THE SPIRAL SOLENOIDS AND THE LEAF ANTENNA

IN
PHYLLOTAXIS DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY
I.M. FABBRI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF MILAN, VIA CELORIA 16, 20133 MILAN, ITALY

Abstract. In this paper new classes of spiral thin filamentary wire magnetic coils and solenoids are introduced theoretically
through the new concept of the Phyllotaxis differential geometry. This study shows that the thin wire circular loop coil as
well as the cylindrical solenoid are particular cases of these classes. The fundamental spiral coil named leaf coil is obtained
by joining together the so called forward and backward spiral coils. The spiral bifolium, four leaf clover and crown coils are
composed of symmetrically rotated leaf coils, combined together in such a way to eliminate the transverse magnetic components
along the longitudinal z axis. The magnetic moments and the multi-pole expansions of the various types of spiral loop coils are
obtained by using the Taylor series of the spiral vector magnetic potentials. According to the formulas and simulations, the
magnetic flux density created by the long spiral solenoids is uniform and dovetails with the one created by the long cylindrical
solenoid.
If the small filamentary wire leaf loop coil is driven by an alternating electrical current I(t) = I0 cos (t), it will radiate as
an antenna, whose theoretical analysis is provided throughout the paper.
Applications of the spiral coils and solenoids are countless and can be found in telemetry, telecommunication, research
detection, sensing, electron optics, electronics, electromechanics, microelectronics, mechatronics, physics and engineer.

1. introduction.
The magnetic coils never end to surprise the World with new applications and scientific discoveries.
Coming from the chinese word meaning natural energy, the Qi (inductive power standard) created by the Wireless
Power Consortium (WPC) [1] is probably the best known of the various current low power wireless charging standards
for smartphones that are on the current technology market. Based on the core principle of electromagnetic inductance,
the charging Qi station contains one primary coil (TX) which creates an oscillating magnetic field capable of transferring
power by inducing an alternating current in the secondary receiving coil (RX) located on the device being charged. The
basic physical principle of the resonant power transmission, dates back to the times of Lenz and Tesla [2, 3], whereas the
technology is constantly evolving in search of new coil designs and systems that enhance the magnetic energy coupling and
the power transfer efficiency. A flood of electronic products with efficient cost effective wireless charging capability dedicated
to telecommunication, automotive industry, telemetry systems, batteries and battery chargers, consumer electronics, digital
cameras and camcorders, mobile phone companies, power supply companies, power tool manufacturers, semiconductor
manufacturers, system engineering and design companies, wireless power product manufactures, military applications, is
continuously arriving on the market, driving the research on the electromagnetism of the magnetic coils and on the technology
needed to optimise their operability across a very wide range of power levels.
Solenoid is an old term coined back in 1820 [4] when Amp`ere showed that this coils arrangement in cylindrical geometry
behaves like a bar magnet, opening up the idea to interpret all magnetic phenomena in terms of electric currents. Since then,
the cylindrical solenoids have been used in a variety of scientific applications and in almost every conceivable industry in
1

the World. This paper describes the additional theoretical benefits of the solenoids when considering the alternative spiral
geometry.
As wireless technology has become increasingly accessible to the general population, the interactions of the electromagnetic
fields with biological systems have stimulated the interest of the scientific community and new branches of science were born.
Scientists are continuously developing new designs of loop antennas for high quality miniature electromyography (EMG)
telemetry systems such as patch, PIFA (Planar Inverted-F antennas) and square shaped [5] antennas.
The Neuroergonomic technology known as IMES (Implanted MyoElectric Sensors) [6, 7] powered by tiny magnetic coilantennas implanted through hypodermic needles, will allow brain wireless controlled prosthetics to be widely available in the
foreseeable future.
The transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [8] is a emerging high-tech non-invasive deep brain procedure involved in
treatment and diagnosis of the neurological disorders (for example to assess brain consciousness in coma [9]) that makes use
of short alternating magnetic fields to increase the blood flow to the tissue and to incite the brain nerve cells responsible for
the regulation of the mood, memory and decision-making, helping neurons better communicate with one another.
Instead, the repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) [10] consists on the application of rhythmic
trains of multiple TMS magnetic pulses to map brain tumors before an operation and to treat a variety of serious pathological
conditions including, stroke, dystonia, tremors, spasticity, depression, Parkinsons disease, epilepsy, tinnitus, pain, migraines
[11] and there is preliminary evidence that it represents a promising tool for future therapeutic interventions in people with
altered states of consciousness [12]. The spatial resolution of TMS is highly dependent upon the shape of the stimulating coil
[13], accordingly the researchers are pursuing new ways of providing precise focused physical stimulation of specific parts of
the brain with advanced magnetic coil designs [14, 15].
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) requires a static, strong and highly uniform magnetic field, known as the main field,
to create the initial longitudinal magnetization in the object and to maintain Larmor precession of nuclear spins at constant
angular frequency [16].
The spiral geometry adds flexibility in coil design and fabrication, providing new efficient alternative solutions to create
intense and uniform magnetic fields for MRI applications, focused magnetic pulses for TMS treatments and possibly elm
waves for Phyllotaxis wireless charging stations (PWCS) or Phyllotaxis telemetry systems.
The radiation created by an oscillating magnetic filamentary wire leaf spiral loop dipole antenna carrying an alternating
current I of frequency is theoretically analyzed throughout the paper by means of the spiral vector retarded potentials.
Different spiral Phyllotaxis leaves antenna configurations, such as bifolium and crown antennas may be extremely efficient
and useful in a wide variety of applications. Common microstrip antenna [17] shapes are circular, elliptical, square and
rectangular; the spiral coordinates will allow to introduce and to study analytically a new generation of 2-dimensional
Phyllotaxis patch arrays antennas to be mounted on the exterior of aircrafts and spacecrafts or incorporated into mobile
radio devices for telecommunication.
The Phyllotaxis differential geometry used to conceive new spiral loop designs with reduced Size, Weight and Power
(SWAP) might also accelerate the innovation of antenna technologies for any kind of application, including positioning,
tracking and network functional devices embedded in printed circuit boards (PCB) or it might eventually lead to the
development of new optimized multiple tx and rx antennas for MIMO wireless systems [18] (Multiple-input multiple output)
to be used in telecommunication and telemetry, sensor networks and imaging.
Furthermore, new spiral-magneto-meters and spiral coils for Magneto-encephalography (MEG) [19], Magneto-pneumography
(MPG) [20], Magnetocardiography (MEG) [21], functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)[22], Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) [23] as well as for magnetic stimulation of the heart [24] might result to be particularly sensitive and
precise.
Specifically, the absorption coefficients of the magnetic pulses created by spiral coils whose g factors [25] are chosen to be
the same of the brain-myelin bundles may be very high because of the geometrical resonant effect.
Inductively coupled plasma for etching [26] is generated by applying an RF voltage to the coil wound around a reactor,
resulting in an RF current which induces a magnetic field responsible for the ionization process. The geometry of the
magnetic coil used for RF plasma generation, which could be planar, three-dimensional bowl shaped, or simply cylindrical,
plays a key role in determining the features of the integrated circuits (IC). Although the plasma equipment depends on
sophisticated numerical controls and additional DC voltages, a new design of spiral coil could be useful to better control the
energy distribution of the electrons and ions in the reactor, improving the quality of the silicon IC fabrication.
Shorted-circuited superconducting magnets (SCSM) can store energy in the magnetic field created by a circulating current
in superconductors with approximately zero resistance [27]. Superconducting magnetic energy storage systems (SMES)
composed of SCSM and DC/AC inverters, are able to release megawatts of power in the form of AC electric current in a
fraction of a cycle by opening the short-circuit on the load.
In standby mode, the current in the SMES continually circulates through the closed switch of the voltage regulator and
power supply, and back to the magnet with the time-process constant = L/R.
In HEP experiments (High Energy Physics), one or more magnets are used to identify the particles coming out from
the interaction [28]. Most of the 4 detectors at HEP colliders are based on solenoids that create cylindrically symmetric
magnetic fields with the same axis as the colliding beams and direction preferably perpendicular to the trajectories of the
particles coming out from the interaction. Compact muon solenoid (CMS) for example is a general-purpose detector that
use a huge cylindrical solenoid magnet to bend the paths of particles from collisions in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at
CERN [29].
2

