p1
p2
= cte. =
RT
M
1
p1
v2
d
2g c
v2
d
2g c
dp
+
+ dh f = 0
(9.1)
dp
dx v 2
+
+f
=0
D
g
2
2gc
v2
(9.2)
dx
dv 2 g c dp
+ 2
+ f
=0
D
v
v
(9.3)
Por continuidad.
G = v = cte.
dG = vd + dv = 0
dv
d
=
,
d =
1
p1
dp
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
1
p1
dp
p
dv
dp
=
v
p
DPQBA, UTFSM
2 g c dp
,
v2
G = v
G2 = v2 2
v2 =
G2
2 g c dp 2 g c 1
= 2
pdp
G p1
v2
2g c
dp
G2
dx
dp 2 g c 1
+ 2
pdp + f
=0
D
p G p1
(9.4)
p2
p2
1
dx = 0
D 0
(9.5)
p g
L
2 ln 2 + c2 1 p 22 p12 + f
=0
D
p1 G p1
(9.6)
pdp + f
p1
L
D
p g M
2 ln 2 + 2c
p 22 p12 + N = 0
p1 G RT
p
g M
N ln 2 = 2c
p12 p 22
G RT
p1
(9.7)
(9.8)
gc M
p12 p 22
G =
2
RT
p2
N ln
p1
2
(9.9)
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
Ecuacin de Weymouth:
G2 =
gc M 2
p1 p 22
RTN
(9.10)
dG 2
=0
dp 2
2
(9.11)
p
p1
ln 1* = N + 1
p2
p2
(9.12)
2
=
Gmx
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
( )
gc M *
p2
RT
g c 1 *
p2
p1
( )
g c 1 p1
g p
1 + N + ln c 21 1
Gmx
(9.13)
(9.14)
DPQBA, UTFSM
(9.15)
g c p 2*
v 2* =
(9.16)
2*
g c dp
d
c=
RT
M
As, la velocidad de una hipottica onda de sonido isotrmica est dada por:
c=
g c RT
M
(9.17)
c=
Donde, k =
kg c RT
M
(9.18)
cp
cv
p1
k
1
p2
k
2
= cte.
1
1/ k
1
p1 / k
k=
cp
cv
v2
d
2g c
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
dp
+
+ dh f = 0
(9.1)
DPQBA, UTFSM
v2
d
2g c
dp
dx v 2
+
+f
=0
D 2gc
2gc
v2
(9.2)
dv 2 g c dp
dx
+ 2
+ f
=0
v
D
(9.3)
Por continuidad.
G = v = cte.
dG = vd + dv = 0
dv
d
,
=
v
1 1
d =
p
k p11 / k
1 k
k
dp
1
1/ k
1
p1 / k
1 dp
k p
dv
1 dp
=
v
k p
2 g c dp
,
v2
G = v
G = v
2
v2 =
G2
2g c
dp
G2
2 g c dp 2 g c 1 1 / k
=
p dp
v 2 G 2 p11 / k
dx
2 dp 2 g c 1 1 / k
+ 2 1 / k p dp + f
=0
k p G p1
D
(9.19)
2 2 dp 2 g c 1
+
k p1 p G 2 p11 / k
p
p2
1/ k
p1
1
dp + f dx = 0
D0
(9.20)
k +1
k +1
2 p 2 2 g c 1 k k
L
k
ln + 2 1 / k
=0
p
p
2
+ f
1
D
k p1 G p1 k + 1
(9.21)
L
, y se utiliza para la
D
Mp1
.
