wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

wudoyr
oyï iNdj- 2

úoHdfõ§ mQcH msá¥fõ isßOïu ysñ

1
wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

úoHdfõ§ mQcH msá¥fõ isßOïu ysñ

ISBN- 978-955-1610-59-3

m%ldYkh
isß ioyï wdY%uh
fn,a,ka;r" foysj,
ÿrl:k( 011 5 657302" 0773 686686
*elaia( 011 4 203598
E-mail :info@siridamma.org
Web:www.siridamma.org

uqøKh
§,l wefidisfhÜia
132" mrK fldÜgdj mdr"
ñßydk" kqf.af.dv
ÿrl:k( 011 5 632637
*elaia( 011 2 853330
E-mail :deelaka@gmail.com
Web: www.deelaka.com.lk
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 wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

O¾u mqia;l uqøKhg odhl ùu'

w;s mQckSh msá¥fõ isßOïu iajdóka jykafia jev isák isß

ioyï wdY%uh u.ska m%ldYhg m;a lrk O¾u mqia;l uqøKh
i|yd Tng o odhl úh yel'
Tn fuu msxlug odhl ùug leu;skï my; l+mkh mqrjd
tajd fyda ÿrl:k u.ska úuiSï isÿ l< yel'

,smskh
01' ku ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
02' ,smk
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03' ÿrl:k wxlh(''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
04 odhl jk uqo,(''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
05' odhl ùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ldrKh('''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

jeä úia;r i|yd my; ÿrl:khkag l:d lrkak

ÿrl:k ( 011 5 657302" 0773 686686

*elaia ( 011 4 203598

f,alï
isß ioyï wdY%uh
fn,a,ka;r" foysj,'

3
wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

mgqk

fndaêi;aj pH_d yd mdró 5

újdyh" foudmshka yd orejka 19

urKh ;djld,sl Njh yd wNjH ia:dk 47

odrl iïm;a;sh yd wkd.;h 61

ishÈú kid .ekSu yd u;= Njh 74

c,kkaok msß; yd ñ;Hd úYajdi 86

ud¾.M, ,dNska y÷kd.; yelso@ 96

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 wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

fndaêi;aj pH_d yd mdró

ksfõol(- fodvka¥fõ tia'fla' rùkaø wmg fhduq lr;sfnk
m%Yakh fufiahs'
ud wid we;s mßÈ f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia tl jrla
muKla ixliai kqjr§ ffu;%S fndai;=kag ksh; újrK ,nd§
;sfí' wka lsif
s jl=g ksh; újrK ,nd ÿka ujla wm fkdokS' Bg
fya;=j fjiaiN= nqÿrcqkaf.ka miq l,am 31 la ;rï §¾> ld,hla
fuka ffu;%S nqÿrcqkaf.kao miq f,dafla nqoaO Y+kH jk ksid hhso
wm wid we;' ffu;%S nqÿrcqkaf.ka miq fl;rï ld,hla f,dafla
iïud iïnqÿ flfkla my< fkdfõo@
ms<s;=r( wmg fldhsu fj,djlj;a lshkak mq¿jkalula kE
f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia ksh; újrK ÿkafka
ffu;%S fndaêiFjhkag muKlah lsh,d jd;_dfj,d ;sfhkafk
tmuKla fjkak mq¿jka' kuq;a jd;_d fkdfjÉp lreKq ,CI fldaá
=>KKla we;s' iuyr ;ekaj,§ foaYkd lr, ;sfhkjd nqÿrcdKka
jykafia oka j<|d bjrjqkdu iuyr ;ekaj,È ixhqla; ksldh
;rï nK lshkj¨' kuq;a tl odfk ú;rla fkfïfk j<|,d
;sfhkafk' kuq;a wmg b;sßfj,d ;sfhkafk ixhqla; ksldhj,a
tlhsfk' iuyr ;ekaj,È uÊCêu ksldh ;rï nK lshkj¨'
iuyr ;ekaj,È wx.=;a;r ksl dh ;rï nK ls h kj¨' kuq ; a
;%smsglh lsh, lshkafk nqoaO foaYkdj ms<sn| ;sfnk jd;_djla'
ta ksid wmsg lshkak neye' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a Ôú;h ;=,
ish¨u lreKq ;%smsglh ;=, wÜG l:d ;=, ;sfnhs lsh,d' jd;_d
fjÉp m%udKh ;uhs idlÉPd lrkafk' ;j;a Bg wu;rj jd;_d
fkdfjÉp lreKq ;sfhkak mq¿jka ta ksid fldhs fudfyd;lj;a

