Table 2.6.1 Static Coefficients of Friction of Dry Materials’ Material Elastomeric to steel or concrete sc See Fig. 4.4.2 Concrete to concrete - anee 08 Concrete to steel . lei 0.4 ‘Steel to steel (not rusted) ........ 0.25 TFE to stainless steel * See Fig. 3.11.3 Hardboard to concrete sss : 05 Multimonomer plastic (non-skid) to concrete ae 1.2 Multimonomer plastic (smooth) to concrete . . 0.4 "A reduction of 20% is recommended for wet conditions. ‘The total resistance to lateral wind or seismic loads may be obtained by adding the sliding friction resis tance at the interfaces, and the shear resistance of the connectors through the joint. The sliding friction resistance is calculated as: oY = Onc, (Eq. 2.6.1) where: | V, = nominal value of sliding friction resis- tanee. appropriate coetticient of friction obtained bytests. Fornon-platform type joints’, a value of 0.6 and for platform type joints’ with plastic strips a value of 0.4 may be used The net compression force perpendicu: lar to the joint. This net compression force should be evaluated based on all applicable loads and appropriate load factors. In addition to the gravity loads, including those transferred from any in- tersecting walls, the effects of post-ten- sioning, overturning moment, and verti cal seismic accelerations must be con- sidered in evaluating the net compres- sion force. strength reduction factor B= o- 0.85 1 Platform type joints are typically used with hollow core slab units whersin tha Nollow core is sat on plastic bearing strips and the space between the ends of the hollow core unitsis filled with grout, ifbearing strips are ‘not used, as in double tees bearing diractly on adgos or in blockouts, the joint is refered to as the non-platiorm ‘ype, This sliding friction resistance (Eq, 2.6.1) added to the shear resistance of the connection inserts in the joint yields the totalshearresistance available at the joint. ‘A minimum amount of connection inserts or ties must be provided through the joint even where the sliding friction resistance exceeds the applied lat- eral shear force. This minimum tie requirement ensures integrity of the structural system by provid- ing tension continuity (see Sect. 4.16.3). Asrecom- mended by the PCI Committee on Bearing Wall Buildings (21), the minimum amount of ties should be such that, based on yield, their design strength intension is equalto atorce of 3000 Ibper lineal foot of wall. 2.7 Shear-Friction Shear-triction is an extremely useful tool in ‘connection design and in certain other applications inprecast, prestressed concrete structures. Use of the shear-friction conceptis recognized in ACI 318- £83(6) which states that “provisions of Sec. 11.7 are to be applied where it is appropriate to consider shear transfer across a given plane, such as: an existing or potential crack, an interface between dissimilar materials, or an’ interface between two concretes cast at diferent times.” basic assumption used in applying the shear- friction concept is that concrete within the direct shear area of the connection will crack. Strength is maintained by placing reinforcement across this anticipated crack so that the tension developed by the reinforcing bars will produce a compressive force normal to the crack. The normal force in ‘combination with friction at the crack intertace pro- vides the shear resistance. The shear-riction analogy can be adapted to designs for reintorced concrete bearing, corbels, daps, composite sec- 256 / ey wie modilied shear friction method(22,29) ana the pifective shear friction method of the PC} Design Handbook(4). it has been previously shown(24) ihatthese methods resultin comparable designs 2 gs article(25) notes that the above two methods yield somewhat conservative results for low rein. forcement ratios and/or high {6.000 . 