuinn, Monica L
Control Program 187
Ohshima, T.
Okojie, Robert S.
Method
Developed
for
HighTemperature,
Harsh-Environment
Silicon-Carbide
Pressure
Sensors 128
Olejniczak, Joe
Olmsted, Stuart S
Olsen, Roger
ONeill, Mark
Oppenheim, John
Ordonez, J.
Oria, Maria P
Oriti, Salvatore M.
Ormond, Josh
Orndorff, Gregory
Orsagh, Rolf
Osher, Stanley
Oswald, Fred B.
Bearings 7
Papale, William
Ott, William E.
for Navigation 259
Paquette, Steve

Oura, Nobunori
Standard 106
Overfield, M.
Overway, D J
Oxman, J.
Packahm, Christopher
Packard, G
Page, E. H.
Pai, Shantaram S.
a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151
Pain, Bedabrata
Parcher, D. W.
Parsons, Vickie s.
Patterson, Richard L.
Space Missions 129
Paul, Victor
2 213
Paulsen, R J
Seepage 107
Pauly, Patrice
Parsons, Vickie S.
Pawlik, Ralph J.
Parsons-Wingerter, Patricia
Software 17
Paxson, Daniel E.
Pressure-Gain
Combustion
Investigated 49
Pascaru, I
Pastel, Robert T.
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
Pastukhov, A V
KVARZ
Passive
Hydrogen
Masers 141
Patel, Bhogilai M.
Payne, R. J.
Report 209
Peacock, Brent A
Warfare 214
Pearman, B.
Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:
Pearse, Lisa
1997 181
Pearson, Richard
Pal, AnnaMaria T.
Ge Substrates 280
Patnaik, Surya N.
a
Composite
Airframe
Component 151
Pease, Fred
Fund) 164
Palacio, Lisa
Patterson, Michael J.
Pelletier, F. J.
Palaszewski, Bryan A.
Systems Analyzed 20

Testing 13
Pencil, Eric J.
Completed 11

Peng, G.
Humidity Sensor 175
Palmer, K.
Pane, John F

Pereira, J. Michael
B-31

Pergamit, M. R.
Perrella, Andrew C
Perry, Alan R.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Pesquet-Popescu, B.
Pestov, I.D.
Peters, H E
Peterson, B.
Phoenix, S. Leigh
Poberezhskiy, Ilya Y.
Picone, J M
Polanco, Michael A.
Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
Honeycomb 151
Picornell-Darder, M.
Piella, G.
Pietka, Ginger
Pietryka, P
Pinto, P
Piomelli, Ugo
Interface
Conditions
for
Hybrid
Peterson, Todd T.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Pisacane, V.
Petit, G
of TAI 106
Piskura, Jacob C
Petit, Pierre
Operated
with
Enhanced
Cavity
Q 124
Petros, M.
Remote Sensing 143
Pettiti, V
Petzar, Paul
Remote Sensing 143
Pham, Nang T.
Phan, Tu-Anh
B-32
Piszczor, M. F.
Piszczor, Michael F., Jr.
Coatings 288
Piszczor, Michael
Piszczor, Mike
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Workshop
I:
Pitiot, Franck
Plachta, David W.
Ploch, John
Control Program 187
Porter, Brian
Porter, Michael B
Band 237
Potapczuk, Mark G.
Powell, Richard W.
Powell, Robert R
Power, Greg
Flow Simulations 12
Powers, E
Pozolo, Mike
2 213
Prabhu, Dinesh
Pras, A.
Pratt, M.
with
GPS-GLONASS
L1-L2
Data 102
Predmore, Roamer E.
Bearings 7
Preece, Dale S
Price, David E
Price, Kenneth
Operations 118
Primm, T.
2008 70
Pritchard, Jack K
Prokop, Norman F.
N-Channel
Proutiere, A.
Networks 231
Pufall, Matthew R
Puglia, F.
Pukala, David M.
GHz 262
Putkovich, Kenneth
Atomic Clocks 112
Putnam, John L
Control Program 187
Qi, Chang
Quakenbush, Todd
Quasso, R
Quattrochi, Dale A.
Quinn, Frank
a Duct 263
Quinn, Kevin M
Quinn, Steven R
Quitoriano, V.
USGS
Race, Roger E
Raffaelle, Ryne P.
Raffalle, Ryne
Rahman, M.
Rahman, Shamim
Raines, Richard A
Anonymous
Routing
Environment 212
Raissi, Ali
Raj, Sai V.
Glenn-Developed
Raju, Basavaraju
Ramasamy, K.
Ramirez, B.
Randall, Jr , Derek A
Rapp, Donald
Ratnakumar, B. V.
Rauser, Richard W.
Rawal, Suraj P.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Rawley, Lloyd
Clock Stability 110
Ray Liu, K J
Raymond, Jo-lynne W
Control Program 187
Ready, Jud
Reardon, Ken
Reddy, Tondapu S.
Reed, Brad
Workshop
I:
\Reehorst, Andrew L.
Reese, Y.
Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
Reese, Y.D.
Reid, Concha M.
Studies 158
Missions 158
B-33
Reid, Wilson G
Clocks 93
Righter, K.
Comparison
to
Standard
Approaches 92
Reinhout, Melanie