The winding pack of a superconducting coil is indirectly cooled down by a flow of liquid helium, i.e. the cooling pipes are
attached to it in order to extract the heat and keep the detector at the required low temperature [28]. High energy particle
accelerators and great precise measurements require very strong magnetic fields in large volumes, and consequently complex
cooling systems.
The device for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Programme, a large scale scientific experiment intended to prove the viability of fusion reactions through the use of two magnetic fields -one created by electric coils,
the other created by intense electric current in the plasma itself- was conceived in toroidal geometry [30].
The greatest efforts of the researchers in developing systems for magnetic confinement of plasma with very high field
(> 13 T ), have been concentrated on new superconducting materials [31] rather than on exploring new geometries.
A spiral crown solenoid, which creates a uniform magnetic field along the longitudinal axis, may be a valid alternative for
SMES, HEP experiments as well as for thermonuclear experiments because the holes between its coils might let the cooling
system to be more effective in respect to the cylindrical or toroidal case.
MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems ) are capable of realizing the correct geometry for miniature radio-frequency
(RF) coils, that have a variety of applications in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), spectroscopy (MRS) [32] and Wireless
Strain Sensing (WSS).
In a parallel RLC circuit, the Q factor, that represents the ratio of the energy stored in the oscillating resonator to the
energy dissipated per cycle, depends critically on the geometry of the inductance L.
High sensitivity, high Q, RF-MEMS telemetry strain [33] and bio-implantable [34] physiological sensors in spiral geometry,
to monitor the mechanical deformation and physiological parameters, have already been proposed. The Phyllotaxis differential
geometry may let to mock up new spiral RF-MEMS coils for magneto-inductive telemetry systems according to specific needs.
The spiral leaf loop coil design may be used to realize a new generation of spiral split ring resonators (SRR) for
metamaterial-based RF- systems, such as strain sensors [37] or array of resonators for wireless power transfer [38].
New induction coil or magnetic loop sensors and Rogowski sensors [35, 36], may also be implemented based on spiral
crown loop coils design patterns.
In various technological and scientific applications, the uniformity of the magnetic field within a volume of interest for
the development of miniaturized devices [39] is essential. Solenoids are large cylindrical inductive coils while the volumes
of interest in technological and scientific applications are usually smaller. The spiral bifolium solenoids can be flattened
according to the volume of interest, and may be implemented with simple algorithms.
In charged particle beam optics, solenoids are used as magnetic lenses [40], the spiral geometry may give raise to a new
variety of magnetic dipoles [41], quadrupoles [42], sextupoles for accelerator magnet lattices, as well as to charge deflectors
and magnetic spectrometers.
Bifolium racetrack dipole coils for a new generation of superconducting insertion devices (IC) such as FEL (free electron
lasers) and ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) wigglers&undulators [43, 44], may prove to reduce the magnetic field errors
in simplifying the winding methodologies and machining processes.
The electric and magnetic fields of a mass spectrometer analyzer [45] exert forces on ions, whose trajectory deflections
depend on their masses to charge ratios. After an accurate analytical analysis of the Newtons second law of motion for
charged particles traveling in a spiral capacitor or through a leaf magnetic dipole, new types of ions spectrum analyzers
might be introduced.
In spite of cabling & insulation are noteworthy issues to be discussed, especially in the case of magnet lattices for
accelerators [46], this introductory mathematical study is limited to the ideal cases of thin filamentary wire configurations
perfectly isolated and does not consider any technology implementation.
Spiral solenoids may also be designed for simple on-off applications such as starters and door locks [47], or for accurate
linear control of fluid pressure to operate pistons and valves in applications such as transmissions and fuel injections. In all
these applications the spiral geometry might become essential in order to fit the needs of the specific systems to be controlled.
Many animals are believed to navigate across land, through the water and through the sky using the magnetic field as
guidance. The antennae of the North American monarch butterfly, which appear to contain light-sensitive magnetosensors
able to detect the Sun and Earths magnetic field, should let them to navigate during their long migrations [48, 49]. Since
these natural inclination magnetic compass antennas are mostly in spiral geometry, the present paper may become a landmark
study in research to precisely analyze their spatial time-compensated-interaction [49] with the magnetic field.
The Phyllotaxis coils presented in this paper may also be used to realize new types of transformers, stators and rotors
for spiral electric motors, voice coils for loudspeakers, coil drivers for headphones, tank coils for tuned circuits, loading coils
for antennas, variometers, inductive ballasts, solenoid injectors, Helmholtz coils, magnetic bottles, magnetic loop payment
systems, motor racing telemetry systems, wireless weather stations, satellite or spacecraft telemetry systems, wireless flight
instrumentation, energy monitoring, biotelemetry systems, rotary solenoids, new spiral antennas for RFID, induction heaters,
relays, maglev, cyclotrons for hadron therapy systems [50], etc. New dynamos could even be conceived of by substituting
the Pacinottis ring with a spiral leaf or a crown loop coil.
New maps of the nearby galaxy IC342 or Caldwell 5 [51] have recently shown that the magnetic fields in the ISM
(interstellar medium) interact with its spiral arms of gas flowing inward to its center. Since, the total radio continuum
emission of IC342 observed with the telescopes is not diffuse but concentrated in spiral arms [51], the analysis of the power
radiated by currents in spiral geometry, may be helpful to study how the magnetic fields distribute around the galaxy in the
ISM and related phenomena such as a possibly hosted black holes and also the production of new stars.
Solar nantenna electromagnetic collector (NEC) [53] using square spiral antennas have been already proposed. The adoption of the Phyllotaxis differential geometry may enable precise analytical evaluations of the spiral nantenna electromagnetic
3

characteristics. Furthermore, the geometry of the antennas plays a key role in optical rectification [54] because the sharp tip
or edge with a collector anode constitutes a tunnel junction and acts as a rectifier. Spiral sharp edges might be efficiently
implemented through the use of commercially available nano-manipulators [55].
2. The single spiral coil.
Magnetic fields are created by electric currents which arises due charges in motion along wires, thus the geometry of their

trajectories is essential for analytical calculations. Expressions for the magnetic flux densities B of simple planar circular
current loops have been published in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates [52].
In order to study the spatial dependence of the magnetic field created by a steady electric current I flowing in a filamentary
wire spiral coil (see Fig. 1a), the appropriate coordinates-system [56, 25] is


g 0
0
0

x0 = e g
 cos + ,
0 g 0


y0 = e g
sin 0 + 0 ,
z0 = z0 .

(2.1)

Where 0 refers to the coordinates of the spiral coil as indicated in Fig. 1a.

Figure 1. Perspective views of a) The single spiral filamentary wire coil, b) the circular filamentary wire coil.

In the reference frame of the filamentary wire spiral coil, the trajectory of the current density J is identified by = 0 = cost.

The radius vector

r 0 of the filamentary wire coil (see Fig. 1a) is given by


0 g 0

r0 = e q

1+g 2

where the unitary basis vectors are

e
0 = q g

1+g 2
e
0 = q 1
1+g 2
e
0z = e
z .

e0 + z 0 e
z ,
e
0 g

1 cos 0 + 0
sin 0 + 0

g

e
x + q g
1+g 2





g cos 0 + 0 sin 0 + 0 e
x + q 1

1+g 2

z 0 = 0.

1 sin 0 + 0
+ cos 0 + 0

g

(2.2)

e
y ,





g sin 0 + 0 + cos 0 + 0 e
y ,

(2.3)

The Biot-Savart law gives the magnetic flux density dB created by an infinitesimal element of the filamentary wire spiral

coil d`0 (see Fig. 1a) carrying the current I,

0 I d`0
r
.
(2.4)
dB =
4
r3

is the permeability of the free space, d`0 = h0 d0 e0 and h0 is the Lam`es coefficient of the spiral

where 0 = 4 107
transformation [25].
~ is proportional to the current I flowing in the coil and its direction depends
The strength of the magnetic flux density B
on ~r.

The relative radius vector

r of a generic point P in the free space (see Fig. 1a, where the spiral coil is represented on
0
the plane x-y, i.e. z = 0) is given by


0 g 0

r 0 = x
ex + y
ey + z
ez e q
r =
r
p

1+g 2

e0 .
e
0 g

(2.5)

In this formula the coil is identified by the vector

r 0 , whereas the generic point in the space is identified by
rp .

According to the Eq. (2.4), the magnetic flux density in the center of the spiral coil rp = 0 is determined by
0
i
0

0 Ie g h gf0
B (
rp 0) =
e
egi ez .
4g

(2.6)

Notably, the intensity of the magnetic flux density weakens at an exponential rate with the increasing of the negative i0 , f0 < 0
i
h
spiral angles, whereas it grows with the number of spiral turns N = Int f0 i0 and it can be made very high as in the
particular case of the archimedean Teslas bifilar pancake coil [3].
Furthermore, it is worth to point out that Eq. (2.6), for g|f0 |, g|i0 |  1 can be approximated by
0

0 Iegf g  0
B (
rp 0) '
f i0 ez .
4

(2.7)

It is hence found that, the amount of magnetic flux density at the center of the spiral coil depends critically on the g factor.

Figure 2. Bz created by the spiral coil (g = 0.1, 0 = 0.1) as a function of x and y variables for I = 1 A a)
one spiral turn i0 = 28.97 rad, f0 = 35.25 rad b) three spiral turns i0 = 28.97 rad, f0 = 47.82 rad.
The magnetic flux density created in a generic point of the space is given by,

B (
rp ) =

0 I
4

Zf

0

+ cos 0 + 0 e
x + z g cos 0 + 0 + sin 0 + 0 e
y +
z
gsin 0 +


0 g 0










g
0
0
0
0
0
0
x g sin + + cos +
z
+ y g cos + sin 0 + 0 e
+ e

i0

(

0 g 0
) cos (0 +0 )
xe( g

2 
2
0 g 0
) sin (0 +0 ) +z2
+ ye( g

)3/2

 0

g 0

d0 .

(2.8)

In Fig. 2 the component Bz at z = 0 for the two cases of the spiral and circular coils, is represented as a function of x and y.
This result can also be obtained by using the magnetic vector potential [52],

0 I
A (x, y, z) =
4

Spiral

d`0
.

|
rp
r 0|

(2.9)

The magnetic flux density can be determined by taking the curl of A [52],

B = A =e
x

Az
y

Ay
z

+e
y

Ax
z

Az
x

+e
z

Ay
x

Ax
y

(2.10)

so that the magnetic field is divergence free.

Following the calculations of the circular loop of radius a carrying a current I [52], the integration of Eq. (2.9) results in,
5

Ax (x, y, z) =

0 I
4

Zf
i0
f0

Ay (x, y, z) =

0 I
4

Z
i0

s

g 0
) d0
(g cos (0 +0 )sin (0 +0 ))e( g
,


2
2
0
0
g 0
) cos (0 +0 ) + ye( g g0 ) sin (0 +0 ) +z2
xe( g

(2.11)
0

s

g 0
) d0
(g sin (0 +0 )+cos (0 +0 ))e( g
,


2
2
0
0
g 0
) cos (0 +0 ) + ye( g g0 ) sin (0 +0 ) +z2
xe( g

Az (x, y, z) = 0.
The integrals in Eq. (2.11) could be considered a spiral generalization of the complete elliptic integrals. These integrals
are not readily available in the mathematical literature, and thus must be evaluated by numerical methods.

Figure 3. a) Bz b) Bx c) By created by the spiral coils (g = 0.1, 0 = 0.1, 1 turn i = 28.97 rad,
f = 35.25 rad and 3 turns i = 28.97 rad, f = 47.82 rad) and circular coil respectively, as a function of
the z variable for I = 1 A at x = 0 and y = 0.