9.000 psi range), and presents altersats Ret. 24. Its described below: An “effective” shear-triction coetticient, h,, may be used when the concept is applied to precast A ve (€q.27.) a ae oe where: = 085 ‘Ag = ar2a of reinvorcament nominal perpen- Gicularto the assumedcrack plane, sq in, = yield strength of A, psi (equal to or less than 60,000 Ps) (Subtract Aaxura applied factored shear force, paral! to the 28suimed crack plane, Ib. (imited by {he values given in Table 2.7) < 4 100024, pp — > values in Table 27.1 “ (Eq. 2.7.2) 1.0 for normal weight concrete = (8.2V YF, ) tor sandtsightweight or alle lightweight concrete. 1, is unknown: 2 = 0.85 for sanctlightweight concrete and 0.75 for alllightweight concrete ‘a = spliting tensile strength ot concrete, psi = value from Table 27.1 Ax = afea ot the assumed crack interface, sq, in When axial tension is present, additional reine forcement should be provided: Bi He (Eq. 2.7.3) o " | where: | An = area of reinforcement required to resist axial tension, sq.m N, = applied factored horizontal tensile force ominally perpendicular tothe assures crack plane, Ib, % = 0.85 (Note: @ » 0.85 is used tor consis- tency with &q 27.1) ‘Ai foinforcement should be properly anchored Srpoth sides of the assumed arack by providing Auequate development length (with oF withod | hooks), or by welding to angles or plates, Table 2.7.4 Shear-Friction Coefficients Crack intertace | Recommended | Maximum Maximum V, (= V,/6 ), Ib ] Condition Hu ty 1. Concrete to concrete 14a 34 0.30471. A, < 100022, ber cast monolithically 2. Concrete to hardened 1.02 29 O25. TAL = 100047 A, concrete with rough. ened surtace S-coneetetoconerie| gay 22 | cama, cmon, 4. Conerete to steel ora 24 020271. A., = BO0A2A,Calculate A, reinforcement (Eq. 4.5.3): py, = 1000(488)01.4) 5.945 3.4, = = ""415(1000) Use 3.4 (See Table 2.7.1) Vv, Ay=— 4 =< 115 ___ = 0.99 sq. in. OH, f, 0.85(3.4)(40) Me. 25 «0,69 5q.in ot, 0.940) Therefore, A, = 0.99 + 0.69 = 1.88 sq. in. Use 4 #6 (A, = 1.76 sq. in.) Calculate A,, reinforcement (Eq. 4.5.4): From Table A-12: 4.7 1 for #6 bar = 31(2/3)(1.68/1.76) 24d, and 12 in. , ok A, = 1.71b = 19.716) =915.2 sq. in. p, = 10008152114) 6659.4, Usea.4 1.68(40,000) 1 1.88(40) | gata)” O49 50: 1m 2.7 in, > Use 2- #4 stirrups (A,, = 0.8 sq. in.) (Note: Anchorage of A, and A,,, must be ensured.) 4.6 Dapped-End Connections Precast and prestressed concrete beams are often dapped at their ends to reduce overall depth of floors and roots. However, dapping of the beam end results in a complex force transfer mechanism necessitating consideration of several possible fail ture modes. ‘These possible failure modes are discussed in Sect. 2.3 and form the basis for the design proce- dure in the PCI Design Handbooki4). As noted in Sect. 2.3, there is a reasonable correlation between these failure modes and the typical cracks found in test specimens of PC! Research Study(8). How- ever, the Ref. 8 study has brought into focus some additional considerations which are taken into ac- count in the design procedure given here in Sect, 464 Reference 8 study covered five different rein- forcing schemes (Table 4.6.1) suitable for thin stemmed members such as double tees. Design methods based on truss action and free-body equi- librium concepts are developed and their use ils: trated in the report). Since these concepts offer ‘900d potential for improvement in the state-of-the- art of connection design, it seems appropriate to include a design procedure based on these con- ‘cepts and its appicationin this Manual. Reinforcing scheme 1 and the corresponding design procedure {fromRet. 8s selectedfor this purpose and.covered in Sect. 4.6.2. 