...

B. GA,J:.AWS
~:(. Gas laws are certain rules which a gas follows when -

subjected to a change in temperature,

pressure or volume.

The effect of changes of anyone of the parameters i.e.temperature, pressure or volume affects the other two parameters.
TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE

VOLUME

An indirltor
of the Averageforceexertedby
Spaceoccupiedbyafixed
average kinetic energy gas molecules
on the mass of gas:
possessed by a molecule. walls per unit area.
UNITS
Celsius temperature = C
Kelvin temperature = K
0 C = 0 + 273 = 273 K

Atmospheres
1 Atmosphere =
76 cm or 760 mm Hg

Litres, cubic centimetre etc.

1Litre =
1 dm3 = 1000cm3 == 1000 ml.

2. Study of the relation between pressure and volume of a gas [temperature constant] & temperature & volume of a gas [pressure constant]
Summarizing

the Laws studied

BOYLE'S LAW - 'Temperature remaining constant, the volume of given mass of

gas is - inversely proportional to it's pressure V
[T = constant].

/drY

a \>

: 'l CHARLE'S LAW - 'Pressure

v

remaining constant, the volume of a given mass of .

dry gas is-diredlyproportional to its absolute [Kelvin]temperature'. VaT [p = constant]

Applying Boyle's & Charle's Law we derive at. the!

AS EQUATION:

PV

T =K

[constant] i.e.

= KT constant]

3. Volumes of gases are converted to standard temperature and pressure conditions [s.t.p.] and then compared
Volumes of gases change with - temperature
Hence a standard value of temperature
to which gas volumes are referred.
The standard

temperature

Standard temperature

and pressure.

and pressure is chosen -

and pressure values are:

= ooe = 273 K

Standard pressure ='760 mm. oilig_= 26 cm. of Hg = 1atmospheric pressure.

70

CHAPTER 4

olt ~OnCtpt anb ~toicbiomttr!,

SCOPE OF SYLLABUS - in and after MARCH 2013
OLE CONCEPT AND STOICHIOMETRY

IFJ..I.J'1D~J-

ij GAYLUSSAC'S LAW OF COMBINING

VOLUMES; AVOGADRO'S

LAW.

Idea of mole - a number just as dozen, a gross; Avogadro's

Law - statement and explanation;
Gay Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes - statement and explanation, "the mass of22.4litres
of
anygas at S.T.P. is equal to its molar mass ", (Questions will not set on formal proof but may be taught
for clear understanding) simple calculations based on the molar volume.
.
DJREFERTO THE ATOMICITY OF HYDRC?GEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND CHLORINE (PROOF NOT REQUIRED).

Theexplanation can be given using -equaiions for the formation of HeI, NH3, and NO.
RELATIVE
ATOMIC MASSES (ATOMIC WEIGHT) AND RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASSES (MOLECULAR WEIGHTS): EITHER
H=1 OR 12C=12WILL BE ACCEPTED; MOLECULAR MASS = 2xV APOUR DENSITY (FORMAL PROOF NOT REQUIRED).
DEDUCfION OF SIMPLE (EMPIRICAL) & MOLECULAR FORMULA FROM THE PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF A
COMPOUND;THE MOLAR VOLUME OF A GAS AT S.T.P.; SIMPLE CALCULATIONS BASED ON CHEMICAL EQUATIONS;
BOTHREACTING WEIGHT & VOLUMES.

Ideaof relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass - standard H atom, or 1/12th of carbon 12 atom.
Relatingmole and atomic mass - arriving at gram atomic mass and then gram atom; atomic mass is a number
dealingwith one atom; gram atomic mass is the mass of one mole of atoms.
Relatingmole and molecular mass - arriving at gram molecular mass and gram molecule - molecular mass
is anumberdealing with a molecule, gram molecular mass is the mass of one mole of molecules.
Molecularmass = 2 x vapourdensity (questionswill not beset onformal proofbut may betaughtfor clearunderstanding).
Simplecalculations based on the formula.
Deductionof simple (empirical) & molecular formula - from the percentage composition of a compound.