RT1
k 1
k +1
k +1
2 p 2 g Mp k k k
k
ln 2 + c 2 1
p
p
2
+N =0
1
k p1
G RT1 k + 1
p
N ln 2
p1
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
2/k
k 1
k
1
2 g Mp
= c2
G RT1
k +1
k +1
k k
k
p1 p 2
k +1
(9.22)
(9.23)
DPQBA, UTFSM
G2 =
k 1
k
1
2 g c Mp
RT1
k +1
kk+1
k
p
p
1
2
k
2/k
k +1
p2
N ln
p1
(9.24)
p
N >> ln 2
p1
Ecuacin de Weymouth, equivalente a (9.10):
k 1
k
1
2 g Mp
G = c
NRT1
2
k +1
k +1
k k
k
p1 p 2
k +1
(9.25)
Al igual que con flujo isotrmico existe un Gmx asociado con una presin de
salida p2 crtica p2*. La presin p2* crtica se obtiene derivando la ecuacin
general con respecto a p2 para un p1 fijo segn:
dG 2
=0
dp 2
2 p1
k + 1 p 2
k +1
k
p
ln 1*
p2
(9.11)
2/k
2
= N +
k + 1
(9.26)
2
G mx
=
2
Gmx
=
( )
g c kM k
p1 p 2*
RT1
k +1
k
g c k1 *
p2
p11 / k
( )
k +1
k
(9.27)
2 g c k1 p1
2
k +1
g
k
p
c
1 1
(k + 1)
+ N + ln
2
k +1
Gmx
(9.28)
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
=c=
p1
k
1
p
= 1
p1
1/ k
k=
cp
cv
v12
v2
dp
+
=0
2 g c 2 g c p1
p
p1
dp
p11 / k
p1
dp
k p1
=
1/ k
k 1 1
p
p ( k 1) / k
1
p1
(9.29)
(9.30)
2 g c k p1 p
1
v =
k 1 1 p1
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
(9.31)
DPQBA, UTFSM
(9.32)
dGT
d ( w / AT )
=
=0
d ( p / p1 ) d ( p / p1 )
(9.33)
p cT 2
=
p1 k + 1
k /( k 1)
(9.34)
kg p
kg RT
2g k p
2
= c 1 = c cT = c cT
vcT
cT
M
k + 1 1
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
(9.35)
DPQBA, UTFSM
2
kg c p1 1
k + 1
( k +1) /( k 1)
(9.36)
Fenmenos.
Si la presin de salida es ligeramente inferior a la del recipiente, existe un
flujo de descarga pequeo. Se puede evaluar utilizando la ecuacin (9.32)
sustituyendo A = A2 (rea de salida) y p =p2. La ecuacin (9.32) entrega la
variacin de presin en la tobera. El flujo es siempre subsnico.
Lo mismo que en A, excepto que la velocidad de flujo es ms grande.
Si la presin de salida se reduce suficientemente, la velocidad en la
garganta alcanza el valor dado por la ecuacin (9.35). En la seccin
divergente, la presin crece y el flujo es subsnico.
Para una presin de salida entre C y E, no hay solucin continua posible.
El flujo, que es crtico, es supersnico por una cierta distancia ms all de
la garganta, sin embargo existe un incremento repentino de la presin,
conocido como shock, y a continuacin de esto el flujo es subsnico. El
shock es un fenmeno irreversible, que resulta en bruscos cambios en
velocidad, presin y temperatura sobre una extremadamente corta
distancia de unas pocas molculas en espesor.
Para el mismo flujo msico crtico como en C, la ecuacin (9.32) tiene una
segunda raz, correspondiente a una presin de salida E. En este caso, sin
embargo, existe un continuo decrecimiento de la presin en el difusor,
donde el flujo es ahora supersnico.
Para una presin de salida ms baja que E, una posterior expansin
irreversible ocurre justo afuera de la tobera.
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
g C p0 0
gC M
= p0
2,718
2,718 R T0
lbm
2
ft s
(9.37)
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
Se define Gci:
Gci' = p1
g c M
eRT1
(9.38)
Gci
p T
= 0 1
'
p1 T0
Gci
p1
p0
G
G
= '
GCI GCI T1
T0
(9.40)
p2
p0
p2
=
p1
p1
p0
(9.41)
T2
T0
T2
=
T1 T1
T0
(9.42)
Mtodo de clculo:
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
PROBLEMAS RESUELTOS
1. Gas natural (metano, se asume como gas ideal) circula estacionariamente
a 55 F por una caera horizontal de 12 de dimetro nominal de 20
millas de longitud, con un factor de friccin f = 0.014. Si la presin de
entrada es de 100 [psia], que presin de salida correspondera con la
velocidad de flujo mximo en la caera? Si la presin de salida real es de
10 [psia], cual es la velocidad de flujo del gas en [lbm/h]? Repetir para
flujo adiabtico considerando T1 = 55 F, (k = 1.31).