Reining, Robert

Reinke, William
reis, Deane G.
Configuration 26
Remsberg, E. E.
Range 15-70 km 301
Ressler, H
Revilock, Duane M.
Ribelin, Rosine
Ricaurte, E. M.
Rice, Betsy M
Source 153
Rice, J A
Seaweb Server 116
Richardson, Kim
Rickman, Denis
Riddlebaugh, Stephen M.
B-34
Riley, William J
Ringel, S. A.
Roemer, Michael J
Roemer, Michael
Rohrbaugh, D.
Roijers, F.
Rippard, William H
Roland, Keith
- Project 08-03 252
Ritzert, Frank J.
Romero, M. J.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Roberson, Luke
Rong, P. P.
Range 15-70 km 301
Roberts, Gary D.
Roberts, Lily M.
Robertson, Clark
Robinson, H G
Cells 93
Rodgers, Bernadette
Rodgers, Kristen
- Project 08-03 252
Roeder, James W., Jr.
Tunnel 18
Rosario, L.
Rose, Louis A
Ross, C A
(FRP) Panels 149
Roth, D. C.
Roth, Don J.
Rothert, J.
1997 163
Deposition
Program,
1998 164
Deposition
Program,
1999 165
Deposition
Program,
2000 166

Deposition
Program,
2001 166

1997 182
Sacksteder, Kurt R.

Deposition
Program,
2002 166

1997 182
Sadaqathulla, Syed
Equipment 264
Rotter, Henry A.

1997 181
Rouse, Tiffany
Rubiola, E
Rowe, Terry
Rucker, Rochelle N.
Rowton, Edgar D
Control Program 187
Rowton, Edgar
Flies 191
Roy, Jean-Rene
Rubertone, Mark V
Ruff, Gary A.
Rumchik, C G
Russell, J. M., III
Range 15-70 km 301
Russell, John
Solar Cells 286
Sadasivan, S.
Sadowy, Gregory A.
GHz 262
Sahara, S.
Workshop 204
Salem, Jonathan A.
Samaras, Tim
Test System 91
Sambandam, S.
Samenow, J.
Act 162
Sammelmann, Gary S

1996 186
Russell, Richard W.
Samoska, Lorene A.
GHz 262

1996 186
Ruth, R. E.
Sampath, W. S.