Part A
LUSSAC'S LAW -AVOGADRO'S
INTRODUCTION

LAW - MOLE CONCEPT

GASES
SOLIDS
LIQUIDS
Gases have no definite Solids
have a definite Liquids have a definite
volume an s ape and volume
and shape and vo ume,nodefiniteshapeand
nave no rigidity
are highly rigid
are less rigid
intermoleculars ace =betweenlarticlesis maximum.

intermolecular space -between

particles is minimum.

.- intermolecular space -between

particles is more than solids.

forceof attraction - between.

particlesis ne li ble.

force of attraction - between

particles is maximum.

force of attraction - between

particles is less than solids.

Gasesexert pressure

Solids exert pressure

on the walls of the container . -.2..ll!y Rartiall

downwards.

Liquids exert pressure

only partially downw_ards.

Gasesgenerally have low Solids generally have high Liquids have density less than
densities
densities
solids
of particles

Gaseshave.high
miscibilitY.
particlesrapidly diffuse with.
particlesof other gases.

Solids are seen to have no Liquids

!1liscibili!}'
'-mise' ility
particles do not diffuse with.
particles of another solid.

69

particles
particles

have

per .-E,.nit

slight

may diffuse with

of another liquid.

.~

1. G.,AY LUSSAC'S'LAw
\.../

INTRODUCTION
1.

In 1801 -_Rovles and Charles had proved the gas laws showing that Nual volumes of all gases behave similarlv under simibl"
i.Us...of-'
temperature and pressure if systematically changed.
..l'

2.

In 1800 - John Dalton in his atomic theory of matter stated thatthe smallest indivisible particle of matter is the atom which takes part in a chemical
reaction fnrming.molecules or compo]lnd atoma.When atoms combine they do so in
numbers which bears a simple whole number ratio to one another.

3.

In 1805 - Lussac on the basis of his experimental work discovered .gl relationship between the combining volumes of gases used and produced under the
same conditions of tem12erature and Fress~

4.

In 1811 - Amedeo Avogadro was able to explain Boyles and Charles Law on the basis thatequal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure
contain equal number of molecules.
further proposed Avogadro's law which helped in correcting Dalton's atomic theory.

. 7
~Y

LUSSAC'S LAW [La~ of combining. volumes o~ gases}

C~'v\.l-~ ~,~,

When gases,react they do so In volumes whIch bears a sImple whole number ratio
to one angtqer and to the XQ]UIDesof the-products if gasennacpmxided.fhe
temperature andJn',ess.urebo~acting
gases.an.d..the.iLproducts.r.emainconstant" .
Lussac's Law can be verified or illustrated by studying the following examples in
which a simple whole number ratio exists between the gaseous reactants and products.

Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

a] 2 volumes of steam are formed when Two volumes of hydrogen reacts with one volume of oxygen.
~
1vol. 1vol.,

2 vols.
hydrogen

-7

@)@
,

~
1 vol.
oxygen

2H2 + O2 ~ 2H2O
Ratio

:2

2 vols.
steam

b] 2 volumes of ammonia are formed when One volume of nitrogen combines with three volumes of hydrogen.

~,
1 vol.
nitrogen

@
+~

,
3 vols.
hydrogen

-7

2 vols.
ammonia

N2 + 3H2 ~ 2NH3
Ratio

3..--{\

[1 volume means any particular volume at the given pressure and temperature.]

71

~-'A~AJ~------------------~--------------------~----------------~---Gr,J. LUSSACI,S LAW - PROBLEMS

~
V 450

cm3 of carbon monoxide and 200 cm3 of oxygen

Calculate the composition of the resulting mixture.

are mixed

together

and ignite;

Solution: 2CO (g) + 02 (g) -7 2C02 (g)

ie.
2 vol
:. 1 vol
-7 2 vol
[By Lussac's Law]
To calculate the amount of unused co.
To calculate the amount of C92 formed.
CO:
02
02
CO2
2
1
1
2
X . . 200
200:
Xl
X = 400 cm3
Xl = 400 cm3
. . Amount of unused CO = 450-400 = 50 cm3
. Amount of CO2 formed = 400 cm3
3
3
Unused CO: 50 cm
CO2 formed: 400 cm
[Total mixture: 450 cm3 - Ans.]
2.