As it can be seen in Fig. 3, the magnetic flux density along the z axis has three components.
In the special case of the component Bz (see Fig. 3a) along the perpendicular axis z through the center of the coil, the
integral of Eq. (2.8) can be evaluated analytically,

0 I
1
1
.
q
q
Bz (z) =
0
0
4g
2 g 2gf0 )
2 g 2gi0 )
(
(
2
2
+z
e
e
+z

(2.12)

Instead, the two components Bx (x = 0, y = 0, z) (see Fig. 3b) and By (x = 0, y = 0, z) (see Fig. 3c), which have the same
pattern along the z axis but different intensities, must be evaluated by using numerical methods.
The magnetic flux density created by a circular coil is symmetrical with respect to the z axis, whereas the single spiral
coil creates a skewed field with |Bx | > |By | (see Fig. 3b and Fig. 3c).
The spiral multi-turn coil creates a magnetic flux density whose intensity decreases with the spiral angle as described
in Fig. 2b and has its maximum value at the center.
In Table 1 a comparison between two examples of filamentary wire single spiral and circular loop coils is proposed

Radius
circular coil
R = Ri

Radius increment
spiral coil
R1

i0

f0

Magnetic Field
circular coil
Bcircle

Magnetic Field
spiral coil 1 turn
Bspiral

Magnetic Field
spiral coil 3 turn
Bspiral

0.15 m

0.07 m

0.1

0.1

28.97

35.254

1A

4.2 T

5.7 T

37.27 T

Table 1. Comparison between two examples of filamentary wire single spiral and circular coils (see Fig. 1
and Fig. 2).

3. Forward , and backward - spiral coils.

The filamentary wire spiral coil, like the straight wire, doesnt create a closed loop.
In order to form a closed loop two types of spiral coils are considered, the forward spiral coil already presented in the
previous section and the backward coil, which will be introduced afterward.
Lets now rotate the reference frame coordinate-system of the forward spiral coil in respect to the z axis by applying the
matrix [RO ]z to the Eq. (2.1)
0

x
cos 0
y 0 = sin 0
0
z0

sin 0
cos 0
0

0
x
0 y .
z
1

(3.1)

This operation yields the following generalized forward spiral mapping



g 0
0
0
0

x0 = e g
 cos + + ,
0 g 0


y0 = e g
sin 0 + 0 + 0 ,
z 0 = z.

(3.2)

which has the same characteristics of the simple spiral coordinate-system of Eq. (2.1).
As it can be seen in Fig. 4, the forward spiral coil rotates clockwise by increasing 0 .
The generalized forward basis vectors of Eq. (2.3) change into
e
0 (0 ) = q g

1+g 2
e
0 (0 ) = q 1
1+g 2
e
0z = e
z .




1 sin 0 + 0 + 0
+ cos 0 + 0 + 0
e
e
x + q g
y ,
g
1+g 2





0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0


1
q
sin + +
e
x +
g sin + + + cos + +
e
y ,

1 cos 0 + 0 + 0
sin 0 + 0 + 0

g

g cos 0 + 0 +

0

(3.3)

1+g 2

Figure 4. a) the forward , spiral coil clockwise rotating, b) backward - coils counterclockwise rotating
under the same matrix [RO ]z increasing .

While the g factor is equivalent to the angular coefficient m [25], is the analogous of the q intercept with the y axis of
the straight line.
On generalizing the concept, two spirals with the same g and different 1 6= 2 are said to be parallel.
In appendix a further generalization of the spiral triangle and rectangle is reported.
The magnetic flux density created by the element of filamentary wire forward spiral coil carrying the static current I and
rotated of the angle 0 around the z axis, is given by

B (
rp , 0 ) =

0 I
4

i0
= + +.
0

x + z g cos 0 + sin 0 e
y +
z
gsin 0 + cos 0 e

0
0
g
g
0

0


0

0

 0

x
g
sin

+
cos

+
y
g
cos

sin

+
e

Zf

"

xe(

0 g 0
g

) cos (0 )

2 
2
0 g 0
) sin (0 ) +z2
+ ye( g

Whereas the forward vector potential is given by

7

#3/2

g 0

d0 ,

(3.4)

Ax (x, y, z, 0 ) =

0 I
4

Zf
i0
f0

Ay (x, y, z, 0 ) =

0 I
4

Z
i0

s

g 0
) d0
(g cos (0 )sin (0 ))e( g
,


2
2
0
0
g 0
) cos (0 ) + ye( g g0 ) sin (0 ) +z2
xe( g

d`0 = h e0 (0 ),

(3.5)
0

s

g 0
) d0
(g sin (0 )+cos (0 ))e( g
,


2
2
0
0
g 0
) cos (0 ) + ye( g g0 ) sin (0 ) +z2
xe( g

Az (x, y, z, ) = 0.

From Eq. (3.4) and by using the principle of superposition of the effects ( B tot (x = 0, y = 0, z) = B (x = 0, y = 0, z, =

0) + B (x = 0, y = 0, z, = )), it appears clear that two spiral filamentary wires with opposite phases create a pure
longitudinal magnetic flux density along the z axis, i.e.

1
1
0 I
ez .
q
q
(3.6)
B tot (x = 0, y = 0, z) =
0
2g
2 0
0
0 2
2gf g
2g
2
2
g
ie
e
z +e
z +e
It is worth to point out that Eq. (2.12) represents only one component of the magnetic flux density, whereas Eq. (3.6)
identifies the whole magnetic vector at x = 0, y = 0 along the z axis.

Figure 5. Two spiral coils with opposite phase a) plane view b) perspective view with magnetic flux vectors.

The reflection [RE]x0 x0 with respect to the y axis

1
[RE]x0 x0 0
0

0
1
0

0
0 .
1

(3.7)

of the coordinate system in Eq. (2.1) yields to the following backward spiral conformal mapping


g
g
x = e
cos ( + ),



g
y=e g
sin ( + ),
z = z.

(3.8)

By applying the same rotation matrix [RO00 ]z of Eq. (3.1) to Eq. (3.8), the backward spiral conformal coordinates become


00 g 00
g

00
g 00
g

x00 = e

y 00 = e
z 00 = z.

cos 00 + 00 00 ,

sin 00 + 00 00 ,

(3.9)

Where 00 refers to the coordinates of the spiral coil as indicated in Fig. 4b.

In backward spiral coordinates, the radius vector

r 00 of the spiral coil (see Fig. 4b) is given by

r 00 = e

00 g 00
g
q
1+g 2

e00
e
00
g
.

(3.10)

Where the backward basis vectors are

00
q g
e
00
( ) =

1+g 2
00
q 1
e
00
( ) =
1+g 2
z .
e
00
z = e

1 cos 00 + 00 00
sin 00 + 00 00

g

e
x + q g
1+g 2





00
00
00
00
00
00
g cos +
sin +
e
x + q 1

1+g 2

1 sin 00 + 00 00
+ cos 00 + 00 00

g

e
y ,





g sin 00 + 00 00 + cos 00 + 00 00 e
y ,

(3.11)

In the spiral reference system, the equation of the backward coil is identified by the coefficient = 00 = cost.

The magnetic flux density created by the infinitesimal arc-element d`00 = h d00 e00 (the sign - determines the versus
of the current in the backward coil, see Fig. 4b) of the filamentary wire backward spiral coil rotated by the angle 00 and
carrying the static current I, is given by

0I
B (
rp , 00 ) = 4

00

Zf

i00
= + .
00

00

00

00 g 00

e
z + z g sin 00 + cos 00 e
x +

e g
z g cos 00
+ sin 00

e x g sin 00
+ cos 00

e +
 00

z




y
00

z
+y g cos 00 + sin 00 e
g g
!3/2 e
d00 ,
 



x+e(

00 g 00
g

) cos (00 )

+ ye(

00 g 00
g

) sin (00 )

+z 2

(3.12)

00

whereas the backward vector magnetic potential is given by

00

00

Ax (x, y, z, ) =

0 I
4

Zf

i00

00

g 00
) d00
(g cos (00 )sin (00 ))e( g
s
,


2
2
00 g 00
00 g 00
) cos (00 ) + ye( g
) sin (00 ) +z2
x+e( g

00

00

Ay (x, y, z, ) =

0I
4

Zf

i00

(3.13)
00

g 00
) d00
(g sin (00 )+cos (00 ))e( g
s
,
2 
2
00 g 00
00 g 00
) cos (00 ) + ye( g
) sin (00 ) +z2
x+e( g

Az (x, y, z) = 0.
Eq. (3.4) and Eq. (3.12) differ for the sign of the arc-length element which is taken positive in the first 0 and negative
in the latter case (see Fig. 4), i.e. the direction of the current and the increasing direction of the angle coincide for the
forward coil and are opposite for the backward one.
00

4. The leaf coil in Phyllotaxis differential geometry.

A number of coil geometries such as polar, toroidal, rectangular, etc. have been proposed in order to create different
magnetic fields, but most of the forms found in Nature (plants, animals, clouds, planets, stars, galaxies) have never been
investigated analytically. The spiral geometry describes the mathematical characteristics of a wide range of objects found
in Nature, first of all botanic fingerprint patterns such as loops and whorls or Phyllotaxis of leaves. Most of the
spirals
involved in phyllotaxis patterns are golden spirals or logarithmic spirals whose factor is the golden ratio = (1 + 5)/2 or
g = 2 ln ()/.

Figure 6. Leaf coil for n = 1, g = 0.35, 0 = 0.07765, R(1)1 = 0.15 mt, R(1)2 = 0.05 mt and 0 = 1 = 0
a) 0 = 1 = 0 = 2 , b) rotated by 0 = 1 = 0 = 4 , c) n = 2, 0 = 1 = 0 = 2
.