1996 186
1996 185
1996 184
Ruxanda, R.
Alloys 92
Ryan, Margaret A

Ryder, Stuart

1997 183
Saade, Edward
System 103
Sams, Clarence F.
Project (ISSMP) 196
Sanborn, S. A.
Utility Airplane 37
Sanderson, S
Sandmeyer, Richard S
Demonstration:
The
Storyboard
Model 222
B-35
Sandoval, Annette
Schihl, Peter
Army
Ground
Current/Future
dards 90
Sands, James M
Schlee, Keith L.
Santini, N J
Sanzi, James L.
Sarkisov, Sergey S.
Sass, Jared
Sattler, Eric R
Saunders, John D.
Saw, C.
Sawin, C.F.
Sayir, Ali
Developed 21
Scarborough, Stephen E.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Scharschan, John
Scheiman, D.
Scheiman, David A.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Scheiman, David
Ge Substrates 280
B-36
Vehicles
Emission
Schleith, S.
Hydrogen
Education
reach 306
and
and
Stan-
Out-
Schmeisser, Elmar
Schmidt, Greg S
Schoeller, Michael H
Schoettle, B.
In-Vehicle Video
ness 200
and
Motion
Sick-
Schrader, B. J.
Manual 163
Schreiber, T.
Image Segmentation
Markov Fields 205
by
Polygonal
Schroeder, D. J.
Work Survey 32
Schuller, Michael
Schwarz, D. K. H.
Ion
Uptake
Determination
of
Schwenn, Ron
Scrivner, Roy L.
Cells 284
Scullion, T.
Seaberry, Charles M
Seal, S.
Sease, J. D.
2008 70
Sehirlioglu, Alp
Developed 21
Self, B. P.
Self, Brian P.
Environments 200
Self, W.
Selkirk, H.
Humidity Sensor 175
Senft, Donna
Coatings 288
Seong, Somi
Sesar, B
Seth, Anil
Adaptive Optics 294
Shafarman, William
Sharkey, W. W.
Sharps, Paul
Shaw, B W
Shea, Dana A
Sheldon, Jeremy
Sherwood, Van
Control Program 187
Flies 191
Shih, C.- Y.
Shih, C.-Y.
Shergottite
Yamato
984028 305
Shinoda, Patrick M.
Shirkey, Richard C
Shpargel, Tarah P.
Shvartsman, Andrey
2 213
Siderius, Martin
Band 237
Sierakowski, R L
(FRP) Panels 149
Sikorsky, C.
Silva, Stephanie
2007 - Project 07-02 300
08-01 219
- Project 08-03 252
Simburger, Edward J.
Engineering
Development
Unit 289
Simon, Donald L.
Simpson, R.
Singh, Mohan
An NNSS
ceiver 55
Satellite
Timing
Re-
Singh, Mrityunjay
Singh, U.
Remote Sensing 143
Singpurwalla, Nozer D
Sinharoy, Samar
Sisodia, A K
An NNSS
ceiver 55
Satellite
Timing
Re-
Sitti, Metin
Sivak, M.
In-Vehicle Video
ness 200
and
Motion
Sick-
Skaff, Antony
Slywczak, Richard A.
and
Emulation
Environment
for
NASA 220
Smart, Marshall C.
Studies 158
Missions 158
Smialek, James L.
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
Smith, Besa
Smith, Brian D
Smith, C F
Seepage 107
Smith, Christopher S
IP Case Study 218
Skouson, Mark B
Smith, Craig E.
Carbide/Silicon
Carbide
Composites 8
Slattery, D.
Hydrogen-Powered
Aeropropulsion:
Smith, Daid Alan

Smith, Darrell H
Laboratory 249

Slaughter, Mary E
Slinker, Steven P
Smith, F.
Feedstocks 85
Smith, Howard D
B-37
Smith, Joseph G.
Factors 76
Smith, Jr, Dennis W
Smith, K.
Flow Management 29
the TSD 29
NAS 28
Smith, Mark A.
Ge Substrates 280
Smith, P. J.
Smith, S.
Smith, Trent
Smith, Tyler C
Smith, Wilford
2 213
Smiyh, K.
Snyder, David B.
Snyder, G. Jeffrey
Snyder, John Steven
PM1 ION Engine 69
B-38
Snyder, Wesley E
Spiers, Gary D.
Socker, Dennis G
Spina, Dan
Soderstrom, Tom
Solano, Paul
Sonneborn, G.
Soper, Brian W
Spindler, Eleanor
Spradling, Sharon L
Control Program 187
Srivastava, R.
Soria, Mary M.
GHz 262
Staadt, Oliver G
Soulas, George C.
Stabler, Christopher

