CHAPTERS AeEW © 171 ———— ‘TRUE-FALSE QUIZ —— ‘alse. Sce the warning after Theorem 3.2.4. 2 Truc. Thisis the Sum Rule, 3 Ise. See the warning before the Product Rule. 4. True. This is the Chain Rule. 5. True by the Chain Rule, qd Ls) 7 7 6 False. 7S (vx) = Bye bY the Chain Rute 7, False, f(x) = |x? +x] = a7 + forx 2 Oorx < —Vand |y? 4x] = — (x2 4.) for=1 Oors < Land f(x) == Qe 1) for-1 —$ and [x +] =—28 = tor <—} B Tne, "(exists => fisdifferentableatr = fiscontinuous air => fim fo L0). 9 Tre, gG)=x5 => g(x) =Sx4 = g’(2)=5(2)* = 80, and by the definition of the derivative, g@)-g@) tim #2) 0, 10. False, ~ the second derivative while (42) isthe fist dernatv sured. or example ify = x, then oa (2) nt to the parabola has slope dy /ds 2, $0 at (~2, 4) the slope of the tangent is 2 (~ 4 (x +2). [The equation y — 4 = 2x (x + 2) is not even linear!] the equatio 12. True. D(tan?x) 2tan x sec? x, and D (sec x) = 2secx (see: tan x) = 2tan x sec? x, We can also show this d ; a 5 by lirentting the deny tan? x 41 = sc? we get © (tn? + 1) = tant x = 4 sec? —— EXERCISES — 1. Estimating the slopes of the tangent lines at x = 2,3, and 5, we obtain approximate values 0.4, 2, and 0.1. Since the graph is concave downward atx = 5, /” (5) is negative, Arranging the numbers in increasing order, we have: £°3).0, $3). f° D1 £'G). 2.2 Sanda 4,50 F (8) 3. (@) J” (7) is the rate at which the total cost changes with respect to the interest rate, Its units are dollars/ (percent per year). (b) The total cost of paying off the loan is increasing by $1200/ (percent per year) as the interest rate reaches 10%. ithe interest rate goes up from 10% to 11%, the cost goes up approximately $1200. (6) As? increases. C inereases. So f” (r) will alway’ be positive.172 G__CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES 4 : 5 » 6 7. The graph of a has tangent lines with positive slope for x < O and negative slope for x > 0, and the values of ¢ fit this patter, so c must be the graph of the derivative of the function for a. The graph of ¢ has horizontal tangent lines to the left and right ofthe x-axis and b has zeros at these points. Hence, 6 is the graph of the derivative of the function for c. Therefore, a isthe graph of f, isthe graph of /”, and b isthe graph of 8. (a) Drawing slope triangles, we obtain the following estimates: F” (1950) ~ 4 = 0.11, F (1963) * 0.16, and F” (1987) ~ 92 = 0.02. (b) The rate of change of the average number of children bom to cach woman was increasing by 0.11 in 1950, decreasing by 0.16 in 1965, and increasing by 0.02 in 1987. (6) There are many possible reasons: ‘+ Inthe baby boom era (post-WWII), there was optimism about the economy and family size was rising. ‘+ Inthe baby bust era, there was less economic optimism, and it was considered less socially responsible to have a large family ‘¢ In the baby boomlet era, there was increased economic optimism and a return to more conservative attitudes. 