One volume of nitrogen combines with one volume of oxygen to form two volumes of nitric oxidl
Calculate the amount of each reactant required to produce 250ml. of nitric oxide.
Solution: N2 (g) + 02 (g)
-7 2NO (g)
ie.
1 vol
: 1 vol
-7 2 vol
To calculate the amount of N2 required.
NO:
N2

[By Lussac's Law]

To determine the amount of 02 required.
NO:
02

250:
X
:. X =
125 ml
. . Amount of N 2 = 125 ml- Ans.

3.

400 ml.
2C2H2

'

According to Lussac's law

1000 ml. of oxygen is required

(g)

2vol
..

Ans.

.I

(g)

-7 4C02
-7 4 vol

200,
?

,4x200,
?

+ 502
: 5 vol

,2 X 200,
400 ml.

,5

+ 2H20
: 2 vol

(g)

,2x200,

and 800 ml of carbon dioxide is formed - Ans.

3000 cc. of oxygen was burnt with 600 cc. of ethane (C2HJ. Calculate the volume of unused oxygen.
600 ml.
2C2H6
2 vol

Solution:
According to Lussac's law
..
:. Volume of unused oxygen

5.

= 125 ml-

What volume of oxygen would be required to burn completely 400 ml of acetylene (C2HJJ,
Also calculate the volume of carbon dioxide formed.
Solution:

4.

250:
X
:. X =
125 ml
. . Amount 02 required

(g)

,2)(300,
600 ml.

3000 ml.
+ 702 (g) -7 4C02
: 7 vol
-7 4 vol
?x300,
?

= 3000 - [7 x 300] 2100 = 900 cc.

+ 6H20
: 6 vol

(g)

,4x300,

,6 x 300,

-:-Ans.

60 cc; of oxygen was added to 24 cc. of carbon monoxide and the mixture
Calculate the volume of oxygen used up and the volume of carbon dioxide formed.
24 cc
2CO (g)

Solution:
According to Lussac' s law
..

60 cc
+ 02 (g)

2 vol

: 1 vol

,2 X 12,

,I

24 cc.

ignited.

12,
?

-7 2C02
-7 2 vol
,2

(g)

12,

Volume of oxygen used up is 12 cc. and the volume of carbon dioxide formed is 24 cc. - Ans.

72

2. AV09ADRO'S LAW

~ODUCTION
A distinction between atoms and molecules of gaseous elements was brought forth by Amedeo Avogadro in 1811.
1. Avogadro made a distinction between atoms and molecules of gaseous elements
and suggested that the particles in the gas exist as molecules formed from two or more- atOms-:-

!-

2.

An atom - is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical
r_eactionand mav or mC:lX1lotbe capaJ2.1eo-.tin eI2end~nLeX1stance. I
A molecule- is the smallest pjUiicleof an element or corn ound that can existby itself.
The number of atoms in a molecule is called its - atomicity.

3. Avogadro explained - Boyle's, Charles' and Lussac's Laws by putting forth his assumption that equal volumes of all gases contain equal
number of molecules. His hypothesis also help in correcting Dalton's atomic theory.
AVOGADRO'S

LAW

-e(]nder the same conditions of temve"rature an~r..e..-SUrLequal volumes of all gases contain the same nnmher.nf.mnlecules".
Avogadro's Law can be explained by-

correlating the number of molecules present in known volumes of gases.

If we assume that 1litre of oxygen gas contains' n' molecules of the gas then by
Avogadro's Law: [under the same conditions of temperature and pressure]
a] 1litre of hydrogen will contain -

In' molecules of hydrogen.

'b] 1litre of nitrogen will contain

'n' molecules of nitrogen.

c] 1litre of any gas will contain

-'

n' molecules of that gas.

Illustration of Avogadro's Law -

for formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

I-...J

1 vol.
1 molecule
Nitrogen

+
+

H2
~

@
I

3 vols.

2 vols.

3 molecules
Hydrogen

2 molecules
Ammonia

74

[experimentally]
[by Avogadro's Law]
under same conditions

Calculate the vol. of cO2 formed on cooling to room temp. What other gas if .any may also be present.
200 crn3

Solution:

2CO(g)

2vol

According to Lussac's law

..

200 crn3

2 x 100

z (g)
1 vol

200 cm3

1 x 100

2COz (g)

2 vol

2 x 100

100 cm3

Volume of carbon dioxide formed is 200 cm3 & the other gas present is 100 cm3 of oxygen.

- Ans.