In Fig. 6 a new closed loop coil named leaf coil from the union of the two types of open filamentary wire coils forward and
backward, is proposed.
The equations of the forward , and backward - coils, which form the leaf loop are

0 g


0
g
cos 0 + 0 0 ,

0
0 g
h
i

0
y = e g
sin 0 + 0 0 ,
, 0 + (n + 1) +
,
0 = 1 = 0 , 0 = 1 = 0 , 0 0 + n +
2
2



0 g

1
0
x = e g
cos + 1 + 1 ,


1 ,

0
h
i

y = e g g1 sin 0 + +
, 0 + n + , 0 + (n + 1) + .
1
1
1
2
2

x = e


(4.1)

0 ,
1 are the two subsets of the plane R2 that represent the boundaries of the nth leaf coil.
Where ,
The leaf coordinates of Eq. (4.1) together with their basis vectors of Eq. (3.11) and Eq. (3.3) may be considered a
landmark of the Phyllotaxis differential geometry, or the geometry of the leaves arrangements in plants.
The points of intersection between the forward and the backward coils with identical 0 = 00 (see Fig. 6) and rotated
together by the same rotation matrix [RO0 ]z are





0 1

xn = e g +g gng 2 cos n + + 0 ,
2




0
1

+g gng

g
2 sin n + + 0 ,
yn = e
2

Given the two radii R(1)n , R(1)n+1 for a specific n (where R(1)n =
and 0 of the correspondent filamentary wire leaf loop coil are

ln R (1)n

(1)
n+1

gn =
,

(4.2)
n Z.
0

x2n + yn2 = e ( g +g)gng 2 ), the two parameters g

1

(4.3)






+gn n+ 1
ln R(1)

2
n
0 = g n
.
n
2
1+gn

The scheme of the square loop coil [58] is now taken into account in the calculation of the magnetic flux density created by
the nth leaf coil loop.
According to Eq. (3.4) and Eq. (3.12), it follows

Figure 7. Bz as a function of x at y = 0 and as a function of y at x = 0, z = 0, 0 = 2 , for g = 0.35,

0 = 0.0765, n = 1.
0

rp , 0 = 00 , 0 , ) = B n(
rp, , ,)
+ B n (
rp , 0 , -) =
B n (

0 +(n+1)+ 2

0 I
4

1
X

k=0

0 +n+ 2

0 g

e g
e
z + (1)k+1 z (g sin (k ) + cos (k )) e
x +

+z (g cos ( ) + sin ( )) e
y + (1)k x (g sin (k ) + cos (k )) e
z +
 0

k
k
g
+y (g cos (k ) sin (k )) e
z
k
g
e
dk ,






3/2
2
2
0
0

x + (1)k e

k = 0 + k + (1)k+1 0 .

g
k
g

cos (k ) + y e

g
k
g

and the vector magnetic potential components of the nth leaf loop coil result in
10

sin (k ) + z 2

(4.4)

 0 +(n+1)+ 2

Axn =

0 I
4

1
X

k=0

(g cos (k )sin (k ))e

!2
0

v
u

u
t x(1)k+1 e( g gk ) cos ( )
k

0 +n+ 2

0 g
k
g

Ayn =

0 I
4

k=0

Azn = 0,

(1)k+1 (g sin (k )+cos (k ))e

!2
0

v
u

u
t x(1)k+1 e( g gk ) cos ( )
k

0 +n+ 2

dk

( 0 gk ) sin (
ye g

0 +(n+1)+ 2
1
X

+ ye

0 g
k
g

k)

!2

,
+z 2

(4.5)
dk

( g0 gk ) sin (

k)

!2

,
+z 2

k = 0 + k + (1)k+1 0 .
According to Eq. (4.4), for x = 0, y = 0, 0 = 0 the magnetic flux density x-component created by the nth leaf coil (see Fig. 7)
along the axis z is Bxn = 0, whereas Bzn , Byn 6= 0.
Particularly

Bzn (x = 0, y = 0, 0 = 0) =

0 I
2g

2 0 (1+g 2 )
2g n+ 3
g
2

+z 2

s 
e

2 0 (1+g 2 )
2g n+ 1
g
2

+z 2

According to the Eq. (4.4), the magnetic flux density in the center of the leaf coil
rp = 0 is determined by

0 Ie
B n (
rp = 0) =



1 +gn+g
0 g+ g
2

2g

[eg 1] ez .

(4.6)

(4.7)

4.1. The leaf multipole magnetic moment expansion. On considering the properties of a filamentary wire leaf loop current
distribution which is localized in a small region of space, it is possible to expand the vector magnetic potential in multipoles.
The vector potential have the expansion [52, 59]
Z


Z
Z

Ji (
r 0 )d3 r0
0 I
1
rp
0
0 3 0
0
0 3 0

J
=
Ai (x, y, z) =
(
r
)d
r
+

J
(
r
)
r
d
r
+
....
,
i x, y, z.
(4.8)
i
i

4 |
4
|
rp
r 0|
|
rp |3
rp |
For the localized steady-state current distribution in the idealized filamentary zero thickness wire of the closed leaf loop,
(

d`0
, f orward coil,

0 3 0

J ( r )d r I

d`00 - backward coil.

(4.9)

Figure 8. a) Magnetic moment

~ (1),M of b) M superimposed concentric leaf loop coils.
Consequently, the first leaf monopole term vanishes, for the integral is just the total vector displacement around a closed loop.

r 0 |, the multipole moment expansion will be dominated by the lowest-order non-vanishing multipole; higher-order
For |
rp | >> |
terms in the expansion can be neglected. The first lowest non-vanishing term in the expansion of the vector magnetic potential of the

leaf loop A can be expressed in term of the magnetic moment

(1),M of the current distribution J , i.e.

0 (1),M rp
,
A '

4
| rp |3
11

(4.10)

(1),M =
S(1)n =

I
2

leaf loops

M
X

S(1)n k,
r 0 d`0 = I

2 0 (1+g 2 )
g(2n+1)
g
e

2g
M n0

(1),n0
(1),M =

n=n0


1 e2g = S(1)0 e2ng ,

2ng

n=0

(1),n0 = IS(1)n0 k,

(4.11)

2(M n0 +1)g

1e

=
(1),n0
1 e2g

where S(1)n is the total area of the nth leaf loop (the number (1) 2N =0 identifies the leaf type of coil).

Since M Z in Eq. (4.11), the magnetic moment of the multileaf coil is quantized and
(1),n0 represents the fundamental magnetic
moment of the multileaf coil.
In the limit M , the magnetic moment results in

(1),M =
(1), = lim
M

(1),n0
.
1 e2g

(4.12)

r 0 |, the vector magnetic potential of the multi-leaf loop A is expressed by the following power Taylor series
For |
rp | << |

0 I X
1
A =

4 n=0 |
rp |n+1

leaf loops

|
r 0 |n Pn


0

0 
r
p r

|
|
r 0 ||
r
p

d` .

(4.13)

where Pn are ordinary Legendre polynomial of 1st kind of order n.

rp |2 ) is the magnetic
The first term ( 1/|
rp |) in the expansion of Eq. (4.13) is the magnetic monopole term, the 2 nd term ( 1/|

rd
3
dipole term, the 3 term ( 1/| rp | ) is the magnetic quadrupole term, and so on.
5. The Phyllotaxis leaf antenna.
The purpose of this section is to show how the filamentary wire leaf loop configuration radiates.
Lets suppose an alternating harmonic current is driven around the nth filamentary wire leaf loop oscillating magnetic dipole antenna
I = I0 cos (t).

(5.1)

Because of the superposition principle, the retarded potential results in [52, 59]

A (x, y, z, t) =

N
X

A (1)n (x, y, z, t),

n=n0

A (1)n (x, y, z, t) =

0 I0
4

nth loop

cos t
r

r
c

d`

(5.2)
,

r 0 | is the distance from the field (observation) point

rp to the source point
r 0 of the leaf coil
Where r = |
rp
r

 0



2 0

r2 + e g 2g0 + 2re g g0 sin cos ( 0 + + ),

0
r



 0

2 0 2g
g

1
1
2 +e
0 + ),
g
g

2re
sin

cos
(
r
1
(
0

h e
00
( )d0 ,
d`0
h e
0 (0 )d1 .

r = |
r
r 0| =
p

0 = 0 + 0 + 0 ,

|,
00 = 0 + 1 00 , r = |r
p

(5.3)

The far-field
approximation
assumes that the field point r is very far from the current source [59], i.e.
 0
  0



g
g
0
1
,e g
, 0 , 1 0 + n + 2 , 0 + (n + 1) + 2 ,
re g



0 g 0

g

0
e

r 1
sin cos + 0 + ,




r = |
r
r 0| '
p
0
g 00

g

sin

cos

r 1 + e
.
1

consequently




0 g 0

g


1
0
e

1
+
sin

cos

,
0

r
r

1
1



= r '

|r
0 g 00

p r 0|

g


1
0
e

sin cos + 1 .
1

(5.4)

(5.5)

It isfurtherassumed
the
size of the dipole is small compared to the wavelength of the radiation radiated [59], i.e.
 0



0 g
g
0
1
e g
,e g
 = 2c/, 0 , 1 0 + n + 2 , 0 + (n + 1) + 2 .
In that case



cos t cr



'

0 g
 

 


r
r
e g

cos t c
sin t c

sin cos 0 + 0 + ,




0 g

 

 

1
0

r
r
e g

+
sin

cos

sin

cos

c
c
c

12

(5.6)

In the radiation zone r >> = 2c/ /c >> 1/r the first term of the vector potential A (1)n is
spherical coordinates (r, , ) results
h 
2)

0 I0 20 (1+g
1 e2g sin
r i b
2g (n+ 1
g
2)
A (1)n (r, , t) =
e
sin t
.
8 c
g
r
c

From A (1)n the fields at large r result in

h 
2)
A (1)n

1 e2g sin
0 I0 2 20 (1+g
2g (n+ 1
g
2)
E (1)n (r, , t) =
'
e
cos t
t
8 c
g
r
and

negligible, consequently in

(5.7)

r i b
.
c

(5.8)

h 
2)

1 e2g sin
r i b
0 I0 2 20 (1+g
2g (n+ 1
g
2)
B (1)n (r, , t) = A (1)n (r, , t) '
cos t
.
(5.9)
e
2
8 c
g
r
c
These fields far from the loop are in phase, mutually perpendicular, and transverse to the direction of propagation b
r, and the ratio of
their amplitudes is E0n /B0n = c, as expected for electromagnetic waves [52, 59].
The energy flux for magnetic dipole radiation is

2
h 

2)

1 e2g sin
1 
r i
0 I0 2 20 (1+g
2g (n+ 1
2)
g
b
r.
(5.10)
S (1)n (r, , t) =
E (1)n B (1)n '
e
cos t
0
c
8 c
g
r
c
Z T

1
On average the intensity over the time, h S (1)n i =
S (1)n (r, , t)dt, the lines of Poynting flux are almost purely radial once
T 0

2


2)
1 e2g sin2

0 I02 4 40 (1+g
4g (n+ 1
)
g
2
b
h S (1)n i =
r,
(5.11)
e
128 2 c3
g2
r2
and the total time-average radiated power by the n

h P (1)n i =

th

leaf loop antenna h P (1)n i =

0 I02

e
48 c3

4 0 (1+g 2 )
g

4g (n+ 1
2)

h S (1)n i b
rdA, where dA = r2 sin dd, is

1 e2g
g2

2

(5.12)

The signs in (5.12) and (5.11) depend on the orientation of the leaf loop coil, which points in the
x direction (see Fig. 7).
The total power radiated by the superposition of infinite concentric leaf dipole antennas is

P () = h P (1) i =

n=n0

h P (1)n i = h P (1)n0 i

4gn

n=0

h P (1)n0 ie4g
e4g 1

g > 0.

