Rank Key 3-grams

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52

THE GROUP ORAL

L2 ORAL ABILITY
IN ACADEMIC WRITING
TOEFL IBT SPEAKING
THE TOEFL IBT
A TEST TAKER
OF TEST TAKERS
TEST TAKER S
GROUP ORAL DISCUSSION
TEST TAKERS WERE
THE INTERPRETIVE ARGUMENT
ASSERTIVE TEST TAKERS
THE VALIDITY ARGUMENT
A VALIDITY ARGUMENT
THE AMERICAN TAS
CAUSAL DISCOURSE FEATURES
THE TEST TAKERS
OF GRAMMAR CLINIC
OF THIS THESE
THAT TEST TAKERS
THE AWE TOOL
THE ORAL PRESENTATION
IBT SPEAKING SECTION
ORAL PRESENTATION TASK
NON-ASSERTIVE TEST TAKERS
MATH WORD PROBLEMS
EXTENT TO WHICH
OF L2 ORAL
THE USE OF
OF ORAL ABILITY
ON THE GROUP
IBT SPEAKING SCORES
THE EXTENT TO
YES NO QUESTIONS
GRAMMAR CLINIC ASSIGNMENTS
OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
TEST TAKERS ARE
ACADEMIC WRITING IS
THE TEST TAKER
ACADEMIC RESEARCH WRITING
COMPETENCE AND AFFECT
PICTURE AND GRAPH
OF THE TEST
AND GRAPH DESCRIPTION
OF CAUSAL DISCOURSE
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES AS
OF ACADEMIC WRITING
IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS
TEST TAKERS TO
THIS AND THESE
THE STILL IMAGES
OF PROJECT-BASED INSTRUCTION

Keyness Frequency
619
439
288
282
260
219
216
214
205
203
195
195
190
169
166
156
152
151
146
146
141
141
141
141
136
132
129
129
127
127
127
122
122
120
117
117
112
109
107
107
107
107
105
102
102
102
102
95
95
93
93
93

145
90
98
64
69
56
68
60
42
50
40
40
39
40
34
32
64
31
30
43
29
29
29
29
28
27
131
36
388
26
26
25
127
41
24
24
32
28
47
22
22
22
106
21
21
21
48
47
34
19
19
19

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

ESL GRADUATE STUDENTS
LANGUAGE AND CONTENT
APPOSITIVE NOUN PHRASES
MEANING IN DISCOURSE
OF MOBILE DEVICES
WHICH TEST TAKERS
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
DESIGNED TO ASSESS
RESEARCH ARTICLES IN
THIS THESE AS
USE OF AWE
THE PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS
UNIVERSITY ORAL TASKS
IN THE TOEFL
BIBER ET AL
OF GRAMMATICAL COMPLEXITY
OF THE GROUP
ELLS AND NON-ELLS
USE OF HELP
WHICH THE TEST
OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
HISTORICAL CHANGE IN
AN INTERPRETIVE ARGUMENT
PRONOMINAL THIS THESE
OTHER ABSTRACT NOUNS
OF A TEST
THE STUDENT TEACHERS
THE VALIDITY OF
TAKER S ABILITY
MUTUAL CONTINGENCY PATTERN
GRAMMATICAL COMPLEXITY FEATURES
THE CHINESE TAS
RIGHTS AND DUTIES
OF REGISTER VARIATION
THE NORTHERN UNITED
A LESS CONGRUENT
ESL TEACHERS AND
A MUTUAL CONTINGENCY
OF ACADEMIC SELF-CONCEPT
OF THE IAF
NORTHERN UNITED STATES
DENSE USE OF
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
TEST TAKERS AND
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN
IN THE STUDY
DETERMINE THE EXTENT
THE GRAMMAR TEST
CAUSAL KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES
IN GRAMMAR CLINIC
DIMENSION 1 FEATURES
GROUP ORAL IS

93
93
90
88
88
88
88
88
86
86
83
83
83
83
82
82
80
79
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
76
76
74
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
72
71
71
70
69
68
68
68
68
68

19
19
28
18
18
18
18
18
30
22
17
17
17
17
24
48
24
43
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
30
19
63
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
33
23
44
98
29
14
14
14
14
14