7. Calculate the volume of oxygen required to burn completely a mixture of 22.4 dm3 o] CH4 and
11.2 dm3 of H2 [all volumes measured at s.t.p.] [ldm3 = 1litre].
.
11.2 drn3

22.4 drn3

Solution:

i]

CH4

Lussac's law

1 vol.

20z ~
2 vol.

1 x 22.4

12 x 22.4 I

44.8
Total oxyge~ required

= 44.8

COz
1 vol.

ii]

[g]
2 vol.

+ 2HzO

2H2
2 vol.
2x5.6

dm3

dm3

1 x 5.6
S.6

+ S.6

dm3

SO.4dm3

~ 2HzO [g)

z
1 vol.

2 vol.
I

dm3

[lits.] - Ans.

8. 200 ml. of C2H4 is burnt in just sufficient air [containing 20% oxygen] as per the equation CJI4 + 302 ~ 2C02 + 2H20 [g]. Calculate the resultant mixture compositon [atlOOOC& constant press.]
200 ml.

Solution:
According to Lussacs law

CZH4
1 vol.

30z
3 vol.

2COz
2 vol.

I 1 x 200 I I 3 x 200 I I 2 x 200 I

200m!.

600 ml.

400 ml.

= 2400 ml.

When oxygen is 600 ml. the nitrogen is 80 x 600

20
Hence the composition

2HzO
2 vol.
I 2 x 200 I

400 ml.
[When 0z is 20% the Nz in air is 80%]

of the resultant mixture is - Ans.

Carbon dioxide

Nitrogen

= 2400 ml.

400 ml.

Steam

[Ethylene

= (200 - 200) ml. = 0 ml. & Oxygen =(600 - 600) ml. = 0 ml. ]

400 ml. [at 100C steam has volume]

9. A mixture of 10cm3 of CO, 60 cm3 of H2 and 25 cc. of CH4 are mixed with 750cm3 of air [containing
20% oxygen] and ignited. Calculate the composition of the resultant mixture on cooling to room temp.
10 crn3

Solution:

i]

Lussac's law

60 crn3

2CO + 0z ~ 2COz
2 vol. 1 vol. 2 vol.

ii]

25 crn3

2Hz + 0z ~
2 vol. 1 vol.

iii] CH4 + 202 ~ COz + 2HzO

1 vol. 2 vol. 1 vol. 2 vol.

12x 51

l:J'<o.x51 12x 51

12x 301

? x 301

11x 251 12x 251 11x 251

10cm3

Scm3

60cm3

30cm3

25cm3 50cm3 25cm3

Hence the composition

10cm3

of the resultant mixture after ignition is - Ans.

= 0 cm3

Carbon monoxide

= [10 -10] cm3 = 0 cm3;

Hydrogen

= [60 - 60] cm3

Methane

= [2S -

Carbon dioxide

= [10 + 2S] cm3:= 3Scm3

Oxygen

= [ISO - (S + 30 + SO)]= 6Scm3

[% of 0z in 7S0cm3 of air

Nitrogen

= [7S0 -

2S] cm3 = 0 cm3;

ISO] cm3

= 600cm3
73

20 x 7S0
100

= lS0cm3]

3. Rj:LATlVEATOMICMASS

[RAM] & RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS [RMM]

Atoms are extremely small and very light and hence - cannot be weighed directly.

Indirect methods have been utilized to - determine the absolute mass of an atom.

The relative mass of an atom or molecule is hence considered by considering a mass of a light atom & relating the mass of other atoms or molecules to it.

Hydrogen atom [being the lighest element] was initially chosen ~ the standard unit and masses of other atoms or mo[ecules70mpared to it.

Carbon -12 atom [isotope of carbon] was later in 1961 considered - the standard for comparison of mass of other atoms or molecules.

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS [RAM]

RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS [RMM]

[Atomic Weight]

[Molecular Weight]

~_
[atomic weight] of an element - RMM[molecuIarweight]ofanelement/compoundis the numbet_of _ times one .atom is the number oCtim~s_ qtiemolecul!!
of an element is heavier than - of the substance
is heavier than ------2/1," the mass of an atom of carbon [C].
1/12 the mass of an atom of,.lcarbon[CI2
--- .....
~-- - - ----_ .

r--

.:.....-

RAM=

Mass of one atom of the element

e i d Mass of one atom of carbon

RMM =' Mass of one molecule of the substance

e Id Mass of one atom

[C12]

GRAM ATOMIC MASS -GRAM ATOM

of carbon [C12]

GRAMMOLECULARMASS-GRAMMOLECULE

The relative atomic mass of an element The relative molecular mass of a substance
expressed in grams is known as expressed in grams is known as gram atomic mass or gram atom of that element. flYam molecular mass QrKrnm 111olecu[g.Qtbat~ent.