(5.13)

6. the bifolium coil.

The closed loop coil named bifolium coil of Fig. 9 arises from the union of two leaf coils, one rotated with respect to the other by
an angle .

Figure 9. The bifolium coil for n = 1, q = 0, g = 0.583, 0 = 0.10744 a) 0 =

i
(2)11,2,0 = 6.3906 rad, R(2)
= 0.05 mt,
1,0

f
R(2)
1,0

= 0.02 mt b) 0 =

f
i
R(2)
= 0.02 mt, R(2)
= 0.008 mt d) n = 2, q = 0, 0 =
1,1
1,1
13

2,

4,

2,

(2)10,1,0 = 4.81918 rad,

c) n = 1, q = 1, 0 =

f
i
R(2)
= 0.0032 mt, R(2)
= 0.02 mt.
2,0
2,0

2,

The equations of the four forward , and backward - coil-parts are

2k -




0 g




kk
2k

x = e g
cos 0 + 2k 0
,
2


0 g


i

h

kk

2k
y = e g
,
2k 0 + n +
sin 0 + 2k 0
+q
, 0 + (n + 1) + q
,
2
2
2
2





g2k+1

k

k
x = e g
cos 0 + 2k+1 + 0 +
,
2


2k + 1 ,
0 g


h

i

kk

2k+1

y=e g
sin 0 + 2k+1 + 0 +
+q
, 0 + (n + 1) + q
, 2k+1 0 + n +
,
2
2
2
2
k = 0, 1,
q = 0,(1,
1 k=0
.
k =
2 k 6= 0

(6.1)

Where 2k , 2k + 1 , are the subsets of the plane R2 that represent the boundaries of the nth bifolium coil.
The points of intersection between the forward (2k + 1) , and the backward (2k) - coils (see Fig. 9) rotated together by the same
rotation matrix [RO ] are determined by the angles

(2)n2k+1,2k,q = 0 + n + (q + 1) ,
(6.2)
2
f
th
i
N =1
identifies
The n bifolium coil, like the ellipse has two axis, the minor R(2)n,q and the major R(2)n,q (the number (2) = 2
the bifolium type of coil), which are related to the parameters g, 0

R i

(2)n,q = e

R f

(2)n,q

=e

(1+g 2 )
g
g(2n+1) q
g
2 ,
2
(1+g 2 )
g
g(2n+1) (q+1)
2 ,
2
g

(6.3)

n Z, q = 0, 1.

f
i
Viceversa, if the two radiuses R(2)
, R(2)
are known for a given n and q, it is possible to determine the correspondent spiral
n,q
n,q
0
0
parameters (2)n,q , g g(2)n,q

Ri

n,q
g(2) = 2 ln (2)
,

f
n,q
R

(2)n,q
(6.4)

h 

i

0
g
g
i

ln R
+ g(2n + 1) + q
, n Z, q = 0, 1.
=
(2)n,q

1+g 2

(2)n,q

The infinitesimal arc-element of the bifolium depend on

(


0 g



0
kk
2k p
(2k)
d`2k = e g
1 + g 2 d2k e

,
0
2
(


0
g


p
0
kk
2k+1
(2k+1)
2k + 1 ,
1 + g 2 d2k+1 e

0 +
,
d`2k+1 = e g
2







kk
kk
kk
(2k)
0
= q 1
g cos 0 + 2k 0
sin 0 + 2k 0
e
x +
e

2
2
2
1+g 2





kk
kk
0
0
+

g sin 0 + 2k 0
+
cos

e
y ,
+q 1
2k
2
2
1+g 2







k

k

k

(2k+1)
k
k
k
0 +
= q 1
g cos + 2k+1 + 0 +
sin 0 + 2k+1 + 0 +
e
x +
e

2
2
2
1+g 2





kk
kk
0
0
0
0
1
g sin + 2k+1 + +
+ cos + 2k+1 + +
e
y
+q
2
2
2k -

(6.5)

1+g 2

k = 0, 1.

The magnetic flux density created by the bifolium loop coil carrying a static current I is given by the sum of the forward and backward

f
0
i
Figure 10. bifolium coil with for g(2)1,0 = 0.5833, (2)
= 0.10744, n = 1, R(2)
= 0.05 mt, R(2)
=
1,0
1,0
1,0

0
0
0
0.02 mt, = 2 , circular coil with r1 = 0.05 m and r2 = 0.02 m a) Bz as a function of z at the center of
the coils x = 0, y = 0 and comparison between circular and bifolium coils, b), c) Bx , By as a function of x
at y = 0 of the bifolium coil, d), e) Bx , By as a function of y of the bifolium coil f) B as a function of at
different values of z for the circular loop coil r10 = 0.05 m.

components
14

Figure 11. B(2)zn,q of the bifolium coil (n = 1, q = 0) as a function of x, y = mx, and y, x = y/m for
f
i
g(2)n,q = 0.5833, (2)n,q = 0.10744, R(2)
= 0.05 mt, R(2)
= 0.02 mt = 2 and m = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2.
n,q
n,q

rp , 0 = 00 , 0 , ) = B (2)n,q (
rp , 0 , ,) + B (2)n,q (
rp , 0 , -) =
B (2)n,q (




0 g










2k+1
e g
e
z + z g sin +
+ cos +
e
x + z g cos +
+ sin +
e
y +
k
k
k
k













0 g
x g sin +
+ cos +
e
z y g cos +
+ sin +
e
z
k
k
k
k
2k+1
g
e
d2k+1 +
!
!
!
3/2
2
2
0
0

0 +(n+1)+q 2

0 I
4

1
X

2k+1
2k+1
cos (+
)
+ ye g
sin (+
)
+z 2
xe g
k
k
0 + 2 +n+q 2


 0
g
0 +(n+1)+q 2










2k

e g
e
z + z g sin
+
z
g
cos

cos

+
sin

x
y
k
k




 k





 k 

1
X
0 g
+x g sin
+ cos
e
z + y g cos
sin
e
z
k
k
k
k
0 I
2k
g
+ 4
e
d2k ,
!
!
!
3/2
2
2
0
0

k=0

k=0

( g g2k ) cos ( )

x+e

0 + 2 +n+q 2

+ ye

( g g2k ) sin ( )
k

(6.6)

+z 2

kk
0
0
+
,
k = 2k+1 + + +
2
kk

0
0
k = 2k + 2 ,
k = 0, 1, q = 0, 1.

and the vector magnetic potential A (2)n,q of the (n, q) bifolium loop is given by
0 +(n+1)+q 2
0 I
A(2)x
= 4
n,q

1
X

k=0

0 + 2 +n+q 2

0 +(n+1)+q 2

1
0 I X

k=0



0 g




2k+1
g
+
+
dk
e
sin
g cos
k
k
v
+
2
2


 0
 0
u
u
g
g
u
+
+
2k+1
2k+1
t xe g
cos ( ) +ye g
sin ( ) +z 2
k
k




0 g




2k
g

e
+sin
g cos
dk
k
k
v
,
2
2
 0


 0
u
u
g
g
u
2k cos ( ) +ye g
2k sin ( ) +z 2
t x+e g
k
k


0 + 2 +n+q 2

0 +(n+1)+q 2

A(2)y

1
I X

0
= 4
n,q

k=0

0 + 2 +n+q 2
0
+(n+1)+q 2
0 I
+ 4

1
X

k=0

A(2)z

0 + 2 +n+q 2
n,q

(6.7)


0 g
2k+1
g






+
+
e
+cos
g sin
dk
k
k
v
+
2
2
 0


 0
u
u
g
g
u
2k+1 cos (+ ) +ye g
2k+1 sin (+ ) +z 2
t xe g
k
k



0 g




k
g

dk
e
cos
g sin
k
k
v
,
2
2


 0
 0
u
u
g
g
u

2k
2k
t x+e g
cos ( ) +ye g
sin ( ) +z 2
k
k


= 0.

15

According to Eq. (6.6), for x = 0, y = 0 the magnetic flux density x-y-components created by the bifolium coil along the axis z 6= 0
are B(2)xn,q = 0, B(2)yn,q = 0 and

B(2)zn,q

0 I
=

2g(n+1)qg
2 0 1+g
g

+ z2

!1/2

2g (n+ 1
qg
2 0 1+g
2)
g

At the center of the bifolium coil, the magnetic flux density is

0 Ie

B (2)n,q (
rp 0) =

+g(n+1)+q g
0 1+g
2
g

+z

.
!1/2

(6.8)

1 eg 2 ez .