ISOTRMICO
Datos generales:
T [R]
f
515
0.014
M
N
L [millas]
20
p1 [psia]
L [ft]
D [ft]
105600
1
16
1478.4
2
p1 [lbf/ft ]
100
14400
p
p1
ln 1* = N + 1
p2
p2
Tabla para el clculo numrico de p2*:
p1
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
14400
p2
380.00
379.00
378.00
377.00
376.00
375.00
374.00
373.90
373.80
373.70
373.60
373.50
373.49
373.48
373.47
373.46
373.45
(p1/p2)2
1436.01
1443.60
1451.25
1458.96
1466.73
1474.56
1482.46
1483.25
1484.04
1484.84
1485.63
1486.43
1486.51
1486.59
1486.67
1486.75
1486.83
2ln(p1/p2)
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
diferencia
1428.74
1436.32
1443.97
1451.67
1459.44
1467.26
1475.15
1475.95
1476.74
1477.53
1478.33
1479.12
1479.20
1479.28
1479.36
1479.44
1479.52
N+1
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
DELTA
50.66
43.08
35.43
27.73
19.96
12.14
4.25
3.45
2.66
1.87
1.07
0.28
0.20
0.12
0.04
-0.04
-0.12
Resultado:
p2* 373.47 [lbf/ft2]
2.59 [psia]
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
g c 1 p1
g p
1 + N + ln c 21 1
Gmx
gc1p1
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
134265.714
N+1
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
1479.40
LN(gc1p1/Gmx2)
7.307766386
7.306655891
7.305546629
7.304438595
7.30432786
7.304217136
7.304106425
7.303995726
7.303885039
7.303774364
7.303663702
7.303553052
7.303442414
7.303331789
7.303221175
7.303110574
7.302999985
DELTA
-0.31
-0.21
-0.11
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
Gmx
9.49
9.49
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.51
9.51
9.51
9.51
9.51
9.51
9.51
9.51
9.51
Resultado:
Gmx 9.50 [lbm/ft2s]
gc M
p12 p22
2
RT
p2
N ln
p1
p1
14400
p2
1440
gcM/RT
0.000647501
(p1)2 - (p2)2
2ln(p2/p1)
205286400.0
-4.6
N
1478.4
G2
89.63
G
9.47
[lbm/ft2s]
Resultado:
Aflujo
0.785
[ft2]
7.44
[lbm/s]
26768
[lbm/h]
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
ADIABTICO
Datos generales:
T1 [R]
f
515
0.014
M
N
L [millas]
20
p1 [psia]
L [ft]
D [ft]
105600
1
16
1478.4
2
p1 [lbf/ft ]
k
100
14400
1.31
k + 1 p2
k +1
k
p
ln 1*
p2
2/ k
2
= N +
k +1
p2
220.00
219.00
218.00
217.00
216.00
215.00
214.00
213.00
212.00
211.00
210.90
210.80
210.70
210.60
210.50
210.40
210.30
210.20
210.10
(2/(k+1))(p1/p2)(k+1)/k
1379.02
1390.15
1401.41
1412.82
1424.37
1436.08
1447.93
1459.94
1472.10
1484.43
1485.67
1486.91
1488.16
1489.40
1490.65
1491.90
1493.15
1494.40
1495.66
(2/k)ln(p1/p2)
6.38
6.39
6.40
6.40
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.43
6.44
6.45
6.45
6.45
6.45
6.45
6.45
6.45
6.45
6.45
6.45
diferencia
1372.64
1383.76
1395.01
1406.41
1417.96
1429.66
1441.50
1453.50
1465.66
1477.98
1479.22
1480.46
1481.71
1482.95
1484.20
1485.45
1486.70
1487.95
1489.21
N+(2/(k+1))
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
1479.27
DELTA
106.63
95.51
84.25
72.85
61.31
49.61
37.76
25.76
13.60
1.29
0.04
-1.20