Atomic & molecular weights - of some common elements on the

Element

Symbol
"

Aluminium
Carbon
Chlorine
Hydrogen
Iron
Nitrogen
Oxyge~

#omic

Al
C
C

H
Fe
N

RAM
[At. wt.]
26.98
12.0000
35.453
1.008
55.847
14.007
15.999

Substance

RMM
[Mol. wt.]

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Chlorine
Carbon dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphuric acid

28.014
31.998
70.906
4,3.998
64.062
98.076

Gram atom
27g
12 g
35.5 g
19
56 g
14 g
16 g

weights are expressed in a.m.,!.

standard scale
Gram molecule
28 g

32 g
71g
44g
64g
98g

Atomic weights are not whole numbers

Atomic weights are expressed as simple

numbers or in - atomic mass units [a.m.u.]

Atomic mass unit is defined as -

Atomic weight

the mass of a carbon atom C12.

01 OY1Ncn
- is 16.000 a.m.u.
--:;0
ie. the weight of an oxygen atom is 16.000
a.m.u.onthesca1eonwhichcarbonis12a.m.u.
1/12

Molecular

C12

Natural elements are mixtures of - two or

more isotopes of constant composition.
The atomic weight - is the weighted average
of the atomic weight of its natural isotopes
ego Chlorine exists as two isotopes
35
& 37
.
h
. 31
17C!
17 Cl
In t e ratio : .
Hence the weighted average is 35.43a.m.u.

wt.of S02 is 64 a.m.u. ie. 1 molecule of S02 is 64 times as heavy as V12the mass of carbon atom C12.

75

4. ~LE
\...

& AVOGADRO'S

NUMBER

I1

- -

VMOLE

A mole is the amount of, substance which cantains the same number

of units as the number

A mole is a basic unit of the amount of substance

of-atoms in 12.000 g of carbon - 12 [6C12].

or a number just as dozen or gross.

A mole is a collection of narticles or the amount of substance

6.023 x 10~" i.e. Avogadro's

[basic units- atoms, molecules, ions]

particles equal to -

containing

numbr.

AVOGADRO'S NUMBER
- Avogadro's number isihe. umber.of atoms p.r,e.sen

12....g..{gramatomic wt.] of carbon 6C12

Avogadro's

number

is the no. of elementary

units -

i.e. atoms, molecules or ions in - one mole of a substance.

/

Avogadro's

number

MOLE

is denoted by -NA
,

AVOGADRO'S

A MOLE OF ATOMS

Contains -

Example
1mole of oxygen atoms [0]

Avogadro's

mole of calcium atoms [Ca]

or L. It's value is: 6.023 x 1023.

NUMBER

WEIGHT [MASS]

Has a mass equal to the no. of atoms i.e. gram atomic mass of the element. i.e.

6.023 x l(y3 atoms of oxygen

6.023 x 1fil3 atoms of calcium

gram atomic mass of oxygen - 16 g

[0 = 167
gram atomic mass of calcium - 40 g

[Ca = 40]
A.MOLE OF MOLECULES

Contains -

Has a mass equal to the -

Avogadro's no. of molecules

Example
1mole of oxygen molecules [02] i.e. 6.023 x 1023
molecules of oxygen
1 mole of water molecules [H2O] ie. 6.023 x 1023
molecules 9f water
1 MOLE OF

VOLUME

GRAM
MOL. WT.

gram molecular mass of substance.

i.e. equals gram molecular mass ofoxygen - 32g [02 16x2]
i.e. equal gram molecular mass of
water-18g
[H20
1 x 2 + 16] .

NO. OF
MOLECULES

[at s.t.p.]