8. (a) $76) = fim LEAMA LY fgg YI= SUFI — VIX SE (VS=SREM + VSB) a a 7h (B= Se Fm) + I= 3) = fim BSG 4 WI B= $8) fgg —__ aS 50h (JS=ST A+ V3—3x) 90 J3= SFM 4V3—5x VI Se (0) Domain of f:3-5x20 =9 Sr<3 2 xe(-o0] Domain of f': exclude 33x € (20, }) (©) Our answer to part (a) is reasonable because {’ (x) is always negative and fis always decreasing,CHAPTERS REVIEW © 173 Le +h) $G) 3EQ4M 34x ial ee al) h = fim AT2—MB42)~G—NG+x+h) lim Th hon AGH+x+h)G+x) bOhG+x+hB+x) _ i = Gax4HO4N ~~ GFX? WS@=aPHsr44 = LOAM = SO) _ jg CA MPEASC AM EA (OH 5e44) i ma A 3x2h 4 38h? 418 4 Sh S') = Jim = fim (Bx? + 304A? +5) = 3x7 +5 , LG+N- SO) _ 5 +Msin(e +h) —xsinx f= a = fi fy (EEA sins cosh + 608» sin) — x sin am 7 = im ZN (Osh = 1) +0053 sinh +h (sins cash + sinhhcoss) a i = xsinx fim £51 4. oss fig OM 4 sins fm cos +008 fm sinh = xssinx (0) +x c05.x (I) + sinx (1) + cosx (0) = xcosx + sinx Bey = (+28 (x43) => Y= CFWSE +3) + (+38 +2)” (© +2)" (+3) BO + 2)-44 (e+ 3)] = 28 4-2)? (x +3)8 (Tx + 18) Mya MRF IRA VS we ye de Lens Bye ow ya SER /QVIKR)] VIER _ Oar 428__ 9-28 a= 94s Bae On dy? ~ =a ya (eH Yay = y= Vile sty" (1-223) My 43y? ax dy = Dey) 4 3x2y2y/ + Gy! 1 1B y= (I-x 19, y=se020 = y= 2seo2tan20 ya 2a 2" y= -2(-{) OM = ) 3) 13) OS ee ea14 CHAPTERS DERVATIVS Veq=tonts/QVy=1) Ay = Gotan)! => y= $ (rtanayYS (tans +x 5002 x) sin (cosx) => y” = 0s (c0sx) (~sin.x) = —sin.x cos (cos.x) ty = y= 2s/Qy+ 1) Utbeety = kee Byeeeyy = verter vay (14) 2 _ De sxt4 (2-3) PAS +O (a2 = 5x +6) Qx 5) — (x? = 5x +4) Qs —5) 2Qx-5) (x? = 5x +6)” Byavinvt = y= Hina)? (cos v8) (42) “Wiad i 4 Jizz wy =tan v7 ~ rooney sate Le 30, Using the Reciprocal Rule, ¢ (¢) = = LO, weave y = ing the Reciproc: sW&= 7H = 86a ap mrs nx) (= cos) sin? (x — sinx) Bey asinlanvTEH) > y =c0s(an VIFF) (we VIF) [se /2VTF*)] eh! (x +24) (4) +2)? = 4A (Ae) 46 (44 = 207 wy = Sd Poe VAG +P =O +A" (det) 4G IP - ) 4? (tay? (xt 428) By Scol(3x2 +5) => y/ = — es? Bx? +5) (6x) = ~6x ese? (3x? +5) 34 y= (sinme) /e => {mx cos mx ~ sin mx) [x2 36. y — cos? (anx) = y/ = 2eos(anx){~ sin tanx)}see? x = —sin 2am) see? 36 ctany=y—1 > tany+ (xsee?y) WS) = Ox WF 2 f(x) = $0) =-WAr- IN > F(x) = 60 (2x = 1)7? (2) = 1202 = 77." (@) = 120 (1) = - 120 cM => gilt)=—eseNetwe => =2(—2ese 2 cot 21) cot — 2ese2t (~2ese? 21) = 4 ese 2 (cot? 21 + ese? 21) = Bese} 2 ~ dese 4°" (0) = Weese? Ie (—2ese 2 cot2) — 4 (—2 ese 2 cot2) = —48 ese? 2 cot2 + Bese eat => (8) ==48 (-v3) 048 (-v3) = 882CHAPTERS FiVIW O15 Bret a1 = +6 y'=0 = Yay o oe - ¥ Bet) = (Svty) __Svtyt [yx (x8 /99)] Set [08 +29) 15 oy 7 ve 7 ” @ f@)=2-9! = f(=A-NF 2 s)=22-N7F = sf" H)=232-N4 = LO (a) = 2-3-4 QAI. In general, (4 (x) = 2-3 hee Q— aye = » 1 Be line at (4,1) is y= 1 = WEE Y=3 = we Jee 4)or 45. ystanx => y= sees, Whenx =f, y~V3=4(x- §) ory 4x + V3- $x $0 an equation of the Wy aeVTFR = yee WTER When = Ly = VB4 tangent fine at (1, V3) is y~ ¥3= 4¥2 (e— INory, 26 25=x 5-5 (b) At(1,2): £71) = J. Soan equation of the tangent is y—2= J (x—Nory = x+y AD: LA) 1 @ S@)=s/5=% > F)=x[} 5-1 CED] + =e § = =I. Soan equation ofthe tangents y —4 = = (r= 4) ory = —n +8 © 10 @ 45 | pee, 7 Pesci, ‘The graphs look reasonable, since f” is positive where / has tangents \ith positive slope, and /" is negative where / has tangents. negative slope.176 CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES 48. (a) f(x) =4x—tany => f'(x)=4—soctx => f"(x) = —2seex (seex tanx) = —2sec* xtanx. (b) We can see that our answers are reasonable, since the graph of /”is 0 where / has @ horizontal tangent, and the graph of /" is positive where / has tangents with positive slope and negative where f has tangents with negative slope, ‘The same correspondence holds between the graphs of /” and /” the WB y=sinx + cose > y/ Seosx—sinx =O eo cosxesingandO y ellipse, we have (29)? +297 = 1 => 6? x/(Qy)=1 > x= 29, Since the points le onthe = y=. The points are (J, J) and 24 (S-%) BL. f(x) = (x a) (eB) f(a) = =H) + 0) (8 C)+K—0)(e =D). SO PG) _ (x= b)lx =e) +(x — a) xe) + (ea) (x=) Sa) aye (x=) 52 (a) cos2x = cos? x — sin? x => —2sin2x =—2eosxsinx —2sinxcosx > sin2x = 2sinx cosx (b) sin (+a) =sinxcosa + cosxsina = eos(x +a) = cosx cosa —sinx sina BRMAWD=SWso) = WM=SWRO+/@"@ > HQ) =f Q)eQ)+ fe QD=(-)+G) 4) =2 OFO=/E@) > FO=fEWee) > FQ=/ ee Q=/a=iU-d= 4 Ba Po)=/WeW) = PO)=S/OeWO+e0OFO) => P'Q)=SQ)e D+sO9/QD=OV+OCY=-2 _ £9) EOL O= SOLO) OMT 7 TH= e@r _#@)£Q)-SO#@) _WMC)=We)__3 eos coro * 8 (CR) =fEO) = CWM=SEW)e) = CR=SeQ)z 2) =sA)s'Q)=B)Q)=6 5. f (x)= ex) > f(x) = 2xg (x) +272’ (x) = 1 [2e ) +8’ @)) 86. f(x) =e (8?) => SG) =8" (x?) x) = 2xe' (x) 5 fQ)=[e@F = s'@)=2e@)2e/ (x) BE f(x) —a%e (x4) > fG) = art Ny (x4) + vty! (x) (beh 8) = arty (xP) + butt (x4) BS) =e@) > /)=8 WOO) 60. f(x) = g (tan VX) => Fey=a (anya) (an ya) =e (tn ys) se YF (Y) ef tan.) sec? VE aeCHAPTERS FEVIEW OT Lode) +20) iy Otel OO +20S@]— FeO O42 0) UO) +e@ UO e 4 SOW [+ /O)e)2 6) 4 OOF £0) = SO)20) /)— S22’) YG) +e@P 61. a(n) We WF +2 WL WF V@+eoFr ray 2D 5 yyy = LOSW=LOe'W) _ [O)e)- Se" Ve) WIE OOP goon? V7) 63, Using the Chain Rule repeatedly, (x) = f(g (sin4x)) = 4 K(x) = f(g (sind) Ate indy) = se sindsy)-¢ Gnas): Finds) = J" (g (sin 4x) g! (sin Ax) (cos 4x) (4) a 4 (b) The average rate of change is larger on (2,3) (©) The instantaneous rate of change (the slope of the tangent larger atx = 2. @ f(x) =x—2sinx => f(x) =1—2e0sx,s0 = s J£/ Q) = 1 = 26082 ~ 1.8323 and /"(5) = 1 — 2eos5 ~ 0.4327. 7 So f" (2) > f”(S), as predicted in pan (c). 85. / isnot differentiable: at x = —4 because f is not continuous, atx = —1 because f has a comer, atx = 2 because J is not continuous, and at x = $ because f has a vertical tangent. 