(6.9)
g
As it can be observed in Fig. 10, the magnetic flux density distribution of the bifolium coil is positioned in the middle between the
larger and the smaller circular coils with radiuses r10 = 0.05 m and r20 = 0.02 m, respectively. The magnetic flux density of the bifolium
around the axis y has no the Bx component, whereas the circular coil creates a symmetrical transverse field B .
Lets consider M n0 concentric filamentary wire bifolium coils (each one composed of two continuous coils q = 0, q = 1) with the
same g carrying a current I.
By using the superposition principle, the magnetic field created at the center by the multibifolium coil results in

rp 0) =
B (2)M (
For M

M X
1
X

B (2)n,q =

0 Ie

g
1+g 2
+g+q
2
g

n=n0 q=0

1 eg 2

1egM
1eg

ez ,

M, n0 N.

ez .
lim B (2)M =

(6.10)

(6.11)

Figure 12. a) flat bifolium coil M = 1, n0 = 0, q = 0 b) multi-bifolium coil M = 2, n0 = 0, q = 1

c) perspective view of the bifolium solenoid n0 = 0, q = 0.
7. the bifolium solenoid.
The magnetic feld of an ideal bifolium solenoid can be derived from the Biot-Savart law [57].
L

B (
rp )) =

Z2

0
4

L
2

I(N dz 0 )d`0
r
,
|r|3

(7.1)

where
r =
rp
r 0 and the points along the strip are specified by the position vector

r0 =

0 g

2k
e g g2k cos ( )
ex + e g
sin (
)
ey + z 0 e
z ,
k
k

0
0 g

2k+1
e g g2k+1 cos (+ )
ex + e g
sin (+
)
ey + z 0 e
z ,
k
k
kk
,
2
kk
,
2

+
= 2k+1 + 0 + +
k
= 2k + 0

k = 0, 1, q = 0, 1,
h
i
0
0
L , L , L >> e g g2k , e g g2k+1 ,
2k , 2k+1 .
2 2

h
i
2k 0 + n +
+q
, 0 + (n + 1) + q
,
2
2
2
h
i
0
0

2k+1 + n + 2 + q 2 , + (n + 1) + q 2 ,

(7.2)

z0

Exactly as for the circular coil, the axial magnetic field of a bifolium loop carrying the static current I has no transverse components.
To find the magnetic field due to a finite bifolium solenoid, we shall approximate the solenoid as consisting of a large number of bifolium
loops close together.
Lets take a packed bifolium loops located at z with a thickness dz 0 , as shown in Fig. 13, the amount of current flowing through
it is proportional to dz 0 and it is given by dI = I(N dz 0 ), where N = N/L is the number of turns per unit length. According to Eq.
(6.6) and Eq. (7.1), the magnetic flux density created by the bifolium solenoid is given by
16

Figure 13. a) perspective view and lateral view of the bifolium solenoid b) magnetic flux densities Bz and
B for the cylindrical and bifolium solenoids along z.

rp , 0 = 00 , 0 , ) =
B (2)Sol n,q (

0
L +(n+1)+q 2
2

0 I
4

1
X

k=0

0
L
2 + 2 +n+q 2

0
L +(n+1)+q 2
2

0I
+ 4

1
X

k=0

L
2

0 + 2 +n+q 2

0 g





2k+1
e g
e
z + (z z 0 ) g sin +
+ cos +
e
x +
k
k







+(z z 0 ) g cos + + sin +

e
y +





 k

 k



x g sin +
+ cos +
e
z y g cos +
+ sin +
e
z
k
k
k
k
!2
!2
0
0

xe

( g g2k+1 ) cos (+ )
k

( g g2k+1 ) sin (+ )

+ ye

+(zz 0 )2

!3/2 e

 0

g2k+1

(N dz 0 )d2k+1 +

0 g





2k
0 ) g sin cos
e g

+
(z

z
+
z
x
k



k



+(z z 0 ) g cos + sin

+
y


 k

 k









0 g
e
z + y g cos k sin k
e
z
+x g sin k + cos k
2k
g
e
(N dz 0 )d2k ,
!
!
!
3/2
2
2
0
0
x+e

( g g2k ) cos ( )
k

( g g2k ) sin ( )

+ ye

(7.3)

+(zz 0 )2

kk
0
0
+
,
k = 2k+1 + + +
2
kk

0
0
k = 2k + 2 ,
k = 0, 1, q = 0, 1.

The contribution to the magnetic flux density at P along the z axis (x = 0, y = 0) of the bifolium solenoid is obtained analytically
from Eq. (7.3), i.e.
s

s
2 0 (1+g 2 )
2 0 (1+g 2 )
2g (n+ 1 )qg
2g(n+1)qg
2
L
L 2 +z+ L
2
g
g
+(z L
+z
+
z+
e
e
)
(
)

2
2
2
2
NI
s
ln s 20 (1+g2 )
B(2)zn,q (z) = 0g
(7.4)
.
2 0 (1+g 2 )
1
2g (n+ )qg
2g(n+1)qg
2
2
g
g
2
e
e
+(z+ L
+z+ L
+(z L
+z L
2)
2
2)
2
0 g

0 g

2k
2k+1
,e g
,
If the longitudinal
dimension L is much greater of the transverse
ones, L >> e g


2k , 2k+1 0 + n + 2 + q 2 , 0 + (n + 1) + q 2 , the magnetic flux density created by the bifolium solenoid becomes

B(2)zn,q ' N 0 I.

(7.5)

The bifolium solenoid creates the same uniform longitudinal magnetic flux density of the cylindrical solenoid, independently of the n, q
values as shown in Fig. 14.
Looking in depth at the most significant differences between the cylindrical and
the
the bifolium solenoids, it can be seen that despite

magnetic flux densities obey to two different laws with the functions f (z) = z/ z 2 + a2 (see for example [52]) and g(z) = ln ( z 2 + a2 )
(see Eq. (7.4)) respectively, the results for long sections L dovetail. Furthermore, the transverse components of the bifolium solenoid
are small compared to the longitudinal Bz component (see Fig. 10 for the single loop coil).
The case of the multi-bifolium is slightly different because Eq. (7.3) must be integrated between 0 + 2 + n0 and 0 + 2 + M +

q 2 , M, n0 N. Again, by using the superposition principle, the longitudinal magnetic flux density inside the innermost bifolium coil
results
B(2)z =

M X
1
X

n=n0 q=0

B(2)zn,q ' 2 (M n0 ) N 0 I,

(7.6)

The case of two nested bifolium solenoids is represented in Fig. 14c.

7.1. Non-relativistic charged particle in a bifolium solenoid. In a magnetic field, the motion of a non relativistic charged
particle is determined by the Lorentz force, i.e.




v B .
(7.7)
F =q E +

The uniform magnetic field is aligned in the z direction, and the particle of charge q and
a velocity
 mass m is moving with

v = v0x ex + v0y ey + v0z ez =

v+
v k , where v is separated in components parallel 
v k  = v0z and perpendicular
v to the
magnetic field.
17

Figure 14. Bz bifolium solenoid as a function of x and y = mx at a) z = 0 mt and b) z = 0.3 mt c)

magnetic flux Bz of a multibifolium solenoid (n0 = 0, M = 1, q = 1) resulting from two nested solenoids
(q = 0 and q = 1), as a function of x at y = 0 and z = 0.

By integrating the differential Eq. (7.7) of motion with E = 0 and B = K ez created by a bifolium solenoid, the result of trajectory

tracking is given by an helix whose axis is parallel to B .

Figure 15. Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field Bz : diagram showing arc of track and the sagitta s.


mv
cos qB
t + 0 + x0 ,
qB
 m

mv
y = qB sin qB
t
+ 0 + y0 ,
m

x=

z = v 0 z t + z0 .

2
B = | B |, v = v0

(7.8)
2 .
+ v0
y

The projection of the helix determined by Eq. (7.8) in the transverse plane (x,y) is a circle with radius = pqB
, where p = mv is
the momentum component of the particle transverse to B field.
The sagitta s (see Fig. 15) of a circular arc is the distance from the center of the arc to the center of its base.

L2

.
8

For small , we have ' L / and s ' 8 , consequently s '

Since the transverse momentum is proportional to the bending radius, the momentum resolution p
=
depends on the accuracy
p

in measuring .
For the simplest case of three measurements s = y2 (y1 + y3 )/2, considering uncorrelated error of single measurement with
y ' dyi , {i = 1, 2, 3}, we have s2 = 3/2y2 , and the relative momentum resolution (see [60] and [61] (pag. 334)) results in

s
track error
s
8p [GeV /c]

3
=
.
=
y [m]


p
s
2
0.3B[T ](L [m])2

(7.9)

The detector resolution on sagitta is the same as the momentum resolution and a)decreases linearly with transverse momentum b)
improves linearly with increasing the field c) improves quadratically with the radial extension L of detector.
Solenoidal magnets with large B and large radiuses are very expensive because their cost scales with the stored energy [62].
Provided that the initial cone of the trajectories is small enough, a flat bifolium solenoids (see Fig. 12a) can be efficiently used as
detectors with reduced stored magnetic energy.
7.2. Self-inductance of the bifolium solenoid. Lets consider again a bifolium solenoid consisting of N turns and suppose that it
carries a current I changing with time, then according to Faradays law an induced emf will arise to oppose its change.
According to Eq. (7.5), for N bifolium loops of (n, q) type, the magnetic flux linkage is
(2)n (B) = N 2 IS(2)n,q ,
where
S(2)n,q =

0 (1+g 2 )
g(2n+1)gq
g

is the area of the bifolium loop of (n, q) type.

The self-inductance of the bifolium solenoid is then
L(2)n,q =

1 eg .

(2)n,q (B)
= N 2 S(2)n,q .
I
18

(7.10)

(7.11)

(7.12)

The voltage across all the loops in the inductor is given by

V (t) = L(2)n,q

dI
.
dt

(7.13)

8. The spiral four leaf clover and the 2p crown solenoids.

From the union of two bifolium coils one rotated with respect to the other by an angle /2, the closed loop coil named spiral four
leaf clover coil of Fig. 16a is proposed.
The same concept is generalized to the 2p leaves coil of Fig. 16b (p=4)

Figure 16. a) g) four leaf clover coil (p=2,M=1,q=0) b) h) crown solenoid (p=4,M=1,q=0) c) i) crown
(p=4,M=4,q=0), d) e) f) Bz versus x at y = 0, z = 0 four leaf clover, crown solenoids.
The equations of the eight forward , and backward - coil-parts
2k -




2k



g2k

k

g
x = e
cos 2k + 2k 2pk ,


2k

i


h

g2k
k

g
+q
y = e
sin 2k + 2k 2pk ,
2k+2 0 + n +
+ q 2p , 0 + n +
+ M
,
2
2
2p
2p



2k+1



g2k+1

k

g
x = e
cos 2k+1 + 2k+1 + + 2pk ,


2k + 1 ,
2k+1

i


h

g2k+1

k
g
+q
y = e
,
sin 2k+1 + 2k+1 + + 2pk , 2k+1 0 + n +
+ q 2p , 0 + n +
+ M
2
2
2p
2p

(8.1)

k = 0, 1, 2, ......., 2p 1.