4.6.1 Design Procedure Based on PCI Design Handbook(4) ‘The provisions of this section are appropriate for cases where shear span-to-depth ratio (aid in Fig. 4.6.1) isnot more than 1.0. The Committee plans to develop provisions for dapped-ends in which a/d exceeds 1.0. In the interim, use of Ret. 46 is suggested. The design equations for this procedure are based on consideration of various potential failures associated with the dapped-end. ‘These potential failure modes (shown as resulting cracks) and the reinforcement required for each are listed below and shown in Fig. 4.6.1 1. Flexure (cantilever bending) and axial ten- sion in the extended end. Provide reintorce- ment, A,, consisting of A, (for flexure) and A, (or axial tension) 2, Direct shear atthe junction of the dap andthe ‘main body of the member and axial tension Provide reinforcement, A,, consisting of a Part (2/3) of A, (tor shear-riction) and A, (for axial tension). Note: The remaining A, must be distributed across crack (Q) and is auto- matically considered in the requirement for A, reinforcement given instep 4 below —See ACI Commentary(6), Sect. 11.9 for deriva- tion. 3. Diagonal tension emanating from the reen- trant comer. Provide reinforcement, A,, 4, Diagonal tension in the extended end. Pro- vide reinforcement composed of A, and A, 5. Diagonal tension in the undapped portion. This is carried for by A\,, reinforcement in combination with A, reinforcement. 6. Bearing of the beam at the dapped-end must also be checked — Soe Sect. 4.5. Each of these potential failure modes should be considered separately. However, the reinforce: ments required for modes 1 and 2 are not additive ie, A, is taken as the greater of thal required for considerations 1 and 2.+11 Flexure and Axial Tension in the Ex- tended End The horizontal reinforcement is determined as: AR A +A, [.(B+% @Q] ease where: @ = 0.85 (use of $= 0.85 compensates foruse of d in place of j,d.) a = shear span, in., measured from load to center of A, ~ depth of the member above the dap, in, = distance from top of beam to center of the reinforcement, A,, in. 4, = yield strength ofthe flexural reinforcement, Psi az 4.6.1.2 Direct Shear ‘The potential vertical crack, crack @ in Fig. 46.1, IS resisted by a combination of A, and A, This reinforcement can be calculated by Eqs. 4.6.2 through 4.6.5. ay, Nagi th (Eq. 48.2) N Ae (Eq. 483) nop (Eq. 4.6.4) where: ¢ = 0.85 {, = yield strength of A,,A,, A, psi 1, = OOOH values in Tabi 2.74 A (Eq. 4.65) 2 a << 4 zee (Wax, A, jichiey fee Welded pe, Anchor A, iz Note: Flexura and shear reinforcement omitted for clarity +§$$17,__] | ery, | Fig. 4.6.1 — Reinforcement in Dapped-End Connections 16 tD, (Ib Ca a a ccc a meeeshear strength of the extended endis limited 20 Table 2.7.1): J, $0.3271',bds 100022bd (Eq. 4.6.6) ‘The reinforcements from Eqs. 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 are not additive; only the greater of the two should be provided. 4.6.1.3 Diagonal Tension at Reentrant Corner The reinforcement required to resist diagonal tension cracking starting from the reentrant corner’ can be calculated from: ‘Aye (Eq. 4.6.7) ‘ a. of, where: 9 = 0.85 V,, = applied factored load, ib {, =yield strength of A,,, psi 4.6.1.4 Diagonal Tension in the Extended End Additional reinforcement is required in the ex- tended end, as shown in Fig. 4.6.1, such that: BVA OAL, + Af, +20V 7, bd) (Eq. 4.6.8) Atleast one half of the reinforcement required in this area should be placed vertically. Thus: Mo 7 Wee [LH -220F 0a ] tea. 489) 46.1.5 Diagonal Tension at Undapped Beam Corner The vertical reinforcement, A,, may be bent and xtended at the bottom of the beam to ensure its development and thus guard against failure due to crack). Abetter alternative, however, isto provide separate horizontal reinforcement, A\,, (as shown inFig. 