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wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

wmg ks . ukhlg tka k nE ffu;% S fnda ê i;a j hka g ú;rhs '

f.!;u nq ÿ rcdKka jyka f ia újrK ÿka f k ls h ,d' ;j;a
nqÿjrekag újrK fokak we;s' kuq;a wfma fmd;am;aj, jd;_d fj,d
;sfhkafk meyeÈ<sj ffu;%S fndai;dKka jykafiag újrK §mq
wjia : djla .ek muKhs ' nq ÿ jre mia k ula my<jk uyd Nø
l,amhfk fï' nqÿjre tla kula my< fjkjd kï lshkjd idr
l,am' nqÿjre fokula my<jk l,am uKav l,am" nqÿjre ;=ka
kula my< fjkjdkï jr l,a m " nq ÿ jre y;rkula my<
jkjdkï idruKav l,am" nqÿjre mia kula my< fjkjd kï
uyd Nø l,am' fï l,amh uyd Nø l,amhla' uyd Nø l,amhla
lshkafka yßu Nd.Hjka; ñksiaiq my<jk ld, mßÉfþohla'
nqÿjre mia kula my< fjkjd' ta jf.au ;uhs uyd Nø l,amhla
wjidkfha isÿjk idudkH ixisoaêh ;uhs nqÿjre my< fkdjk
b;d §¾> nqoaO Y+kH ld,hla we;sùu' Bg fya;=j wms okakd mßÈ
´kEu fohla ´kEjg jvd ,enqfKd;a tafl w.h ke;sù hkjd'
nqÿjre mia kula my< fjkjd lshkafk wjYH m%udKhg;a jvd
nq ÿ jre my< fj,d' ta k s i d b;d §¾> nq o a O Y+ k H ld,hla
we;sfjkjd' ta ksid ;uhs wm W;aidy .kak ´kd Ou_h mj;sk
ld,fhaÈ ksjka wjfndaO lrf.k fï ixidrfhka tf;r fjkak'
tfyu tf;r jqfka ke;akï §¾> ld,hla wmg fï ixidrfha
bmfoñka" uefrñka .uka lrkak isoO a fjkjd' Ou_h lshk fohla
ljqre;a okafk kE' oyïfid~ cd;lfha ;sfhkafk' rÊcqrejkag
Ou_h .ek ±k.kak ´kE jqkd' weu;sjrekaf.ka úuiqjd' Tjqka
lshkjd wms tfyu jpkhla wy,j;a kE lsh,d' bka miafi
wef;la nrg jia;=j fokj lshkjd' Ou_h fydh, fokafkl=g'
weu;sjre rgmqrdu Ou_h fydhñka weúÈkjd' wka;sug
lsisflfkl=g fydhd.kak neß jqkdu rÊcqrefjd ;SrKh lrkjd
uu rclu w;yer, Ou_h fydhdf.k hkjd lsh,d' rclu ;j
flfkl=g Ndr§,d rÊcqrefjd jkdka;rhla ueÈka hkjd' Ou_h
fydhdf.k fldÉpr nrm;, wdldrhg fï Ou_ h fiùfï
ks h e¨Kdo ls h kjkï ila foú÷f. m~q m q , a wdikh mjd
WKqfjkjd' ilafoú÷ l,amkd lrkjd uu .syk s a Ou_h W.kajkak
´kE lsh,d' ilafoú÷ úYd, rdCIfhl=f.a fõIhla ujdf.k
rÊcq r efjda .uka lrk ud._ h wi, is á kjd' rÊcq r ejka f .a
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 wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

