Modul #07

TE3113
SISTEM KOMUNIKASI 1

NOISE
PADA SISKOM
TE-29-02
Program Studi S1 Teknik Telekomunikasi
Departemen
p
Teknik Elektro - Sekolah Tinggi
gg Teknologi
g Telkom
Bandung 2007

Model Komunikasi Radio

Blah blah
blah bl ah

PEMANCAR (TX)

si (t )

hc (t )

r (t )
PENERIMA (RX)

n(t )

SUMBER

TUJUAN
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

Model Sinyal Terima

M d l th
Model
the received
i d signal
i
l

si ((t )

r (t ) = si (t ) h c (t ) + n(t )

r ((t )

hc ((t )

n(t )

AWGN = Additive
Additi White
Whit Gausian
G
i Noise
N i

Si lif th
Simplify
the model:
d l
Received
Ideal channels
hc (t ) = (t )

signal in AWGN
r (t )

si (t )

r (t ) = si (t ) + n(t )

n(t )

AWGN
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

Klasifikasi Noise

Noise/Derau sebagai unsur pengganggu yang hampir selalu

terlibat dalam Siskom memerlukan pemodelan yang
representative untuk memudahkan keperluan analisis bagi
penentuan
t
k lit ataupun
kualitas
t
ki j Siskom.
kinerja
Si k
Klasifikasi noise berdasarkan sumbernya :
Dari luar system
y
Dari dalam system (umumnya paling dominan)
Klasifikasi noise berdasarkan equivalensi dengan suhu:
Thermal-Noise
Non Thermal-Noise
Klasifikasi noise berdasarkan model matematis/statistic :
Gaussian Noise
White noise
White Gaussian Noise
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

Gaussian Noise
n1(t) [volt]

n3(t) [volt]

n2(t) [volt]
t

f ngsi distribusi
fungsi
distrib si Gauss
Ga ss :
f n ( v) = f N ( v) =

1
n 2

n 2

0,607

2 n 2

n 2

=0

Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

+ n

V
5

Gaussian Noise

dimana:
n = standar deviasi, dan mean = 0

n =

( v ) dv =

( v ) dv = 1

VAR [ N ( t )]

akar daya rata-rata

= r.m.s/eff.
r m s/eff

Tegangan r.m.s/eff. dapat diukur dengan TRUE-RMS

VOLT-METER, yang dapat berupa sinyal apa saja,
termasuk NOISE.
Tapi Voltmeter biasa hanya mengukur tegangan rata-rata
rata rata
sin/cos.
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

White Noise

Its PSD is flat, hence, it is called white noise.

[ /H ]
[w/Hz]

Power spectral
density

Autocorrelation
function
Probability density function

Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

AWGN: Additive White Gausian Noise

Memiliki sifat gabungan antara Gaussian-noise dan white

noise
Berupa noise dalam/thermal noise :
No kT
= =
2 2 2

N (f)

D bl sided
Double
id d

No = = kT

N (f)

Si l sided
Single
id d

k konst. Boltzman = 1,38.1023 J / K

Rapatt daya
R
d
noise
i mempunyaii ekuivalensi
k i l
id
dengan th
thermal.
l
Sehingga secara praktis dapat juga noise dinyatakan dalam
(
y )
thermal (ekivalensinya).
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

Classification of signals

Deterministic and random signals

Deterministic

signal: No uncertainty with

respect to the signal value at any time.
Random signal: Some degree of uncertainty
in signal values before it actually occurs.
Thermal noise in electronic circ
circuits
its d
due
e to the
random movement of electrons
Reflection of radio waves from different layers
y
of
ionosphere

Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

Classification of signals

Periodic and non-periodic signals

A periodic signal

A non-periodic
p
signal
g

Analog and discrete signals

A discrete signal
Analog signals
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

10

Classification of signals ..

Energy and power signals

A signal is an energy signal if, and only if, it has

nonzero but finite energy for all time:

A signal is a power signal if, and only if, it has

finite but nonzero power for all time:

General rule: Periodic and random signals are power

signals. Signals that are both deterministic and nonperiodic are energy signals.

Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

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Random process
A random process is a collection of time functions, or
signals, corresponding to various outcomes of a
random experiment.
experiment For each outcome
outcome, there exists a
deterministic function, which is called a sample
function or a realization.
Random
variables
Real num
mber

Sample functions
or realizations
(deterministic
function)
time (t)

Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

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Random Sequences and Random Processes

Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

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Specifying a Random Process

A random process is defined by all its joint CDFs

for all possible sets of sample times

tn
t0 t1

t2

Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

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Stationarity

If time-shifts (any value T) do not affect its joint CDF

tn
t0

t1

t2
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

tn+T
t2+T
t
+T
1
t0 + T

15

Random process

Strictly stationary: If none of the statistics of the

random process are affected by a shift in the time
origin.
Wid sense stationary
Wide
t ti
(WSS):
(WSS) If th
the mean and
d
autocorrelation function do not change with a shift in
the origin time.
Cyclostationary: If the mean and autocorrelation
function are periodic in time.
Ergodic process: A random process is ergodic in
mean and autocorrelation, if
and
d
, respectively.
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

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Ergodicity
Time averages = Ensemble
Ti
E
bl averages
[i.e. ensemble averages like mean/autocorrelation can be computed as
time-averages over a single realization of the random process]
A random
d
process: ergodic
di iin mean and
d autocorrelation
t
l ti (like
(lik w.s.s.)) if

and

Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

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Autocorrelation

A t
Autocorrelation
l ti off an energy signal
i
l

Autocorrelation of a power signal

For

ap
periodic signal:
g

Autocorrelation of a random signal

For

a WSS process:
p
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

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Spectral density

Energy signals:
Energy

Power signals:
Power

spectral density (ESD):

spectral density (PSD):

Random process:
Power

spectral
p
density
y ((PSD):
)
Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

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Properties of an autocorrelation
function

For real-valued
real valued (and WSS in case of
random signals):
1 Autocorrelation and spectral density form
1.
a Fourier transform pair.
2 Autocorrelation is symmetric around zero
2.
zero.
3. Its maximum value occurs at the origin.
4 Its value at the origin is equal to the
4.
average power or energy.

Modul 07 - Siskom I - Noise pada Siskom

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