4.6.1). The amount of the A',reinforcement must be at least equal to the A,, reinforcement Thus: By 2 Ay, (Eq. 4.6.10) 4.6.1.6 Anchorage of Reinforcement With reference to Fig. 4.6.1: 1. Horizontal bars A, should be extended a | | q ‘minimum of 1.7 1, past the end of the dap and I, past crack@) , and anchored atthe end of the beam by welding to cross bars, angles or plates. 2, Horizontal bars A, should be extended a minimum of 1.7 1, pastthe end of the dap and anchored at the end of the beam by hooks or other suitable means. 3, The extension at the beam bottom of the bent hanger reinforcement, A,., or the separate horizontal reinforcement, A\,,, must be at least 1.71, beyond crack@). "The A’, forcement may be anchored on the dap side by welding it to a cross bar (as shown in Fig, 48.1), or to an angle. 4, Vertical A, bars should be properly anchored by hooks as required by ACI 318-83(6) 5. Welded wire fabric in place of bars may be Used for reinforcement and should be an- chored in accordance with ACI 318-83(6), 46.1.7 Other Considerations and Recommen- dations 1. The depth of the extended end should not be less than one-half the depth of the beam, unless the beam is significantly deeper than necessary for other than structural reasons. 2, The hanger reinforcement, A,,, should be placed as close as practical to the reentrant comer. This reinforcement requirement is not additive to other shear reinforcement requirements. 3. Ifthe flexural stress, calculated for the full depth of section using factored loads and gross section properties, exceeds 6 YT, im- mediately beyond the dap, longitudinal rein- forcement should be placed in the beam to develop the required flexural strength. 4, In Ref. 8 study, it was found that, due to formation of the critical diagonal tension ‘crack (crack) in Fig. 4.6.1), it was not pos- sible to develop a full depth beam shear strength greater than the diagonal tension ‘cracking shear in the vicinity of the dap. Itis therefore suggested that for a length of the beam equal to the overall depth, H, of the beam, the nominal shear strength of con- crete, V,, shouldbe taken asthe lesser ot V,, and V,, calculated at H/2 from the end of the full depin web.| Piiininenen | 2 Direct shear: Example 4.6.1 — Dapped - End Design / u, =10002bhu _ so00¢1 16)(16)(1.4) Gh ° y 100,000 ven: The 16R B28, beamwith adapped-endas shown, =9.58 > 3.4, Use 3.4 (Table 2.7 1) V, = 100 kips x By Eqs. 4.6.2 and 4.6.3; N,= 15 kips | BY Eas f = 8000 psi (normal weight) Ae erin (tr alrenorcomor = co wes) Fah = 21100) Probiem: waaay t Determine the roquired reinforcements, Ay Ay Ay Aly and A, 15 0.85(60) ~ 0138 + 0.29 = 0.67 sq. in. < 1.10, Solution: Use 1.10 sq. in, 7 m, Assume: Shear span, a= 6in,,d= 15 in, Provide 4-85, 8 «1.24 9, n, Flexure in extended end (Eq, 4.6 1): By Eq. 4.6.4 = 0.5(A, -A,) = 0.5(1.10- 0.29) = i 7 “or M@ ney] Ay = 051A, -A,) = 0.5(1.10 -0.29) 0.41 sq. in Use 2-43 Usbars, A, =0.44 sq. in, ~ caben fi (£) «15 (18 aman, [10 (5) +16 (48) 7 Check shear strength ca 4.5.6: = 1.10 sq. in, V, {1000 Abd) = (1000)(1)2(16) 15/1000 ' = 240 kips d= 15° ad “ Sra Hea4. Diagonal tension in the extended end: Concrete capacity = 22. VF ba = 2(11¥8000 (16)(15)/1000 £ 23.9 kips By Eg. 46.9) \, 17M War Fp [z -2AVF ba ] 1 (48-999) 070i, 80 sq. in. for A, OM, OAL FAL +2aN bq = 0.85/0. 80(60) + 0.44(60) + 33.9) = 92.1 kips < 100, ok Change A, to 2.#4 OV, = 110.4 kips > 100, ok 5. Check anchorage requirements: A, bars: From Table A-t12: fort, = 60,000 psi”, = 5000 psi, #5 bars 4, = 15 in. past 45° diagonal crack from comer Total = 28 in. ~ 15in. + = 28 in, oF 1.7 L, = 26 in. beyond dap A, bars: From Table A-12 for #4 bars: 1.7 l= 20 in, beyond dap 4.6.3. By reference to these figures, the following design procedure is established: 1. General Requirements: (2) Use an additional load tactorof 1.18i.