Wjukdfõ ±ä nj ksidu rÊcqrefjda Nh ke;sj fï rdCIhd <Õg

hkjd' .syska wykj Ou_h okakjdo lsh,d' tf;dlg lshkjd Tõ
lsh,d' tfykï lshkak ug Ou_h okakjd kï' t;fldg rdCIhd
ls h kjd tfyu ls h ka k nE' ug fudkjo foka f k wykjd'
t;fldg ls h kjd uu wyj,a rfÜ rÊcq r efjd' uu is h ,a ,
w;yer,hs Ou_h fydhdf.k wdfj' ug fokak lsisu fohla kE'
ug b;sßfj,d ;sfhkafk uf. Ôú;h ú;rhs' tal wrf.k ug
Ou_h lshkak' t;fldg rdCIh lshkjd' tfykï uu kqUj lkjd'
t;fldg rÊcqrefjd wykjd t;fldg fldfyduo Ou_h wykafk'
miafi fofokdu tla;rd .súiqulg tkjd' rÊcqrefjd <Õ ;sfnk
.,a m¾j;hlg ke., rl=idf. lgg mkskjd' ta mksk w;r
jdrfha rl=id nK lshkak ´fk rÊcqrejkag wefykak' wfma
cd;l fmd; mßyrKh lrkfldg yuqjk fmdÿ ldrKhla ;uhs
ilafoú÷ lshmq nK fudllao fï ila foúÿ lshk nK' ud is;k
wdldrhg fï .ek m¾fhaIKhla mjd lrkak ják ldrKhla
ilafoú÷ nK lshk yeu ;eklu lshkafk tlu .d:djla' ta
;uhs"
wksÉPdj; ixLdrd - Wmamdo jh Oïñfkda
WmamÊð;ajd ksreÊCOka;s - f;ix jqm ifud iqfLd
fya;=jlska yg.;a ish¨u foaj,a we;sfj,d ke;sfj,d hkjd' tal
;uhs wksÉPdj; ixLdrd Wmamdo jh Oïñfkda lsh, lshkafk' fï
Wmamdo fj,d we;sfj,d ke;sfj,d hk ksid fïjhska fjka fjk
tl iemhla' tal ;uhs zzWmamÊð;ajd ksreÊCOka;s f;ix jqm ifud
iqfLdZZ lsh,d lshkafk' we;a;gu ´l yß ják nKlafk' Th
nK wmg ljqrej;a lshkak ´fk kE' Th nK fidnd oyfu
;sfhkjd' n,kakfld .x.djla .,d nisk ;eklg .shdu Th nK
wms g .x.dj ls h ,d foka f k keoa o @ j;= r Wv b|, ìug
jefgkfldg Th foaYkdj fkfuhso .x.dj lrkafk@ .yla
iq<Õg jefkk fldg ta .y wmg lshkafk wksÉPd j; ixLdrd
lsh, fkfjhso@ mia lKaä lvd jefgkfldg wmg lshkafk
wks É Pdj; ixLdrd ls h , fkfjhs o @ u,la ms f mk fldg
mrfjkfldg wmg fmkajkafk wksÉPd j; ixLdrd fkfjhso@
iQH_hd kef.k nyskfldg wmg lshkafk wksÉPdj; ixLdrd
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wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

fkdfjhs o @ fidnd oyu nq o a ê u;a j " m% { dfjka n,k ´kEu

flfkl=g Th .d:dj fmakjd' taksid T;k il% lsh, lshkafk
fidndoyug Th ilal" il% lshk jpkhg yqÕla w:_ ;%smsglfha
;s f hkjd' bka tlla ;uhs fidndoyu' W;a i dyjka ; hd fï
fidndoyu ;= , ;s f hk Ou_ h fidhkjd' ffu;% s nq ÿ rcdKka
jykafiaf.a mßks¾jdKfhka miafi nqoaO Y+kH ld,hla tkjd
lsõjfk' wdjg mfia nqÿjre my< fjkjd' fidnd oyu ;=< fï
Ou_h ù¾hfhka W;aidyfhka kej; fidhd .kak wh ;uhs Th
mfianqÿjre' ta mfia nqÿjre yqol,dj b|f.k f,dalh ms<sn|"
fidnd oyu ms<ns |" úYajh ms<n
s | yß wjÈfhka bkakjd' wjÈfhka
bkakfldg fidndoyfï ;sfhk fï h:d¾:h wmg ±fkkak mgka
.kakjd' wkak tal ;uhs i;HdjfndaOh lsh, lshkafk' taksid
uyd Nø l,amhg nqÿjre miafofkla my< fjkjd' ta nqÿjre
miafokd my<jqkdg miafi §¾> nqoaO Y+kH ld,hla mj;skjd' ta
ksid ;uhs wm th f;areï f.k ixidrfhka tf;r fjkak ´fk'
ke;akï yß Nhdklhs' wmdh.dó fjkjd' Ou_h okafkkE fyd|la
krlla okafk kE' ñksiaiq ;sßika.; ;Fjhg m;afjkjd'
wms ys;uq fufyu" mka;sfha úNd.hla ;shkjd ,l=Kq 50
g jvd .;a; <uhs Tlafldu ta mka;sfhka whska lr,odkjd' ±ka
ta mka;sfh b;sßfj,d bkafk ,l=Kq 50 g wvq <uhs' ta lshkafk
úIh ±kqu w;ska ÿj_, <uhs' ta jf.a ;uhs nqÿjrfhla f,dafl my<
jq k du m% { dj w;s k a by< ñks i q k a ry;a M ,hg m;a f j,d
mßks¾jdKhg m;afjkjd' mßks¾jdKhg m;ajK q dg miafi f,dafl
b;sßfj,d bkak ñksiaiq ál lsisu wjfndaOhla ke;s fldgila'
ta f.d,a,kag ljodj;a Ou_djfndaOh lrkak neye' Ou_djfndaOh
;nd fyd| krlj;a f;a r eï .ka k nE' ;s ß ika k q jf.a Ôj;a
fjkjd' ±ka ta jf.a ;sßikakq jf.a bkak iudchlg nqÿjre tkak
´ko@ wms is;uq jerÈ,dj;a ;j nqÿjrfhla my< jqfkd;ska ta
nqÿjrhdg Ou_h foaYkd lrkak iudchla kE' msßila kE' ta msßi
ixidrfha ksu_dKh fjkak ´fk' l<la ;siafi yefokak ´fk'
ta wh msx lr, ;sfhkak ´fk' l=i,a lr, ;sfhkak ´fk' mdró
mqr, ;sfhkak ´fk' ta l=i,a lrmq" mdró mqrmq" msx lrmq wh
f,daflg weú;a my< jkúg ;uhs nqÿjre kej; my< fjkafk'
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 wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

