a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Cangkang dipertautkan oleh gigi dan socket yang diperkuat oleh otot.
Cangkang umunya tersusun oleh material karbonatan.
Tidak memiliki lubang anus.
Memiliki keanekaragaman jenis yang besar.
Banyak berfungsi sebagai fosil index.
Mulai muncul sejak Zaman Kapur hingga saat ini.
4. Ordo: Rhynchonellida
Genus ini memiliki cangkang impunctate (tidak memiliki perforasi) dan fibrous, spherical dan
hinge line yang pendek. Umumnya dilengkapi dengan sulcus (lubang pembuangan) dan lipatan
yang berbentuk paruh yang menonjol pada pedicle valve (rostrate).
Diperkirakan merupakan turunan dari Pentamerida sebagai nenek moyangnya (ancestor).
Pertamakali muncul pada Ordovisium Tengah dan mencapai puncak penyebarannya pada
Mesozoikum.
5. Ordo: Spiriferida
Ordo Spiriferida ini adalah kelompok fosil Brachiopoda yang terbesar dan penting, dimana
sebagian besar cangkangnya bersifat impunctate dan sebagian kecil bersifat punctuate. Memiliki
radial ribbed atau cangkang yang terlipat (folded shell) dan bersifat strongly biconvex.
Biasanya terdapat interarea yang mudah teramati (well developed interarea) pada pedicle
valve, tetapi tidak terdapat pada brachial valve. Penyebaran vertical ordo ini adalah Ordovisium
Tengah ~ Permian Atas, ada beberapa yang berhasil survive sampai Lias.
6. Ordo: Terebratulida
Secara umum cangkangnya bersifat punctate (terdapat kanal-kanal kecil yang menerus sampai
permukaan cangkang), permukaan cangkang relatif licin (smooth), hinge line relatif pendek,
foramen (lubang) berbentuk bundar pada bagian paruh. Diasumsikan merupakan turunan dari
Kelompok Dalmanellacea (Ordo Orthida). Pemunculan pertama-nya diketahui sejak Silur Atas
dan mencapai puncak perkembangannya pada Zaman Kapur.
Kelas Inarticulata/Gastrocaulina (tanpa hinge/engsel)
Cangkang atas dan bawah (valve) tidak dihubungkan dengan otot dan terdapat socket dan
gigi yang dihubungkan dengan selaput pengikat. Berikut ini adalah ciri-ciri dari kelas
Inarticulata:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Tidak memiliki gigi pertautan (hinge teeth) dan garis pertautan (hinge line).
Pertautan kedua cangkangnya dilakukan oleh sistem otot, sehingga setelah mati cangkang
akan terpisah.
Cangkang umumnya berbentuk membulat atau seperti lidah, tersusun oleh senyawa fosfat
atau khitinan.
Mulai muncul sejak Zaman Cambrian awal hingga sekarang.
ditemukan dalam keadaan tertambat dengan menggunakan pedikelnya, baik pada batuan keras
maupun cangkang binatang yang telah mati.
Order ORTHIDA
Shells of orthids are typically strophic (having an elongated hinge line) about equal
to or slightly less than the maximum shell width dimension. The shape is generally
semi- or sub-circular in outline. Valve convexity is usually unequally biconvex with a
slightly inflated pedicle valve. The pedicle opening is usually triangular (although
very rarely absent). Typically an interarea is developed on both pedicle and brachial
valves. Orthids are typically covered with fine diverging radial costae. Examples of
orthids can be found in these specimens.
Order STROPHOMENIDA
Shells of strophomenids are typically strophic, whose valves are either planoconvex
or concavoconvex, or less commonly biconvex. The shell structure of
strophomenidids is typified by small calcite rods perpendicular through shell
surfaces (in the literature this shell structure is called pseudopunctate). The interarea
is usually lacking in strophomenidids. Strophomenidids typically do not posses a
pedicle opening, and are therefore not believed to have attached themselves by a
pedicle; instead, they were mostly free-living (reclining) epi- or slightly semi-infaunal
critters, floating on the substrata by means of their large surface area and/or spines.
Diagnostics for three common Suborders are given below.
(2) Suborder Chonetidina. These resemble semicircular plano-convex or concavoconvex strophomenidids (as above), but differ in that they typically have well
developed tubular spines along posterior margin of the pedicle interarea (i.e., along
the hinge) such as is seen in this specimen.
