06 - Short Circuit - ANSI PDF

Short-Circuit
ANSI Standard
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI
Short-Circuit Analysis
Types of SC Faults
Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault
Three-Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault
Phase to Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Ground Fault
Fault Current
IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all
faults).
In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G
.87 * I3-phase
In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition

is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
Slide 2
Purpose of Short-Circuit
Studies
A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine
any or all of the following:
Verify protective device close and latch capability
Verify protective device Interrupting capability
Protect equipment from large mechanical forces

(maximum fault kA)
I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)
Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination
Slide 3
System Components
Involved in SC Calculations
Power Company Supply
In-Plant Generators
Transformers (using negative tolerance)
Reactors (using negative tolerance)

Feeder Cables and Bus Duct Systems (at
lower temperature limits)
Slide 4
System Components
Involved in SC Calculations
Overhead Lines (at lower temperature limit)
Synchronous Motors
Induction Motors
Protective Devices
Y0 from Static Load and Line Cable

Slide 5
Elements That Contribute

Current to a Short-Circuit
Generator
Power Grid
Synchronous Motors
Induction Machines
Lumped Loads
(with some % motor load)
Inverters
I0 from Yg-Delta Connected Transformer
Slide 6
Elements Do Not Contribute

Current in PowerStation
Static Loads
Motor Operated Valves
All Shunt Y Connected Branches
Slide 7
Short-Circuit Phenomenon
i(t)
v(t)
v(t) Vm Sin( t
Slide 8
v(t)
i(t)
di
v(t) Ri L
Vm Sin( t
) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
i(t)
R
- t
Vm
Vm
sin( t
- )
sin( - ) e L
Z
Z

Steady State
Transient
(DC Offset)
Slide 9
AC Current (Symmetrical) with

No AC Decay
DC Current
Slide 10
AC Fault Current Including the

DC Offset (No AC Decay)
Slide 11
Machine Reactance ( = L I )
AC Decay Current
Slide 12
Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay
Slide 13
ANSI Calculation Methods

1) The ANSI standards handle the AC Decay by varying
machine impedance during a fault.
ANSI
2) The ANSI standards handle the the dc

offset by applying multiplying factors. The
ANSI Terms for this current are:
Momentary Current
Close and Latch Current
First Cycle Asymmetrical Current
Slide 14
Sources and Models of Fault

Currents in ANSI Standards
Sources
Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Motors & Condensers
Induction Machines
Electric Utility Systems (Power Grids)
Models
All sources are modeled by an internal
voltage behind its impedance.
E = Prefault Voltage
R = Machine Armature Resistance
X = Machine Reactance (Xd, Xd, Xd)
Slide 15
Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Generators are modeled
in three stages.
Synchronous Motors &

Condensers
Act as a generator to supply fault
current. This current diminishes as the
magnetic field in the machine decays.
Induction Machines
Transient Reactance
Treated the same as synchronous

motors except they do not contribute to
the fault after 2 sec.
Subtransient Reactance
Electric Utility Systems
Synchronous Reactance
The fault current contribution tends to

remain constant.
Slide 16
Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate momentary short-circuit current

and protective device duties at the cycle after the fault.
1 to 4 Cycle Network
This network is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current
and protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the fault.
30-Cycle Network
This is the network used to calculate the steady-state short-circuit
current and settings for over current relays after 30 cycles.
Slide 17
Reactance Representation for

Utility and Synchronous Machine
Cycle
1 to 4 Cycle
30 Cycle
Xd
Xd
Xd
Xd
Xd
Xd
Hydro-Gen with
Amortisseur
winding
Xd
Xd
Xd
Hydro-Gen without
Amortisseur
winding
0.75*Xd
0.75*Xd
Xd
Xd
Xd
Xd
1.5*Xd
Utility
Turbo Generator
Condenser
Synchronous
Motor
Slide 18
Reactance Representation for

Induction Machine
Cycle
1 to 4
Cycle
>1000 hp , <= 1800

rpm
Xd
1.5*Xd
>250, at 3600 rpm
Xd
1.5*Xd
All others, >= 50 hp
1.2*Xd
3.0*Xd
< 50 hp
1.67*Xd
Note: Xd = 1 / LRCpu
Slide 19
Device Duty and Usage of Fault Currents

from Different Networks
Cycle Currents
(Subtransient
Network)
1 to 4 Cycle
Currents
(Transient Network)
HV Circuit Breaker
Closing and Latching