ta ks i d fyd|g u;l ;nd.; hq ; = h s ' ffu;% S nq ÿ rcdKka

jykafiaf.ka miafi úYd, nqoaO Y+kH ld,hla tkjd' ta nqoaO
Y+ k H ld,h tka f k ffu;% s nq ÿ rcdKka jyka f ia f .a ld,h
bjrjqkdu msx lrmq wh wjika fj,d hkjd'

ksfõol(- t;fldg yduqÿrejfka wms yqÕla Nd.Hjka;hs fkao@

uyd Nø l,amhlg wh;a fj,d bkakjd'
ms<s;=r(- Tõ uyd Nø l,a m hlg wh;a fj,;a bka k jd'
nqÿjrfhla f,da my< jQ ld,hl my< fj,d bkakjd' tal úYd,
Nd.Hhla' ta Nd.H wmg fldÉpr lsõj;a f;afrkafk kE' ta Nd.H
wmg f;areï .kak fyd| ;ekla ;uhs uyr.u ms<sld frday,g
.shdu" wkaOfhd bkak ;eklg .shdu" f.d¿fjd" ìysfrd bkak
;eklg .shdu" ukao nqoaêl ñksiqka bkak ;eklg .syska ;uka
.ek l,a m kd lrka k ' wks ; a wh .ek fkdfjhs ;uka .ek'
t;fldg f;a f rkjd fï whg idfma C Ij uu fldhs ;rï
Nd.Hjka ; o@ uf. weia fyd|g fma k jd' uf.a lka fyd|g
wefykjd" ug fyd| fud<hla ;sfhkjd' ug fyd|g l,amkd
lrka k mq ¿ jka " uu ks f rda . s h s ' wka k t;fldg ;uhs ;uka g
f;afrkafk uu fldÉpr jdikdjka;o lsh,d' yenehs tal t;ekska
t<shg wdmq.uka wu;l fjkjd' tal ÿrÈ. l,amkd lrmq ukqii a hd
ljodj;a jerÈ lrkafk kE' je/oaog fm<fUkafk kE' we;a;gu
ukq I Hfhla ls h ka f k b;du Nd.Hjka k flfkla ' yenehs ta
ukqIHhdg fyd| ys;la ;sfhkak ´fk' t;fldg ;uhs Nd.Hjka;
fjkafk' nqÿ oyfu lshkafk ukiska Wiia fjÉp flkd ;uhs
ukqIHhd lshkafk' nqoaO lsh, lshkafk uki m%fndaOu;a l,
;eke;a;d wjê fjÉp ukila ;sfhk ;eke;a;d' tjeks ;eke;a;d
<Õ fldhs fj,djlj;a lïue<slu" WodiSklu" miqndk .;sh Th
fudl=;a kE' ùrHfhka mrf;rg .sh ;eke;a;d' ta ù¾Hfhka
mrf;rg .sh ksid ;uhs wjê fjÉp ukila ;sfhkafk' ta ;Fjhg
wms m;a lrkak ´fk' Bg wjYH lrk wdOHd;aóh jgmsgdj wmsg
yeÈ, ;sfhkafk' Ou_h ;shkjd' fjkodg jvd wmg Ou_h wykak"
±k.kak ;sfhk wjia:d jeähs' rEmjdysksh" .=jka úÿ,sh" m;a;r
fï jf.a udOH wo iudchg ksrdjrKh fj,d ;sfhkjd' wms
fufyu ys;f = jd;a' óg wjqreÿ 700 g muK l,ska uu wkqrdOmqrhg
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wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