106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158

AS NOUN MODIFIERS
WRITTEN TASK TYPES
THE VARIABLE SLOT
AND NATIVE AMERICAN
THEORY PRACTICE DYNAMIC
THE HUMAN BRAIN
DEPENDENT CLAUSES PER
ACADEMIC WRITING DISCOURSE
TEST TAKERS REPORTED
OF THE CDA
OF SHELL NOUNS
VERB BASED FRAMES
ON GRAMMAR CLINIC
TASK-BASED NEEDS ANALYSIS
NOUNS AS NOMINAL
NOUN NOUN SEQUENCES
USE OF TECHNOLOGY
GRAMMATICAL FEATURES THAT
OVER THE PAST
AT IOWA STATE
BIBER AND GRAY
AS NOMINAL PREMODIFIERS
THEIR MOBILE DEVICES
OF KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES
DIF AGAINST ELLS
TEST TAKERS SCORES
BACKING FOR THE
OF CAUSAL EXPLANATIONS
OF YES NO
FALSE POSITIVES AND
INSTANCES OF INTERACTION
IN USE OVER
KANE S APPROACH
INTO AMERICAN ACADEMIC
THEORY AND PRACTICE
AND CONTENT LEARNING
ACADEMIC WRITING ARE
COMMON IN ACADEMIC
VALIDITY OF THE
TO HELP THEM
IN AN ACADEMIC
AND L2 ORAL
OF TECHNOLOGY IN
A GROUP ORAL
OF WRITING DEVELOPMENT
MEDIUM OF LEARNING
ABILITY FOR USE
GRAMMATICAL COMPLEXITY IN
T-UNIT BASED MEASURES
TWO HELP OPTIONS
THE THEORY PRACTICE
THE PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS
TO WHICH TEST

68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
67
65
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
62
62
62
62
61
61
61
59
59
59
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
27
17
45
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
25
16
16
16
46
33
26
18
23
16
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211

AMERICAN ACADEMIC WRITING

IN CONVERSATION THAN
IN 2 C
MODEL OF MAGNETISM
SOCIALIZATION INTO AMERICAN
THE SIX-FACTOR MODEL
IN QU EBEC
OF GROUP MEMBERS
SEE BIBER ET
SPEAKING SCORES AND
ENGLISH AS A
COMMON IN CONVERSATION
EACH TEST TAKER
TIMES PER MILLION
ON THE TOEFL
TEST TAKERS WHO
JAPANESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
APPLIED LINGUISTICS AND
PER MILLION WORDS
OF CANADIAN CONTENT
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND
CONGRUENT AND MORE
CONTENT AND SKILLS
THE WRITTEN PROMPT
RESEARCH ON GRAMMATICAL
TAKER S SCORE
THESE AS DETERMINERS
THE UNIVERSITY ORAL
DISCUSS A TOPIC
OF ENERGY TYPES
COSTA MCCRAE 1992
DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN
ACADEMIC RESEARCH ARTICLES
SPEAKING RIGHTS AND
AND VOCABULARY GRAMMAR
THAN ACADEMIC WRITING
THE ENGLISH STYLE
IN RESEARCH ARTICLES
GRAMMAR CLINIC WAS
MOBILE-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING
HELP PAGE OPENINGS
AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
AND THE TRANSCRIPT
GRAMMATICAL SCAFFOLDING OF
IN EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
LESS CONGRUENT AND
FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
OF THEORY AND
THE PROJECT FRAMEWORK
THE CAUSAL DISCOURSE
FORM AND MEANING
THE ACADEMIC WRITING
OF MINIMAL PAIRS

58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
57
57
57
57
55
55
55
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
52
52
52

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
86
15
15
18
19
22
18
26
23
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
25
15
15

212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264

GRAMMAR VOCABULARY AND

IN LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT
FLUENCY GRAMMAR VOCABULARY
OF THE SCIENCE
CLAUSES PER T-UNIT
MOBILE DEVICE USE
ORAL DISCUSSION AND
THE ASTRONOMY UNIT
ORAL DISCUSSION TASK
TEST WITH CLASSMATES
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN
THEORY TO PRACTICE
THE ARCHER CORPUS
TARGET TASKS IN
FRAMES IN ACADEMIC
FOR ESL LEARNERS
THE PERFORMANCES OF
THE NUCLEAR STRESS
EFFECT OF GRAMMAR
ESL WRITING COURSES
EVALUATIONS OF PROJECT-BASED
PRESENTATION DELIVERY SKILL
TAXONOMY OF PHYSICAL
PROFESSIONAL ACADEMIC WRITING
DEPENDENT CLAUSES AND
GROUP ORAL SCORES
TASK TYPES IN
THE WHITE AND
THE INDIAN TAS
SCAFFOLDING OF CAUSAL
TEST TAKERS GROUP
NERI CUCCHIARINI STRIK
OF THE AWE
THE NON-INTERACTION GROUP
TYPES OF NOUNS
WITH A MUTUAL
90 CI 0
BETWEEN TOEFL IBT
VANDERGRIFT ET AL
A THEORY PRACTICE
TO COMMUNICATE ORALLY
YIELDED FROM THE
USE OF NOUNS
TOEFL IBT SCORES
ESL ACADEMIC WRITING
ORAL ABILITY AND
THE INTONATION OF
IN THE STANDARDS
EDUCATIONAL TESTING SERVICE
OF THE TOEFL
THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS
ACADEMIC WRITING AND
WHILE LISTENING TO