-2.44
-3.69
-4.93
-6.18
-7.43
-8.69
-9.94
Resultado:
p2* 210.90 [lbf/ft2]
1.46 [psia]
2
=
Gmx
k
2 g c 1 p1
k +1
2
g k p k +1
2
+ N + ln c 2 1 1
k +1
Gmx
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
(2/(k+1))ln(gck1p1/Gmx2)
6.469638967
6.461023962
6.452493835
6.451645427
6.450797849
6.4499511
6.449105178
6.449020631
6.448936093
6.448851562
6.44876704
6.448682527
6.448598021
6.448513524
6.448429035
6.448344554
6.448260082
6.448175618
6.448091161
DELTA
-2.49742484
-1.49801917
-0.49860765
-0.39866618
-0.29872466
-0.19878307
-0.09884143
-0.08884727
-0.0788531
-0.06885893
-0.05886476
-0.04887059
-0.03887642
-0.02888225
-0.01888808
-0.00889391
0.00110026
0.01109444
0.02108861
Gmx
10.00
10.05
10.10
10.10
10.11
10.11
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.13
Resultado:
Gmx 10.12 [lbm/ft2s]
G2 =
k 1
k
1
2 g c Mp
RT1
k +1
kk+1
k
p
p
1
2
k
2/ k
k +1
p
N ln 2
p1
p1
p2
2gcM/RT
14400
1440
0.001295001
(k-1)/k
(k/(k+1)p1
5.466373405
(k+1)/k
(p1)
(k+1)/k
- (p2)
21141249.6
(2/k)ln(p2/p1)
-3.5
1478.4
100.99
10.05
2
[lbm/ft s]
Resultado:
Aflujo
0.785
[ft2]
7.89
[lbm/s]
28414
[lbm/h]
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
520
0.012
28
W [lbm/s]
p2 [atm]
2.0
L [ft]
26400
p2 [psia]
29.4
D [ft]
p2 [lbf/ft ]
0.5
0.196
10.19
Aflujo [ft ]
633.6
L [millas]
2.0
G [lbm/ft s]
4233.6
gc M
p12 p22
2
RT
p2
N ln
p1
p1
p2
gcM/RT
(p1) - (p2)
8788.0
4233.6
0.001122231
8768.0
4233.6
8758.0
2ln(p2/p1)
59305575.0
-1.5
633.6
0.001122231
58954455.0
-1.5
4233.6
0.001122231
58779195.0
8757.0
4233.6
0.001122231
8756.0
4233.6
0.001122231
8755.0
4233.6
8754.9
2
calculado
DELTA
104.80
103.75
10.19
1.05
633.6
104.18
103.75
10.19
0.43
-1.5
633.6
103.87
103.75
10.19
0.12
58761680.0
-1.5
633.6
103.84
103.75
10.19
0.09
58744167.0
-1.5
633.6
103.81
103.75
10.19
0.06
0.001122231
58726656.0
-1.5
633.6
103.78
103.75
10.19
0.03
4233.6
0.001122231
58724905.1
-1.5
633.6
103.78
103.75
10.19
0.02
8754.8
4233.6
0.001122231
58723154.1
-1.5
633.6
103.77
103.75
10.19
0.02
8754.7
4233.6
0.001122231
58721403.1
-1.5
633.6
103.77
103.75
10.19
0.02
8754.6
4233.6
0.001122231
58719652.2
-1.5
633.6
103.77
103.75
10.19
0.01
8754.5
4233.6
0.001122231
58717901.3
-1.5
633.6
103.76
103.75
10.19
0.01
8754.4
4233.6
0.001122231
58716150.4
-1.5
633.6
103.76
103.75
10.19
0.01
8754.3
4233.6
0.001122231
58714399.5
-1.5
633.6
103.76
103.75
10.19
0.00
8754.2
4233.6
0.001122231
58712648.7
-1.5
633.6
103.75
103.75
10.19
0.00
8754.1
4233.6
0.001122231
58710897.8
-1.5
633.6
103.75
103.75
10.19
0.00
8754.0
4233.6
0.001122231
58709147.0
-1.5
633.6
103.75
103.75
10.19
-0.01
Resultado:
p1
8754.2 [lbf/ft2]
60.79 [psia]
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
4.14 [atm]
DPQBA, UTFSM
G2 =
gc M 2
p1 p22
RTN
gcM/NRT
G2
1.7712E-06 103.75
p22
p12
p1
17923368.96 76501202.3 8746.5
Resultado:
8746.5 [lbf/ft2]
p1