nK lshkak hkjd' t;fldg udi lShla hdúo hkak' udihlaj;a

hdú wkqrdOmqrhg .syska nK lsh, wdfh;a tkak' wo n,kak
iudch fldÉpr ÈhqKf q j,do lsh,d' meh lSmhlska t;ek' ta ksid
fï ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj;a tlal Ou_h wjfndaO lr.kak wjia:dj
Wodfj,d ;sfhkjd' wmg f,dafl ´kEu ;ekl b|f.k wka;¾
cd,h Tiafia nK wykak mq¿jka wjia:dj jeäfj,d ;sfhkjd'
yenehs wjia:dfjka m%fhdack .kakd msßi wvqhs' Ou_hg fhduq
lrjkak wjia:d fndfyda ksu_dKh fj,d ;sfhkjd' tal f,dl=
Yla;shla' kuq;a fïl lSfhka lSfokdo f;areï .kafk'

ksfõol( ±ka yduqÿrejfka ffu;%s nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka miafi

nqoaO Y+kH ld,hla tkjfk' tal;a tlal f,dalfha úkdYùula
isÿfjkafk kE' nqoaO Y+kH ld,hla ú;rhso tal'
ms<s;=r(- f,dalfha úkdYùula tkjd' ffu;%s nqÿrcdKka jykafia
my<jka k l<s k a l,a m úkdYhla fjkjd' ta l idudkHfhka
nqÿjrfhla my< jkak l,ska isÿfjkjd' yenehs iuia: mDÓúh
úkdY jkafk fï isoaê ud,dfj wjidkfh' tal .ek fndfydu
meyeÈ,s úia;rhla ;sfhkjd' wx.=;;
a r ksldfha ima; iQßfhdoa.uk
iQ;%fh' iQ¾Hfhd y;afofkla mdh,d mDÓúh úkdYfj,d hk
wdldrh b;du ,iaikg fuu iQ;%fha nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd
lr, ;sfhkjd'
miq.sh iqkdñ isoaêh foi ne¨ju wmsg fïl m%;HCI
fjkjd' ta iqkdñ isoaêhg wiqjqKq ñksiaiq;a tlal l;dl,du wmg
lshdmq fohla ;uhs zzjevla kE wms tl;= lrmq foaj,a f.dv
.y.;a; foaj,a Tlafldu wiqrla .ik ;rï mqxÑ fj,djlska
.yf.k .shdZZ'
ñksiaiq wjqreÿ .Kka fjfyi fj,d" uykais fj,d" fndre
lsh,d" jxpd lr, ;sfhk krl jev Tlafldu lr,d yß yïn
lr.;a; foaj,a tlal uu ;uhs f,dl= ñksy lsh, wdvïnr lul=;a
tlal Ôj;ajqkd tl' uqyqÿ /,a,lska ish,a, úkdYjqkd' ys; ÈhqKq
ukq i a i fhla fkdfõ kï ms i a i q jefgkjd' .fï bka k ÿ.S u
ukqiaifhd;a .fï bkak fmdai;au ukqiaifhd;a tlu wkd:
l|jqrg wdjd' fï wjia:dfõ ñksiaiq fï .ek l:d lrkjd'
10
 wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

