NUCLEAR

HAZARDS
AND
CONTROLS
INTRODUCTION

• What is nuclear energy?

• Why is it considered as a hazard?
• Why are control methods necessary?
CONTENTS IN BRIEF
 Introduction.
 LHC-Large Hadron Collider.
 Ionizing radiation.
 Misuse of nuclear energy.
 Instruments used for nuclear control.
 Recent application of nuclear energy.
 Case study.
SITE MAP OF LHC.
• The collider is contained in
a circular tunnel, with a
circumference of
27 kilometers (17 mi), at a
depth ranging from 50 to
175 meters underground.
• Approximately 96 tones of
liquid helium is needed to
keep the magnets at their
operating temperature of
1.9 K, making the LHC the
largest cryogenic facility in
the world at liquid helium
temperature.
A simulated event in the CMS
detector, featuring the appearance of
the Higgs boson

The BBC's summary of the main

detectors is:
• ATLAS – one of two so-called
general purpose detectors.
Atlas will be used to look for
signs of new physics, including
the origins of mass and extra
dimensions.
• CMS – the other general
purpose detector will, like
ATLAS, hunt for the Higgs
boson and look for clues to
the nature of dark matter.
OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES

• The size of the LHC

constitutes an
exceptional
engineering challenge.
• Storage of large
amount of energy.
(about 10 GJ
equivalent to 2.4 tons
of TNT)
Ionising Radiation

• Particulate:
• Alpha Radiation
• Beta Radiation
• Non-Particulate:
• Gamma Rays
• X-Rays
• Neutrons
Ionising Radiation Health
Effects
• Nausea and vomiting
• Reduction in bodies defences
• Reddening of skin
• Loss of weight & hair
• Blistering and ulceration of skin
• Cataracts
• Cancer
• Genetic defects (affects subsequent
generations)
Dose/Response
Relationship
• Some effects of ionising radiation are dose
dependent and only occur if dose received is above
certain level:
• Radiation sickness, skin burns or cataracts
• Other effects are not dose dependent. Any
exposure to radiation may cause the effect.
However, likelihood of harm increases at higher
levels of exposure:
• Cancer, Genetic defects
Detection
• Film badges (personal)
• Ionisation chamber
• Geiger counter
• Personal air samplers
• Analysis of faecal and urine samples
MISUSE OF NUCLEAR
TECHNOLOGY

• During World War II bombs dropped

in
1. Hiroshima
U-235,dropped on 6th August
1945.
2. Nagasaki
U-238,dropped on 9th August
1945.
LITTLE BOY DROPPED IN
HIROSHIMA
• Equivalent to 13 kilo tones
of TNT.
• Caused fire across 11.2
km2
• With only 1.38% of its
material fussioning.
• Damaged the entire
infrastructure in an area
of radius 5km
• Powerful enough to burn
clothes.
FAT MAN DROPPED IN NAGASAKI

• Equivalent to 21 kilo
tones of TNT.
• Generated heat
estimated 3900
degrees Celsius.
• Wind speed of about
1005 km/hr.
• Radius of destruction
about 1.6 mile.
 AFTER EFFECTS OF
NUCLEAR BOMBS IN Japan.

• Most of the bomb

survivors died due to
cancer and leukemia
(diseases caused due to
radiations)
• Many genetically
transmitted disorders
were also reported (for
the child born to the
bomb survivors).
INSTRUMENTS FOR NUCLEAR
CONTROL
control rods.
Used in nuclear reactors for controlling rate of fission of
uranium and plutonium

plutonium oxide container

Used for disposition of dangerous plutonium
AWDREY (ATOMIC
WEAPONS
DETECTION
RECOGNITION AND
ESTIMATION OF
YIELD)- USED IN COLD
WAR FOR DETECTION OF
ANY NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

 BOMB -POWER
INDICATOR-
RECORDS THE
POSITION OF NUCLEAR
DETONATION
APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR
ENERGY IN SUBMARINES
Nuclear submarine

• Uses diesel engines that requires

air for combustion while
travelling on surface of water
• Uses battery-powered motors
while diving
• Consumes a very little amount of
fuel
The Program of the
Atomic Energy
Commission for Control
of Inhalation Hazards
of Nuclear Energy
Operations
H.D. BRUNER, M.D. and CHARLES L.
DUNHAM, M.D.T
Washington D.C.
 INTRODUCTION
• Our atomic energy program is one of the truly enormous enterprises of our national life ,ranging from mining
to computers and heavy industry to oceanography.
• Consequently, the total no and variety of industrial hazards is potentially most of them fall into the category
of accepted industrial hazards and require comment.
• However , when radiation and radioactivity becomes components of the overall process , each situation and
operation must be individually revaluated. In many instances the design and operation of plant or process has
hinged on the recommendation of the health safety groups.
• A very welcome by product of this concern is the enviable industrial records of the
AEC contractors!

• Presented at the 23 Annual Meeting , American College of Physicians, New York City, May 29 June 2N , 1957
rd
NUCLEAR HAZARDS
• INDUSRIAL HAZARDS
The atomic energy commission concern with conventional industrial hazards can be
illustrated by the story of Nickel carbonyl, [Ni(co)] a compound used for catalysis and
preparing high purity nickel. It is both a pulmonary irritant and a systemic toxin.
Uranium ore dusts are regarded like other relatively insoluble dusts except that limits of
concentration in air have been established. Which are lower than those for simple silica
dust atmosphere . A fraction of ore dust however is soluble and is absorbed into the
blood stream. The uranium ion in the kidney , thus the dosage to this organ ultimately
determines the permissible environmental concentration.
The chronic effect of penetrating gamma rays or x radiation on the lung are to cause
fibrosis and perhaps to act as a carcinogen22 ,but because the lungs is grouped with the
radio-resistant tissues, one ought to find similar but more lethal damage in tissues such
as bone marrow occurring before the fibrosis is able to show itself.
CONTROL MEASURES
• Methods of treating persons with internal
contamination are most effective for those
radioactive isotopes which have the least tendency
to localize in tissue and are most soluble. To this
one gram of calcium- disodium
ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid are injected
intravenously once or twice a day for one to four
days . In addition, diuretics,renel acidifying agents
and saline cathartics may be used to magnify the
excretory activity.