NO. OF ATOMS / IONS

Carbon dioxide [CO2]

44

22.4

lits. or dm3

6.023

x 1023
molecules

Carbon atoms - 6.023 x 1023

Oxygen atoms - 2 x 6.023 x 1023

Ammonia [NH3]

17

22.4

lits. or dm-'

6.023

x 1023
molecules

Nitrogen atoms - 6.023 x:1023

Hydrogen atoms - 3 x 6.023 x 1023

Sulphuric acid
[H2S04]

98

6.023

x 1023
molecules

Hydrogen atoms - 2 x 6.023 x 1023

[2 moles of hydrogen atoms]
Sulphur atoms - 6.023 x 1023
[1 mole of sulphur atoms]
Oxygen atoms - 4 x 6.023 x 1023
[4 moles of oxygen atoms]

Barium chloride
[BaCI2]
[ionic compound]

208

Contains
6.023 x 1023
BaCl2 units

Barium ions - 6.023 x 1023

[Itmole of Ba2+ ions]
Chloride ions - 2 x 6.023 x 1023
f2 moles of Cl1-ionsl

76

..

5. p\(PPIJCATIONS OF AVOGADRO'S

V a]
b]
c]
d]
e]

LAW

Determines the atomicity of the gas.

Determines the molecular formula of a gas.
Determines the relation between molecular weight and vapour density.
Explains Gay-Lussac's Law.
Determines the relationship between gram molecular weight and gram molecular volume.

AJY" TERMINES - ATOMICITY OF A GAS

Atomicity

- The number, Qfatoms J2re~,nt- in one molecule of that element.

Mon~~mic : Elements which have 2e atom in their molecules. egoHelium, neon.
Diatgmic: Elements which have two atoms.in their molecule. egoHydrogen, oxygen, chlorine.
(""

Application of Avogadro's Law - for determining

the atomicity

of nitrogen.

It has been observed that One volume of nitrogen reacts with 1vol. of oxygen to produce two volumes of nitric oxide.
('Jitrogen
+ Oxygen
-7 Nitric oxide
[N2 + O2 ~ 2NO]
, 1 vol.

1 vol.

1 molecule
1/2 molecule

Irnolecule
1/2 molecule

1 atom

1 atom

2 vols.

[by Gay-Lussac's Law]

2 molecules
1 molecule

[by Avogadro's Law]

[An atom is indivisable. Therefore

2 atoms

1/2

molecule contains one atom.]

Therefore one molecule of nitrogen contains - 2 atoms of nitrogen.

Conclusion: A molecule of nitrogen contains two atoms & is therefore-. DIATOMIC.
Similarly
Nitrogen
+ Hydrogen
-7 Ammonia
[Nz + 3H2 -7 2NH3]
1 vol.
1~lecule

~TERMINES

3 vols.
3molecules

2 vols.

[by Gay-Lussac's Law]

2 molecules

[by Avogadro's Law]

- THE MOLECULAR FORMULA OF A GAS

Molecular formula - A chemical formula which sz1vesthe actual or exact number

of th~ elements present in one molecule oj a compound.

atoms
-

Application of Avogadro's Law - for determining the molecular formula of a gas.

It has been experimentally shown that One volume of hydrogen reacts with 1 vol. of chlorine to give 2 vols. of hydrogen chloride.
Hydrogen

+ Chlorine

1 vol.

1 vol.

1 molecule

1 molecule
2 x 1 atoms

2 x 1 atoms

-7 Hydrogen chloride[H2 + Cl2 -7 2HCI] .

2 vols.
2 molecules

[by Gay-Lussac'sLaw]
[by Avogadro's Law]

2 molecules

[Hydrogen and chlorine - diatomic]

A molecule of hydrogen and chlorine contain two atoms & are therefore - DIATOMIC.
.'.1atom of hydrogen combines with 1atom of chlorine to give 1molecule of hydrogen chloride.

Conclusion: Molecular formula of hydrogen chloride is - Hel.

77

5. i\PPLICATIONS

OF AVOGADRO'S

LAW

ifDETERMlNES-RELATIONBETWEENMOL.

[Contd.]

WEIGHT&VAPOURDENSI1Y

Molecular toeieht - is the ratio 9i th~ toeizh: of one molecule of a substance to the weight of one atom of hydrogen.
Molecular weight
[relative molecular mass]

Mass of 1 molecule of a substance

Mass of 1 atom of hydrogen

.
Vapour density_- is the ratio of the mass of a certain volume ot vas or oapour to the mass ot the same volume of hydrogen.
[volumes measured under same conditions of temperature and pressure].