mQcdj,sfh b;du ,iaikg úia;r lr, ;sfhkafk' ñksii a q olskjd

ñksiaiq lmdf.k" fldgdf.k úkdYfj,d bkakjd' wms lshkafk
uqre.ika j¾Idj lsh,d' uD.ika j¾Idj lsh, lshkafk ;sßika
ix{djla we;sfjkjd' tfyu ke;sj ñksiqka uqfjd fjkafk kE'
ñksikq g
a ;sßika ,CIK my< fjkjd' wms okakjd n,af,la lkak
.shdu ta n,a, ;j n,af,la fkfjhs ñksfyla wdj;a f.drjkjd'
wkak uD. ix{dj my< fjkjd' ;sßikd ,Õ ;sfhk
fm!oa.,slFjh n,af,la ;=< meyeÈ,sj fmfkkjd' kuq;a ukqIHhl=
;=< ;sfhk .=KOu_ ál msßys,d .shdu ukqIHhdf.a ;sßika .;sh
biau;= fjkjd'
is.u
a ka f*%dhsâ g wkqj ñksidf.a uki fldgia 3 g fno,d
;sfhkjd' bâ" Bf.da" iqm¾ Bf.da lsh,d' bâ ;;a;j
a h fmakk
a mgka
.kakjd' bâ lsh,d lshkafk ;sßika.; ;;a;ajh' fïl fmakak
mgka .;a;u uD.ika' Bg miafi tl ñksfyla wfkla ñksydf.a
jia;j= fjkqfjka lEorlñka urKjd' tfyu ur, ur, ck.ykh
wvq f j,d .s h dg mia f i b;s ß fjÉp ukq I H iudch úYd,
l<lsÍulg m;a fjkjd' l< lsÍulg m;a fj,d Tjqka lshkjd¨
zzn,kak wfma ifydaorhkag i;a;= urmq ksid ;uhs fï ál jqfka'
±ka wms i;a;= urK tflka whska fjkak ´fk'ZZ ta wjfndaOh
Tjqka ,nd .kakjd' ta wjfndaOh iqkdñ isoaêfhÈ wmg wdjfk'
iuyre lsõjd uu ;Ügq 2g f.a yokak ysáfh' ±ka f;afrkjd
yduqÿrejfka jevla kE lsh,d' idudkH úÈhg f.hla yodf.k
bkakj lsh,' ta wjfndaOh yenehs m%udKh uÈ' úm; úYd, jk
;rug ;uhs wjfndaOfha ;ru jeäjkafk' l,am úkdYh lsh,
lshkafk f,dalfha ñksiaiq uqyqK fok uy Nhdkl úm;la' ±kg
.Kka yo, ;sfhkjd mDÓúh foig uyd W,aldmd;hla tkjd'
jir 2050-2100 ld<fhaÈ' ±ka úoHd{hska .Kka yokjd fï tk
W,aldmd;h u.§u mqmqrj,d yßkak' fïl u.Èu mqmqrj, yeßfha
ke;a k ï fïl mDÓúhg ,xfjka k ,xfjka k fïl mDÓúfh
jÈkjd' mDÓúhg jeÈÉp .uka mDÓúfhka úYd, m% u dKhla
.e,ú,d hkjd' tfyu ke;s k ï fïl uq y q o g jegq f kd;a tys
lïmkhg uq¿ f,daflu hgfjk iqkdñhla tkjd' fïl yß
Nhdkl ;;ajhla' fïlg ;j jeä ld,hla kE' ;j wjqreÿ 40-50
lÈ fï ;;a;ajhg wms uqyqK fokak ´fk' wms nqÿoyfu lshk
11
wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

lreKq ikd: fjkjfk' f,dal úkdYh fmakk a ;shkjfk' fïl;a

tlal n,kfldg wmg fldhsu fj,djlj;a lshkak nE f,dafl
nqÿjre my< jqfka kE lsh,d' ;j mqxÑ Wod(- lshkakï' fï udkj
mßKduh .ek ne¨ju úoHdfõ lshkjd ukqIHhd whsia hq. 4la
miql,dh lsh,d' ta whsiahq. 4g wmg bÈßm;a lrkak ´k ;rï
idCIs;a ;sfhkjd' whsia hq. 4la myq l,d tajdf.au nqÿjre 4
fofkla my< jq K d' whs i a hq . hla ls h , ls h ka f k mßKdñl
wjidkhla' fïjd w;r wm fkdolsk hï wdldrhl iïnkaOhla
;sfhkjd' ta iïnkaOh ;uhs wms fyñka fyñka Ou_h Tiafia
fidhdf.k hkak ´fk' yenehs wdOHd;aóh me;a;g fhduqfjkak
´fk' wOHd;aóh me;a;g fhduq fjk flkd ;uhs b;=re fjkafk'
wd;¾ iS la,dla ue;s;=udf.a fmd;l ;sfhkjd Tyq lsh,d
wjidfk fï f,dafl b;=re fjkafk ly frÈ we| .kak ñksiaiq
álla ú;rhs lsh,d' ta lshkafk ljqo@ yeuqÿrejre álla ú;rhs'
lyfrÈ we|.;a; lshkafk ndysr iïm;a w;a yer,d" wdOHd;aóh
jákdlu f;areï wrf.k ta me;a;g fhduqfjÉp msßila ú;rhs
f,dafl b;=re fjkafk' tal we;a;gu we;a;' n,kak wo m;a;rhla
wrf.k tafl ñkS uereï 20 la ;snqKdkï tflka 20 ka 20 u
fj,d ;sfhkafk f,!lsl iem iïm;a fidhkak .sys,a,d' tlafld
f.hla ì¢kak .syk s "a tlafld ñksfila urkak .syk
s "a tlafld ia;S%
¥IKhla' Th jf.a isoaêhlska ;uhs iudch mßirh úkdY fj,d
;sfhkafk' takis d wms yeu;sifa iu l,amkd lrkak ´fk f,!lsl
iem fkfjhs' wdOHd;aóh Ôú;h id¾:l lr.kak jev ms<sfj<la
yod.;af;d;a wmsg ffu;%s nqÿka nqÿfjkl,a bkafk ke;sj Bg
l,skau ksjka olskak mq¿jka'
ksfõol(- m<uq m%Yakh wikakdf.au B<Õ .eg¿jghs fhduqjkafka'
iïud iï nqÿrcdKka jykafia,d Y%oaOdêl" m%{dêl iy ù¾Hdêl
nj ud wid we;'
wm f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia m%{dêl nj ud wid
;sfnkjd' mÿuq;;
a r nqÿrcdKka jykafia l=uk .Khg wh;ao lshd
Tyq wikjd' ta iu.u mdró Ou_ msÍug .; lrk ld,h wkqj
fufia ;=ka fldgilg fnok nj;a wm wid ;sfnkjd' f.!;u
nqÿrcdKka jykafia f,dj my< jQ iufha mrudhqI ù ;snf
q Ka jir
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 wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