Capability
Interrupting
Capability
LV Circuit Breaker
Interrupting Capability
---
Fuse
Interrupting
Capability
SWGR / MCC
Bus Bracing
---
Relay
Instantaneous
Settings
---
---
30 Cycle currents are used for determining overcurrent settings.
Slide 20
Momentary Multiplying
Factor
MFm is calculated based on:
Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks)

Location of fault (Remote / Local generation)
Comparisons of Momentary capability (1/2 Cycle)
SC Current Duty
Device Rating
HV CB
Asymmetrical RMS
Crest
C&L RMS
C&L RMS
HV Bus
Asymmetrical RMS
Crest
Asymmetrical RMS
Symmetrical RMS
Asymmetrical RMS
Symmetrical RMS
Asymmetrical RMS
LV Bus
Crest
Slide 21
Interrupting Multiplying
Factor
MFi is calculated based on:
Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks)

Location of Fault (Remote / Local generation)
Type and Rating of CB
Comparisons of Interrupting Capability (1 to 4

Cycle)
SC Current Duty
Device Rating
Adj. Symmetrical RMS*
Adj. Symmetrical RMS*
Adj. Symmetrical RMS***
Symmetrical RMS
HV CB
LV CB & Fuse
Slide 22
HV CB Closing and
Latching Duty
Calculate Cycle Current (Imom, rms, sym) using Cycle Network.
Calculate X/R ratio and Multiplying factor MFm
Imom, rms, Asym = MFm * Imom, rms, sym
Slide 23
HV CB Interrupting Duty
Calculate 1 to 4 Cycle Current (Imom, rms, sym) using Cycle Network.
Determine Local and Remote contributions (A local contribution is
fed predominantly from generators through no more than one
transformation or with external reactances in series that is less than
1.5 times generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise the
contribution is defined as remote).
Calculate no AC Decay ratio (NACD) and multiplying factor MFi
NACD = IRemote / ITotal
ITotal = ILocal + IRemote
(NACD = 0 if all local & NACD = 1 if all remote)

Calculate Iint, rms, adj = MFi * Iint, rms, Symm
Slide 24
HV CB Interrupting
Capability
CB Interrupting kA varies between Max kA and Rated kA
as applied kV changes MVAsc capability.
ETAPs comparison between CB Duty of Adj.
Symmetrical kA and CB capability of Adjusted Int. kA
verifies both symmetrical and asymmetrical rating.
The Option of C37.010-1999 standard allows user to

specify CPT.
Generator CB has higher DC rating and is always
compared against maximum through SC kA.
Slide 25
LV CB Interrupting Duty
LV CB take instantaneous action.
Calculate Cycle current Irms, Symm (If) from the

cycle network.
Calculate X/R ratio and MFi (based on CB type).
Calculate adjusted interrupting current Iadj, rms, symm =

MFi * Irms, Symm
Slide 26
Fuse Interrupting Duty

Calculate Cycle current Iint, rms, symm from Cycle Network.
Same procedure to calculate Iint, rms, asymm as for CB.
Slide 27
L-G Faults
Slide 28
L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components
Slide 29
Sequence Networks
Slide 30
L-G Fault Sequence

Network Connections
If
3 Ia 0
If
3 VPrefault
Z1 Z 2 Z0
if Zg
Slide 31
L-L Fault Sequence Network

Connections
Ia 2
I a1
If
3 VPrefault
Z1 Z 2
Slide 32
L-L-G Fault Sequence

Network Connections
Ia 2
If
I a1 I a 0
VPrefault
Z0 Z 2
Z1
Z0 Z 2
if Zg
0 Ia
Slide 33
Transformer Zero Sequence Connections
Slide 34
Solid Grounded Devices

and L-G Faults
Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1
Z2 & Z0
Z1
If this conditions are true then :

I f3
I f1
This may be the case if Generators or

Y/ Connected transform er are solidly
grounded.
Slide 35
Unbalanced Faults Display

& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults
One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
SC Study Case Info Page
Slide 39
SC Study Case Standard