Vapour density

[of gas or vapour]

Application

of Avogadro's

Mass of a certain volume of gas or vapour

Mass of the same volume of hydrogen

Law for -

determining the relationship between molecular weight and vapour density.

Avogadro's Law

Volumes at same temperature and pressure substituted by molecules

Vapour density

Mass of 1 molecule of gas / vapour

.'. Vapour density

Multiplying

Mass of 1 molecule of hydrogen

Mass of 1 molecule of gas/vapour

[Hydrogen is diatomic]

Mass of 2 atoms of hydrogen

both sides by 2

2 x Vapour density
.'.2 x Vapour density

Mass of 1 molecule of gas/vapour

Molecular weight [RMM]

l= Molecular weight]

Mass of 1 atom of hydrogen

Conclusion: Relative molecular mass of gas or vapour is twice its vapour density.

~LAINS
. Application

- GAY-LUSSAC'S
of Avogadro's

LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES

Law for - explaining Gay-Lussac's Law

Consider the formation of Two volumes of hydrogen chloride from one volume of hydrogen & one volume of chlorine.
Hydrogen + Chlorine
-7 Hydrogen chloride
1 vol.
1 vol.
2 vols.
[by Gay-Lussac's Law]
n molecules n molecules
2n molecules [by Avogadro's Law 1 volume = n molecules]
2 atoms
2 atoms
2 molecules
[Hydrogen, chlorine-diatomic, 1 molecule = 2 atoms]
.'. One molecule of Hel is formed from - one atom of hydrogen

& one atom of chlorine.

Conclusion: Thus Avogadro's Law that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature & pressure contains the same number of moleculesexplains Gay-Lussac's Law of combining volumes.

78

5. ~ICATIONS

OF AVOGADRO'S LAW

[Contd.]

-E( DETERMINES THE RELATION$HIP BETWEEN GRAM MOLECULAR MASS & GRAM MOLECULAR VOLUME
Gram molecular mass - is the relative molecular mass of a substance ex ressed in erams. It is also called - g:ram molecule of that. element.

Gram molecular volume - the volume occupied by -1g. molecular wt. of a gas at s.t.p.
Application
of Avogadro's
Law for - determining the above relationship.
According to Avogadro's Law - equal volumes of all gases- ~der
the same conditions of temperature Si pressure
.' the same number of molecules.
Therefore equal number of molecules of different gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure will occupy equal volumes.
But one mole of a gas contains - 6.023x 1023 molecules occupying - the same volume at s.t.p.
as a mole of any other gas. That same volume is the molar volume of the gas.
Gram molecular volume
Gram molecular weight
=
[MOLAR VOLUME]
Weight per litre of gas at s.t.p.
Molar volume of 02= 32 [mol. wt.] & Molar volume of H2 = 2.016 [mol. wt.] = 22.4lits.
1.429 g/l
0.09 g/l
Conclusion: The gram molecular weight [1 mole] of any gas occupies one gram molecular volume [molar volume] which is equal to 22.4 litres at s.t.p.
,

- A mole is the amount of substance which contams..

~6LE
-

the same no. of units as the no. of atoms in 12.000 g. of carbon - 12 [e12]
particles [atoms / molecules / ions] equal to 6.023~ 1023 i.e. Avogadro's no.
r

RELATING MOLE AND ATOMIC MASS

/-

1 MOLE OF AN ATOM - weighs 1 gram atomic mass of the atom

e.g. 1 mole of oxygen atom, weighs gram atomic mass of oxygen i.e. 16g. [0 = 16].
Mass in grams of element
GRAM ATOM Relative atomic mass [At. wt.]

Atomic weight
It is the no. of times an atom of an element is heavier than l/12th the mass of an atom of carbon [C12].

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS OF AN ELEMENT [RAM] -

../RELATING MOLE AND MOLECULAR MASS

-

weighs 1 g. molecular mass of the substance

e.g. 1 mole of oxygen molecule, weighs gram molecular mass of oxygen i.e.32g. [02 = 16x 2].
Mass in grams of substance
GRAM MOLECULE
=
Relative molecular mass [Mol. wt.]
1 MOLE OF ANY SUBSTANCE [Molecule] -

RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS OF AN ELEMENT [RMM] - Molecular weight

It is the no. of times onemoleculeofthe substance isheavierthan 1/12th the mass ofan atom ofcarbon [C12].