120 hs' ud wid we;s mßÈ ll= i|" fldaKd.u" ldYHm hk nqÿka
oji mrudhqI wjq( 30"000" 20"000 iy 10"000 muK jQ hehs fmd;l
i|yka jqKd' m%{dêl nqÿjre f,dj my<jkafka ukqIHhdf.a
mrudhqI wjq( 120 fyda Bg wdikak ld,j,§ muKo@ mdró Ou_
mqrK ld,h yd mrudhqI w;r wfkHdakH iïnkaOhla ;sfío@
ms<s;=r(- uq,k
s u
a lshkak ´fk mdró mqrK ld,h;a mrudhqI
w;r;a iïnkaOhla kE' tfyukï mrudhqI wvq ld,j, ú;ruhs
m%{dêl nqÿjre my< fjkak ´fk' tfyu tlla kE' kuq;a iuia:
my< jk nqÿjre wms lKavdhï 3g fnokjd' Y%oaOdêl nqÿjre"
ú¾Hdêl nqÿjre yd m%{dêl nqÿjre lsh,d' m%{dêl nqÿjreka ;uhs
wvqu ld,hla mdró mqrkak ´fka' ta wvqu ld,h wm y÷kajkjd
idrdixfLHh l,am ,CIhla' fïl §¾> ld,hla' l,am wixfLHh
,CI 4la' wixfLHh lshkafk fmrÈ. .Ks;fha ;sfhk úYd,u
ixLHdj' fïlg 1hs ìxÿ 140 la ;sfhkjd'
1 x 100 = 100
10 x 100 = 1000
1000 x 100 = 100,000
100,000 x 100 = fldaáhhs
fldaáh x ,CI ishh = m%fldaáhhs
m%fldaáh x ,CI ishh = fldaám%fldaáhhs
fldaá m%fldaáh x ,CI ishh = kyq;hhs
kyq;h x ,CI ishh = kska kyq;hhs
kska kyq;h x ,CI ishh = wlafY!Nskshhs
wlafY!Nsksh x ,CI ishh = ìkaÿjhs
ìkaÿj x ,CI ishh = wínqohhs
wínqoh x ,CI ishh = ksrínqohhs
ksrínqoh x ,CI ishh = wyyhhs
wyyh x ,CI ishh = wnnhhs
13
wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

wnnh x ,CI ishh = wgghhs

wggh x ,CI ishh = fida.kaêlhhs
fida.kaêlh x ,CI ishh = W;am,hhs
W;am,h x ,CI ishh = l=uqohhs
l=uqoh x ,CI ishh = mqkavßlhhs
mqkavßlh x ,CI ishh = mÿu hhs
mÿuh x ,CI ishh = l:dkhhs
l:dkh x ,CI ishh = uyd l:dkhhs
uyd l:dkh x ,CI ishh = wixLHhhs
tjeks wixfLHh l,am ,CI 4la m%{dêl fndaê i;ajfhla mdró
mqrkak ´fk' tjeks l,am ,CI wixfLHh 8la Y%oaOdêl fndaê
i;ajfhla mdró mqrkak ´fk' tjeks l,am ,CI wixfLHh 16 la
ù¾Hdêl fndaêiFjfhla mdró mqrkak ´fk' jeäu ld,hla mdró
mqrkafk ùßhdêl fndai;ajre' wfma fndaê i;ajhka jykafia wvqu
ld,hla fmreï mq r , ;uhs nq ÿ njg m;a j q f ka ' ta m% { dêl
fndaêi;ajfhla ksid' m%{dj jeäkï m%{dfõ Wmßu ;;ajhg hkak
.;jk ld,h wvqhs' m%{dj wvqkï m%{dfõ Wmßu ;Fjhg hkak
.;fjk ld,h jeähs' ta ksid ;uhs mdró msÍfï ld,h fjkia
fjkafk' kuq;a mDÓúfha ;sfhk ixhq;h s " ´fcda .=Kh" wdÈh tlal
tys Ôj;ajk ñksiqkaf.a wdhq ld,h fjkia fjkjd' ±ka n,kak
ta ojiaj, wjq' 100" 120 isáh wh fidhd.kak ysáhd' ±ka tfyukE'
ta l m% j D;a ; s njg m;a fjkjd' ±ka ls h kjd f,da f l bka k
jhia.;u mqoa.,h wjq( 117 hs lsh,d' kuq;a ;%smsglfha jd;_djla
;sfhkjd' ksfrda.S NsCIQka w;r w.;ekam;a nlal=, uyry;ka
jykafia wjq( 160 la Ôj;afj,d ;sfhkjd' ta wjq( 80la .sysfhla
f,i;a wjq( 80 la meúoafola f,i;a" yenehs ta wjq( 160 ka tl
ojilj;a Wkajykafiag fyïìßiaidjlaj;a yeÈ, kE' wdkkao
yduqÿrefjd wjq( 120 la Ôj;a fj,d ;sfhkjd' tajd ta ld,fha
idudkH jd;_d kuq;a wo ta jd;_d fjkiafj,d .syska' ukqIHhkaf.a
wdhqI wjq( 120 isg wjq( 10 olajd wvqjk nj nqoaO foaYkdfõ
14
 wudoyr oyï iNdj - 2