66. (a)x = JEP = =x =[1/ (2v FER) 2c HAVE = OVE EEE = 0 (CWE FER) Pret * @reny? a= = (b) 0 ( > O for > 0, so the panicle always moves in the postive direction. Gy =P- 1043 > vw 32-12 = aW='@=6 (©) 0) =3 (P ~4) > Owhens > 2, s0 it moves upward when # > 2 and downward when 0 <1 < 2. (6) Distance upward = y (3) - y @Q) = ~6~ (-13) =7, Distance downward = y (0) ~ y 2) =3~(-13) = 16. Total distance = 7+ 16 = 23 68. (a) = 4ar2h = dV /dh= Sar? (b) dV jdr = fark 68, The linear density is the rate of change of mass m with respect to length x. m =x (I+ JZ) x40? => + J V¥.s0 the linear density when x = 4 is 1+ 3.4 = 4 kg/m. 10. (a) C (x) = 9204 2x = 0.02x7 +0.00007x9 => C’ (x) = 2 = 0104x + 0.002132 (b) €” (100) = $0.10/unit, This value represents the rate at which costs are increasing as the hundredth unit is Produced, and isthe approximate cost of producing the 101st unit (©) C (01) ~ C (100) = 990.10107 ~ 990 = $0.10107, slightly larger than C” (100) p=dmjdx =178 CHAPTERS DERIVATIVES 72. Given dV /dt = 2, find dh/dt when h = 5. V = $xr%h and, from similar na z (3h), dey triangles, = = a5 (Fh) b= he Ce ee a7 10" a di ~ Sul ~ 5g pe SHED =s 7B. Given dh/dt = 5 and dx/dt = 15, find de/dt, 22 = 412 = Con 2 at apt path 4 a! 4 retire gant pF = Lge +5m, Whenr h=4543(5)=60andx =15@Q)=45 = 2=75,30 - F< 4 (15 (45) +5 (60)) = 13 AY. 7A. We are given ds/dt = 30 /s. By similar triangles, eee “Tai ~ "Tat dy_ 4 dz_ 120 yA de 1 aaa, a Pai dt ~ Poa ie 15, We are given d0 /dt = ~0.25 rad/h. x = ax aya? : & = 0003202. when d= 5, & = -400(2) (~0.25) = 4007, %.@) f)=VBoF = () 55 P0) = 2 = =x (25-2). So the linear SN Js-2 approximation to / (x) near 3is . SO)* SO) /'G)&=3) =4- FO -3) ib as (c) For the required accuracy, we want V25—x? 0.1 <4— 4-3) 48 and 4— 3 (« —3) < VIS=H7+ 0.1. From the graph it appears that S these both hold for 2.24 < x < 3.66 SYCHAPTERS AFMEW 0 179 71.) £@) = VFR = 43"? > $= (14317 s0 LG) =fO+FSO-O =P 41x = gx. Thus, VIERA TEx 3 VG = YTFITOD ~ 1+ 0.01) = 1.01 (b) The lincar approximation is ¢/T-3¥ ~ 1 +x, s0 for the required 1s the raph, it appears that this is tue when 0.23 < x < 0.40, yy moa! LA os 2241 => dy = (3x? —4x) dx. When x =2 and dx = 0.2, dy = [3 2)? -4(2)] (02) = 08, Te y= Wa A=x?4 ba (Jr) = (4 $2 > dd = (24 §)x dx. Whenx = 60and a O11, dA = (2-4 $) 60(0.1) = 124 2F, so the maximum error is approximately 12 + 3F ~ 16.7 em?, 80. tim rte 4 a 16 [ger] (Vitvi)eaey 4180 CHAPTERS DEAWVATIVES 4. Differentiating the first given equation implicitly with respect to.x and using the Chain Rule, we obtain L fear > x) ex) =1 => g(x) = =. Using the second given equati (x) SFEEYE # = FG: Using given equation to expand t the denominator of this expression gives #0) = But the first given equation states that SEM =x, 98 W) => 2 a BF £(2x)) $0 f1(0) = fs? 86. Let (b,c) be on the curve, that is, b> + 07 2A 24-0 42. PP WUE y ax line is vy ; - () $0 at (b,c) the slope of the tangent line is — (c/b)" and an equation of the tangent (o/b) (x = b) or y = = (e/b)'8 x + (c+ b*Fe!). Setting y = 0, we find that the ‘intercept is bY 32 4 band setting x = 0 we find thatthe y-intercept is ¢ + b?7e'/9, So the length ofthe tangent Fine betwen these two points is Vf (e2 + 52) fet (28 4 92)P amar an ea ees = (Papaya constant