¢,,ad- Sttional to ACI 318-83(6) load factors. (0) The inctination of the hanger reinforcement {0 the vertical must be within 28° and 45, The centeriine of the hanger reinforcement Should be as close to the centeriine of the Web as possible, (©) The shear span-to-depth ratio (a/a) should not exceed 1.0. (9) Requirements 1 and 3 of Sect. 4.6.1.6 and requirements 2 and 4 of Sect. 4.6.1.7 ais apply. (2) tis recommended that, at all possible, at leastone half the prestressing strands shouldBUILOING CODE commentary J. The “ension reinforcement should be an chored as cose to the outer face as const require. deans ersit. Welding the main bars to special devices such as a eross bar equal in une to the vei is One method of accomplishing this end {The depth of a corbel measured wt the outer age of the bearing area should be nat less than one-half of the required total depth of the corbel, 2 The outer edge of the bearing anes should not be closer than 2 in. to the oule edge of the 4 When corbels are cesigned to resist hori ena forces, the bearing plate should ke welded ‘0 the tension reinforcement 11.15—Shear-friction This section is new in its entirety. Virtually Wy previews provisions regarding shear are in. sag © Prevent diagonal tension failures rather than direc: shear failures. ‘The Purpose of this for tn iS 10 provide a design mathew at for the ins:anees in which direct shear must be (oasidered. such as in design of reinforcing de- raat fot precast concrete structures experi- cont ea itttdy of shear-Frietion is reported ina re. cent paper.:1 1 151 and 11.15.2—Uneracked conerete is very inond im direct shear; however, there is always the possibility that a erack wilh form in an un- tomacd OF unexpected location. ‘The approach is sereume that a crack will form ne an unfavor- able location, and then to provide reinforcement {hat will prevent this erack trent causing unde- sirable consequences the confined crack. Successful application of Section 11.15 depends cent Ber Selection of the location of an assumed erack. Some examples are illustrated in Fig. 11-10, Fig. 11-100 is an end-bearing detail for a pre. age ait. Stireups or ties may be needed to en- lose the shear-triction steel and prevent a sec. indary failure plane from forming around the hear-friction steel Fig. 11-10b shows a short corbel. Depending on ‘pmetry, the shear failure mode may be cither “konal tension ot shear-triction, tt may be as- SHEan PUer on) (From ALS“ Amcnignintove Assumed Coch Pls hee] oe es Age (OIPRECAST BEAM BEARING ~~) Yu Bors veldes Py aioe AgandPort ca of ay. N Remainder + “Sits of Ayt | ‘Assumed Crack end Avi-] — Shear Pane Whe mall ies Chechog timing Steor Sexe ee (Section 11153) ie ot Gr (b) conse. (c) coLvum sace pare Fig. 11-10—Application of she, ts eoea hat Ba. (11-30) is applicable when afd 4s equal to or less than ¥ ‘The limiting shear stress specified in Section 11.15. should be checked at the interface between the ‘corbel and the column. ‘Tensias reinforce. iction ment produced by V, at the face of support and to resist the tensile force N, Fig, 11-10e illustrates a’ column face plate. The headed studs function as shear frieigy steel, and should be firmly anchored into the continka core of the column, (anton Teinforcement is determined: fey Eq. (2130). An upper limit of 025: oF 90 Psi, must be observed for v, iagslon must be provided in addition te that pro- vided for shear-friction. Unforesean tension has caused failuces, particularly in bear bearings. Causes of tension may be temperature, shrinkage, cree, Growth in camber due to prea and creep, ete Since the reinforcing steel acts in tension, it the pave full tensile anchorage on bots sides of {he potential crack. Further “the shear-friction Steel anchorage must engage primary