;sfhkjd' iuyr wm%sldkq rgj, mrudhqI wjq( 45 hs' úfYaIfhka

taâia frda.h;a tlal ukqIHhf. mrudhqI fõ.fhka wvqfjkjd'
frda. jqj;a ±ka jeähsfk' nqoO
a foaYkdfõ iq;;
a ksmd;fha n%dyauK
Oïñl iQ;%fha ;sfhkafk uq,skau ñksiqkag ;snqfKa frda. 3 hs'
nv.skak" lduh" ksÈu;" f,i 3hs' ñksid uq,skau .jfhla uerE
ojfia fï f,v ;= k f,v 98 la njg m;a j q K d' wo fj,d
;sfhkafk fudllao@ Th 98 ;a jeäfj,d' f,v 1000la njg m;a
fj,d' udihlg follg ierhla w¿;a f,vla tkjd' miq.sh
Èkj, idia lsh, tlla wdjd' tal bjr jqkdu Ñl=ka.=kahd lsh,
tlla wdjd' wo ukqIH iudchu f,v f.dvla njg ;,a¨ fõf.k
hkjd' ta jf.a u ta â ia frda . h fõ.fhka f,da l h wdl% u Kh
lrf.k hkjd' ñksiqkaf. wdhqI wvqfj,d' ñksiqka jeäfhka
lD;%su wdydrj,g yqrefj,d' ta lD;%su wdydr iu.u iajNdúl
YÍrh Wvq hál=re fj,d .syska" ñksiaiq j;=r fjkqjg lD;s%u øjH
mdkh lrkafka' iajdNdj oyug tfrysj .uka lsÍu ksidu wdhqI
wvqfj,d .syska' wjq( 10 g wdhqI wvqjqkdg miafi ;uhs l,am
úkdYh fjkafk' ±ka wms l,hq;af; wdOHd;añh me;a;g fhduq
ùuhs' ta ;=<k
s a hï wdldrhlg fïl fjkia lr.kak mq¿jka' talg
wjYH lrkafk Ou_dkql+,ju Ôj;a jk tl ú;rhs' fjk lsisu
l%uhlg fldÉpr f,!lsl iem iïm;a miafi ÿj, ÿj, ne¨j;a
wka;sug fjkafk y;sjeàula ñi ;Dma;shla kï ,efnkafk kE'
tal ÿjk fldg f;afrkafk kE' ÿj, bjr fj,d y;s jefgk
fldg ;uhs f;afrkafk' yenehs ÿjkak l,ska f;areï .kak flkd
;uhs nqoaêu;a' thd ;uhs m%{djka;hd' f,!lsl f,dalfha y;s
jefgka k l,s k a y;s jefgk nj wjfnda O jq f kda ; s k a thd
m%{djka;hs' t;fldg uD.ixj¾Idfõ uD.ix{djg" ;sßika ix{djg
hkafk kE' t;ekska whskafj,d Ou_dkql+, jevms<sfj,la Tiafia
wdOHd;auh ixj¾Okh lr.kakjd' tal ;uhs wjYH;djh'
±ka wms lsõjd nqÿjre lKavdhï 3 hs' tajf.au mdró mqrK
ld,h fjkia' fï wdldrhg nqoaOFjhg m;afjkjd' wfma f.!;u
fndai;dKka jykafia fï wdldrhg mdró mqrkak mgka.;a;du
nqÿjre 24 fofkl=f.ka újrK ,ndf.k ;sfhkjd'
fndaêi;ajfhla mdró mqrkak mgka .;a;du ta fndaê iFjhka wx.
15