Stachowiak, Christopher

PM1 ION Engine 69
Space, B.
and Storage 80
Stack, J R
Imagery 238
Spaeth, Hans
Nanometer Films 187
Staggers, Nancy
Spear, Guy B
Stahl, H. Philip
Speigle, Steven J
Spence, Bob
Spencer, A.
Spencer, J H
Stan, Mark
Stanford, Matthew
Fuel Pipelines 101
Stansbery, E.
Stansbery, Gene
Orbital Debris
USA 61
Research
in
the
Starker, S
Stauch, J. R.
Stavinoha, Leo L
Steckl, Andrew J
Nanometer Films 187
Stefanakos, E.
Stefanescu, D. M.
Alloys 92
Stefanini, Mike
Steffen, Konrad
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Exploration
Steinetz, Bruce M.
Stokey, R P
Stolz, W.
Humidity Sensor 175
Stowell, M. L.
Street, Kenneth W.
Actuators 72
Striepe, Scott A.
Stringellow, P.
Struk, Peter M.
Stukes, Sherry A
Stella, Paul M.
Cells 284
Sudermann, James E.

Suh, Joo
Flow Simulations 12
Stenersen, Stan
Stephenson, Gordon
Stern, Fred
for
Steward, Gerald R.
Stinebring, Dan
Clock Stability 110
Stocking, C.
Integrating Airport
tems 30
Information
Sys-
Stoica, R. S.
Library 231
Sullivan, Michael J
Sullivan, Roy M.
Summers, Geoffrey P.
Sun, Keun J.
Factors 76
Sundaram, K.
Applications 88
Surampudi, S.
Suszuki, Nantel
Sutherland, Stuart
Sutliff, Daniel L.
Sutter, James K.
Sutton, Kenneth
Svanberg, Craig E
Swank, D.
Swerdlin, Scot
Sweterlitsch, Jeffrey
Swisdak, Jr, Michael M
Debris 225
Szymber, Richard J
Takamoto, T.
Takashima, Naruhisa T.
Talbot, H.
B-39
Talleu, D. A.
Methods 25
Tan, Seng C.
Tancreto, James E
Tandon, Gyaneshwar P
Tank, Amy
Tanner, A. B.
Tapp, L.
Tate, LaNetra
Tavener, Sandra
Taylor, Joe
Clock Stability 110
Taylor, Stephen J.
Taylor, Steven J.
Tedesco, J W
(FRP) Panels 149
Teehan, Russell F
in 2020 53
Tejada, Arturo
Methodology
for
Cantilever
Beams 225
Telesman, Jack
B-40
Terrill, E. R.
Tires 88
Tober, Richard
Photoacoustics 142
Terrmer, J. M.
2006 255
Tofsted, David H
Terrone, Mark
Tesla, Erica
- Project 08-03 252
Tetu, Michel
Operated
with
Enhanced
Cavity
Q 124
Tewari, Surendra N.
Thesken, John C.
Togami, Thomas C
Tomblin, J.
Report 52
Tomsik, Thomas M.
Torres, A
Toth, D.
Horizontal
Accuracy
Determination 243
Touchet, Paul
Toulan, Faye R
Thomas, Robert J
Tour, J. M.
Thompson, William K.
Tousley, Marissa
Thomson, Hugh
System 103
Throop, A.
Thumann, G. G.
Utility Airplane 37
Ting, David Z.
Tlomak, Pawel
Coatings 288
Tow, David
System (EFTS) 44
Towie, Cynthia R
1996 186
Towle, Cynthia R
1996 186
1996 186
1996 185

Tschiesche, H

1996 184
Tubbs, R. L.
Firing Ranges 161

1997 183
Towle, Russell
Towne, Charles E.
Flow Simulations 12
T-Raissi, A.
Separation 85
Turano, S. P.
Turk, Joe
Turner, Michele
Tyson, A J
Tyson, Daniel S.
of
Nitroaromatic
Compounds 71
Ukpabi, Chizoba V