51
50
50
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
48
48
48
48
47
47
47
47
47

16
21
14
15
15
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
13
13
13
13
17
19
14
23
16

265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317

THE POTENTIAL OF
OF THE TECHNOLOGY
RATES OF OCCURRENCE
USE OVER THE
PRONUNCIATION FLUENCY GRAMMAR
TEST TAKER IS
SCORES ON THE
L2 GRADUATE STUDENTS
IN THE PROMPT
AND WRITTEN REGISTERS
PASSIVE VOICE VERBS
CULTURAL CONTENT IN
COVERED IN CLASS
STUDENT EVALUATIONS OF
PAPERS 1 AND
GROUPS OF TAS
CYWRITE S PERFORMANCE
ACADEMIC WRITING CLASS
THE TOEFL VALIDITY
MATERIALS AND TASKS
AND RMSEA 0
FRAMES IN CONVERSATION
DOES THE TEACHER
MOBILE DEVICES FOR
THE INTENDED INTERPRETATION
STUDENT PARTICIPANTS IN
THE WARRANT THAT
ORAL DISCUSSION TEST
GRAMMATICAL ERROR DETECTION
NORTH POLE AND
ONLY ASSERTIVE TEST
THE VALIDATION PROCESS
OF HELP OPTIONS
AUTOMATED WRITING EVALUATION
OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH
THE OTHER TEST
THE ORAL ABILITY
SIX-FACTOR MODEL OF
BASED FRAMES IN
ENGLISH PLACEMENT TEST
NON-NATIVE ENGLISH-SPEAKING STUDENTS
BETWEEN THE WHITE
FORMS OF ENERGY
MASTER S AND
KOREAN L2 GRADUATE
2CT
KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES OF
TOEFL VALIDITY ARGUMENT
OF SENTENCE-INITIAL THIS
SCIENCE RESEARCH ARTICLES
IN ANGLOPHONE JOURNALS
VALIDITY ARGUMENT FOR
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

47
46
46
46
46
46
45
45
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44

31
17
13
13
13
13
40
14
15
12
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370

IN BOTH DISCIPLINES
USING MOBILE DEVICES
INTERACTION WITH HELP
IN THE INTERPRETIVE
USE OUR BODIES
ASSERTIVE TEST TAKER
AND GRAY 2013
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
THREATS TO THE
CHAPELLE AND DOUGLAS
IN PRONUNCIATION TEACHING
THE DEMONSTRATIVE STRUCTURE
THE SOCIAL PRACTICE
LINGUISTIC DIFFERENCES AMONG
IMPACT OF ENGLISH
WHITE AND HISPANIC
LEARNER LANGUAGE PROBLEMS
SUBTITLES AND THE
LOGICAL SEQUENCES OF
PHRASES AS NOMINAL
USE OF DEPENDENT
FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES
POSITIVE DIMENSION 1
USE OF FOCUS
PROCESSES OF BEING
PROCESSES OF DOING
THE STUDENT PARTICIPANTS
THE PICTURE AND
PATTERNS OF LINGUISTIC
IS DESIGNED TO
A MEDIUM OF
TAKE THE TEST
PRONOUNS AND DETERMINERS
THE TESTING PROCESS
USES OF THIS
THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
IN VIEW OF
PRONUNCIATION FLUENCY AND
THE SCORES OF
OF LISTENING COMPREHENSION
TO TEST TAKERS
OF THE VALIDITY
OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
FOR PRONUNCIATION FLUENCY
AS A PRONOUN
OF LOCAL WORKERS
ACADEMIC DISCOURSE SOCIALIZATION
THE SCIENCE TOPIC
THE PRESENTATION TASK
OF HISTORICAL CHANGE
FOREIGN INVESTORS TREATMENT
OF RECAST SEQUENCES
SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC

44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
43
43
43
42
42
41
41
41
41
41
40
40
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
13
13
14
26
16
15
12
12
12
13
32
11
20
14
14
16
23
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423

THAT TOEFL IBT

LOW FL ERRORS
THE 2011 DECISION
IN 2 B
VALIDITY ARGUMENT IS
MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY
MENTION OF CANADA
TEXT SAMPLE 1
AND AFFECT ARE
IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH
AND FALLING INTONATION
INTONATION OF YES
INDEPENDENT VERSUS INTEGRATED
INTERACTIONAL COMPETENCE DESCRIPTIVE
INVESTORS TREATMENT OF
KANE 2006 P
THE GOING-OUT POLICY
AND DOCTORAL STUDENTS
USE OF PHRASAL
MESKILL ET AL
GRAMMAR CLINIC ON
THE ONLINE DICTIONARY
OF ADVANCED LANGUAGE
TEACHING OF INTONATION
WE CAN IMPROVE
WERE CAUSED BY
OF GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR
WEB-BASED MOBILE APPLICATION
OF CYWRITE S
ADVANCED LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
AND SOUTH POLE
VARIABLE OF L2
AN AWE TOOL
THE LISTENING CONSTRUCT
THE MEANING RELATIONSHIP
AMONG TASK TYPES
USE OF CRITERION
TEST TAKERS ENGAGE
GRAPH DESCRIPTION TASKS
DEVELOPING A VALIDITY
A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
ORAL ABILITY WAS
ORAL ABILITY COMPONENT
ORAL ABILITY CONSTRUCT
THIS THESE IN
CLASSROOM-BASED LISTENING STRATEGIES
DESIRED TARGET TASKS
S AND T
REGISTER OF SCIENCE
DETERMINERS AND PRONOUNS
ON GRAMMATICAL COMPLEXITY
CAUSE EFFECT RELATIONS
CAUSE AS PROCESS

39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476

STANDARDIZED LANGUAGE EXAMS

WORD KNOWLEDGE TO
SPENT ON HELP
SPEECH VISUALIZATION TECHNOLOGY
WRITING EVALUATION AWE
TO THE PODCAST
THE TWO REGISTERS
ON THE MALQ
BIBER GRAY 2010
PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL
THEIR CONTENT KNOWLEDGE
THESE RECAST SEQUENCES
SHELL NOUNS ARE
PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL
THEORY OF MAGNETISM
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES AND
PRE-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION
THEIR PROJECT WORK
THEME OF FOREIGN
CLAUSES CONTROLLED BY
QU EB ECOIS
THE VIDEO WAS
DESIGN AND VALIDATION
S GROUP MEMBERS
OUR BODIES AND
COMPETENCE DESCRIPTIVE SKILL
PROJECT-BASED INSTRUCTION IN
PRONOMINAL USES OF
S SCORE ON
COMMUNICATE ORALLY IN
STYLE OF ACADEMIC
OF TECHNOLOGY FOR
ESL WRITING CLASS
CAUSAL DISCOURSE IN
STUDENTS METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS
OF THE PODCASTS
EXPLANATORY VARIABLE OF
A TASK-BASED NEEDS
WITH HELP OPTIONS
ASSESS THE ABILITY
OF TEST PURPOSE
RESEARCH ARTICLES FROM
CAN IMPROVE OUR
ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES AND
ATTRACT AND REPEL
CALL PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
A SCIENCE TEACHER
TREATMENT OF LOCAL
OF TOEFL IBT
WITH THE AWE
REQUIRE TEST TAKERS
A FOCUS ON
RISING AND FALLING

39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
43
12

477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500

AND ACADEMIC WRITING

OF THE CONSTRUCT
SPEAKING AND LISTENING
TEST TAKERS IN
OF SPOKEN AND
THAT THE GROUP
THE DESIGN AND
OF LINGUISTIC VARIATION
FOR THE VALIDITY
GROUPS OF TEST
FLUENCY AND VOCABULARY
THE TEST WITH
TEACHER AND LEARNERS
IN THE TWENTIETH
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
OF ACADEMIC DISCOURSE
A LANGUAGE TEST
VAN MOERE 2006
OF LEARNER LANGUAGE
HALLIDAY MARTIN 1993
CONVERSATION AND ACADEMIC
FOR THE ORAL
LANGUAGE LEARNING CALL
WRITTEN ENGLISH BIBER

39
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
36
35
35
35
35
35
35
34
34

12
22
15
15
16
16
17
17
11
11
11
13
13
12
12
15
10
10
10
11
11
11
17
7