Where 2k , 2k + 1 , are the subsets of the plane R2 that represent the boundaries of the nth crown coil.
The integer p N represents the number of leaves (2p ) of the crown coil (see Fig. 16c), q represent the starting nested crown coil
between n and n + 1 considered (see for example Fig. 17d) and M is the number of superimposed loops (M = 1, single loop see Fig.
16a and Fig. 16b).
Theorem 1. a) Provided that the maximum and the minimum radiuses of the spiral crown 2p 4, M = 1 are given, the parameters
of the spiral coordinate transformation , g R are quantized.
Viceversa
19

Figure 17. Nested crowns g = 0.5, 0 = 0.5 a) bold crown n = 0, q = 0, M = 1 b) intersection of the
spirals of the bold crown c) zoom of the periodic inner crown n = 1, q = 0, M = 1 d) bold inner crown
n = 1, q = 5, M = 1.
b) Provided that the parameters , g R of the spiral coordinate transformation are given, the maximum and the minimun radiuses
of the spiral crown 2p 4, M = 1 are quantized.
Proof. Let

Ri = e g gi ,

Rf = e g gf ,

(8.2)
f > i ,

the maximum and the minimum radiuses of the crown coil respectively, then (see Fig. 17b)




e g gi cos ( + i + ) = e g gi cos + i q 2
,
2p
A




g gi
gi

2
g
e
sin ( + i + ) = e
sin + i q 2p ,




e g gf cos + f + = e g gf cos + f (q + 1) 2
,
2p
B




e g gf sin + + = e g gf sin + (q + 1) 2 ,
f
f
2p

R+

(8.3)

q = 0, 1, ....., 2p 1,
s = 0, 1, ....., 2p 1.

: = 2s
,
2p

by using the prosthaphaeresis formulas,

n
A + i q 2p =

,
2
n
B + f (q + 1) 2p =

,
2
,
R+ : = 2s
p
2

Consequently

2
(1+g ) g q g
= ln Ri ,
2
g
2p
(1+g 2 )
(q + 1) g = ln Rf ,

g
2
g
2p

q = 0, 1, ....., 2p 1,

(8.4)

s = 0, 1, ....., 2p 1.

n Z, q = 0, 1, ....., 2p 1.

(8.5)

a) Solving the system of Eq. (8.5) for the parameters g,




2p
Ri ,

g(2p ) = ln
Rf

i
g(2p ) h 

ln Ri + qg(2p ) 2p + g(2p ) (2n + 1)

,

(2p ),n,q = 1+g 2

2
(2p )

n Z, q = 0, 1, ....., 2p 1.

(8.6)

b) Solving the same system of Eq. (8.5) for the radiuses Ri , Rf

R(2
p)

q.e.d.

R f p
(2 )

n,q

n,q

=e

(1+g 2 )
g
g(2n+1) q p
2
g
2 ,

=e

(1+g 2 )
g
g(2n+1) (q+1) p
2
g
2 ,

(8.7)

n Z, q = 0, 1, ....., 2p 1.


20

The magnetic flux density created by the crown coil identified by the numbers (n, 2p , q, M ) is given by

, 0 = 00 , 0 ,
=
, 0 , ,
+
, 0 , -
=
B (n,2p ,q,M )
B (n,2p ,q,M )
r
r
r
B (n,2p ,q,M )
p
p
p



M
0 g
0










+n+ 2 +q 2p + 2p
2k

e
e

+
z
g
sin

+
z
g
cos

cos

+
sin

z
x
y


k
k



 k





 k 


0 g

+x g sin k + cos k
e
z + y g cos k sin k
e
z
2k

e g
d2k +

3/2
2
2



 0
 0

g
2k cos ( ) +ye g g2k sin ( ) +z 2
2p 1
x+e g

k
k

0 + 2 +n+q 2p

0 I




= 4
0

0











g2k+1
+n+ 2 +q 2p + 2p

+
+
+
+
g

e
e

+
z
g
sin

+
z
g
cos

+
+
cos

+
sin

z
x
y

k
k=0



k 


 k

 k


 0
+
+
+
+

g
x g sin k + cos k
e
z y g cos k + sin k
e
z

2k+1
g
+
e
d2k+1





3/2

2
2
0
0 g

2k+1 cos (+ ) +ye g g2k+1 sin (+ ) +z 2

xe g

k
k
0 + 2 +q 2p +n

(8.8)

According to Eq. (8.8), for x = 0, y = 0 the magnetic flux density x-y-components created by the crown coil along the axis z 6= 0 are
B(2p )x(n,q,M ) = 0, B(2p )y(n,q,M ) = 0 and, the z component is a generalization of Eq. (6.8), i.e.

B(2p )z(n,2p ,q,M ) =

0 I2p1

g
2 0 1+g
2g(n+1)q p1
g
2

+ z2

!1/2

2
g
g
2 0 1+g
2g (n+ 1
q p1
M p1
2)
g
2
2

According to Eq. (7.1) and Eq. (8.8), the magnetic flux density created by the crown solenoid is

rp , 0 = 00 , 0 , ) =
B (2p )Sol (n,q,M ) (
L

0 I
4

Z2
2p 1
X

k=0

L
2

0I
+ 4

p
2X
1

k=0

( g g2k+1 ) cos (+ )

xe

0 + 2 +n+q 2p

M
0
L +n+ 2 +q 2p + 2p
2

L
2

0 g





2k+1
e g
e
z + (z z 0 ) g sin +
+ cos +
e
x +
k
k







+
+
+(z z 0 ) g cos
+ sin k
e
y +





 k





x g sin +
+ cos +
e
z y g cos +
+ sin +
e
z
k
k
k
k
!2
!2
0
0

0 +n+ 2 +q 2p + M
2p

+(zz 0 )2

!3/2 e

 0

g2k+1

(N dz 0 )d2k+1 +

0 g





2k

0
e g

cos

+
(z

z
)
g
sin

+
z
x
k



k



+(z z 0 ) g cos + sin

e
y +
k
k














0 g
+
cos

sin

+x g sin
+
y
g
cos

z
z
k
k
k
k
2k
g
e
(N dz 0 )d2k ,
!
!
!
3/2
2
2
0
0

( g g2k ) cos ( )

x+e

0 + 2 +n+q 2p

+z

(8.9)

( g g2k+1 ) sin (+ )

+ ye

.
!1/2

+ ye

( g g2k ) sin ( )
k

+(zz 0 )2

kk
0
0
+
k = 2k+1 + + + 2p ,
kk

0
0
k = 2k + 2p ,
0 q 2p 1, 0 M 2p 1.

(8.10)
The contribution to the magnetic flux density at P along the z axis (x = 0, y = 0) for the single crown coil M = 1, is obtained
analytically from Eq. (8.10), i.e.

B(2p )z(n,q,M =1) (z) =

0 N I2
g

p1

ln

se

2 0 (1+g 2 )
g
g
2g n+ 1 q p1 p1
2
2
g
2
2
+ z L
+z L
2
2

2 0 (1+g 2 )
g
g
2g n+ 1 q p1 p1
2
g
2
2
2
e
+ z+ L
+z+ L
2
2

0 g
2k
g

2 0 (1+g 2 )
g
2g(n+1)q p1
2
g
2
+ z+ L
+z+ L
2
2

2 0 (1+g 2 )
g
2g(n+1)q p1
2
g
2
e
+ z L
+z L
2
2

0 g
2k+1
g

(8.11)

If the longitudinal
,e
,
 dimension L is much greater of the transverse ones, L >> e
2k , 2k+1 0 + n + 2 + q 2p , 0 + n + 2 + 2p + q 2p , the magnetic flux density created by the bifolium solenoid becomes
again
B(2p )z(n,q,M =1) ' N 0 I.

(8.12)

9. conclusions.
In this pioneer paper, the designs of new spiral coils and solenoids have been presented. The theory is based on the Phyllotaxis
differential geometry, which consists on the use of the reflected and rotated spiral orthogonal coordinates to generate complex coil
designs. For example, joining together two reflected spirals it is possible to obtain a loop whose shape resemble to that of a leaf. The
detailed calculations of the electromagnetic fields created by the leaf loop both for the static case than for the dynamic radiating
antenna driven by a sinusoidal current I(t) = A cos (t) have been presented. Analytical expressions for the magnetic flux density have
been found for different schemes of spiral solenoids. According to the limits for long solenoids, the inner magnetic flux density results
uniform, directed along the z direction and proportional to the number of loops, exactly as for the cylindrical solenoid. The advantage
of the spiral solenoids when compared with cylindrical solenoid is the possibility of achieving the same high uniform magnetic flux
densities with the same current and a lower space and subsequently less cost. Furthermore the geometrical features of the spiral
solenoids let them to be used in a variety of specific applications both in the research than in the commercial sectors and Space
Technology. A countless number of new electromagnetic objects can be conceived through the use of the spiral coils and solenoids,
whose versatility and geometrical features may be exploited to fit specific needs. The Phyllotaxis antennas may be used in the budding
21

technology for wireless charging electronic, telecommunication antennas, neuroscientific applications and biomedical telemetry systems.
Instead, the spiral solenoids can be efficiently exploited as particle detectors or in a variety of industrial applications.
Appendix A
The circular coil is a particular case of whatever spiral coil
In Fig. 18 the smooth transition varying the spiral parameters g and 0 between the four leaf clover and the circle is represented.

f
i
Figure 18. four leaf clover coils (p=2,M=1) a) g = 2.049, 0 = 0.3611, R(4)
= 0.1 mt, R(4)
=
1,0
1,0
f
f
i
i
= 1.2096 rad, (4)
= 1.995 rad b) g = 0.6504, 0 = 0.5854, R(4)
= 0.1 mt, R(4)
=
0.02 mt, (4)
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
f
f
i
i
0.06 mt, (4)
= 2.1562 rad, (4)
= 2.942 rad c) g = 0.284, 0 = 0.488, R(4)
= 0.1 mt, R(4)
=
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
f
i
i
= 2.0588 rad, (4)
= 2.844 rad d) g = 0.0001273, 0 = 0.0002931, R(4)
=
0.08 mt, (4)
1,0
1,0
1,0
f
f
i
0.1 mt, R(4)
= 0.09999 mt, (4)
= 1.571 rad, (4)
= 2.356 rad .
1,0
1,0
1,0

Appendix B
In Fig. 19 two basic spiral geometrical figures that occur widely in Nature are shown.
A close match of the spiral triangle form is found in the Aloe Polyphylia and the fish fin, whereas the spiral rectangle approximates
the features of the Helianthus annuus floret (or sunflower floret ), pinecone, Salak fruit (Salah pondoh cultivar ).