Space Center 86
Uljanov, A A
KVARZ
Passive
Hydrogen
Masers 141

and Storage 80
Ulloa, Luis

T-Raissi, Ali
Tran, N.
Clusters 207
Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey
Converting CSV Files
Files 262
to
RKSML
Tremblay, Pierre
Operated
with
Enhanced
Cavity
Q 124
Trieu, Bo
Remote Sensing 143
Trudell, Jeffrey J.
Nitrogen 145
Underwood, W.
Uribe, Roberto M.
Ursell, Tristan
Vaden, Karl R.
Metamaterial 71
Vaidyanathan, R.
Seals and Valves 84
Vaizer, L
Valdes, J.
Humidity Sensor 175
Valentine, G S
Valko, Thomas
Valverde-Canossa, J.
Humidity Sensor 175
Van de Meent, R.
Van den Berg, J. L.
Van den Berg, J.
Van der Jagt, G.
Van Dierendonck, A J
Time
Transfer
Using
GPS 55
NASCOM
Van Erp, Jan B. F.

Environments 200
van Graas, F.
B-41
van Grass, F.
of
Van Lieshout, M. N. M.
Library 231
Image Segmentation
Markov Fields 205
J-Function for
terns 231
by
Marked
Polygonal
Point
Pat-

Van Melle, M
GPS Program 91
van Moorsel, A.
Van Noord, Jonathan L.
PM1 ION Engine 69
van Norden, Maxim F
Laboratory 249
Vander Wal, Randy L.
VanDerveer, William
VanDresar, Neil T.
Low-Gravity
vanErp, J. B. F.
Vanier, J
VanSciver, S.
of
Cryogenic
Multiphase
Flow 82
Vasquez, Richard P.
Vaucher, Gail
Data 169
Vazquez, J. A.
B-42
Veil, J. A.
Issues 170
Veverka, Donald
Vickerman, Mary B.
Software 17
Vincent, William S
Vint, R.
Training
Development
Experiences 28
Visher, C. A.
Update 227
Vivod, Stephanie L.
Vogt, Adam
Walker, James L.
Walker, Jr, Robert L
Walker, Robert M.
Walsh, Brian R
Walters, R. J.
Walters, Robert J.
Walters, Robert
Waltman, E B
Wang, Beibei
Volk, C H
Wang, C H
Vomel, H.
Humidity Sensor 175
Wang, Cliff
vonRentzell, Troy E
Wang, Huan
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Vunni, George B
Wanlass, M. W.
Ultra-Thin,
Triple-Bandgap
Solar Cells 280
Wagner, James D.
Waits, C M
Wald, D. J.
USGS
Walker, H.
Moulin
Exploration
Warburton, J.
Ward, Beth
(MMF)
Demonstration
to
Ward, J
Ward, Mathew
Weinstein, B
Warmer. Keffreu J/
Weiss, Marc
Warner, J. H.
Warner, Jeffrey H.
Warner, Thomas
Waterman, Stephanie N
Watson, Kent A.
Factors 76
Watson, Linda
Watson, William R.
Weatherby, Joe R
Weizer, Victor
Welch, Kari E
Wells, Brian
Wells, Timothy S
Whitten, M.
Wickenden, Alma E
Wiedeman, S.
Wiegmann, D. A.
Methods 25
Wilbanks, T. J.
Weoser. Erol
Wilbur, JoEllen
Data 239
Wereszczak, A. A.
C-Ring Specimen 97
Wildzunas, Robert M
Wernet, Mark P.
Tunnel 18
Wildzunas, Robert
Wesevich, James W
Wilensky, R.
and
Group
Document
Management 251
Weatherwax, Scott
West, C.
Webb, Catherine M
Whelan, E. A.
Firing Ranges 161
Weber, John
Whitaker, E.
Weeks, Jack
Whitcanack, L. D.
Weina, Peter J
Control Program 187
White, Victor
White, J
Willcox, Robert D
Williams, Martha
Williams, Shon P
Williams, Valerie L
Williams, W. F.
Williamson, chatt C
B-43
Wilson, Bradley
Fuel Pipelines 101
Wood, N.
Yang, Jeff
Wilson, Candy
Woodruff, Jonathan D
Yang, T C
Wilson, J.
Training
Development
Experiences 28
Woods, Lawrence M.
Acoustic
Communications 115
Wright, C. Wayne
Yang, Wen-Bin
Wilson, Jeffrey D.
Metamaterial 71
Wilt, D. M.
Wilt, David M.
Ge Substrates 280
Wright, Roy S
Wu, T.
Applications 88
Yao, Chung-Sheng
Configuration 26
Wu, Yaokun
Yaroslavsky, Anna N
Wu, Yongle
Yates, Anthony
Wolan J.
Xia, Zhenhai
Carbide/Silicon
Carbide
Composites 8
Yeh, Pen-Shu
Communication 262
Wolf, David
Xing, Tao
for
Wincheski, Russell A.
Windes, W.
Wolford, David S.
Ge Substrates 280
Wolgast, Paul
Equipment 264
Wong, Edmond
Wong, Oliver D.
Configuration 26
Wong, Oliver
Wong, Wayne A.
B-44
Yeo, Hyeonsoo
Yeo, K S
Tunnel System 89
Xu, Bo
Small Peptides 189
Yin, Wotao
Xu, Jennifer C.
Yoder, Dennis A.
Flow Simulations 12
Yamaguchi, M.
Yoon, Sang-Ui
Microsoft
Yost, R.
Yang, B. J.
Alloys 92
Youn, Byeng D
Yan, J.
Low-Cost Attack
CAPTCHA 208
on
Younan, Kais
Younossi, Obaid
Yowell, Leonard
Yu, Jirong
Remote Sensing 143
Yu, Kirong
Yu, Son-Cheol
Yuan, Kun
Yuh, Junku
Zappe, Hans P
Standards 141
Zaretsky, Erwin V.
Actuators 72