60.74 [psia]
4.13 [atm]
ADIABTICO
Datos generales:
T1 [R]
520
28
W [lbm/s]
2.0
0.012
633.6
Aflujo [ft2]
0.196
L [millas]
p2 [atm]
2.0
G [lbm/ft2s]
10.19
L [ft]
26400
p2 [psia]
29.4
1.255
D [ft]
0.5
p2 [lbf/ft ]
4233.6
G2 =
k 1
k
1
2 g c Mp
RT1
k +1
kk+1
k
p1 p2
k
2/ k
k +1
p
N ln 2
p1
p2
2gcM/RT1
(k-1)/k
(k/(k+1)p1
(k+1)/k
(p1)
(k+1)/k
- (p2)
(2/k)ln(p2/p1)
2
calculado
DELTA
8600.0 4233.6
0.002244461
3.507010805
8452124.6
-1.1
633.6
8590.0 4233.6
0.002244461
3.50618184
8427613.7
-1.1
633.6
0.73
8580.0 4233.6
0.002244461
3.505352105
8403125.5
-1.1
633.6
0.41
8570.0 4233.6
0.002244461
3.5045216
8378660.0
-1.1
633.6
0.08
8569.0 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504438507
8376214.7
-1.1
633.6
0.05
8568.0 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504355406
8373769.6
-1.1
633.6
0.01
8567.9 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504347095
8373525.1
-1.1
633.6
0.01
8567.8 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504338785
8373280.6
-1.1
633.6
0.01
8567.7 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504330474
8373036.1
-1.1
633.6
0.00
8567.6 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504322163
8372791.6
-1.1
633.6
0.00
8567.5 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504313852
8372547.1
-1.1
633.6
0.00
8567.4 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504305542
8372302.7
-1.1
633.6
-0.01
8567.3 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504297231
8372058.2
-1.1
633.6
-0.01
8567.2 4233.6
0.002244461
3.50428892
8371813.7
-1.1
633.6
-0.01
8567.1 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504280608
8371569.2
-1.1
633.6
-0.02
8567.0 4233.6
0.002244461
3.504272297
8371324.8
-1.1
633.6
-0.02
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
1.06
Resultado:
p1
8567.6 [lbf/ft2]
59.50 [psia]
4.05 [atm]
k +1
k +1
2 g Mp k k k
k
G2 = c 1
p
p
1
2
NRT1 k + 1
G2
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
103.75
2gcM/NRT1
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
3.54239E-06
G2calculado
103.79
103.78
103.78
103.78
103.77
103.77
103.77
103.76
103.76
103.76
103.75
103.75
103.75
DELTA
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
Resultado:
p1
8562.0 [lbf/ft2]
59.46 [psia]
4.04 [atm]
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
N= f
L
D
N=fL/D
0.50 (se asume)
3.06
1.44
5.00
G ci = 23700
32 .17 29
2 .718 1545 530
g C (PM )
2,718 R T0
lb f
3
2 ft
ft
R = 1545
lb-mol R
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
Isotrmico
1.0
0.0893
5.0
0.545
486
265
6.18
1
79
Adiabtico
1.4
0.0893
5.0
0.565
486
275
6.41
0.833
-18
DPQBA, UTFSM
Temp.
media
Re
70
(70-18)/2 = 26
1.2110-5 lbm/fts
3.77106
1.1410-5 lbm/fts
4.16106
Presiones P2 y P1
(P1/P0)
(P2/P0)
Isotrmico
0.91
0.32
Adiabtico
0.89
0.26
G
= cte
Gci
MECNICA DE FLUIDOS
DPQBA, UTFSM
f = 0,016