steel; other. His8\ 2 potential crack may pass between the shear-friction steel and the body of the concrete. This comment applies Particularly to welded headed studs used with steel insert, for connec. tions in precast concrete. Anchorage may be de.BUILOING CODE REQUIREMENTS Shall be considered transferred by eccentricity about the centroid of the critical ‘d in Section 11.10.2. Sheat stresses shall be taxen as varying linearly about the centroid of the critical section and the shes stress v, shall not exceed 4 Fz, 11-14—Special provisions for brackets and corbels M141—These provisions apply to brackets ang corbels having a shear-span-to-depth ratio, old of unity. or less. When the shear-spanto, Gepth ratio a/d is one-half or less, the design Provisions of Section 11.15 may be used in lieu of Fa. (11-28) and (11-29), except that all limite gjons on quantity and spacing of reinforcement in Section 11.14 shall apply. The distance d shall ba measured at a section adjacent to the face of the “Support, but shall not be taken greater than twice j° depth of the corbel or bracket at the outside edge of the bearing area, ‘4-14.2—The shear stress shall not exceed » = [9-1 /EYr-o5-4] x {i+ [4+ 160 VRS Jobe (11-28) Uybere p shall not exceed 0.13f./f, and N,/V, spall not be taken less than 0.20. ‘The tensile force Ns shall be regarded as a live load even whan Tfsulls from creep, shrinkage, or temperature change. 1114.3—When provisions are made to avoid tnusion due to restrained shrinkage and creep, so that the member is subject to shear and monens m= 09 (1-05 8) pte) VR ana where _ Art Ay te ee but not greater than fe 20 1145—The ratio p = A,/bd shall not be less than 0.04 (f,/f,) 1115 —Shear-Fri 11151—These provisions apply where it is in. 2PPropriate to consider shear as a measure of 318.41 diagonal tension, and particularly in design of Teinforcing details for precast concrete struc- tures, J1452—A crack shall be assumed to oceur along the shear path, Relative displacement ehatl be considered resisted by friction maintained by shear-friction reinforcement across the erack. Thi, Feinforeement shall be approximately per. pendicular to the assumed crack, J1153—The shear stress v, shall not exceed 8.24, nor BOQ psi; = BC jh 1.184—TheTequired "area of reinforcement Ay shall be computed by ae vi Ay >t (11-30) "Fos 9 Solbnach cd b Ghe design yield strength j,“Chall not exeece £0,000 psi. The coefficient of friction, shall be 14 for conerete cast monolithically, L0 for conereic Placed against hardened concrete, and 0.7 for eon, crete placed against as-rolled structural steel 1/15.5—Direct tension across the assumed crack Shall be provided for by additional reinforce, ment, 11156—The shear-frietion reinforcement shall be well distributed across the assumed crack and shall be adequately anchored on both sides by embedment, hooks, or welding to special devices 11.18.7—When shear is transferred between con. quate Placed against hardened concrete, the inter. face shall be rough with a full amplitude of ap- proximately % in. When shear is transferred between as-rolled steel and concrete, the elect shall be clean and without paint. 11.16—Special prov "16.1—Design for horizontal shear forces in the plane of the wall shall be in accordance with Section 11.16. The nominal shear stress, v., shall be computed by ions for walls w= wear (11-31) where d shall be taken equal to O8ly. A larger value of d, equal to the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the center of force of all rein- forcement in tension, may be used when deter, mined by a strain compatibility analysis 11.16.2—The shear stress carried by the con- crete, v,, shall not be taken greater than the lesser value computed from v= 33v f+ é (11-32) Hoh and a4 00H (el 4 (La8ve en ) 2 (11-33)