01/18/2015

PHIL 102
BACKGROUND
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Chapters 1-5 = Sentential Logic

Chapters 7-10 = Predicate Logic
Good deductive reasoning = Truth preserving
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o
o
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<= STANDARD FORM

Aristotelian Logic is best suited for relations among groups

Can have invalid syllogistic form
o
o
o
o

All As are Bs
Some Cs are As
-----------------Some Cs are Bs

Some As are Bs
All Cs are As
-----------------All Cs are Bs

<= STANDARD FORM

Invalid syllogistic form can have true premises and a true

conclusion, but this form can also have true premises and false
conclusion (which is why its invalid)
o Some positive numbers are even numbers
o All numbers greater than zero are positive numbers

o ----------------------------------------------------------o All numbers greater than zero are even numbers

There are limitations to Aristotelian method, which is when we move
to sentential logic

SENTENCES, TRUTH VALUES, AND ARGUMENTS

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Statements have Truth Value of (T) True or (F) False

Not all sentences are T or F (ex: commands, Ouch, etc)
Nor are they in standard form, can even start with conclusion and
end with premise
o Ex: Michael will not get the job, for whoever gets the job will
have strong references, and Michaels references are not strong
Whole argument can also be buried in an ongoing text
To extract arguments from discourse look for
o Conclusion Indicator Words
Therefore
Thus
It follows that
So
Hence
Consequently
As a result

o Premise Indicator Words

Since
For
Because
On account of
Inasmuch as
For the reason that
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Not every piece of discourse is intended as an argument, can just

have a bunch of T or F statements with no reason to treat any of
them as conclusions or premises
An argument is a set of two or more sentences, one of which is
designated as the conclusion and the others as the premises

EXERCISES
a)