Bearings 7
Zhou, F.
Zavodsky, Bradley
Zhou, Yingxin
Zaworothko, M.
and Storage 80
Zelo, I.
Zendejas, Silvino
Equipment 264
Zets, Gary
Zhang, Chuck
Applications 91
Zhang, H.
Zhang, Shubo
Zhang, X.
Zhu, Dongming
Coatings
Evaluated
for
Stability 16
Ziegler, Dustin P
Zimmerli, Gregory A.
Zinkhon, David C
Zitikis, R. Z.
Zlotnicki, Victor
JPL Greenland
Probe 141
Moulin
Exploration
Zmuidzinas, Jonas
Zwart, A. P.
B-45

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Volume 47

NASA STI Program ... in Profile

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SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific,

TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of

Specialized services also include organizing

Access the NASA STI program home page

E-mail your question via the Internet to

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National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

The Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP)

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

Astronautics (General) ....................................................................................................................

Chemistry and Materials

Chemistry and Materials (General) ................................................................................................ 69

Engineering (General) ..................................................................................................................

Geosciences (General) .................................................................................................................

Man/System Technology and Life Support ................................................................................... 197

Mathematical and Computer Sciences

Cybernetics, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics .......................................................................... 221

65 Statistics and Probability .............................................................................................................. 227

Physics (General) .........................................................................................................................

Social and Information Sciences

Space Radiation ........................................................................................................................... 305

General ......................................................................................................................................... 306

Subject Term Index

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL

JUNE 22, 2009

20090022010 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022024 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022025 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022026 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022048 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022049 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022051 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022060 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022068 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022069 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022070 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022078 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022079 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022080 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022090 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

20090022147 NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA, USA

20090022383 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

20090021267 Rutgers - The State Univ., West Trenton, NJ, USA

20090021354 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Savoy, IL, USA

20090021378 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

20090021831 Air Force Research Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA

20090021218 Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI, USA

20090021220 Rice Univ., Houston, TX USA

20090021294 Clemson Univ., SC, USA

20090021310 Alabama Univ., Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

20090021466 Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Victoria, Australia

20090021558 Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA

20090021696 Impact Technologies, LLC, Rochester, NY USA

20090021709 Army Aeromedical Research Lab., Fort Rucker, AL USA

20090021723 Nielsen Engineering and Research, Inc., Mountain View, CA USA

20090021800 Army Research Lab., Cleveland, OH USA

20090021268 San Jose State Univ., CA, USA