Figure 19. a) the spiral triangle, b) the spiral rectangle.

References
[1] E. Waffenschmidt,Wireless power for mobile devices Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), 33rd International IEEE (2011).
[2] H. Lenz Ueber die Bestimmung der Richtung der durch elekrodynamische Vertheilung erregten galvanischen Str
ome Annalen der Physik und
Chemie v. 31 p.483 (1834).
[3] N. Tesla Coil for electro magnets Patent no. 512,340 Jan 9, (1894).
[4] T.K. Sarkar et al. History of Wireless John Wiley &Sons (2006).
[5] M. S. Karoul et al. Study and design of a loop antenna for medical telemetry application Sensors, Circuits & Instrumentation Systems Volume
IV, Third International Conference on System, Signals & Devices March 21-24, 2005 Sousse, Tunisia.
[6] Raja Parasuraman, M. Rizzo Neuroergonomics: The Brain at Work: The Brain at Work Oxford University Press, USA (2006).
[7] P. R. Troyk, G.A. DeMichele, D.A. Kerns, R.F. Weir IMES: An Implantable Myoelectric Sensor Proceedings of the29th Annual International
Conference of the IEEE EMBS Lyon France, (2007).
[8] E.M Wassermann, C. M. Epstein, U. Ziemann, V. Walsh, T. Paus The Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation Oxford University Press
(2008).
[9] O. Gosseries Assessing consciousness in coma and related states using transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography
Annales Francaises dAnesth
esie et de R
eanimation Jan, (2014).
[10] H. Duffau Brain mapping: From Neural Basis of Cognition to Surgical Applications Springer Science & Business Media, (2011).
[11] A.V. Chervyakov et al. Possible mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation Front. Hum. Neurosci.
9:303 (2015).
22

[12] N.Lapitskaya et al. Disorders of consciousness: further pathophysiological insights using motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation
Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 177 pp 191-200 (2009).
[13] A.Maravita, N. Bolognini Updates on multisensory perception: from neurons to cognition Frontiers Media SA e-book (2012).
[14] L.G. Cohen et al. Effects of coil design on delivery of focal magnetic stimulation. Technical considerations, Electroencephalography and
clinical Neurophysiology (1990), 75, p. 350-357, Elsevier publication.
[15] G. Xu et al. The Optimal Design of Magnetic Coil in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Proc. of the (2005) IEEE Engineering in Medicine
and Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai, China, September 1-4, (2005).
[16] V. Kuperman MRI, Physical principles and applications Academic Press (2000).
[17] R. Bancroft Microstrip and Printed Antenna Design Noble Publishing (2004).
[18] J.M. Schelmann Multi-user MIMO-OFDM in Practice Enabling Spectrally Efficient Transmission Over Time-varying Channels
S
udwestdeutscher Verlag (2009).
[19] D.Cohen E.Halgren Magnetoencephalography in G. Adelman, B. Smith Encyclopedia of Neuroscience , Elseviers, (2004).
[20] V. Le Gros, D. Lemaigre, C. Suon, JP. Pozzi, F. Liot Magnetopneumography: a general review Eur. Respir. J. (1989) 2(2): pp 149-59.
[21] G.M. Baule, R. McFee Detection of the magnetic field of the heart American Heart Journal (1963); 66:95-6.
[22] S.Ulmer, O. Jansen fMRI: Basic and Clinical Applications Springer edition (2013).
[23] A. Chhabra, G. Andreisek Magnetic Resonance Neurography Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd New Delhi India (2012).
[24] J.C.Lin Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems CRC, (2011).
[25] I.M.Fabbri The Spiral Coaxial Cable International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology Volume (2015), Article ID 630131, Hindawi
Publishing Corporation.
[26] V. M. Donnelly and A. Kornbl Plasma etching: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 31(5), Sep-Oct (2013).
[27] C. A. Luongo, Superconducting Storage Systems: an overview, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 32, (1996), pp. 2214-2223.
[28] A. Gaddi A magnet system for HEP experiments Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 666 (2012)1024.
[29] http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/large-hadron-collider.
[30] J.H.Schultz, T. Antaya, J. Feng, C.Y.Gung, N. Martovetsky, J.V.Minervini, P. Michael, A. Radovinsky, P. Titus The ITER Central Solenoid
Fusion Engineering (2005), Twenty-First IEEE/NPS Symposium on.
[31] P. Vedrine Large Superconducting Magnet systems CERN Yellow Report CERN-2014-005 pp. 559-583.
[32] R.R.A. Syms, M.M. Ahmad, I.R. Young, Y. Li, J. Hand, and D. Gilderdale MEMS Helmholtz coils for magnetic resonance imaging J.
Micromech. Microeng. 15 (2005) S1S9.
[33] R. Melik, N. K. Perkgoz, E. Unal, C. Puttlitz and H. V. Demir Bio-implantable passive on-chip RF-MEMS strain sensing resonators for
orthopaedic applications J. Micromech. Microeng. 18 (2008) 115017 (9pp).
[34] R.N. Simons, D.G.Hall, and F. A. Miranda Spiral Chip Implantable Radiator and Printed Loop External Receptor for RF Telemetry in
Bio-Sensor Systems NASA/TM-2004-213217.
[35] S. Tumanski Induction Coil Sensors - a Review Meas. Sci. Technol. vol. 18 R31 (2007) IOP publishing group.
[36] D. A. Ward and J. La T. Exon Using Rogowski coils for transient current measurements Engineering Science and Education Journal June
pp. 105-113, (1993).
[37] R. Melik, E. Unal, N. K. Perkgoz, B. Santoni, D. Kamstock, C. Puttlitz, and H. V. Demir Nested Metamaterials for Wireless Strain Sensing
Ieee Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics, Vol. 16, no. 2, (2010).
[38] B. Wang, W. Yerazunis, and K. H. Teo Wireless Power Transfer: Metamaterials and Array.of Coupled Resonators
[39] N. K. Das, P. Barat, S. Dey and T. Jayakumar Design of Miniature Coil to Generate Uniform Magnetic Field Progress In Electromagnetics
Research M, Vol. 34, 99-105, (2014).
[40] M. Reiser Theory and design of charged particle beams Wiley-VHC (2004).
[41] G. Chlachidze et al. Field Quality Study of a 1 m Long Single-Aperture 11 T N b3 Sn Dipole Model for LHC Upgrades Applied Superconductivity, IEE Transaction on (Volume, 24, Issue 3) (2013).
[42] S. Caspi et al. Test Results of 15 T N b3 Sn Quadrupole Magnet HQ01 with a 120 mm Bore for the LHC Luminosity Upgrade Superconductivity,
IEE Transaction on (Volume, 21, Issue 3) (2011).
[43] S.V. Khrushchev et al Superconducting 119-pole wiggler for ALBA light source Proceeding of IPAC2011, San Sebasti
an, Spain.
[44] P. Emma A plan for the development of superconducting undulator prototypes for LCLS-II and features FELS Proceeding of FEL, (2014)
Basel Switzerland.
[45] K. Downard Mass spectroscopy: a foundation course Royal Society of Chemistry Cambridge UK (2004).
[46] L. Rossi Manufacturing and Testing of Accelerator Superconducting Magnets CERN Yellow Report 2014-005, pp 517-546.
[47] D. Andrzej, M. Pawlak Sensors and Actuators in Mechatronics: Design and Applications CRC Press, (2006).
[48] S.M. Reppert, R.J. Gegear, C. Merlin Navigational Mechanism of Migrating Monarch Butterflies Trends. Neurosci. (2010): 33(9) 399=406.
[49] P.A.Guerra, R.J.Gegear, S.M.Reppert A magnetic compass aids monarch butterfly migration Nature Comm. vol. 5, 4164 (2014).
[50] U.Amaldi et al. Accelerators for hadron therapy:From Lawrence cyclotrons to linacs Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research
A 620(2010)563577.
[51] R. Beck Magnetic fields in the nearby spiral galaxy IC342: A multi-frequency radio polarization study A&A, 578, A93 (2015).
[52] J. D. Jackson Classical electrodynamics John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, Sydney, London (1962).
[53] D.K.Kotter Solar nantenna electromagnetic collectors Proceedings of ES2008 Jacksonville, Florida USA August (2008).
[54] N.M. Miskovsky Nanoscale Devices for Rectification of High Frequency Radiation from the Infrared through the Visible: A New Approach
Journal of Nanotechnology Hindawi Publishing Corporation Volume 2012, Article ID 512379, 19 pages.
[55] D.J. Bell et al. Manipulation of Nanocoil for Nanoelectromagnets Proceedings of 2005 5th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology Nagoya Japan
July (2005).
[56] L.M.B. Campos and P.J.S.Gil On spiral coordinates with application to wave propagation J. Fluid Mech. (1995), vol. 301, pp. 153-173
Cambridge University Press.
[57] N. Derby, S. Olbert Cylindrical Magnets and Ideal Solenoids American Journal of Physics, vol. 78, 3, pp. 229-235 (2010).
[58] G Arfken University Physics Academic Press (2012).
[59] D.J. Griffiths Introduction to Electrodynamics Prentice Hall New Jersey 3rd. ed. (1999).
[60] J.R. Taylor An Introduction to Error Analysis University Science Books (1997).
[61] C. Grupen, B. Shwartz Particle Detectors Cambridge University Press (2008).
[62] M.A.Green, R.Byrns, S.J.St.Lorant Estimating the cost of superconducting magnets and the refrigerators needed to keep them cold (1991)
Cryogenics Engineering Conference LBNL Paper LBL-30824.

23