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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

I Main Topics
A Rheology: Macroscopic deforma7on behavior
B Linear elas7city for homogeneous isotropic
materials

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

Viscous (uid) Behavior

hIp://manoa.hawaii.edu/graduate/content/slide-lava
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

Duc7le (plas7c) Behavior

hIp://www.hilo.hawaii.edu/~csav/gallery/scien7sts/LavaHammerL.jpg
hIp://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/images.html
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

Elas7c Behavior

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hIp://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/image/0006/3021/seismic_hammer.jpg
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

BriIle Behavior (fracture)

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
A Elas7city
1 Deforma7on is
reversible when load is
removed
2 Stress () is related to
strain ()
3 Deforma7on is not
'me dependent if load
is constant
4 Examples: Seismic
(acous'c) waves,
rubber ball
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
A Elas7city
1 Deforma7on is
reversible when load is
removed
2 Stress () is related to
strain ()
3 Deforma7on is not
'me dependent if load
is constant
4 Examples: Seismic
(acous'c) waves,
rubber ball
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
B Viscosity
1 Deforma7on is
irreversible when
load is removed
2 Stress () is related
to strain rate ()
3 Deforma7on is 7me
dependent if load is
constant
4 Examples: Lava
ows, corn syrup
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
B Viscosity
1 Deforma7on is
irreversible when
load is removed
2 Stress () is related
to strain rate ()
3 Deforma7on is 7me
dependent if load is
constant
4 Examples: Lava
ows, corn syrup
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II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
C Plas7city
1 No deforma7on un7l
yield strength is locally
exceeded; then
irreversible
deforma7on occurs
under a constant load
2 Deforma7on can
increase with 7me
under a constant load
3 Examples: plas7cs,
soils
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II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
C BriIle Deforma7on
1 Discon7nuous
deforma7on
2 Failure surfaces
separate

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
D Elasto-plas7c
rheology

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
E Visco-plas7c rheology

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
F Power-law creep
1 = (1 3)n e(Q/RT)
2 Example: rock salt

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
G Linear vs. nonlinear
behavior

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology: Macroscopic
deforma7on behavior
H Rheology=f (ij ,uid
pressure, strain rate,
chemistry,
temperature)
I Rheologic equa7on of
real rocks = ?

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

II Rheology (cont.)
J Experimental results

Axial stress

El a
s7

Pc = conning
pressure
Plas7c

Compression test data on Tennessee marble II

from Wawersik, 1968
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city
A Force and displacement
of a spring (from Hooke,
1676): F= kx
1 F = force
2 k = spring constant
Dimensions:F/L
3 x = displacement
Dimensions: length L)
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x
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city (cont.)

B Hookes Law for
L0+L
uniaxial stress: = E
1 = uniaxial stress
2 E = Youngs
modulus
Dimensions: stress

3 = strain
Dimensionless
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L0

=L/L0

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

Typical rock moduli and strengths

Rock type

Youngs
Modulus
(GPa)

Emin

Poissons
Ra0o

Emax

Uniaxial Strengths (MPa)

Rock type

Tensile Tensile
(low)
(high)

Comp.
(low)

Comp.
(high)

Quartzite

70

105

0.11

0.25

Quartzite

17

28

200

304

Gneiss

16

103

0.10

0.40

Gneiss

21

73

340

Basalt

16

101

0.13

0.38

Basalt

28

42

355

Granite

10

74

0.10

0.39

Granite

39

30

324

Limestone

92

0.08

0.39

Limestone

40

48

210

Sandstone

10

46

0.10

0.40

Sandstone

40

179

36

172

1.9

3.2

14

30

Shale

10

44

0.10

0.19

Shale

Coal

1.5

3.7

0.33

0.37

Coal

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city (cont.)
B Hookes Law for uniaxial
L0+L
stress (cont.): 1 = 1/E
1 2 = 3 = 0
2 2 = 3 = -1
a = Poissons ra7o
b is dimensionless
c Strain in one
direc7on tends to
induce strain in
another direc7on
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L0

=L/L0

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city (cont.)
C Linear elas7city in 3D for
homogeneous isotropic
materials
By superposi7on:
1 xx = xx/E (yy+zz)(/E)
2 yy = yy/E (zz+xx)(/E)
3 zz = zz/E (xx+yy)(/E)

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city (cont.)
C Linear elas7city in 3D for
homogeneous isotropic
materials (cont.)
4 Direc7ons of principal
stresses and principal strains
coincide
5 Extension in one direc7on
can occur without tension
6 Compression in one
direc7on can occur without
shortening
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city
E Special cases
1 Isotropic (hydrosta7c)
stress
a 1 = 2 = 3
b No shear stress
2 Uniaxial strain
a xx= 1 0
b yy = zz = 0
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city
E Special cases
3 Plane stress (2D)
z = 0
Thin plate case
4 Plane strain (2D)
z = 0
a Displacement in z-
direc7on is constant
(e.g., zero)
b Plate is conned
between rigid walls
c Thick plate case
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city
E Special cases
5 Pure shear stress (2D)
xx= -yy; zz=0

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city
F Strain energy (W0) for uniaxial stress

xxdydz

1 W = F du = ( xx dydz )
0
0
u

2
3
4
5

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du
dx
dx

du

W = (1/2)(xxdydz) (xxdx)
xxdx
W = (1/2) (xxxx) (dxdydz)
W0 = strain energy density
W0 = W/(dxdydz)
W0 = (1/2)(xxxx)
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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city
G Strain energy (W0) in 3D
W0 = (1/2)(11+22+33)

xxdydz

xxdx

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20. Rheology & Linear Elas7city

III Linear elas7city
D Rela7onships among
dierent elas7c moduli
1 G = = shear modulus
G = E/(2[1+])
xy = xy/2G
2 = Lame' constant
= Ev/([1 + ][1 - 2])
3 K = bulk modulus
K = E/(3[1 - 2])
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4 = compressibility
= 1/K
= xx+yy+ zz= -p/K
p = pressure
5 P-wave speed: Vp

Vp = K +

6 S-wave speed: Vs

Vs =
29

15