Furthermore, several groups of
chonetids have elongated hinge margins which appear as spines. Chonetids are
usually smaller than other strophomenidids. This group is quite common in many
Devonian strata from central New York.
Order PENTAMERIDA
Shells of pentamerids are generally biconvex; they can be either strophic or more
commonly astrophic. Pentamerids are typically ovoid, circular, triangular, or more
commonly pentameral in outline. The interior of the shell is typified by a prominent
medial ridge or septa in the brachial and/or pedicle valve.
Also diagnostic of
pentamerids is a spoon shaped structure modified from plates in the pedicle valve
called the spondylium which supported muscle tissues.
Order RHYNCHONELLIDA
typically have radial costae and a strong fold and sulcus which can clearly be seen in
the commissure along the anterior margin. The juncture of radial ornamentation
with the commissure produces a zig-zag pattern which is very characteristic of this
group. The pedicle opening in rhynchonellids is usually not observed, but when
present it typically slit or triangular shaped. See this example making sure you
observe the crenulated commisural plane.
Order SPIRIFERIDA
Spiriferid brachiopods are a diverse group whose biconvex shells can be astrophic to
highly strophic and circular to alate in outline. The unifying feature among spiriferid
brachiopods is the spiral lophophore support. Detailed diagnostics for three common
suborders are given below.
(1) Suborder Atrypidina. These are astrophic, and have spiralia that are oriented
parallel to commissural plane. Shells commonly have radial ornamentation such as
these examples.
(2) Suborder Spiriferidina. Theses are strophic spiriferids, whose pedicle valve
interarea is well developed. The orientation of the spiralia are perpendicular to the
commissural plane and parallel to the plane of symmetry in brachiopods. Spirifirids
typically have a well defined fold and sulcus and are frequently ornamented with
radial plicae and/or costae. Commonly (but not exclusively) spiriferids are alate
shaped such as Mucrospirifer from the Middle Devonian of New York.
(3) Suborder Athyrididina. These are astrophic and generally smooth shelled.
They typically have a rounded pedicle opening and very much resemble the
terebratulids (see below), but differ in having spiralia lophophore supports and less
Order TEREBRATULIDA
Terebratulids are astrophic brachiopods which typically have biconvex shells that are
usually ovoid to circular in outline. They can be either smooth or have radial ribbing.
The lophophore support is loop shaped in contrast to the spiralia of similar looking
spiriferids.
brachiopods
Order-Suborder
Convexity
Pedicle
opening
Hinge
H:L Other
Orthida
unequally
biconvex
triangular
strophic
<1
diverging costae
Strophomenidina
planoconcavoconvex
absent
strophic
thin-shelled
Chonetidina
plano-
absent
strophic
spines on hinge
concavoconvex
Productidina
planoconcavoconvex
absent
strophic
spines on PV
Pentamerida
biconvex
absent
astrophic
--
medial septum
Rhynchonellida
biconvex
absent
astrophic
--
strongly plicate
Atrypidina
biconvex
small
astrophic
--
often costate
Spiriferidina
biconvex
triangular
strophic
wing-shaped
Athyrididina
biconvex
small,
circular
astrophic
--
often smooth
Terebratulida
biconvex
circular
astrophic
--
smooth
Klasifikasi
Inarticulata
Calciata
Approach
Lingulata
Calciata
Three-part
Approach
Linguliformea
Craniformea Rhynchonelliformea
Ordo
Lingulid
a
Craniida
Engsel
Anus
Tidak ada
Berisi Coelom
dengan otot keluar
Tidak ada
Tidak ada,
menyambun
g pada
permukaan
Protein
Pedicle
Panjang,
di dalam
liang
Discinida
Pendek,
melekat
pada
permukaa
n
Articulata
Terebratulid
a
Rhynconellid
a
Periostracu
m
Glycosaminoglycans
dan kitin
Kitin
Lapisan
Primer
Cangkang
Glycosaminoglycans
dan apatit (kalsium
fosfat)
Kalsit
Lapisan
Cangkang
Dalam
Kalsit
Chaetae
sekitar
daerah
bukaan
cangkang
Ya
Tidak ada
Ya
Coelom
terbagi
Ya
Tidak ada
Ya