1 MOLE OFA GAS-weighs 1 g.molecularmass-occupies22.4litres

MOLAR VOLUME - Volume occupied by -1 g. molecular weight of a gas.

.
. h s g. mol. wt. occupIes
-- 1
weIg
MOLE
WEIGHT

22.4 Iits. or 22,400 cc.

VOLUME at s.t.p.

79

.
contains

[molarvolumeats.t.p.]

23
6.023 X 10.
mo 1ecu 1es [ato m/'IOns]
PARTICLES

'"

I~.LE CONCEPT ,f\ND AVOGADRO'S

~ Calculate - i] The no. of moles
a]

MOLE weighs

[MOLE]
b]?
NO. OF MOLES

1.

ii] The mass

?

NUMBER - PROBLEMS

ill] The vol.

iv] The no. of molecules v] The gram molecular wl

22,400 cc., contains 6.023 X 1023 MOLECULES

GRAMS occupies22.4lits.or

[G. MOL. WT.]

[VOLUME AT S.T.P.]

?
VOLUME

WEIGHT [MASS]

[AVOG. NO.]

[atoms/ions]

?
[atoms/
NO. OF MOLECULES ions]

Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen in 7g of nitrogen {N=14J

Solution:
[1 mole of any substance = Igm mol. weight of it]
:. Molecular weight of N2 = 14 x 2 = 28
:. gram molecular weight of N2 = 28 g
:. 28 g of N2 = 1 mole of N2
-:.7 g

a]

mole weighs

b]

g. [N2]

28
[G. MOL. WT.]

[MOLE]

moles

NO. OF MOLES

g. [N2]

WEIGHT

of N2 = 1 x 7 = 0.25 moles
28

:. The number moles in 7 g of nitrogen is 0.25 moles. - Ans.

2.

Calculate the mass of 50 cc of

co at s.t.p.

[C=12, 0=16J

Solution:

11

[1 mole = 1 gm mol. wt. & occupies 22.4 lit. at s.t.p.]

gm mol. wt. of carbon monoxide = 12 + 16 = 28 g
1 mole of CO = 1 g. mol. wt., occupies 22400 cc [s.t.p.]
28 g of CO occupies 22400 cc [s.t.p.]
? g of CO will occupy 50 cc [s.t.p.]
28 x 50 = 0.0625 g
22400

a]

28 g. [CO]

occupies

[MOLE]

[G. MOL. WT.]

..

b]

g.

WEIGHT

22,400cc. s.t.p.
VOLUME

occupied

50cc

by

VOLUME

s.t.p.

:. Mass of 50cm3 of CO at s.t.p. is 0.0625 g. - Ans.

3.

Calculate the volume at s.t.p. occupied by 6.023 x 1(/22 molecules of a gas X

I!

Solution:
[1 mole of any substance contains 6.023 x 1023 number of molecules [Avogadro's
1

a]

.
occupies

[MOLE]

23
22.4 lits. s..t p. con tai
ams 6.023 x 10 M 01ecu 1es
VOL.

__?

..

b]

AVOG. NO.

s..t p.

...:11 occupy

Wu

6.023

1022 M 0 1ecu 1es -_ 22.4 x 6.023 x 1022 -.

-224lit s.
6.023 X 1023

VOL.

:. The volume occupied at s.t.p. by 6.023 x 1022 molecules

4.

Number]]

of X

= 2.24 litres

- Ans.

Calculate the number of molecules in 1kg of sodium chloride. {Na=23, CI=35.5J

Solution:
a]

[Molecular weight of NaCl

1

[MOLE]

b]

weighs

58.5 g. [NaCI]

= 23 + 35.5 = 58.5]
contains

[G. MOL. WT.]

1000-g. [NaCI]

6.023 x 1023 M o 1ecu 1es

AVOG.NO.

contains

WT.

Molecules = 1000 x 6.023 x 1023

58.5

:. The number of molecules in 1 kg of NaCI is 17.1 x 6.023 x 1023 molecules - Ans.

80

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