Page
Slide 40
SC Study Case Adjustments

Page
Tolerance
Adjustments
Transformer
Impedance
Reactor
Resistance
Overload
Heater
Resistance
Length
Adjustments
Cable Length
Transmission
Line Length
Temperature
Corrections
Adjust Fault
Impedance
Transmission
Line Resistance
L-G fault
Impedance
Cable Resistance
Slide 41
Tolerance Adjustments
Z 'Transformer
Z Transformer * (1 Tolerance)
Length'Cable
LengthCable * (1 Tolerance)
Length'TransmissionLine
LengthTransmissionLine * (1 Tolerance)
Positive tolerance value is used for IEC Minimum If calculation.

Negative tolerance value is used for all other calculations.
Adjustments can be applied Individually or Globally
Slide 42
Temperature Correction
(234 .5 Tc )
R'Copper ' RBASE *
(234 .5 Tb )
(228 .1 Tc )
R' Alumi RBASE *
(228 .1 Tb )
RBASE
Resistance at base tempereature
R'
Resistance at operating temperature
Tb
Conductor base temperature in C
Tc
Conductor temperature limit in C
Temperature Correction can be applied

Individually or Globally
Slide 43
System for SC Study

Power Grid U1
X/R = 55
Transformers
T1 X/R
PS =12
PT =12
ST =12
T2 X/R = 12
Gen1
Voltage Control
Design Setting:
%Pf = 85
MW = 4
Max Q = 9
Min Q = -3
Lump1
Y open grounded
Slide 44
System for SC Study
Tmin = 40, Tmax = 90
Slide 45
System for SC Study
Slide 46
Short-Circuit Alerts
Bus Alert
Protective Device Alert
Marginal Device Limit
Slide 47
Bus SC Rating
Type of Device
Monitored Parameter
Condition Reported
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA
Bracing Asymmetrical
Momentary Asymmetrical. crest kA
Bracing Crest
Momentary Symmetrical. rms kA
Bracing Symmetrical
Bracing Asymmetrical
MV Bus (> 1000 Volts)
LV Bus (<1000Volts)
Protective Device Rating

Device Type
ANSI Monitored Parameters
IEC Monitored Parameters
LVCB
Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA
Breaking
Momentary C&L
Making
Momentary C&L Crest kA
N/A
Breaking
Fuse
Breaking
SPDT
Making
SPST Switches
Making
HV CB
Slide 48
3-Phase Duty SC Results

Run a 3-phase Duty SC calculation for a
fault on Bus4. The display shows the
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current.
Slide 49
Unbalance Fault Calculation
Slide 50

06 - Short Circuit - ANSI PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

06 - Short Circuit - ANSI PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Short-Circuit

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition

Protect equipment from large mechanical forces

Reactors (using negative tolerance)

Y0 from Static Load and Line Cable

Elements That Contribute

Elements Do Not Contribute

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

AC Current (Symmetrical) with

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

AC Fault Current Including the

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

ANSI Calculation Methods

2) The ANSI standards handle the the dc

Sources and Models of Fault

Synchronous Motors &

Treated the same as synchronous

Electric Utility Systems

The fault current contribution tends to

This is the network used to calculate momentary short-circuit current

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Reactance Representation for

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Reactance Representation for

>1000 hp , <= 1800

>250, at 3600 rpm

All others, >= 50 hp

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Device Duty and Usage of Fault Currents

Closing and Latching

30 Cycle currents are used for determining overcurrent settings.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

MFm is calculated based on:

Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks)

Comparisons of Interrupting Capability (1 to 4

Adj. Symmetrical RMS*

Adj. Symmetrical RMS*

Adj. Symmetrical RMS***

Calculate X/R ratio and Multiplying factor MFm

Imom, rms, Asym = MFm * Imom, rms, sym

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

(NACD = 0 if all local & NACD = 1 if all remote)

The Option of C37.010-1999 standard allows user to

LV CB take instantaneous action.

Calculate Cycle current Irms, Symm (If) from the

Calculate X/R ratio and MFi (based on CB type).

Calculate adjusted interrupting current Iadj, rms, symm =

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

Fuse Interrupting Duty

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

L-G Fault Sequence